Chapter V: Men's Names in Place-Names

We have seen in a preceding chapter that the earliest Saxon place-names in England are derived from a personal name, and that the idea contained is that of a modified form of common right. We shall find that a very large proportion of the later Anglo-Saxon place-names are also derived from the name of a man, but that the idea contained is now that of individual ownership or occupation. The extent to which English place-names are derived from ancient names of men is, in my judgment, very much greater than is generally supposed. And indeed, when we come to consider it, what can be so naturally associated with a _ham_ as the name of the man who lived in that home, of a _weorth_ as that of the man to whom that property belonged, of a Saxon _tun_ or a Danish _by_ or _thorp_ as that of the man to whom the place owed its existence? If we turn to Kemble's list of Anglo-Saxon names of places as derived from ancient charters, in the days when the individual owner had succeeded to the community, we cannot fail to remark to how large an extent this obtains, and how many of these names are in the possessive case. Now, it must be observed that there are in Anglo-Saxon two forms of the possessive, and that when a man's name had the vowel ending in _a_, as noted at p. 24, it formed its possessive in _an_, while otherwise it formed its possessive in _es_. Thus we have Baddan byrig, "Badda's borough," Bennan beorh, "Benna's barrow" or grave, and in the other form we have Abbodes byrig, "Abbod's borough," Bluntes ham, "Blunt's home," and Sylces wyrth, "Silk's worth" or property. And as compound names did not take a vowel ending, such names invariably form their possessive in _es_, as in Haywardes ham, "Hayward's home," Cynewardes gemaero, "Cyneward's boundary," &c. I am not at all sure that _ing_ also has not, in certain cases, the force of a possessive, and that AElfredincgtun, for instance, may not mean simply "Alfred's town" and not Alfreding's town. But I do not think that this is at any rate the general rule, and it seems scarcely possible to draw the line. From the possessive in _an_ I take to be most probably our present place-names Puttenham, Tottenham, and Sydenham, (respecting the last of which there has been a good deal of discussion of late in _Notes and Queries_), containing the Anglo-Saxon names _Putta_, _Totta_, and _Sida_. With regard to the last I have not fallen in with the name _Sida_ itself. But I deduce such a name from Sydanham, C.D. 379, apparently a place in Wilts, also perhaps from Sidebirig, now Sidbury, in Devon; and there is, moreover, a corresponding O.G. _Sido_, the origin being probably A.S. _sidu_, manners, morals. Further traces of such a stem are found in _Sidel_ deduced from Sidelesham, now Sidlesham, in Sussex, and also from the name _Sydemann_ in a charter of Edgar, these names implying a pre-existing stem _sid_ upon which they have been formed.

As well as with the _ham_ or the _byrig_ in which he resided, a man's name is often found among the Anglo-Saxons, connected with the boundary--whatever that might be--of his property, as in Abbudes mearc, Abbud's mark or boundary, and Baldrices gemaero, Baldrick's boundary. Sometimes that boundary might be a hedge, as in Leoferes haga and Danehardes hegeraew, "Leofer's hedge," and "Danehard's hedge-row." Sometimes it might be a stone, as in Sweordes stan, sometimes a ridge, as in Eppan hrycg, "Eppa's ridge," sometimes a ditch or dyke, as in Tilgares dic and Colomores sic (North. Eng. syke, wet ditch). A tree was naturally a common boundary mark, as in Potteles treow, Alebeardes ac (oak), Bulemaeres thorn, Huttes aesc (ash), Tatmonnes apoldre (apple-tree). Sometimes, again, a man's name is found associated with the road or way that led to his abode, as in Wealdenes weg (way), Sigbrihtes anstige (stig, a footpath), Dunnes stigele (stile). Another word which seems to have something of the meaning of "stile" is _hlip_, found in Freobearnes hlyp and in Herewines hlipgat. In Anglo-Saxon, _hlypa_ signified a stirrup, and a "hlipgat" must, I imagine, have been a gate furnished with some contrivance for mounting over it. Of a similar nature might be Alcherdes ford, and Brochardes ford, and also Geahes ofer, Byrhtes ora, and AEscmann's yre (_ofer_, contr. _ore_, shore or landing-place). Something more of the rights of water may be contained in Fealamares broc (brook), Hykemeres strem (stream), and Brihtwoldes were (weir); the two latter probably referring to water-power for a mill. The sense of property only seems to be that which is found in Cybles weorthig, AEscmere's weorth (land or property), Tilluces leah (lea), Rumboldes den (_dene_ or valley), Bogeles pearruc (paddock), Ticnes feld (field). Also in Grottes graf (grove), Sweors holt (grove), Pippenes pen (pen or fold), Willeardes hyrst (grove), Leofsiges geat (gate), Ealdermannes haec (hatch), and Winagares stapol (stall, market, perhaps a place for the sale or interchange of produce). The site of a deserted dwelling served sometimes for a mark, as in Sceolles eald cotan (Sceolles old cot), and Dearmodes ald tun (Deormoda's old town, or inclosure, dwelling and appurtenances?).

But it is with a man's last resting-place that his name will be found in Anglo-Saxon times to be most especially associated. The principal words used to denote a grave are _beorh_ (barrow), _byrgels_, and _hloew_ (low), in all of which the idea seems to be that of a mound raised over the spot. We have Weardes beorh, "Weard's barrow," also Lulles, Cartes, Hornes, Lidgeardes, and many others. We have Scottan byrgels, "Scotta's barrow," also Hoces, Wures, and Strenges. And we have Lortan hlaew, "Lorta's low," also Ceorles, Wintres, Hwittuces, and others. There is another word _ho_, which seems to be the same as the O.N. _haugr_, North. Eng, _how_, a grave-mound. It is found in Healdenes ho, Piccedes ho, Scoteho Tilmundes ho, Caegesho, and Fingringaho. It would hardly seem, from the location of four of them, Worcester, Essex, Beds, Sussex, that they can be of Scandinavian origin. Can the two words, _haugr_ and _hlau_ (_how_, and _hlow_), be from the same origin, the one assuming, or the other dropping an _l_?

I take the names of persons thus to be deduced from Anglo-Saxon place-names, and which are in general correspondence with the earlier names in the preceding chapter, though containing some new forms and a greater number of compound names, to give as faithful a representation as we can have of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons. And as I have before compared the names of those primitive settlers with our existing surnames, so now I propose to extend the comparison to the names of more settled Anglo-Saxon times.

Anglo-Saxon
Men's Names. Place-Names. English Surnames.

Abbod Abbodesbyrig } _Abbott_
Abbud Abbudesmearc }
AEcemann AEcemannes ceaster _Ackman, Aikman_
Acen Acenes feld _Aikin_
AEgelweard AEgelweardes mearc _Aylward_
Alberht Alcherdes ford _Allcard_
Alder Aldrestub _Alder_
AElfgar AElfgares gemaero _Algar_
AElfred AElfredes beorh _Alfred_, _Allfrey_
AElfher, or }
AElfheri } AElfheres stapol _Alvary_
AEscmer AEscmeres weorth _Ashmore_
AEscmann AEscmannes yre _Ashman_
Alebeard Alebeardes ac _Halbard_
Amber Ambresbyrig _Amber_
AEthelstan AEthelstanes tun _Ethelston_

Babel Babeles beorh _Bable_
Badherd Badherdes sled _Beddard_
Baldher Baldheresberg _Balder_
Baldric Baldrices gemaero _Baldridge_
Baldwin Baldwines heath _Baldwin_
Beored, or Beoret Beoredes treow _Berrette_
Beornheard Beornheardes lond _Bernard_
Beornwold Beornwoldes saetan _Bernold_
Blunt Bluntesham _Blunt_
Bogel Bogeles pearruc _Bogle_
Bohmer Bohmeres stigele _Bowmer_
Bregen Bregnesford _Brain_
Brochard Brochardes ford _Brocard_
Buga Buganstoc } _Bugg_
Bugga Bugganbroc }
Bulemaer Bulemaeres thorn _Bulmer_
Buntel Bunteles pyt _Bundle_
Bunting Buntingedic _Bunting_
Burhgeard Burhgeardeswerthig _Burchard_

Carda Cardan hlaew _Card_, _Cart_
Ceapa Ceapan hlaew _Cheape_
Ceawa Ceawan hlaew _Chew_
Cerda Cerdan hlaew _Chard_
Cissa Cissan anstige _Cheese_
Chetol (Danish) Chetoles beorh _Kettle_
Creoda Creodan ac } _Creed_
Cridd Criddes ho }
Cumen Cumenes ora _Cummin_
Ceatewe Ceatewesleah _Chattoway_
Ceada Ceadanford _Chad_
Catt Cattes stoke _Cat_, _Catty_
Caestael Caestaelesham _Castle_
Cludd Cludesleah _Cloud_
Coten Cotenesfeld _Cotton_
Cruda Crudan sceat _Crowd_
Colomor Colomores sic _Colmer_
Cydd Cyddesige _Kidd_
Cyble Cybles weorthig _Keble_
Celc Celces ora _Kelk_
Cylman Cylmanstun _Killman_
Cynlaf Cynlafes stan _Cunliffe_
Cynric Cynrices gemaero _Kenrick_
Cyneward Cynewardes gemaero _Kenward_
Cyppa Cyppanham _Chipp_

Daegel, or Daeglesford } _Dale_
Deil Deilsford }
Dearnagel Dearnagles ford _Darnell_
Daeneheard Daeneheardes hegerawe _Denhard_
Deorlaf Deorlafestun _Dearlove_
Deormod[35] Deormodes ald tun _Dermott_
Dodd Doddesthorp } _Dodd_
Dodda Doddan hlaew }
Dolemann Dolemannes beorh _Dollman_
Duceman Ducemannestun _Duckman_
Ducling Duclingtun _Duckling_
Dunn Dunnes stigele _Dunn_
Dogod Dogodeswel _Doggett_, _Dugood_
Dydimer Dydimertun _Tidemore_

Ealder Ealderscumb _Alder_
Ealdmann Ealdmannes wyrth _Altman_
Ealdermann[36] Ealdermannes haec _Alderman_
Ealmund Ealmundes treow _Almond_
Eanulf Eanulfestun _Enough_
Earn Earnesbeorh _Earney_

Eastmond Eastmondestun _Esmond_
Ecgell Ecgeles stiel _Edgell_, _Eagle_

Fealamar Fealamares broc { _Fillmore_
{ _Phillimore_
Flegg Flegges garan _Flew_
Focga Focgancrundel _Fogg_, _Foggo_
Freobearn Freobearnes hlyp _Freeborn_
Frigedaeg Frigedaeges treow _Friday_
Fuhgel Fuhgeles beorh _Fuggle_, _Fowl_

Gandar Gandrandun _Gander_
Gaecg Gaecges stapol { _Gay_
Geah Geahes ofer {
Gatehlinc Gatehlinces heafod _Gatling_
Geleca Gelecancamp _Jellicoe_
Geyn Geynes thorn _Gain_
Giselher Gislhereswurth _Giller_
Godincg Godincges gemaero _Godding_
Godmund Godmundesleah _Godmund_
Godwin Godwines gemaero _Godwin_
Grobb Grobbes den _Grove_, _Grubb_
Grott Grottes graf _Grote_
Gund Gundestige _Gunn_, _Gundey_

Haerred Haerredesleah _Herod_
Heafoc Heafoceshamme _Hawk_
Hassuc Hassuces mor _Haskey_
Hering Heringesleah _Herring_
Hnibba Hnibbanleah _Knibb_, _Knipe_
Hayward Haywardes ham _Hayward_
Healda Healdan graf _Hald_
Healden Healdenes ho _Haldan_
Helm Helmes treow _Helme_
Helfaer Helfaeres gemaero _Helper_
Help Helpestonne _Helps_
Herebritt Herebrittes comb _Herbert_
Herewin Herewines hlipgat _Irwine_
Hiccemann Hiccemannes stan _Hickman_
Humbald Humbalding graf _Humble_
Hycemer, or }
Higemar } Hycemeres strem _Highmore_
Hnaef Hnaefes scylf _Knapp_
Hocg Hocgestun _Hogg_, _Hodge_
Horn Hornes beorh _Horne_
Hringwold Hringwoldes beorh _Ringold_
Hwittuc Hwittuces leah _Whittock_
Hutt Huttes aesc _Hutt_
Hygelac[37] Hygelaces git _Hillock_

Kyld Kyldesby _Kilt_

Leofer Leoferes haga _Lover_
Laferca Lafercanbeorh _Laverick_
Leofmann Leofmannes gemaero _Loveman_
Leommann Leommannes graf _Lemon_
Leofsig Leofsiges geat _Lovesy_
Leofric Leofrices gemaero _Loveridge_
Lidgeard Lidgeardes beorh _Ledgard_
Lipperd Lipperdes gemaero _Leopard_
Lower Lowereslege _Lower_
Locer Loceresweg _Locker_
Lorta Lortanberwe _Lord_
Lorting Lortinges bourne _Lording_
Luder Luderston _Luther_
Ludmann Ludmannes put _Lutman_
Lull Lulles beorh _Lull_, _Lully_

Myceld Myceldefer _Muckelt_
Mul Muleshlaew _Moule_

Negle Neglesleah _Nagle_
Nael Naelesbroc _Nail_
Nybba Nybban beorh _Nibbs_

Oslac Oslaces lea _Hasluck_
Ogged Oggedestun _Hodgett_, _Howitt_
Oswald Oswaldes mere _Oswald_
Orlaf Orlafestun _Orlop_
Owun Owunes hild _Owen_

Pehtun Pehtuns treow _Peyton_
Pender Penderes clif _Pender_
Picced Piccedes ho _Pickett_
Pinnel Pinnelesfeld _Pennell_
Pippen Pippenes fen _Pippin_
Pyttel Pittelesford _Piddel_
Pitterich Piterichesham _Betteridge_
Pottel Potteles treow _Pottle_
Potten Pottenestreow _Potten_
Punt Puntes stan _Punt_
Puntel Punteles treow _Bundle_
Prentsa Prentsan hlaw _Prentiss_

Redwin Redwines thorn _Readwin_
Rahulf Rahulfes furlong _Ralph_
Rugebeorg Rugebeorges gemaero _Rubery_
Rumbold Rumboldes den _Rumbold_

Sceaft Sceaftesbirig _Shaft_, _Shafto_
Sceoll Sceolles ealdcotan _Sholl_
Scytta Scyttandun _Skeat_, _Shute_
Scyter[38] Scyteres flod _Shuter_
Scealc Scealces hom _Shawkey_, _Chalk?_
Scyld Scyldes treow _Shield_
Simaer Simaeres ford _Seymour_
Secmaer Secmaeres ora _Sycamore_
Sigbriht Sigbrihtes anstige _Sibert_
Sibriht Sibrihtesweald _Seabright_[39]
Siger Sigeres ac _Segar_
Snell Snellesham _Snell_
Snod Snodes hyl _Snoad_
Streng Strenges ho _Strong_
Stut Stutes hyl _Stout_, _Stott_
Stutard Stutardes cumb _Stothard_, _Studeard_
Sucga Sucgangraf _Sugg_
Sumer Sumeresham _Summer_
Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun _Sommerlat_
Sunemann Sunemannes wyrthig _Sunman_
Sweor Sweores holt _Swire_, _Swears_
Sweord Sweordes stan _Sword_

Taecel Taecelesbroc _Tackle_
Tatmonn Tatmonnes apoldre _Tadman_
Tatel Tatlestrop _Tattle_
Thuner Thunresfeld _Thunder_
Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun _Thurgur_
Thrista Thristan den _Trist_
Theodher Theoderpoth _Theodore_
Thurold (Danish) Thuroldes gemaero _Thorold_
Toma Tomanworthig _Tomey_
Ticcen Ticnesfeld _Dickin_
Tilgar Tilgares dic _Dilger_
Tilluc Tilluces leah _Tillick_, _Dilke_
Tilmann Tilmannes den _Tilman_
Titferth Titferthes geat _Titford_

Upicen Upicenes hlyw _Hopkin_

Wahgen Wahgenes gemaero _Wain_
Wealden Wealdenes weg _Walden_

Wealder Wealderes weg _Walter_
Westan Westanes treow _Weston_
Wigheard Wigheardes stapol _Wyard_
Wighelm Wighelmes land _Whigam_
Wihtlac Wihtlaces ford _Whitelock_
Wihtric Wihtricesham _Whitridge_
Wilmund Wilmundes leah _Williment_
Willher Willheres triow _Willer_
Wicg Wicgestan _Wigg_
Uuigga Wuiggangeat
Winagar Winagares stapul _Winegar_
Wileard Wileardes hyrste _Willard_
Wistan for } Wistanes gemaero _Whiston_
Wigstan? }
Wulfsig Wulfsiges croft _Wolsey_
Wulfgar Wulfgares gemaero _Woolgar_
Wulfmer Wulfmeres myln _Woolmer_
Wulfric Wulfrices gemaero _Woolrych_
Wyner Wyneres stig _Winer_
Waring Waering wic _Waring_
Wifel Wifelesham _Whipple_
Woden[40] Wodnesbeorg _Woodin?_
Wydda Wyddanbeorh _Widow_

The above names are deduced entirely from the names of places found by Mr. Kemble in ancient charters. The list is not by any means an exhaustive one, as I have not included a number of names taken into account in Chap. IV., and as also the same personal name enters frequently into several place-names. With very few exceptions these names may be gathered to the roll of Teutonic name-stems, notwithstanding a little disguise in some of their forms, and a great, sometimes a rather confusing, diversity of spelling. I take names such as the above to be the representatives of the every-day names of men in Anglo-Saxon times, rather than the names which come before us in history and in historical documents. For it seems to me that a kind of fashion prevailed, and that while a set of names of a longer and more dignified character were in favour among the great, the mass of the people still, to a great extent, adhered to the shorter and more simple names which their fathers had borne before them. Thus, when we find an AEthelwold who was also called Mol, an AEthelmer who was also called Dodda, and a Queen Hrothwaru who was also called Bucge, I am disposed to take the simple names, which are such as the earlier settlers brought over with them, to have been the original names, and superseded by names more in accordance with the prevailing fashion. Valuable then as is the _Liber Vitae_ of Durham, as a continuous record of English names for many centuries, yet I am inclined to think that inasmuch as that the persons who come before us as benefactors to the shrine of St. Cuthbert may be taken to be as a general rule of the upper ranks of life, they do not afford so faithful a representation of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons as do the little freeholders who lived and died in their country homes. And, moreover, these are, as it will be seen, more especially the kind of names which have been handed down from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day.

In connection with this subject, it may be of interest to present a list of existing names of places formed from an Anglo-Saxon personal name, as derived from the same ancient charters dealt with in the previous list. And in so doing I confine myself exclusively to the places of which the present names have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And in the first place I will take the place-names which consist simply of the name of a tribe or family unqualified by any local term whatever.

Name in
Anglo-Saxon
Charters. Present Name.

AEfeningas Avening Gloucestershire
Angemeringum Angmering Sussex
Ascengas Eashing Surrey
Banesingas Bensington Oxfordshire
Baerlingas Barling Kent
Beadingum Beden Gloucestershire
Berecingas Barking Essex
Brahcingum Braughin Herts.
Byrhtlingas Brightling Sussex
Cerringes Charing Kent
Ciwingum Chewing Herts.
Culingas Cooling Kent
Cytringas Kettering Northampton
Diccelingas Ditchling Sussex
Geddingas Yeading Middlesex
Godelmingum Godalming Surrey
Hallingas Halling Kent
Herlinge Harling Norfolk
Horningga Horning Norfolk
Meallingas Malling Kent
Paeccingas Patching Sussex
Puningas Poynings Surrey
Readingan Reading Berkshire
Rodinges Roothing Essex
Staeningas Steyning Sussex
Swyrdhlincas } Swarling Kent
(Swyrdlingas) }
Terringes Tarring Sussex
Terlinges Terling Essex
Totingas Tooting Surrey
Wellingum Wellwyn Herts.
Werhornas Warehorne Kent
Wihttringas Wittering Surrey
Uoccingas Woking Surrey
Wyrtingas Worting Hants.

I will now take the places which in a later and more settled time have been derived from the name of a single man, as representing his dwelling, his domain, or in not a few cases his grave.

Anglo-Saxon
Man's Name. Place-Name. Present Name.

Abba Abbandun Abingdon Berks.
{ AEgelesbyrig Aylesbury Bucks.
AEgel { AEglesford Aylesford Kent
{ AEgeleswurth Aylesworth Nthmptn.
Agmod Agmodesham Agmondesham Bucks.
AEsc AEscesbyrig Ashbury Berks.
AEscmer AEscmeres weorth Ashmansworth Hants.
Amber { Ambresbyrig Amesbury Wilts.
{ Ambresleah Ombersley Worc.
AElfreding AElfredincgtun Alfreton Derby.

Badda Baddanby Badby Nthmptn.
Badhelming Badimyncgtun Badminton Glouc.
Baldher Baldheresberg Baltonsborough Somerset.
Becca Beccanleah Beckley Sussex.
Beda Bedanford Bedford Beds.
Benna Bennanham Beenham Berks.
Benning Benningwurth Bengworth Worc.
Bledda Bleddanhlaew Bledlow Bucks.
Blunt Bluntesham Bluntisham Hunts.
Bodeca Bodecanleah Butleigh Somerset.
Bodek Bodekesham Bottisham Camb.
Bocga Bocganora Bognor Sussex.
Bordel Bordelestun Burleston Dorset.
Brand Brandesburh Bransbury Hants.
Bregen Bregnesford Bransford Worc.

Cada Cadandun Chadlington Oxford.
Caeg Caegesho Keysoe Beds.
Calmund Calmundes den Calmsden Glouc.
Ceadela Ceadelanwurth Chaddleworth Berks.
Ceadel Ceadeleshunt Chadshunt Warw.
Ceader Ceadresleah Chaseley Worc.
Cendel Cendeles funta Chalfont Bucks.
Celta Celtenhom Cheltenham Glouc.
Ceol Ceolesig Cholsey Berks.
Cippa Cippenham Chippenham Wilts.
Ceolbalding Ceolbaldinctun Chilbolton Hants.
Ceort Ceortesege Chertsey Surrey
Cinhild (woman) Cinildewyrth Kenilworth Warw.
Cissa Cissanceaster Chichester Sussex.
Coda Codanford Codford Wilts.
Codda Coddanhrycg Cotheridge Worc.
Coling Colingham Collingham Notts.
Crym Crymesham Crimsham Sussex.
Croppa Croppanthorn Cropthorn Worc.
Cumen Cumenora Cumnor Berks.
Cungar Cungaresbyrig Congressbury Somerset.
Cwichelm Cwichelmes hlaew Cuckamslow hill Berks.
Cyneburging[41] Cyneburgincton Kemerton Glouc.
Cynlaf Kynleveden Kelvedon Essex.
Ketel (Danish) Kitlebig Kettleby Linc.

Daecca, or } Daccanhaam Dagenham Essex.
Daegga }
Daegel Daeglesford Daylesford Worc.
Deorlaf Deorlafestun Darlaston Staffs.
Dodda Doddanford Dodford Nthmptn.
Dodd Doddesthorp Dogsthorp Nthmptn.
Dogod Dogodeswel Dowdswell Glouc.
Domec Domecesige Dauntsey Wilts.
Duceling Duceling dun Ducklington Oxford.
Dunning Dunnincland Donyland Essex.
Dideling Didelingtun Didlington Dorset.

Eadric Eadricestun Edstone Warw.
Eccing Eccingtun Eckington Worc.
Eccle, or Egil Eccleshale Exhall Warw.
Effing Effingeham Effingham Surrey.
Erping Erpingham Erpingham Norfolk.
Eof, or Eofa Eofesham Evesham Worc.

Fecca Feccanhom Feckenham Worc.
Flaeda Flaedanburg Fladbury Worc.
Folc Folcesstan Folkstone Kent.

Gidding Giddincford Gidding Suffolk.
Gyseling Gyselingham Gislingham Suffolk.
Godmer Godmeresham Godmersham Kent.
Grim Grimaston Grimstone Norfolk.
Gun or Gund Gunthorpe Gunthorp Nthmptn.
Gyp Gypeswich Ipswich Suffolk.

Hauek Hauekestun Hauxton Camb.
Haefar Haefaresham Haversham Bucks.
Hamela Hamelendun Hambledon Hants.
Haerigeard Haerigeardesham Harrietsham Kent.
Haling Halington Hallington Linc.
Hanekyn Hanekynton Hankerton Wilts.
Hanning Hanningtun Hannington Hants.
Haeda Haedanham Haddenham Camb.
Helming Helmyngton Hemington Nthmptn.
Help Helpestonne Helpstone Nthmptn.
Hemming Hemmingford { Hemingford } Hunts.
{ Abbots }
Hengest { Hengesteshricg Henstridge Somerset.
{ Hengestesige Hinksey Berks.
Hild Hildesdun Hillersdon Bucks.
Heorulf Heorelfestun Harleston Staff.
Heorting Heortingtun Hardington Somerset.
Honekyn Honekynton Hankerton Wilts.
Honing Honingtun Honington Linc.
Horning { Horningeseie Horningsea Camb.
{ Horningges haeth Horningsheath Suffolk
Hod Hodesac Hodsoak Worc.
Hunewald Hunewaldesham Windlesham Surrey
Hunta Huntandun Huntingdon Hants.
Hwiting Hwitingtun Whittington Worc.

Kyld Kyldesby Kilsby Nthmptn.

Laua Lauanham Lavenham Suffolk
Lauing Lauingtun Barlavington Sussex
Lamb (Danish?) Lambehith Lambeth
Lott Lottisham Lottisham Somerset.

Mealdhelm Mealdumesburg Malmsbury Wilts.
Myceld Myceldefer Mitcheldover Hants.
Mul { Muleseige Moulsey Surrey
{ Mulesham Moulsham Essex
Munda Mundanham Mundham Sussex

Neteling Netelingtun Nettleton Wilts.

Offa Offanleah Offley Herts.
Orlaf Orlafestun Orleston Derby.
Orm (Danish) Ormisby Ormsby Norfolk
Osgot Osgotbi Osgodby Linc.
Oshelming Osmingtun Osmington Dorset
Oswald Oswaldeshlaw Oswaldslow Worc.

Pading Padingtun Paddington
Parting Partingtun Patrington Yorks.
Peda Pedanhrycg Petridge Surrey
Peada Peadanwurth Padworth Berks.
Peatting Peattingtun Pattingham Salop
Pecga Pecganham Pagham Sussex
Peden Pednesham Pensham Worc.
Piterich Piterichesham Petersham Worc.
Port Portesham Portisham Dorset.

Raculf Raculfcestre Reculver Kent
Remn[42] for Raven Remnesdun Ramsden Sussex
Rydemaer, or } Rydemaereleah Redmarley Worc.
Redmer }
Riking Rikinghal Rickinghall Suffolk
Ring Ringestede Ringstead Norfolk
Rodda Roddanbeorg Rodborough Glouc.
Rolf, for Rolfestun Rolleston Staffs.
Rodulf Rollesby Rollesby Norfolk

Sidel Sidelesham Sidlesham Sussex
Sceaft Sceaftesbirig Shaftesbury Dorset.
Secg Secgesbearue Sedgeberrow Worc.
Snodd Snoddesbyrig Upton Snodsbury Worc.
Snoding Snodingland Snodland Worc.
Sumer Sumeresham Somersham Hunts.
Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun Somerleyton Suffolk
Sunna Sunnandun Sundon Beds.
Swythbriht Swythbrihtesweald Sibbertswold Kent
Swithreding Swithraedingden Surrenden Kent
Sylc Sylceswyrth Silksworth Durham

Tadmaer Tadmaertun Tadmarton Oxford.

Taefing Taefingstoc Tavistock Devon.
Teotting Teottingtun Teddington Wor.
Taling Talingtun Tallington Linc.
Toda Todanhom Toddenham Glouc.
Toma Tomanworthig Tamworth Warw.
Theogen Theogendethorp Theddlethorp Linc.
Thunar Thunresfeld Thundersfield Surrey
Ticen Ticnesfeld Tichfield Hants.
Tidhelming Tidelminctun Tidmington Worc.
Tilling Tillingham Tillingham Essex
Tocca Toccanham Tockenham Wilts.
Toting Totingtun Tottington Norfolk
Treding { Tredingtun Tredington Glouc.
{ Tredinctun Tredington Worc.
Trosting Trostingtun Troston Suffolk
Tuding Tudingtun Teddington Middlsx.
Tunweald Tunwealdes stan Tunstone Glouc.
Turca Turcanden Turkdean Glouc.
Twica Tuicanham Twickenham Middlsx.
Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun Thurgarton Norfolk

Ufing Ufinctun Ovington Hants.

Wacen Uacenesfeld Watchfield Berks.
Watling Uaetlinctun Watlington Oxford.
Wassing Wassingburg Washingborough Linc.
Wald Waldeswel Woldswell Glouc.
Weard Weardesbeorh Warborough Oxford.
Wifel { Wifeles cumb Wiveliscomb Somerset.
{ Wifelesford Wilsford Wilts.
Wilburg (Woman) { Wilburgeham Wilbraham Camb.
{ Wilburhtun Wilburton Camb.
Willer Willerseia Willersey Glouc.
Weogern Weogernacester Worcester Worc.
Wine { Uines hlau Winslow Bucks.
{ Wines hyl Winshill Derby.
Wrening Wreningham Wreningham Norfolk
Werot Uurotaham Wrotham Kent
Wulfwarding Wulfweardiglea Wolverley Worc.
Wendel, or Wendlesora, or Windsor Berks.
Windel Windlesora

The last name, Windsor, is an amusing instance of the older attempts at local etymology. First it was supposed, as being an exposed spot, to have taken its name from the "wind is sore;" then it was presumed that it must have been a ferry, and that the name arose from the constant cry of "wind us o'er" from those waiting to be ferried across. It was a great step in advance when the next etymologist referred to the ancient name and found it to be Windelsora, from _ora_, shore, (a contraction of _ofer?_) Still, the etymon he deduced therefrom of "winding shore" is one that could not be adopted without doing great violence to the word; whereas, without the change of a letter, we have Windels ore, "Windel's shore," most probably in the sense of landing-place. The name Windel forms several other place-names; it was common in ancient times, and it has been taken to mean Vandal. I refer to this more especially to illustrate the importance of taking men's names into account in considering the origin of a place-name.

The above names are confined entirely, as I have before mentioned, to the places that have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And as these constitute but a small proportion of the whole number, the comparison will serve to give an idea of the very great extent to which place-names are formed from men's names.

FOOTNOTES:

[35] Cf. also Diormod, moneyer on Anglo-Saxon coins, minted at Canterbury. There is, however, an Irish Diarmaid which might in certain cases intermix, and whence we must take _McDermott_.

[36] I take Ealdermann to be, as elsewhere noted, a corruption of Ealdmann.

[37] Mr. Kemble, in default of finding Hygelac as a man's name in Anglo-Saxon times, has taken the above place-name to be from the legendary hero of that name. The fact is, however, that Hygelac occurs no fewer than four times as an early man's-name in the _Liber Vitae_, so that there does not seem to be any reason whatever for looking upon it as anything else than the every-day name of an Anglo-Saxon.

[38] From a similar origin is probably Shooter's Hill, near London.

[39] There is also an A.S. Saebriht, from _sae_, sea, whence _Seabright_ might be derived.

[40] Upon the whole I am inclined to think that Woden is here an Anglo-Saxon man's name, though the traces of it in such use are but slight. There is a Richard Wodan in the _Lib. Vit._ about the 15th century. And Wotan occurs once as a man's name in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_.

[41] Or Cyneburg; see p. 71.

[42] It seems clear from the names collated by German writers that _ramn_, _remn_, and _ram_ in ancient names are contractions of raven. Compare the names of the ports, Soderhamn, Nyhamn, and Sandhamn, for, no doubt, Soderhaven, Nyhaven, and Sandhaven.