Chapter X: Decline of the Torture System (2)

Comminges, Bernard of, challenges Foix, 225

Common law, torture not legal in, 563

Communes, their exemption from duel, 200
their influence on ordeals, 426

Communion before duel efficacious, 138

Communities, 14
responsibility of, 41
champions of, 196

Como, number of witches in, 560

Compensation for injuries, 16

Compounding for duel forbidden, 144
for the ordeal allowed, 383

Compurgation, 33
adopted by the Church, 35
conditions of, 51
in default of testimony, 52
depends on degree of crime, 56
in place of duel, 57
formulas of, 58
its ceremonial, 60
combined with ordeal, 61
confidence felt in it, 61
responsibility incurred, 64
its decline, 67
modification of oath, 71
abolished in England in 1833, 87
as used in the Inquisition, 90
combined with ordeal, 389
ordeal in case of failure, 390
and ordeal alternative, 392
replaces ordeal, 418

Condemnation of the innocent explained, 403

Conditions of compurgation, 51
of wager of battle, 140
of the ordeal, 383

Confession (judicial), partial, 46
withdrawal of, 52
extorted, invalid, 462, 563
in ecclesiastical law, 478
under torture must be confirmed, 463, 514, 522, 548
extorted in Inquisition, 485
under illegal torture is invalid, 550
revoked, invalid in Sicilian Constitutions, 482
questions concerning, 548
absolves accused, 550
torture repeated for, 463, 522, 548, 550
not necessary for conviction in Germany, 523
spontaneous, torture after, 546
under torture to secure salvation, 552
under promise of pardon, 558
rewarded by strangling, 573
must be spontaneous in England, 565

Confession (sacramental) secures victory in duel, 138
escape in ordeal by, 297, 310, 402
not made in ordeal of Eucharist, 351

Confidence reposed in compurgation, 61
in judicial duel, 127
in the ordeal, 399

Confirmation of confession required, 463, 522, 548, 550
of evidence required, 550

Confiscation for refusal of duel, 131
for default in duel, 173
for refusal of ordeal, 383
torture not used for cases of, 529

Confrontation of accused with witnesses, 517
of accused with accuser, 545

Confucianism, its freedom from superstition, 252

Conjurations forbidden in duels, 139
in ordeals, 407
use of against torture, 556, 557

Conjurators, 33
selection of, 38
large numbers required, 39
classified by rank, 46
not witnesses, 51
subject to penalty of perjury, 63
double the number of witnesses, 85
accusatorial, 94
substituted for duel, 201
tried by ordeal of cross, 337
subjected to ordeal, 390

Conrad of Marburg, his inquisition, 89
convicts heretics by ordeal, 419

Conring, Hermann, approves of water ordeal, 331

Consanguinity determined by ordeal, 410

Consecration of ordeal-iron, 288

Consecrated crosses, value of, 30

Constance, council of, prescribes compurgation, 92

Constantine orders torture for unnatural lust, 439
enforces the _talio_, 440

Constantinople, use of iron ordeal, 299
use of fire ordeal, 304, 313

Constantius prescribes torture for sorcerers, 439, 554

_Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana_, 580

Continuance of torture, 466, 517

Contrition secures escape in ordeal, 402

Convents, torture in, 560

Conversion of Iceland, 199
of Denmark, 295
of Russia, 310

Convictions rare in ordeal, 406
in ordeal, fees for, 416
without confession in Germany, 523
punishment without, 528
where there has been no crime, 531
torture after, to prevent appeals, 552

Convicts sent to ordeal, 392
not tortured in Rome to implicate others, 445
so tortured in modern times, 484, 515, 517, 546, 562, 570, 584

Cope of St. Martin used in compurgation, 60

Copper, molten, ordeal of, 266

Copres uses the fire ordeal, 304

Corporal punishment unknown to Barbarians, 451

Corsica, bier-right in, 366
use of torture, 506

Corsnæd, the, 339
in Rome, 272
in 16th century, 343
its use in India, 344

Cory, Giles, case of, 575

_Cosha_, 344

Coucy, Enguerrand de, case of, 221

Coucy, Jacques de, case of, 516

Counsel, his assertion not binding on client, 70
allowed to accused in Castile, 469
denied by Inquisition, 486
in France, 517
allowed in 1788, 583
in Germany, 544
fined for frivolous appeal, 545
must testify against clients in witch-trials, 555

Court records altered by the duel, 135

Courtenay, Sir Piers, case of, 145

Courts, challenging of, 123
their right to refuse the duel, 140
ecclesiastical, duel in, 161
publicity of Carlovingian, 471
of feudal, 512

Covenant between the pieces, 27

Cowbridge, Margaret, cleared by compurgation, 92

_Crannchur_, 354

Crespy exempted from duel, 203

Cremona, case of bier-right, 359

Crime, torture to ascertain, 530

Crimes liable to duel, 147
excepted, in Roman torture, 439
under Wisigoths, 459, 460
in Castile, 464, 466
in Germany, 526

_Crimen majestatis_, torture in, 435, 438, 443
in France, 495
in England, 564, 570

Criminal cases, champions in, 192, 193

Cripples forced to provide champions, 152
champions allowed to, 181, 189
limitation on right to champions, 194

Crippling, torture not to cause, 465, 467, 523
caused by torture, 532

Cross, ordeal of, 336
relic of, tested by fire, 317

Crosses, oaths taken on, 30
suffice for clerics, 414

Crucet-houses, 476

Culm, synod of, on ordeal for witches, 322

Cunigunda, St., her ordeal, 287, 293

Dacia, purgatorial oaths in, 23

Dagobert I. revises the Barbarian laws, 113

Dalzell, Sir Wm., case of, 145

Damages allowed to champions, 188
of slaves in torture paid for by pleader, 433
paid to master in Rome, 445
among Barbarians, 452
under Wisigoths, 458
in Castile, 468

Damhouder approves the duel, 237
his _Praxis_, 524
his advice to accused, 553
on insensibility to torture, 557

Dante justifies the duel, 211

Darius, his savage punishments, 431

David and Goliath, their duel, 107, 209, 261

David I. (Scotland), his charter to Holyrood, 162

David, penitential of, 29

Deacons, number of conjurators for, 43

Dead, the, their evidence obtained by conjurators, 56
champions represent them in duel, 152
cleared by ordeal, 294
pardon asked of, 360
their repentance proved by ordeal, 412

Deaf-mutes, torture of, 528

Death, appeal of, 242, 245
in America, 246
invoked as an ordeal, 379
under torture, penalty for under Wisigoths, 460
in modern times, 504, 523, 532, 574

Debt, action for, negative proofs in, 74

Debts, compurgation used to escape, 85

Deceit, use of, by Inquisition, 485
use of, in witch-trials, 558

Decline of compurgation, 67

Decline—
of the duel, 199
of the ordeal, 421
of the torture system, 575

Decurions exempt from torture, 438

_Deeyeh_, 29

Default in duel, penalty for, 173, 233

Defeat in duel is perjury, 167, 184

Defence, accused not heard in, 518, 547
facilities for, in Castile, 468
in Châtelet of Paris, 504
in Italy, 507
in Valtelline, 508
in France, 512
withdrawn in France, 513
in Germany, 544

Defendant (See also _Accused_).
has choice of conjurators, 57
proof required of, 74
obliged to accept the duel, 140, 141, 143
swears to justice of his cause, 166
allowed choice of weapons, 177
use of champions by, 181
can demand ordeal, 387
allowed his own law, 394

Degradation inflicted on champions, 187

Degrees of kinship settled by ordeal, 410
of torture, five, 543

De la Barre, case of, 584

Delay accorded in duel, 173

Delfos, Bellido, kills Sancho II., 68

Del Rio, his explanation of bier-right, 369
on severity of torture, 532
approves deceit in witch-trials, 559

Demoniacal possession caused by perjury, 372

Denmark, levying of _wer-gild_ in, 18
kinsmen as compurgators, 41
selection of compurgators, 49
prolonged use of compurgation, 82
early use of duel, 110
duel abolished in, 200
converted by the ordeal, 295
bier-right in, 364
ordeals prohibited, 422
torture introduced, 562

Deposition of priests engaged in duels, 156

Des Guerres and Fendilles, duel of, 234

Deuterius of Constantinople, case of, 379

_Dharma_ and _Adharma_, 352

Diabolic illusions in ordeal, 408

Die, priory of, its relics, 373

Difference of rank prevents duel, 141, 149

Dinteville and du Plessis, duel of, 233

Diocletian, his torture of Christians, 437
forbids torture of soldiers, 438
allows torture of slaves in will cases, 442
masters not to offer slaves to torture, 444
his restrictions on torture, 446

Diodorus Siculus, his account of Egyptian courts, 430

Disabilities of women, 122
inflicted on champions, 187

Disability, bodily, averts duel, 144

Disbelief in ordeal, 400

Discretion of judge, everything left to, 533, 538, 541, 544
its abuse, 545

Disease as exemption from torture, 528

Dislocations generally result from torture, 532

Disowning of children in Wales, 55

Dispensations for clerical duellists, 160
for duellists, 207
for use of torture, 485

Divination condemned, 354
employed to justify torture, 539

Diviners tortured in Rome, 439

Divining-rod, the, 427

Divorce, compurgation in cases of, 93

Doctors exempted from torture in Spain, 463, 466
their exemption limited in Germany, 525

Dog of Montargis, story of, 228

_Dolum bonum_ and _malum_, 559

Domenico da Pescia, his ordeal of fire, 311

Dominic, St., his writing tested by fire, 313

Domitian, his use of torture, 439

Dortmund exempted from duel, 205

Doubtful results in the ordeal, 405

Douglass and Charteris, duel of, 239

Dower, no duel in cases of, 141

Drowning, punishment of, 321
for sorcery, 325

Dubos, Jehan, punished for suspicion, 519

Duel, judicial, 101
supersedes compurgation, 61
difference between it and modern duel, 103
in diplomacy, 129
legislative function of, 129, 133
state questions decided by, 130
penalty for refusing, 131
habitual use in criminal law, 135
explanations of its injustice, 136
limitations on it, 140
minimum limit of value in, 141
regulations of, 166
of women, regulations of, 153
ferocity of, 178
use of champions, 179
rendered a matter of chance, 195
its decline, 199
forbidden to clerics, 207
exemptions of the communes, 201
opposition of the Church, 206
influence of the Roman law, 212
reforms of St. Louis, 216
prolonged use in England, 241
traces of, in the United States, 246
used in Japan, 253
ordeal of cross substituted, 337

Dunning defends the appeal of death, 245

Dunstan, St., his formula for cold-water ordeal, 319

Du Plessis and Dinteville, duel of, 233

Durham, Bishop of, exempted from duel, 159

Dyaks, ordeals among, 257

Dyvnwal-moel-mud, ordeals ascribed to, 110

Earth, the, rejects corpse of criminal, 319

Earth swallowed as an ordeal, 258
from grave detects witches, 382

Earl Richard, ballad of, 361

Eastern Empire, ordeal used in, 277, 299, 304, 313

Ebroin of Burgundy, 29

Eccelino da Romano, his use of torture, 483

Ecclesiastical courts, duel in, 161
torture in, 510

Ecclesiastical law, disculpatory oaths, 28
value of oaths, 30
acceptance of compurgation, 35
number of compurgators, 43
selection of compurgators, 51
default of evidence requisite, 54
oath of compurgators, 59
modified, 72
retention of compurgation, 88
accusatorial conjurators, 95
clerics forbidden to fight duels, 156
exempted from secular law, 161
jurisdiction over duels claimed by churches, 162
_lex talionis_, 169, 513
the duel forbidden to clerics, 207
effect of dispensations, 208
denial of sepulture to duellists, 211
duels forbidden by Council of Trent, 237
use of ordeals, 409
Gratian’s hesitation about ordeals, 413
ordeals forbidden to clerics, 414
priests forbidden to conduct ordeals, 419
to be present at torture, 471
extorted confessions forbidden, 478
torture ordered In the Inquisition, 484
established in episcopal courts, 511
for discovery of accomplices, 516
of witnesses, 541
in monastic establishments, 560
known as, 511

Ecgbehrt of York, ordeal of the lot, 353
exempts priests from ordeal, 414

Edict of Theodoric, duel not referred to, 116
torture in, 457

Edinburgh, torture in 1652, 574

Edmund, St., intervenes in a duel, 137

Edward the Confessor and Queen Emma, 294
convicts Duke Godwin, 341

Edward I. refuses lists to Charles of Anjou, 106

Edward II. orders torture of Templars, 511

Edward III. enlarges the sphere of compurgation, 85
his challenge of Philippe de Valois, 104

Egeno accuses Otho of Bavaria, 133

Eggs, hot, used in torture, 588

Egil Skallagrimsson, 111

Egiza introduces ordeal among Goths, 275

Egypt, ordeals in, 259
use of torture, 430

Eisenach, duel limited in, 205

Ekkehardus Junior on abuses of ordeals, 417

Ekkehard of Munster forbids the ordeal, 418

Elfstan of Winchester, his faith, 282

Eldon, Lord, on champions, 192

Elizabeth, Queen, legislation on duel under, 244
torture under, 567, 568

Ellenborough, Lord, sustains the duel, 246

Elne, council of, 1065, recognizes the ordeal, 410

Emeric, St., power of his intercession, 378

Emma, Queen, undergoes the ordeal, 294

Emo of Wittewerum, 422

Employer, slave not tortured against, 442

Endurance, ordeal of, 336, 339

Engel, M. A., defends torture, 578

Engilbert of Trèves, 343

England (see also _Anglo-Saxons_).
reduplicated oaths, 28
alternative number of conjurators, 43
rise of jury-trial, 48
extensive use of compurgation, 57
compurgation abolished, 67
its limited use, 70
its use prolonged, 84
finally abolished in 1833, 87
in ecclesiastical cases, 93
accusatorial conjurators, 95, 97
William I. introduces judicial duel, 115, 394
challenging of warrantors, 121
of courts, 123
the champion of England, 134
habitual use of the duel, 135
limitations on duel, 144, 146
minimum limit of value, 147
clerics exempted from duel, 158
no duel in mercantile law, 165
penalty for defeat in duel, 168, 169
_lex talionis_, 171
penalty for default in duel, 174
expenses defrayed by the crown, 175
approvers, 175, 243
equality of weapons, 176, 177
champions as witnesses, 182, 183
defeated, their punishment, 184
hiring of, forbidden, 190
salaried, 192
required in civil cases, 192
charters exempting from duel, 201
persistence of the duel, 241
duel of chivalry, 242
abrogation of duel, 246
red-hot iron an aristocratic ordeal, 292
use of cold-water ordeal, 322
for witchcraft, 330, 333
witch weighed against Bible, 336
ordeal of Bible and key, 357
of sieve-driving, 358
for all suspects, 388
for accuser or accused, 389
result of ordeal inconclusive, 400
ordeals forbidden in 1219, 421
torture used under Stephen, 476
of Templars, 511
unknown to common law, 563
used under royal prerogative, 566
in witch-trials, 570
_peine forte et dure_, 574

English and Normans, duels between, 115

English influence on duel in France, 231

Enguerrand de Marigny, his trial, 494

Epicharis, her endurance, 437

Epileptics, torture of, 528

Epilepsy caused by false oaths, 373

Episcopal courts, duel in, 162
unlimited torture in, 511

Equality of combatants, 144
of weapons, 177

Equalization of champions, 194

Equestrian duel among Goths, 117

Equity of redemption not subject to duel, 141

Erembors, ballad of, 68

Erfurt, citizens tortured by Lothair II., 475
Dr. Bobenzan tortured, 526

Eric VII. on levying of _wer-gild_, 18

Erik Hakonsen abolishes duel, 199

Erkenbald de Burban, case of, 346

Erwig, King, on abuse of torture, 461

Escape in ordeal, explanation of, 401

Estates, succession to, regulated by duel, 129

Estevenes li Barbiers, case of, 519

Estrapade, the, 485

Ethelwold, St., his test of Elfstan, 282

Ethiopia, ordeals in, 256

Eubule-Evans on use of torture in Prussia, 582

Eucharist preliminary to ordeal, 280
the, as an ordeal, 344
beliefs connected with, 345
a sacerdotal purgation, 348
used in 17th century, 351

Eugenius II., cold-water ordeal ascribed to, 321

Eulalius, Count, tried by Eucharist, 348

Eurik, his Wisigothic Code, 458

Evidence, difficulty of rating it, 21
of relatives, 38
compurgation in default of, 52
not admitted in Wales, 55
compurgation to confirm it, 56
conjurators give none, 62
negative, in Barbarian laws, 73
absence of, requisite for duel, 142, 145, 239
supersedes duel, 155
of women not admitted, 122
received in 1396, 228
reliance on, in China, 252
false, allowed in India, 268
weight of, in bier-right, 370
ordeal in absence of, 385, 386
requisite to justify torture, 487, 523, 537
of clergy, 527
torture in default of, 465
external, necessary for conviction, 489
retracted, witness tortured for, 550
of witchcraft unattainable, 554
withheld from accused in France, 514
in Germany, 544
under torture, estimate of, in Rome, 446
unknown to Barbarians, 453
in modern times, 542, 547
of slaves requires torture in Greece, 433
in Rome, 440
under Barbarians, 452
under Goths, 459

Evil looks do not justify torture, 537

_Examen pedale_, 287

Excepted crimes in Rome, 439
under Wisigoths, 459, 460
in Castile, 464, 466
in Germany, 526

Exclusion of women as witnesses, 122

Exclusive salvation, results of belief in, 589

Excommunication of duellists, 207

Exemption from secular laws for clerics, 414
from torture in Rome, 438
in Spain, 463, 466
in France, 495
in Germany, 525
of nobles in England, 570

Exile after success in ordeal, 401
for retracted confession, 549

Exorcism for hot-water ordeal, 280
for red-hot iron ordeal, 288
in fire-test of relics, 315
for the corsnæd, 340
in ordeal of Eucharist, 347
of witches on trial, 556

Expenses of prosecution, 552

_Experimentum crucis_, 339

Explanations of results of duel, 136
of injustice of ordeal, 401

Extorted confession invalid in the Church, 478
received in Inquisition, 485

Extortion in ordeals, 417
torture used for, 476
of confession is homicide in England, 565

Eye, loss of, in duel, 145

Ezpeleta, his use of torture, 583

Fachtna Tulbrethach, 272

Failure in compurgation, 65
in duel through other sins, 137
in ordeal through other sins, 403

Faith in the intervention of God, 135

False Decretals, extorted confessions invalid, 478
on accusation of accomplices, 515

False money, ordeal for issuing, 393

Family, organization of the, 13
solidarity of the, 14, 19

Family ties superseded by Church, 19, 35

Farfa, Abbey of, case of, 155

Farinacci on torture of sleeplessness, 535

Fasting preliminary to ordeal, 280, 288

Father, his purgatorial oath, 41
and son, rule as to torturing, 543

Feast days, torture not to be used on, 505
torture on, 551, 556

_Fechtbücher_, 238

Fees to champions, 190, 195, 196
derived from ordeals, 415
their enforcement, 416
for administering torture in Peru, 511
in Valenciennes, 548

Feini, levying of fines, 18
tribal responsibility, 42
judicial duel among, 109
their judges warned, 272
hot-water ordeal used by, 273

Felix, St., of Nola, oaths on his relics, 372

Felonies, duel for, 146
champions not allowed in, 192
tried by water ordeal, 322

Felton, Thomas, challenges Raymond de Caussade, 229

Fendilles and Des Guerres, duel of, 234

Ferdinand and Isabella furnish counsel to accused, 469

Fernando III. (Castile), his charter to Medina, 202

Ferocity of judicial duel, 178

Fetish, invocation of, in ordeals, 255

Feudal jurisdictions, 219
courts, their publicity, 473

Feudalism, its struggle with civilization, 78
undermined by the Roman law, 212
struggle for the duel in France, 216
torture under, 473
its resistance to torture, 494

Fian, Dr., torture of, 573

Ficino, Marsiglio, his belief in bier-right, 365

Fiefs, titles to, settled by ordeal, 324, 387

Figeac, Abbey of, its advocate, 198

_Fijodalgo_, privilege of, 24

Fines, distribution of, 18
for conjurators, 64, 417
for withdrawing from duel, 144, 145
for defeated combatant, 167
for challenging in Bruges, 204
for losing party in the ordeal, 384, 416
torture in cases involving, 529

Fire, ordeal of, among the Persians, 266
in the Ramayana, 267
in the Manava Dharma Sastra, 268
in Greece, 270
in India, 303
among Hebrews, 303
in Christendom, 304
employed on relics, 314
precautions against unguents, 408

Fisherman of Utrecht, case of, 402

Flamen Dialis relieved from oath-taking, 36

Flanders, selection of compurgators, 48
compurgation in default of evidence, 54
compurgation retained, 82
villein cannot challenge a noble, 152
penalty for default in duel, 174
charters exempting from duel, 201-3
merchants exempted from duel, 204
duel abolished by Philippe le Bon, 231
survival of duel, 237
ordeal for second accusation, 392
torture system in, 521
evidence refused to accused, 544

Fleta, multiple oaths in, 28
negative proofs in, 74
definition of _secta_, 85

Fleurant de Saint-Leu, case of, 502

Fleury, Abbey of, 343

Floating of sorcerers and witches, 325

Florence, church subjected to duel, 160

Flower-buds in fire ordeal, 303

Foix, Raymond Bernard of, his duel, 222

Fontaines, Pierre de, ignores compurgation, 76
on appeals, 124
on gladiators and champions, 187
his opinion of the duel, 221
no reference to torture, 489

Fontanelle, Abbey of, its ordeal-iron, 288

Foot, loss of, for hired warrantor, 131
for hired champions, 191

For de Morlaas, duels in the, 134

_Forath_, 95

Forchheim, case of bier-right, 362

Forez, fines for withdrawing from duel, 144

Formosus, pope, case of, 382

Formulas of compurgation, 58
in Lille, 78
in the Inquisition, 90
of application for duel, 142
for the corsnæd, 340
for bier-right, 368
for unguent against fire, 408
to protect from torture, 557

_Fort_ of Bordeaux, 98

Fortescue, Sir John, on use of torture, 566

Foulcher de Chartres on lance of St. Andrew, 309

France (see also _Merovingian Law_, _Salic Law_, _Carlovingian Laws_).
judicial use of oaths, 23
reduplicated oaths, 28
oaths required of prelates, 36
evidence of kinsmen excluded, 38
selection of compurgators, 40, 47
clients responsible for advocates, 70
decline of compurgation, 76
accusatorial conjurators, 94
Henry II. prohibits wager of battle, 107
challenging of witnesses, 121
protection of witnesses, 123
challenging of judges, 124
conditions of the duel, 140
minimum limit for duel, 147
Jews exempted from duel, 149
duels between different ranks, 149
liability of clerics to duel, 157, 159
_lex talionis_ in duel, 170
club used in duels, 176
champions a matter of course, 181
defeated, their punishment, 184
employment of, 193
decline of the duel, 216
its disappearance, 235
cold-water ordeal for witchcraft, 326, 330
ordeal of sieve-driving, 358
bier-right, 366
iron bands for parricide, 378
ordeals become obsolete, 423
reappearance of torture, 479, 487
resisted by Feudalism, 494
use of torture becomes general, 499
adoption of inquisitorial process, 513
applications of torture, 515
Ordonnance of 1670, 517
_réserve des preuves_, 518
abolition of torture, 583

Francesco della Puglia opposes Savonarola, 311

Francis I. challenged by Charles V., 106
grants the duel, 233
perfects the inquisitorial process, 514

Francis, St., uses ordeal of fire, 307, 309

Franconia, use of purgatorial oaths, 24

_Frangens jusjurandum_, 46

Frankfort, duel in 1369, 171

Franks, use of compurgation, 34
use of judicial duel, 113
use of ordeal, 274
punish sorcery with drowning, 325
compounding for ordeals, 384
torture of slaves, 453
torture of freemen, 470

Fratricide punished with iron bands, 377

Fraud, torture in cases of, 530
use of, in witch-trials, 558

Fredegonda, her compurgation, 39
her use of torture, 455

Frederic I. (Emperor) overthrows Henry the Lion, 133
his charter to Austria, 134
exempts traders from the duel, 204
prescribes iron ordeal for slaves, 292
ordeal at discretion of accused, 387
master’s oath clears a slave, 390
prescribes torture for theft, 475

Frederic II. (Emperor) on compurgation, 41
rules for compurgation, 54, 56
ignores compurgation, 75
prohibits clerics as judges, 73
compels clerics to duel, 159
allows defendant choice of weapons, 177
on cowardice of champions, 185
provides champions at public expense, 190
his charters to Ratisbon and Vienna, 204
denounces the duel, 212
prohibits the ordeal, 422
prescribes torture for treason, 475
is use of torture, 482

Frederic of Mainz takes ordeal of Eucharist, 348

Frederic the Great limits use of torture, 579

_Fredum_, 16

Freeman not liable to personal punishment, 65
and serf, combat between, 122
cannot be challenged by serf, 140
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291
not tortured in Greece, 432
not subject to torture in Rome, 434
exceptions, 435, 437, 439
is a Roman citizen, 440
not tortured among Ostrogoths, 457
limitation on torture of, under Wisigoths, 459, 460
subject to torture in Castile, 464
inviolability obsolete, 470
presence required at the _mallum_, 472

Freedman not tortured in Greece, 433
not tortured against his patron in Rome, 442
among Ostrogoths, 457
against patron in Spain, 464

Freisingen, duels of women in, 153

Frese, Georg, his ordeal, 301

Friends, evidence of, excluded, 38

Frisian laws, oaths in, 23
use of compurgation, 34
rules for compurgators, 47
compurgation and ordeal combined, 61
penalties of conjurators, 64
judicial duel in, 114
facilities for judicial duel, 119
either party can claim the duel, 140
right of _litus_ to the duel, 148
hired champions allowed, 180
hot-water ordeal, 283
ordeal of the lot, 353
ordeal for defeated accuser, 385

Frisia, ordeals persisted in, 422
torture not used, 563

_Frithborgs_, 41

Frotho III. orders judicial duel, 110

Fuero Juzgo, no compurgation in, 75
torture in, 461

Fuero Viejo, compurgation in, 75, 80

Fulk the inquisitor, his abuse of torture, 486

Fulk Nera, his charter to Abbey of Beaulieu, 161

Fulvius Flaccus, case of, 448

Furstenberg, Count of, uses the ordeal, 300

Gaddi and Altoviti, duel of, 236

Gæum, ordeal used in the, 270

_Galanas_, 40

Galbert, his explanation of ordeal, 401

Galicia, hot-water ordeal in, 281

Gallius, Q., case of, 435

Gascony, land title decided by cold-water ordeal, 323

Gauls, torture of widows among, 452

Gauntlet, iron, ordeal of, 296

Gautama, ordeal unknown to, 268

Gavarret, revenue from ordeal at, 415

Geiler von Kaisersberg opposes torture, 575

Gelmirez, Diego, authorizes duel, 132

Gengulphus, St., his improvised ordeal, 286

George IV. abolishes torture in Hanover, 581

Geirröd, his torture of Odin, 454

Gerald, St., of Braga, case of, 379

Gerard of Cambrai on torture of heretics, 474

Gerberga drowned as a witch, 325

_Gerefa_, 48

Gerhardt, E., on ordeal for witches, 332

Germany (see also _Sachsenspiegel_, _Schwabenspiegel_,
_Sachsische Weichbild_).
purgatorial oaths, 23, 24
of father, 41
_sinodales homines_, 41
rules for compurgation, 54
_juramentum supermortuum_, 56
use of advocates, 70
clerics not to be judges, 73
compurgation retained, 80
accusatorial conjurators, 96, 97
judicial duel among ancient Germans, 112
challenging of judges, 126
legislative function of duel, 129
duel habitual in criminal cases, 135
theory of guilt, 136
limitations on the duel, 141
crimes liable to duel, 147
penalty of defeat in duel, 171
of default in duel, 173
weapons allowed, 177
champions a matter of course, 190
exemptions granted to the towns, 204
prolongation of the duel, 238
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
titles to fiefs settled by water ordeal, 324
cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 326
ordeal of sieve-driving, 358
cases of bier-right, 362
formula for bier-right, 368
use of ordeal in civil cases, 387
ordeal for convicts, 392
persistence of ordeals, 423
mediæval use of torture, 475, 476
reappearance of torture, 479, 505
torture established, 522
disused, 579
substitutes for torture, 582

Gerode, Abbey of, its ordeal, 295

Geroldus converts Mecklenburg, 277

Gerstlacher, his defence of torture, 580

Getter’s case, bier-right in, 367

Ghent, laws of, no allusion to ordeal, 202
ordeal for slaves, 394

_Ghee_, boiling, ordeal of, 283

Giraldus Cambrensis on study of Roman law, 73

Gifts to hired champions, 191

Giuliano Rondinelli, his ordeal of fire, 311

Gladiators identified with champions, 187
subject to torture in Rome, 441

Glanville, jury-trial ascribed to him, 48
allusions to compurgation, 70
prescribes cold-water ordeal for slaves, 322
knows nothing of torture, 564

Glastonbury, Abbey of, its hired champion, 197

Gloucester, Statute of, 242
Thomas of, his duel code, 241

Glove as gage of battle, 245

_Gobereen_, ordeal of, in Rajmahal, 259

God, judgment of, faith reposed in, 102
tempting of, in the ordeal, 207, 411
his interposition expected, 250
appeals to, among Hebrews, 261

Godelmann on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 328

Godfrey, St., his charter to Amiens, 201

_Godi_, Norse priest and judge, 27
decides as to compurgation, 53

Godwin of Kent, his death, 341

Golden Bull, torture in, 505

Golden Calf, ashes of, as ordeal, 262

Gonsalvo de Cremona, 359

Gothic ritual defended by duel, 132
by fire ordeal, 313

Goths (see also _Ostrogoths_ and _Wisigoths_).
compurgation not used, 34
use of judicial duel by, 115
their civilization, 456
their use of torture, 457

Gout cured by torture, 528

Gräfe, Johann, opposes torture, 576

Grágás (see _Iceland_).

Grammatico, Tomaso, on punishment for suspicion, 520

Gran, council of, 1099, prescribes the ordeal, 410

Grand jury, presentation by, 388

Grandier, Urbain, case of, 556

Grateley, council of, 928, regulation of ordeal, 406

Gratian does not condemn the ordeal, 413
on extorted confessions, 478

Greece, family organizations in, 15
oaths used, 26
traces of compurgation in, 34
traces of judicial duel, 108
ordeals in, 270
oath of the gods, 371
use of torture in, 432
varieties of torture, 434

Greeks, duels with Franks, 151

Gregory I. on oaths on relics, 372
extorted confessions invalid, 478

Gregory II. prescribes oaths for clerics, 36

Gregory III., penitential of, on oaths, 30

Gregory VII., his war on simony, 62
introduces Roman ritual in Spain, 132
tries cold-water ordeal, 324
takes ordeal of Eucharist, 349
his improvised ordeal, 350

Gregory IX., his Decretals, 419
on purgation of heresy, 484
prohibits counsel to accused, 487

Gregory XI. condemns the Sachsenspiegel, 210, 420

Gregory of Tours, his purgatorial oaths, 28
accused by Leudastes, 454

Grenoble, accused refused a hearing, 518

Grillandus on compurgation, 93
on torture of sleeplessness, 535
his five degrees of torture, 543
on charms against torture, 557

Grimkel, Bishop, tests relic with fire, 316

Grimoald, King, restricts judicial duel, 114
restricts right of slaves to duel, 148

Grossolano, Archbishop, convicted by ordeal, 306

Gualberto, St. Giovanni, urges the ordeal, 305

Guarantees required for oaths, 25
of compurgatorial oath withdrawn, 72

Guardians, required to provide champions, 153

Guardianship cases, slave torture in, 442

Gudrun, Queen, cleared by the ordeal, 385

Guelf, Bavarian house of, founded, 133

Guibert of Nogent uses ordeal for heretics, 410

Guido, Abbot, of Pescara, 157

Guy (Emp.) on duels of clerics, 155

Guilds to furnish conjurators, 82

Guillot de Ferrières, case of, 492

Guilt before God but not before man, 136

Guisbert, Ladislas, case of, 588

_Gulathingenses Leges_, partition of _wer-gild_, 18
selection of compurgators, 50
oath of compurgators, 59

Gundeberga, Queen, case of, 113

Gundobald, King, use of duel ascribed to, 112
the duel as remedy for perjury, 118

Gunner’s case, 86

Gushtasp converted by the ordeal, 295

Gustavus Adolphus, compurgation in his laws, 83

Gyda, Queen, duel for, 115

Hainault, penalty for default in duel, 173
charter of 1619, torture in, 556

Hako Hakonsen on division of _wer-gild_, 18
choice of compurgators, 49
oath of compurgators, 59
prohibits ordeal, 422

Hair may float in cold-water ordeal, 319

Hale, Sir Matthew, on the duel, 245

Hales, Alexander, on duel, 209
condemns ordeals, 420

Halle, citizens tortured by Lothair II., 475
punishment without conviction, 521
torture of aged in, 527

Hanche, Adolf, his duel, 171

Hand of bishop, oath taken on, 30

Hand, loss of, for perjury, 64
for hired champions, 191
wrapped up after ordeal, 280, 288

Hanover, torture abolished, 581

Hans Speiss, convicted by bier-right, 363

Hardening to torture, 558

Harold Blaatand abolishes duel, 200
converted by ordeal, 295

Harold the Simple abolishes duel, 200

Harry, slave, convicted by bier-right, 367

Haselwood, Wm., uses ordeal of sieve, 358

Hatchet used in iron ordeal, 289

Hatred excuses from duel, 146

_Haut-justiciers_, their rights over duel, 218

Haynokes, Susannah, case of, 336

Hearing refused to accused, 518, 547

Heaven, its interposition relied on, 251

Hebrew customs, sacrificial oaths, 26, 27
use of ordeals, 261
fire ordeal, 303
torture not used, 430

Hela, witch tried by ordeal in, 333

Hellenic _Patræ_ and _Phratriæ_, 15

Hen used in ordeal, 256

Henry II. (Emp.) accepts a duel, 134
restricts use of champions, 189
accords duel to the guilty, 131
hangs thieves convicted by the duel, 135
cold-water ordeal for slaves, 322

Henry III. (Emp.) on number of conjurators, 43
rules for compurgation, 54
challenges Henry I. (France), 130
charter to church of Volterra, 161

Henry IV. (Emp.) offers the duel, 133
his charter to Pisa, 200
refuses ordeal of Eucharist, 350

Henry V. (Emp.) his charter to Venice, 57

Henry I. (England), laws of, compurgation abolished, 67
his charter to London, 201

Henry II. (Engl.) exempts clerics from duel, 158
forbids hiring of champions, 190
his bleeding after death, 360

Henry III. (Engl.) prohibits the ordeal, 421

Henry VIII., compurgation under, 92
use of torture under, 566, 568

Henry II. (France) swears to grant no duels, 234

Henry III. (France) revises coutumier of Normandy, 79, 231

Henry IV. (France) edict against duels, 104
his pardons to duellists, 107

Henry II. (Navarre) grants the duel, 233

Henry of Bavaria buries a tortured pilgrim, 474

Henry of Essex, case of, 137

Henry, Duke of Limburg, 343

Henry the Lion, case of, 133

Henry of Lorraine claims jurisdiction of duel, 238

Henry I. of Mainz administers the ordeal, 295

Henry of Strassburg convicts heretics by ordeal, 419

Henry of Susa pronounces ordeals illegal, 420

Hepburn and Brown, duel of, 240

Hera, oaths taken by, 26

Heracles pays for murder of Iphitus, 15

Heretics, compurgators for, 88
conviction of, by ordeal, 297, 410, 419
ordeal forbidden in their trial, 419
torture used in 1025, 474

Heresy, no limitations on torture, 467
torture habitually used, 484

Herigarius, miracle granted to, 379

Herkia defeated in ordeal, 385

Hermann of Cologne, conversion of, 418

Hermann of Slavonia prescribes compurgation, 84

Hermann of Suabia challenges Henry II., 134

Hermes, mutilation of statues of, 433

Herzegovina, ordeal for witches, 333

Hidulf, St., power of his intercession, 377

Hildebert of Le Mans on torture, 475

Hinemar, his rules for compurgators, 47
his eulogy of hot-water ordeal, 278, 282
explanation of cold-water ordeal, 319
ordeals for witnesses and compurgators, 389
his suggestion of a champion, 398

Hindu customs (see _India_).

Hiring of champions, 190, 193, 195

Hirpi walk over burning coals, 287

Hoel Dda, his laws, 20
abrogation of ordeals ascribed to, 110

Holland, ordeal of balance in, 335
torture system in, 521, 576
disuse of torture, 577

_Holm-gang_, 111
abolition of, 199

Holstein, bier-right in, 364

Holy Coat of Trèves, 422

Holy Ghost, ordeal of, 381

Holy water used in ordeal, 281, 407

Holyrood, Abbey of, its jurisdiction, 162

Homicide, penalty of, at Arques, 13
duel necessary to prove it, 142
inferior can challenge superior, 151

_Homines sinodales_, 41

_Homo infamatus_ sent to ordeal, 392

Honor, duel of, 104

Honorius III. forbids clerical duels, 160
prohibits ordeals, 423

Honorius of Autun sanctions ordeal, 413

Horatii and Curiatii, preliminary oath, 271

Horatius, _wer-gild_ paid by, 15

Host, consecrated, power of, 347

Hot-water ordeal in Japan, 253
in Ethiopia, 256
in Madagascar, 257
among the Khonds, 258
in Rajmahal, 259
among the Mazdeans, 265
in Tibet, 269
among the Feini, 272
in earliest Salic law, 274
among the Wisigoths, 275
its use in Europe, 278
swallowing hot water, 283
its use in India, 283
miraculous cases, 285
used for trifling cases, 292
patrician or plebeian ordeal, 322

Household slaves, torture of, in Spain, 464

Hubert, Bishop of Worcester, 40

Huesca, ordeals prohibited in, 424

Hugh Capet challenged by Louis d’Outremer, 130

Hugh, king of Italy, 128

Hugh, legate, refuses bribe, 62

Hungary, liability of clerics to duel, 157
restriction of duel in, 237
ordeals introduced, 277
use of iron ordeal, 299
witches tried by ordeal in 1730, 332, 335
ordeal for all suspects, 388
preservation of purity of ordeal, 405
privilege of administering ordeals, 415
fees for ordeals, 416
ordeals prohibited in 1279, 423
torture legalized, 508

Husband and wife, rule as to torture of, 543

Hutten, Ludwig von, declines a challenge, 238

Iarnsida, partition of _wer-gild_, 18
selection of compurgators, 50
compurgation in default of evidence, 54
oath of compurgators, 59
use of compurgation, 82
no torture in, 562

Iceland, legal process in, 17
levying of fines, 18
sacrificial oaths, 27
use of compurgation, 35, 82
admission of compurgation, 53, 54
oaths of compurgators, 59
accusatorial conjurators, 97
use of duel in, 111
penalty for default, 174
duel abolished, 199
use of red-hot iron ordeal, 292
accused can demand ordeal, 387
ordeals abolished, 422
use of torture, 561

_Ictus capituli_, 163

Idol-water as an ordeal, 344

_Iesameh_, 29

Iglau, compurgation in laws of, 84
the duel in, 205

Illegal torture renders confession invalid, 550

Illinois, bier-right in, 368

Illusions, diabolic, in ordeal, 408

Imagination, influence of, in ordeals, 339, 396

Imbrico of Augsburg, his ordeal of Eucharist, 351

Immunity of clerics from secular law, 414

Imprecations, use of, in Assyria, 260

Imprisonment for retracting confession, 549

Incest, evidence of slave in cases of, 444

Incrimination of accomplices rejected in Rome, 443
accepted in modern times, 484, 515, 517, 546, 562, 570, 584

Incontinency, compurgation for, 87

India, communal organization in, 14
use of oaths, 25
evidence of friends and kinsmen excluded, 38
duel to avert battles, 104
judicial duel not used, 108
limitations on witnesses, 122
champions allowed in ordeals, 179
ordeals of pre-Aryan races, 258, 291, 344
oaths as ordeals, 267
ordeal of fire, 267
complicated ordeal system, 268
is a religious ceremony, 269, 280
ordeal of boiling oil, 283
of red-hot iron, 289
of fire, 303
relics tested by fire, 314
ordeal of cold water, 319
of balance, 334
of endurance, 339
of rice, 344
of cosha, or idol-water, 344
of chance, 352
of poison, 375
only for doubtful characters, 384
either party can undergo the ordeal, 384
minimum limit of ordeals, 391
torture unknown, 431

Infamy of champions, 187
ordeal in cases of, 388

Influence of torture on judges, 534

Informers, responsibility of, in Rome, 440, 446
under Wisigoths, 459

Injustice of ordeal, explanation of, 401

Innocent I. on use of torture, 477

Innocent II. prescribes compurgation, 62, 71
forbids clerics to fight, 156

Innocent III. modifies compurgatorial oaths, 71
orders purgation for heresy, 89
on failure in duel, 137
forbids clerics to fight, 156, 158
his relation to the duel, 208
suppresses the ordeal, 418

Innocent IV. forbids clerical duels in France, 159
orders torture to discover heresy, 484

Innocent VIII. on torture of clerics in England, 566

Inquest of Fame, 71

Inquests, torture not used in, 499, 512

Inquisition, its use of compurgation, 89
its use of torture, 483
extortion of confession, 485
its influence on use of torture, 486, 512
restricted by Council of Vienne, 511
torture to discover accomplices, 516

Inquisition of State in Venice, 507

Inquisitorial Process, the, 512
becomes general, 499
not used in Poland, 509
retained in Germany, 581

Inquisitors dispensed for use of torture, 484

Insane, the, exempt from torture, 528

Inscription of accuser in Rome, 440, 446
under Wisigoths, 459

Intervention of God expected in the duel, 135

Inundation of 1219 caused by ordeals, 422

Inverness exempted from duel, 201

Involuntary perjury, penance for, 31

Ipswich, selection of conjurators in, 49

Ireland, solidarity of the family in, 15
levying of fines, 18
tribal responsibility, 42
judicial duel among the Feini, 109
duel in 1583, 243
inspiration of judges, 272
hot-water ordeal in, 273
hot-iron ordeal for women, 292
ordeal of the lot, 354
of the oath, 374
use of the Clog Oir, 397

Irregular ordeals, 377

Irregularity of clerics, 484

Iron bands used as an ordeal, 377

Iron ordeal (see _Red-hot iron_).

Isaac, assassin of Charles the Good, 474

Isidor of Seville on perjury, 31

Islam, reduplicated oaths, 29
accusations of adultery, 46
oaths as ordeals in, 263

Italy (see also _Lombard Law_, _Sicilian Constitutions_).
conjurators to confirm witnesses, 56
challenging of witnesses, 120
Otho II. enlarges the sphere of the duel, 131
cases admitting the duel, 141
the Church subjected to the duel, 155, 160
jurisdiction of the Church over duel, 163
oaths preliminary to the duel, 166
penalty for defeat in duel, 169
duels fought to the end, 178
champions always employed, 182
as a profession, 189
restrictions on use of, 189
equalization of, 194
abrogation of duel, 235
bier-right, 365
ordeals prohibited in Naples, 422
in 15th century, 425
reappearance of torture, 481, 484
its development, 506
its abolition, 586

Itzehoe, case of bier-right in, 365

Ivan III., torture introduced by, 509

Ivo of Chartres, distrust of compurgation, 61
refuses to grant the duel, 162
his opinion of the ordeal, 401, 412
claims exemption of ordeal for priests, 414
on extorted confessions, 478

Jacintus, his hot-water ordeal, 279

Jacob’s Review of the Statutes, 86

James I. grants the duel, 240
approves of ordeal for witches, 330
his belief in bier-right, 361
torture under, 567, 568
his torture of Dr. Fian, 573

Jamnuggur, ordeal in 1867, 284

Janssen, Hendrik, torture of, 578

Jardine on torture in England, 566

Jarnac, his duel with La Chastaigneraye, 106

Japan, judicial duel in, 108
ordeals in, 253
use of torture, 432

Jayme I. (Aragon) restricts torture, 462
prohibits the duel, 214

Jeanne de Bourgogne, offers the combat, 226

_Jeffniteed_, 97

Jehan de Warlus, case of, 501

Jerusalem, Assisses de, 75
on use of counsel, 70
reject negative proofs, 74
no compurgation, 75
women cannot be witnesses, 122
limitations on duel, 143
limit of value for duel, 148
discrimination of race in, 151
champions supplied to the poor, 152
no duel in mercantile law, 165
_lex talionis_ enforced, 170
penalty of defeat for women, 173
champions as witnesses, 183
punishment of defeated champion, 184
red-hot iron ordeal plebeian, 292
use of iron ordeal, 298
ordeal for all suspects, 388
reappearance of torture, 480

Jew, duel with, ordered by the Virgin, 209
ordeal to convert, 296

Jews (see also _Hebrews_).
their liability to the duel, 149, 151
asking pardon of a corpse, 360
convicted by bier-right, 362
ordeal of brambles for, 382
torture of, by King John, 477
in Bourges, 492
mode of executing them, 503

John XII. challenged by Bishop Liutprand, 129

John, King (England), favors the duel, 241
tortures Jews, 477

John, King (France), abrogates compurgation, 78

John, Bishop of Avranches, recognizes the ordeal, 412

John, Bishop of Didymoteichos, 402

John of Coldinghame, 191

John of Freiburg on duel in episcopal courts, 165

John of Freiburg—denounces ordeals, 420

Jonah, use of lot, 262

Jonathan, case of, 262

Joseph II. abolishes torture, 581

_Jovem lapidem jurare_, 270

Judaism (see _Hebrews_).

Judges decide as to compurgators, 53
challenging of, 123
royal, not liable to appeal, 126
discretion in granting duel, 140, 146
inspiration of, in Islam, 263
inspiration of, among Feini, 272
responsibility for torture under Wisigoths, 458, 460
in Castile, 465, 467
in Italy, 507
in France, 515
in Germany, 523
responsibility elusory, 533
using torture liable for homicide in England, 565
cannot be witnesses, 509
everything left to their discretion, 533, 538, 541, 549
abuse of their discretion, 545
influence of torture on, 534
their abuse of torture, 539
their neglect of favoring evidence, 544

Judgment of God expected, 250
faith reposed in, 102
appealed to by Hebrews, 261

Judgment reversed, penalty of, 124, 126
of blood forbidden to clerics, 471

Judicial duel, 101

_Judicium_ means ordeal, 298

_Judicium crucis_, 336

_Judicium ferri_, 287

_Judicium offæ_, 339

_Juise_, 287, 298

Julius (Pseudo) forbids evidence of accomplices, 515

Julius II., his bull against duels, 236

_Jura de juicio_, 22

_Juramentum supermortuum_, 55

_Juratores_ (see _Conjurators_).

Jurisdiction over duel, profits of, 218
over ordeals, its advantages, 415

Jury and ordeal combined, 388

Jury-trial, rise of, 48
as substitute for duel, 144
for pleaders unable to fight, 192
in Denmark, 562
influence of, on the duel, 241
in England, 564

_Jus cruentationis_, 359

_Jus feretri_, 359

_Jus Provinciale Alamannicum_ (see _Schwabenspiegel_).

_Jus Provinciale Saxonicum_ (see _Sachsenspiegel_).

_Jusjurandum in jure_, 21, 22

Jusiers, church of, its exemption, 158

Justice, tardy recognition of, 13

Justinian orders torture for adultery, 439
enforces the _talio_, 440
orders torture of witnesses, 441

Kai Kaoos orders fire ordeal, 266

Kalabarese ordeals, 254

Katrington, his duel, 179

Kayser-Recht, duel limited in, 205
denounces the duel, 212
no allusion to torture, 480

Keller, Fried., opposes torture, 576

_Keure_ de Bruges, 203

_Keyser Retenn_, 563

Khandogya Upanishad, its explanation of the ordeal, 267

Khonds, ordeals among the, 258

Kilty on duel in Maryland, 247

Kincaid, a witch-pricker, 571

King _vs._ Williams, case of, 86

Kinship a bar to duel, 141

Kinsmen, responsibility of, 14, 18, 19
their evidence, 38
not admitted in Castile, 465
as compurgators, 38, 40, 45, 48, 50
as champions, 180
witness not tortured against, 542

Knighthood, oath of, 186

Knipschild on torture of nobles, 526

Knox, John, on Bothwell’s challenge, 240

Koran, accusation of adultery in, 46

Kraku Hreidar, 111

Kshatriya caste, oaths required of, 25

La Chastaigneraye, his duel with Jarnac, 106

Lactantius, his account of persecution, 437

Ladislas, St., prevents collusion in ordeal, 405
regulates fees for ordeals, 416

Lafon, Mary, on _affaire Calas_, 585

_Lag feste men_, 41

Lambert of Redenberg, case of, 401

Lambert of Tuscany, his duel, 128

Lamoignon on counsel for accused, 517

Lance of St. Andrew, case of, 308

Lancelotti prescribes compurgation, 93

Land, communal holding of, 14
acquired by duel, 111, 211

Land-titles decided by ordeal of cross, 339

Lang, J. P., on cold-water ordeal for witches, 330

Languedoc, use of torture in, 495

Laon, theft of sacred vessels of, 136, 324, 474

Lascaris, Theod., invents a torture, 554

La Seauve, Abbey of, its revenue from ordeals, 415

Lateran, council of, 1216, on heresy, 89
forbids clerics to fight, 156
forbids the duel, 208
forbids priestly ministration in ordeals, 419
on purgation of heresy, 484

Latins, ordeals disused among, 270

Lausanne, chapter of, adjudges the duel, 162

Law means compurgation, 57
personal, not territorial, 131

Lawyers, advantage of employing, 70
exempt from torture in Castile, 467

Laymen as compurgators for clerics, 44
sin of shaving by, 403

Lebanon, Ills., bier-right in, 368

Ledesma, case of bier-right in, 366

Legislation, secular, against ordeals, 421

Legislative functions of duel, 129, 133

Legitimacy proved by ordeal, 273, 381

Le Gris and Carrouges, duel of, 229

Lemarinier, Jehan, case of, 517

Lemgow, cold-water ordeal in, 327

Lent, ordeal administered in, 410

Leo III. (Pope) clears himself by compurgation, 35
cold-water ordeal ascribed to, 321

Leo IV. forbids ordeal of lot, 353

Leo X., his prohibition of duels, 236

Leopold, Gr. Duke, abolishes torture, 586

Leper cured by St. Martin’s relics, 380
battle not allowed to, 141

_Les cous lou roi_, 163

Lescar, Bishop of, uses the ordeal, 295

_Lèse majesté_, first recognition of, in France, 495
its appearance in England, 564

Lessingon, patronage of church of, 119

Leudastes, case of, 454

_Lex apparens and simplex_, 148

_Lex Gundebalda_, 112

_Lex Monachorum_, 412

_Lex talionis_ (see _Talio_).

Lhotka, assembly of, 355

Libo, prosecution of, 443

Lie as preliminary to duel, 229

Liége, Bishop of, demands the duel, 160
use of torture in, 505

Liguaire, St., quarrel over his relics, 354

Life not to be jeoparded in torture, 465, 467

Lilburn and Claxton, case of, 244

Lille, responsibility of kindred, 19
formula of compurgation in, 78
torture not used in, 498

Lillebonne, council of, 1080, on clerical duellists, 156
on fees for ordeals, 416

Lima, fees for torturing in, 511

Limitations on the duel, 140
on use of champions, 189
on torture in Rome, 445
in Castile, 465
none in Châtelet of Paris, 500
in Italy, 506
disregarded, 526

Limbs not to be crippled in torture, 465, 467

Lindisfarne, unchaste priest of, 346

Lioba, St., undergoes ordeal of cross, 337

Lists, biers placed in, 172

_Litus_, his right to duel, 148

Liutgarda forced to duel, 123

Liutprand (King), on perjury of compurgators, 63
restricts judicial duel, 114

Liutprand, Bishop, his challenges, 129

Liutprand convicts Grossolano by ordeal, 306

Livonians asked to be relieved from ordeals, 423

_Livre de Jostice et de Plet_ requires compurgation, 76
no reference to torture, 488

Ljot the Pale, 111

Loaf of bread, ordeal of, 357

Lombard law—
rules for compurgation, 47, 50, 53
withdrawal of confession, 52
oath of compurgators, 58
ceremony of compurgation, 60
witnesses outweigh conjurators, 62
perjury of compurgators, 63
Otho II. limits compurgation, 67
judicial duel, 113
Otho II. extends use of duel, 118, 131
duel allowed to the guilty, 131
minimum limit for duel, 147
right of slaves to duel, 148
liability of clerics to duel, 155
penalty for defeat in duel, 168
kinsmen as champions, 180
champions always employed, 181
freedmen or clients, 186
restrictions on use of champions, 189
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
cold-water ordeal prohibited, 322
for slaves, 322
duel for cases of sorcery, 326
ordeal of cross prohibited, 338

London, exemption from duel granted, 201

Loquetier, Nicholas, case of, 493

Lord and vassal, no duel between, 146

Lorraine, Dukes of, their rights over duel, 238

Lorris, oaths in laws of, 23
fines for withdrawing from duel, 144

Lot, ordeal of the, 352
among Hebrews, 261
in Greece, 270

Lothair, King, his divorce from Teutberga, 281
dies of ordeal of Eucharist, 349

Lothair I. (Emp.), formula of compurgation, 53
prohibits cold-water ordeal, 322
prohibits ordeal of cross, 338

Lothair II., his use of torture, 475

Loudon, charter of, 391

Louis le Débonnaire tries Pascal I., 37
on selection of conjurators, 51
compurgation in lack of evidence, 53
on penalty for defeat, 167
condemns cold-water ordeal, 321
prohibits ordeal of cross, 338
orders freemen present at _mallum_, 472

Louis II. (Emp.), compurgation in lack of evidence, 53
decides cases in favor of Siena, 56

Louis IV. (Emp.), his charter to Dortmund, 205
punishes Ueberlingen, 363

Louis d’Outremer offers duel to Hugh Capet, 130

Louis VI. (France) grants charter of Loudun, 391

Louis VII., his charter to Lorris, 23
exempts the church of Jusiers, 158

Louis VIII., his charter to Crespy, 203

Louis IX. on use of oaths, 23
makes clients responsible for advocates, 70
his Établissements, 76
restricts challenging of judges, 125
prohibits duel between brothers, 141
enforces the _lex talionis_, 170
his struggle with feudalism, 216
his restriction of the duel, 217
punishes Enguerrand de Coucy, 221
torture not in his laws, 488
gives facilities for defence, 512

Louis X. endeavors to repress the duel, 227
orders cold-water ordeal for sorcery, 326
maintains use of torture, 494

Louis XIV. revises the torture process, 517

Louis XVI. abolishes torture in France, 585

Louis of Saxony, his use of the ordeal, 400

Lourdes exempted from duel, 202

Low _vs._ Paramore, case of, 139, 243

Lowe’s case, torture in, 571

Lubeck, introduction of torture in, 483

Lucerne, case of bier-right, 363

Lucius III. annuls judgment by ordeal, 418

Lucretius quoted for bier-right, 360

Ludlow, ordeal of Bible and key, 357

Luitzes, their duel with Saxons, 131

Lust, unnatural, torture for, in Rome, 439

Lycanthropy, prolonged torture for, 529

Lyons, council of, 1080, on simony, 62
Archbishop of, uses ordeal for heretics, 411

Macarius, St., his appeal to God, 251

Maci, Jehannin, case of, 501

Madagascar, ordeals in, 256

Madrid, compurgation in fuero of, 75

Magdeburg, thieves convicted by the duel, 135

Magi use fire-test on swaddling cloth of Christ, 315

Magic arts in duel, 139
in ordeal, 407, 410
torture in trials for, 469, 554

Magicians lose their specific gravity, 325, 334
tortured in Rome, 439
their evidence not received, 523

Magna Charta, no allusion to torture in, 564

Mahabharata, the, 14

Mahomet on accusations of adultery, 46
on interposition of God, 262

Mahuot and Plouvier, duel of, 232

Maiming, permanent, prerequisite for duel, 142

Mainz, council of, 847, ordeal for slaves, 394
council of, 848, prescribes iron ordeal, 291
councils of, 888 and 1028, prescribe the ordeal, 410
Templars offer the ordeal, 299

_Majestas_, torture in, 435, 438, 443
its extension, 436

Majjars, ordeals introduced among, 277

Majorca, duel prohibited, 214
ordeal prohibited, 424

_Mallum_, regulations for holding it, 471

Manasses of Reims deposed for simony, 62

Manava Dharma Sastra, village communities in, 14
oaths prescribed in, 25
on perjury, 267
ordeals described in, 268

Mandeure, ordeal of staff in, 396

Manichæan defeated by fire ordeal, 304

Manorial courts, compurgation in, 57

Mansuetus, St., power of his intercession, 378

Mantra in Hindu ordeals, 289
for cold-water ordeal, 319
for ordeal of balance, 335
for poison ordeal, 375

Manuscripts tested by fire, 313

Marches, Scottish, duel universal, 145
liability of clerics to duel, 158
death does not release from duel, 174

Marcus Aurelius, his exemptions from torture, 438

Maresca, Marc Antonio, case of, 520

Maria Theresa, torture in her laws, 580

Marguerite de la Pinele, case of, 503

Marmoutiers, Abbey of, case of, 404

Marne, jurisdiction of duel at, 163

Marriage, compurgation to prove nullity, 93
tested by ordeal, 336, 410

Marshal’s court, the, regulates duels, 241

Marschalck, his duel, 172

Marsigli, Hipp. de’, his case of bier-right, 365
his torture of sleeplessness, 535
on abuse of torture, 539

Martial, St., of Limoges, perjury on his altar, 373

Martin of Austrasia, 29

Martin, St., vindicates his relics, 380
his cope used in compurgation, 60

Martin II. forbids duel of Charles of Anjou, 106

Mary, wife of Otho III., story of, 293

Mary, Queen, torture under, 568

Maryland, compurgation in, 88
appeal of death in, 247

Mass as part of the ordeal, 413
mortuary, in ritual of ordeal, 394

Massachusetts, appeal of death in, 246
use of torture in, 569
_peine forte et dure_, 575

Masserano, Marquis of, 531

Master’s oath clears a slave, 22, 390

Master and serf, no duel between, 146
his consent necessary to his serf’s duel, 149
slaves not tortured against, in Rome, 442
except in treason, 443
other exceptions, 444
under Ostrogoths, 457
under Wisigoths, 459
in Spain, 464
repaid for damage to tortured slave in Rome, 445
among Barbarians, 452
under Wisigoths, 458
in Castile, 468

Maternal kindred as compurgators, 45

Mathieu le Voyer sues Louis IX., 219

Matthias Corvinus restricts the duel, 237

Maubourguet exempted from duel, 203

Maumarel, Guillaume, 157

Maur, St., perjury on his relics, 273

Maximilian I. restricts compurgation, 81

Maximus on crimes involving torture of slave against master, 444

Mazdeism, ordeals in, 265, 295
torture not prescribed in, 431

Mecklenburg, ordeal introduced into, 277

Medina del Pomar exempted from duel, 202
ordeals prohibited, 424

Melanesians, judicial duel among, 108

Men, hot-iron or water ordeal for, 292

Menelaus and Paris, their duel, 108

Mennonites, use of the lot by, 355

Mental torture efficacious, 543

Mercantile law, duel not recognized in, 165
adverse to use of torture, 483
torture used in, 530

Merchants, multiple oaths by, 28
exempted from the duel, 204

Merida, council of, 666, on torture by priests, 554

Merovingian laws, accusatorial conjurators, 94
ordeal for slaves, 453
of the lot prescribed, 353
in absence of evidence, 386
precautions against collusion in ordeals, 405

Merovingians, torture used by, 454

Merseburg, thieves convicted by the duel, 135

Messalina, her torture of patricians, 439

Metz, Bishop of, has jurisdiction over duel, 164

Mexico, ordeal of oath in, 259

Michael Palæologus condemned to ordeal, 299

Milan, disappearance of duel in, 236
fire ordeal in, 306
restrictions on torture in, 506

Miles the Stammerer, his duel, 138

Milhaud, torture used in, 499

Minimum limit of value for duel, 147
for ordeals, 391
for ordeal in India, 290

_Mir_, the Russian, 15

Miracle, endurance of torture is a, 504

Miraculous hot-water ordeals, 285
red-hot iron ordeals, 301

Miralles, Archbishop, tests relics by fire, 317

Mirandola, limitations on torture in, 507

Miroir de Souabe, ordeals in, 424