Chapter XXVII (1)

LAWES AND GILBERT’S EXPERIMENTS ON WHEAT.

I hardly know how to commence an account of the wonderful experiments made at Rothamsted, England, by John Bennett Lawes, Esq., and Dr. Joseph H. Gilbert. Mr. Lawes’ first systematic experiment on wheat, commenced in the autumn of 1843. A field of 14 acres of rather heavy clay soil, resting on chalk, was selected for the purpose. Nineteen plots were accurately measured and staked off. The plots ran the long way of the field, and up a slight ascent. On each side of the field, alongside the plots, there was some land not included, the first year, in the experiment proper. This land was either left without manure, or a mixture of the manures used in the experiments was sown on it.

I have heard it said that Mr. Lawes, at this time, was a believer in what was called “Liebig’s Mineral Manure Theory.” Liebig had said that “The crops on a field, diminish or increase in exact proportion to the diminution or increase of the mineral substances conveyed to it in manure.” And enthusiastic gentlemen have been known to tell farmers who were engaged in drawing out farm-yard manure to their land, that they were wasting their strength; all they needed was the mineral elements of the manure. “And you might,” they said, “burn your manure, and sow the ashes, and thus save much time and labor. The ashes will do just as much good as the manure itself.”

Whether Mr. Lawes did, or did not entertain such an opinion, I do not know. It looks as though the experiments the first year or two, were made with the expectation that mineral manures, or the ashes of plants, were what the wheat needed.

The following table gives the kind and quantities of manures used per acre, and the yield of wheat per acre, as carefully cleaned for market. Also the total weight of grain per acre, and the weight of straw and chaff per acre.

Experiments at Rothamsted on the Growth of Wheat, Year After Year,
on the Same Land.

Table 1.--Manures And Produce; 1st Season, 1843-4. Manures and Seed
(Old Red Lammas) Sown Autumn 1843.

Manures:
FM Farmyard Manure.
FMA Farmyard Manure Ashes.[1]
SiP Silicate of Potass.[2]
PhP Phosphate of Potass.[3]
PhS Phosphate of Soda.[3]
PhM Phosphate of Magnesia.[3]
SPL Superphosphate of Lime.[3]
SAm Sulphate of Ammonia.
RC Rape Cake.

---+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| |
P | Manures per Acre. |
l +-----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
o | | | | | | | | | |
t | | | | | | | | | |
s | FM | FMA | SiP | PhP | PhS | PhM | SPL | SA | RC |
---+-----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
|Tons.|Cwts.|lbs. | lbs. | lbs. |lbs. |lbs. |lbs. |lbs. |
0 | Mixture of the residue of most of the other manures. |
1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 700 | .. | 154 |
2 | 14 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
3 |Unmanured. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
4 | .. |32[1]| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 700 | .. | .. |
6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 420 | 350 | .. | .. |
7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 325 | .. | 350 | .. | .. |
8 | .. | .. | .. | 375 | .. | .. | 350 | .. | .. |
9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 630 | 65 | .. |
10 | .. | .. | 220 | .. | .. | .. | 560 | .. | .. |
11 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 350 | .. | 308 |
12 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 162½ | 210 | 350 | .. | .. |
13 | .. | .. | .. | 187½ | .. | 210 | 350 | .. | .. |
14 | .. | .. | 275 | .. | .. | 210 | 350 | .. | .. |
15 | .. | .. | 110 | 150 | .. | 168 | 350 | .. | .. |
16 | .. | .. | 110 | 75 | 65 | 84 | 350 | 65 | .. |
17 | .. | .. | 110 | 75 | 65 | 84 | 350[4]| 65 | .. |
18 | .. | .. | 110 | 75 | 65 | 84 | 350 | 65 | 154 |
19 | .. | .. | 110 | .. | 81 | 105 | 350 | 81 | .. |
20 |Unmanured. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
21 |Mixture of the residue of most of the | .. | .. | .. |
22 | other manures. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
---+-----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-----+-------+-----+-----+

Produce:
Wt/Bu Weight per Bushel.
OC Offal Corn.[5]
C Corn.
TC Total Corn.
S&C Straw and Chaff.
TP Total Produce.
TP Total Produce (Corn and Straw).
C100 Corn to 100 Straw.

--------------------------------------+-----------------+-----+---
| Increase per | |
Produce per Acre, etc. | Acre by Manure. | | P
---------------+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ l
Dressed corn. | | | | | | | | | o
---------+-----+ | | | | | | | | t
Qty.[5] |Wt/Bu| OC | TC | S&C | TP | C | S&C | TP |C100 | s
---------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
Bu. Pks.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs. |lbs. |lbs. | lbs.| lbs.|lbs. | |
19 3¾ |58.5 | 61 |1228 |1436 |2664 | 305 | 316 | 621 |85.5 | 0
16 3 |59.0 | 52 |1040 |1203 |2243 | 117 | 83 | 200 |86.4 | 1
20 1¾ |59.3 | 64 |1276 |1476 |2752 | 353 | 356 | 709 |86.4 | 2
15 0 |58.5 | 46 | 923 |1120 |2043 | .. | .. | .. |82.4 | 3
14 2¼ |58.0 | 44 | 888 |1104 |1992 | -35 | -16 | -51 |80.4 | 4
15 2¼ |58.3 | 48 | 956 |1116 |2072 | 33 | -4 | 29 |85.6 | 5
15 1 |60.0 | 48 | 964 |1100 |2064 | 41 | -20 | 21 |87.6 | 6
15 2 |60.3 | 49 | 984 |1172 |2156 | 61 | 52 | 113 |84.0 | 7
15 0¾ |61.3 | 49 | 980 |1160 |2140 | 57 | 40 | 97 |84.5 | 8
19 2¼ |62.3 | 54 |1280 |1368 |2048 | 357 | 248 | 605 |93.5 | 9
15 1¾ |62.0 | 50 |1008 |1112 |2120 | 85 | -8 | 77 |90.6 |10
17 0¾ |61.8 | 56 |1116 |1200 |2316 | 193 | 80 | 273 |93.0 |11
15 2 |61.5 | 50 |1004 |1116 |2120 | 81 | -4 | 77 |90.0 |12
16 1¼ |62.5 | 54 |1072 |1204 |2276 | 149 | 84 | 233 |89.0 |13
15 3 |61.3 | 51 |1016 |1176 |2192 | 93 | 56 | 149 |86.4 |14
16 3¼ |62.0 | 58 |1096 |1240 |2336 | 173 | 120 | 293 |88.4 |15
19 3¼ |62.5 | 65 |1304 |1480 |2784 | 381 | 360 | 741 |88.1 |16
18 3¾ |62.3 | 62 |1240 |1422 |2662 | 317 | 302 | 619 |87.2 |17
20 3¾ |62.0 | 63 |1368 |1768 |3136 | 415 | 618 |1093 |77.4 |18
24 1¼ |61.8 | 79 |1580 |1772 |3352 | 657 | 652 |1309 |89.2 |19
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |20
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |21
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |22
---------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---

[Note 1: The farmyard dung was burnt slowly in a heap in the open
air to an imperfect or coaly ash, and 32 cwts. of ash represent 14
tons of dung.]

[Note 2: The silicate of potass was manufactured at a glass-house,
by fusing equal parts of pearl-ash and sand. The product was a
transparent glass, slightly deliquescent in the air, which was ground
to a powder under edge-stones.]

[Note 3: The manures termed superphosphate of lime, phosphate of
potass, phosphate of soda, and phosphate of magnesia, were made by
acting upon bone-ash by means of sulphuric acid in the first instance,
and in the case-of the alkali salts and the magnesian one neutralizing
the compound thus obtained by means of cheap preparations of the
respective bases. For the superphosphate of lime, the proportions were
5 parts bone-ash, 3 parts water, and 3 parts sulphuric acid of sp. gr.
1.84; and for the phosphates of potass, soda, and magnesia, they were
4 parts bone-ash, water as needed, 3 parts sulphuric acid of sp. gr.
1.84, and equivalent amounts, respectively, of pearl-ash, soda-ash, or
a mixture of 1 part medicinal carbonate of magnesia, and 4 parts
magnesian limestone. The mixtures, of course, all lost weight
considerably by the evolution of water and carbonic acid.]

[Note 4: Made with unburnt bones.]

[Note 5: In this first season, neither the weight nor the measure
of the offal corn was recorded separately; and in former papers, the
bushels and pecks of total corn (including offal) have erroneously
been given as dressed corn. To bring the records more in conformity
with those relating to the other years, 5 per cent, by weight, has
been deducted from the total corn previously stated as dressed corn,
and is recorded as offal corn; this being about the probable
proportion, judging from the character of the season, the bulk of
the crop, and the weight per bushel of the dressed corn. Although not
strictly correct, the statements of dressed corn, as amended in this
somewhat arbitrary way, will approximate more nearly to the truth, and
be more comparable with those relating to other seasons, than those
hitherto recorded.]

These were the results of the harvest of 1844. The first year of these since celebrated experiments.

If Mr. Lawes expected that the crops would be in proportion to the minerals supplied in the manure, he must have been greatly disappointed. The plot without manure of any kind, gave 15 bushels of wheat per acre; 700 lbs. of superphosphate of lime, made from burnt bones, produced only 38 lbs. or about half a bushel more grain per acre, and 4 lbs. _less_ straw than was obtained without manure. 640 lbs. of superphosphate, and 65 lbs. of commercial sulphate of ammonia (equal to about 14 lbs. of ammonia), gave a little over 19½ bushels of dressed wheat per acre. As compared with the plot having 700 lbs. of superphosphate per acre, this 14 lbs. of available ammonia per acre, or, say 11½ lbs. nitrogen, gave an increase of 324 lbs. of grain, and 252 lbs. of straw, or a total increase of 576 lbs. of grain and straw.

On plot No. 19, 81 lbs. of sulphate ammonia, with minerals, produces 24¼ bushels per acre. This yield is clearly due to the ammonia.

The rape-cake contains about 5 per cent of nitrogen, and is also rich in minerals and _carbonaceous matter_. It gives an increase, but not as large in proportion to the nitrogen furnished, as the sulphate of ammonia. And the same remarks apply to the 14 tons of farm-yard manure.

We should have expected a greater increase from such a liberal dressing of barn-yard manure. I think the explanation is this: The manure had not been piled. It was probably taken out fresh from the yard (this, at any rate, was the case when I was at Rothamsted), and plowed under late in the season. And on this heavy land, manure will lie buried in the soil for months, or, if undisturbed, for years, without decomposition. In other words, while this 14 tons of barn-yard manure, contained at least 150 lbs. of nitrogen, and a large quantity of minerals and carbonaceous matter, it did not produce a bushel per acre more than a manure containing less than 12 lbs. of nitrogen. And on plot 19, a manure containing less than 15 lbs. of available nitrogen, produced nearly 4 bushels per acre more wheat than the barn-yard manure containing at least _ten times_ as much nitrogen.

There can be but one explanation of this fact. The nitrogen in the manure lay dormant in this heavy soil. Had it been a light sandy soil, it would have decomposed more rapidly and produced a better effect.

As we have before stated, John Johnston finds, on his clay-land, a far greater effect from manure spread on the surface, where it decomposes rapidly, than when the manure is plowed under.

The Deacon was looking at the figures in the table, and not paying much attention to our talk. “What could a man be thinking about,” he said, “to burn 14 tons of good manure! It was a great waste, and I am glad the ashes did no sort of good.”

After the wheat was harvested in 1844, the land was immediately plowed, harrowed, etc.; and in a few weeks was plowed again and sown to wheat, the different plots being kept separate, as before.

The following table shows the manures used this second year, and the yield per acre:

Experiments at Rothamsted on the Growth of Wheat, Year After Year,
on The Same Land.

Table II.--Manures and Produce; 2nd Season, 1845. Manures and Seed
(Old Red Lammas) Sown March 1845.

Manures:
FM Farmyard Manure.
SiP Silicate of Potass.[1]
PhP Phosphate of Potass.[2]
SPL Superphosphate of Lime.[2]
B-A Bone-ash.
MAc Muriatic Acid.
G Guano.
SAm Sulphate of Ammonia.
MAm Muriate of Ammonia.
CAm Carbonate of Ammonia.
RC Rape Cake.
T Tapioca.

---+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | P | Manures per Acre. | l +-----+----+----+----+----+----+------+------+------+------+----+----+ o | | | | | | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | | | | | | s | FM | SiP|PhP |SPL |B-A | MAc| G | SAm | MAm | CAm | RC | T | ---+-----+----+----+----+----+----+------+------+------+------+----+----+ |Tons.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.| lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. |lbs.|lbs.| 0 | Mixture of the residue of most of the other manures. | 1 | .. |112 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |224 | .. | .. |560 | .. | 2 | 14 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 |Unmanured.| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. |112 |112 | .. |112 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5[4]{1 Unmanured. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | {2 ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |252[3]| .. | .. | 6 | .. | .. | .. |112 | .. | .. | .. |112 | .. | .. |560 | .. | 7 | .. | .. | .. |112 | .. | .. | .. |112 | .. | .. | .. |560 | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |112 | .. | .. |560 | .. | 9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |168[5]|166[5]| .. | .. | .. | 10 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |168[6]|168[6]| .. | .. | .. | 11 | .. | .. | .. |280 | .. | .. | .. |224 | .. | .. |560 | .. | 12 | .. | .. |280 | .. | .. | .. | .. |224 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |336[7]| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 14 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |672[8]| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15 | .. | .. | .. | .. |224 |224 | .. |224 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16 | .. | .. | .. |224 | .. | .. | .. | 56 | 56 | .. |560 | .. | 17 | .. | .. | .. |224 | .. | .. | .. |112 |112 | .. |280 | .. | 18 | .. | .. | .. |336 | .. | .. | .. |112 |112 | .. | .. | .. | 19 | .. | .. | .. | .. |112 |112 | .. |112 | .. | .. |390 | .. | 20 |Unmanured.| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21}|Mixture of the residue of most of the| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22}| other manures. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ---+-----+----+----+----+----+----+------+------+------+------+----+----+

Produce:
Wt/Bu Weight per Bushel.
OC Offal Corn.[5]
C Corn.
TC Total Corn.
S&C Straw and Chaff.
TP Total Produce.
TP/C&S Total Produce (Corn and Straw).
OCD Offal Corn to 100 Dressed.
C100 Corn to 100 Straw.

----------------------------------+---------------+-----+----+----
| Increase per | | |
Produce per Acre, etc. |Acre by Manure.| | | P
--------------+----+----+----+----+---------------+ | | l
Dressed corn. | | | | | | | | | | o
--------+-----+ | | | | | | TP | | | t
Qty.[5] |Wt/Bu| OC | TC | S&C| TP | C | S&C | C&S| OCD |C100| s
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+-----+----+----
Bu. Pks.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.| lbs| lbs.|lbs.| | |
32 0 |56.5 |159 |1967|3977|5944| 526| 1265|1791|10.9 |49.5| 0
26 1¼ |54.8 |248 |1689|3699|5388| 248| 987|1235|17.3 |45.7| 1
32 0 |56.8 |151 |1967|3915|5882| 526| 1203|1729| 8.9 |50.2| 2
23 0¾ |56.5 |131 |1441|2712|4153| .. | .. | .. | 8.7 |53.1| 3
29 2½ |58.0 |161 |1879|3663|5542| 438| 951|1389| 9.4 |51.3| 4
22 2¼ |57.5 |134 |1431|2684|4115| -10| -28| -38|10.1 |53.3|1}5
26 3¾ |57.3 |190 |1732|3599|5331| 291| 887|1178|14.2 |48.1|2}
28 2¾ |57.8 |214 |1871|3644|5515| 430| 932|1362|14.1 |57.3| 6
26 2¾ |57.0 |161 |1682|3243|4925| 241| 531| 772|11.3 |51.9| 7
27 0½ |56.3 |164 |1716|3663|5379| 275| 951|1226|14.0 |46.9| 8
33 1½ |58.3 |187 |2131|4058|6189| 690| 1346|2036|10.2 |52.5| 9
31 3¼ |56.3 |191 |1980|4266|6216| 539| 1554|2093|12.3 |46.4| 10
30 3 |56.0 |158 |1880|4101|5981| 439| 1392|1831|11.3 |45.8| 11
28 2¼ |55.8 |264 |1842|4134|5976| 401| 1422|1823|17.8 |44.5| 12
25 0 |56.3 |152 |1558|3355|4913| 117| 643| 760|12.0 |46.4| 13
27 1 |57.5 |176 |1743|3696|5439| 302| 981|1286|16.2 |47.1| 14
32 3¾ |57.3 |209 |2103|4044|6147| 662| 1332|1994|11.8 |52.0| 15
32 2¼ |56.3 |182 |2028|4191|6219| 587| 1479|2066|11.1 |48.4| 16
32 0¾ |55.8 |299 |2093|3826|5919| 652| 1114|1766|15.2 |54.7| 17
33 1¼ |56.5 |180 |2948|3819|3867| 607| 1107|1714|11.2 |53.6| 18
34 3 |57.0 |133 |2114|4215|6329| 673| 1503|2176| 9.1 |50.2| 19
24 2¾ |56.0 |113 |1495|3104|4599| 54| 392| 446| 9.7 |48.2| 20
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+-----+----+----

[Note 1: The silicate of potass was manufactured at a glass-house,
by fusing equal parts of pearl-ash and sand. The product was a
transparent glass, slightly deliquescent in the air; it was ground
to powder under edge-stones.]

[Note 2: The manures termed superphosphate of lime and phosphate
of potass, were made by acting upon bone-ash by means of sulphuric
acid, and in the case of the potass salt neutralizing the compound
thus obtained, by means of pearl-ash. For the superphosphate of lime,
the proportions were, 5 parts bone-ash, 3 parts water, and 3 parts
sulphuric acid of sp. gr. 1.84; and for the phosphate of potass,
4 parts bone ash, water as needed, 3 parts sulphuric acid of sp. gr.
1.84; and an equivalent amount of pearl-ash. The mixtures, of course,
lost weight considerably by the evolution of water and carbonic acid.]

[Note 3: The medicinal carbonate of ammonia; it was dissolved in
water and top-dressed.]

[Note 4: Plot 5, was 2 lands wide (in after years, respectively,
5_a_ and 5_b_); 5.1 consisting of 2 alternate one-fourth lengths
across both lands, and 5.2 of the 2 remaining one-fourth lengths.]

[Note 5: Top-dressed at once.]

[Note 6: Top-dressed at 4 intervals.]

[Note 7: Peruvian.]

[Note 8: Ichaboe.]

The season of 1845 was more favorable for wheat, than that of 1844, and the crops on all the plots were better. On plot No. 3, which had no manure last year, or this, the yield is 23 bushels per acre, against 15 bushels last year.

Last year, the 14 tons of barn-yard manure gave an _increase_ of only 5¼ bushels per acre. This year it gives an increase of nearly 9 bushels per acre.

“Do you mean,” said the Deacon, “that this plot, No. 2, had 14 tons of manure in 1844, and 14 tons of manure again in 1845?”

“Precisely that, Deacon,” said I, “and this same plot has received this amount of manure every year since, up to the present time--for these same experiments are still continued from year to year at Rothamsted.”

“It is poor farming,” said the Deacon, “and I should think the land would get too rich to grow wheat.”

“It is not so,” said I, “and the fact is an interesting one, and teaches a most important lesson, of which, more hereafter.”

Plot 5, last year, received 700 lbs. of superphosphate per acre. This year, this plot was divided; one half was left without manure, and the other dressed with 252 lbs. of pure carbonate of ammonia per acre. The half without manure, (5a), did not produce quite as much grain and straw as the plot which had received no manure for two years in succession. But the wheat was of better quality, weighing 1 lb. more per bushel than the other. Still it is sufficiently evident that superphosphate of lime did no good so far as increasing the growth was concerned, either the first year it was applied, or the year following.

The carbonate of ammonia was dissolved in water and sprinkled over the growing wheat at three different times during the spring. You see this manure, which contains no _mineral_ matter at all, gives an increase of nearly 4 bushels of grain per acre, and an increase of 887 lbs. of straw.

“Wait a moment,” said the Deacon, “is not 887 lbs. of straw to 4 bushels of grain an unusually large proportion of straw to grain? I have heard you say that 100 lbs. of straw to each bushel of wheat is about the average. And according to this experiment, the carbonate of ammonia produced over 200 lbs. of straw to a bushel of grain. How do you account for this.”

“It is a general rule,” said I, “that the heavier the crop, the greater is the proportion of straw to grain. On the no-manure plot, we have, this year, 118 lbs. of straw to a bushel of dressed grain. Taking this as the standard, you will find that the _increase_ from manures is proportionally greater in straw than in grain. Thus in the increase of barn-yard manure, this year, we have about 133 lbs. of straw to a bushel of grain. I do not believe there is any manure that will give us a large crop of grain without a still larger crop of straw. There is considerable difference, in this respect, between different varieties of wheat. Still, I like to see a good growth of straw.”

“It is curious,” said the Doctor, “that 3 cwt. of ammonia-salts alone on plots 9 and 10 should produce as much wheat as was obtained from plot 2, where 14 tons of barn-yard manure had been applied two years in succession. I notice that on one plot, the ammonia-salts were applied at once, in the spring, while on the other plot they were sown at four different times--and that the former gave the best results.”

The only conclusion to be drawn from this, is, that it is desirable to apply the manure _early_ in the spring--or better still, in the autumn.

“You are a great advocate of Peruvian guano,” said the Deacon, “and yet 3 cwt. of Peruvian guano on Plot 13, only produced an increase of two bushels and 643 lbs. of straw per acre. The guano at $60 per ton, would cost $9.00 per acre. This will not pay.”

This is an unusually small increase. The reason, probably, is to be found in the fact that the manure and seed were not sown until March, instead of in the autumn. The salts of ammonia are quite soluble and act quickly; while the Peruvian guano has to decompose in the soil, and consequently needs to be applied earlier, especially on clay land.

“I do not want you,” said the Deacon, “to dodge the question why an application of 14 tons of farmyard-manure per acre, every year for over thirty years, does not make the land too rich for wheat.”

“Possibly,” said I, “on light, sandy soil, such an annual dressing of manure _would_ in the course of a few years make the land too rich for wheat. But on a clayey soil, such is evidently not the case. And the fact is a very important one. When we apply manure, our object should be to make it as available as possible. Nature preserves or conserves the food of plants. The object of agriculture is to use the food of plants for our own advantage.”

“Please be a little more definite,” said the Deacon, “for I must confess I do not quite see the significance of your remarks.”

“What he means,” said the Doctor, “is this: If you put a quantity of soluble and available manure on land, and do not sow any crop, the manure will not be wasted. The soil will retain it. It will change it from a soluble into a comparatively insoluble form. Had a crop been sown the first year, the manure would do far more good than it will the next year, and yet it may be that none of the manure is lost. It is merely locked up in the soil in such a form as will prevent it from running to waste. If it was not for this principle, our lands would have been long ago exhausted of all their available plant-food.”

“I think I understand,” said the Deacon; “but if what you say is true, it upsets many of our old notions. We have thought it desirable to plow under manure, in order to prevent the ammonia from escaping. You claim, I believe, that there is little danger of any loss from spreading manure on the surface, and I suppose you would have us conclude that we make a mistake in plowing it under, as the soil renders it insoluble.”

“It depends a good deal,” said I, “on the character of the soil. A light, sandy soil will not preserve manure like a clay soil. But it is undoubtedly true that our aim in all cases should be to apply manure in such a form and to such a crop as will give us the greatest _immediate_ benefit. Plowing under fresh manure every year for wheat is evidently not the best way to get the greatest benefit from it. But this is not the place to discuss this matter. Let us look at the result of Mr. Lawes’ experiments on wheat the third year:”

Experiments at Rothamsted on the Growth of Wheat, Year After Year,
on the Same Land.

Table III.--Manures and Produce; 3rd Season, 1845-6. Manures and Seed
(Old Red Lammas), Sown Autumn, 1845.

Manures
FM Farmyard Manure.
A3W Ash from 3 loads (3,888 lbs.) Wheat-straw.
LWM Liebig’s Wheat-manure.
PG Peruvian Guano.
SPL Superphosphate of Lime.
SiP Silicate of Potass.[1]
P-A Pearl-ash.
S-A Soda-ash.
MLS Magnesian Lime-stone.
B-A Bone-ash.
SAc Sulphuric Acid (Sp. gr. 1-7.)
MAc Muriatic Acid.
SAm Sulphate of Ammonia.
MAm Muriate of Ammonia.
RC Rape-Cake.

-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| Manures per Acre. |
P +-----+-----+---+---+-----------+---+---+---+---+------+---+---+
l | | | | | | | | | | | | |
o | | | | | SPL | | | | | | | |
t | | | | +-----------+ | | | | | | |
s | FM | A3W |LWM|PG |SiP|P-A|S-A|MLS|B-A|SAc|MAc| SAm |MAm|RC |
-----+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+------+---+---+
|Tons.|lbs. |lbs|lbs|bs.|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs. |lbs|lbs|
0 | .. | .. | ..|336| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
1 | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
2 | 14 | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
3 |Unmanured. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
4 | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..|224| 224 | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
5a{1| ..}| |{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
{2| ..}|Straw|{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224[1]| ..| ..|
5b{1| ..}| Ash |{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
{2| ..}| |{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224[1]| ..|448|
6a | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
6b | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 112 |112| ..|
7a | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
7b | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 112 |112|448|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
8a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
8b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..| ..| 112 |112| ..|
9a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
9b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 224 | ..|448|
10a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 224 | ..| ..|
10b |Unmanured. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
11a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
11b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
12a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..|180| ..|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
12b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..|180| ..|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
13a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..|200| ..| ..|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
13b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..|200| ..| ..|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
14a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 84|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
14b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 84|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
15a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..|224| 224 | ..|448|
15b | .. | .. | ..| ..|224| ..| ..| ..|224| ..|224| 224 | ..|448|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
16a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
16b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 224 | ..|448|
17a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 112 | 11|448|
17b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 224 | ..| ..|
18a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 112 | 11| ..|
18b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| .. | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
19 | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|112| ..|112| 112 | ..|448|
20 }| | | | | | | |
21 }| Mixture of the residue of | ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
22 }| most of the other manures. | | | | | | |
-----+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+------+---+---+

Produce:
Wt/Bu Weight per Bushel.
OC Offal Corn.
TC Total Corn.
S&C Straw and Chaff.
TP Total Produce (Corn and Straw).
C Corn.
TP Total Produce.
OCD Offal Corn to 100 Dressed.
C100 Corn to 100 Straw.

----------------------------------+------------------+-----+-----+----
| Increase per | | |
Produce per Acre, etc. | Acre by Manure. | | | P
--------------+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+------+ | | l
Dressed Corn.| | | | | | | | | | o
--------+-----+ | | | | | | | | | t
Qty. |Wt/Bu| OC | TC |S&C | TP | C | S&C | TP | OCD |C100 | s
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+----
Bu. Pks.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs. | lbs. | | |
28 1¾ |62.3 |134 |1906|2561|4467| 699 |1048 | 1747 | 7.3 |74.4 | 0
22 0¾ |62.6 |120 |1509|1953|3462| 302 | 440 | 742 | 8.1 |77.3 | 1
27 0¾ |63.0 |113 |1826|2454|4280| 619 | 941 | 1560 | 6.6 |74.4 | 2
17 3¾ |63.8 | 64 |1207|1513|2720| .. | .. | .. | 7.4 |79.7 | 3
| | | | | | | | | | |
25 3¾ |63.5 |130 |1777|2390|4167| 570 | 877 | 1447 | 7.8 |74.3 | 4
| | | | | | | | | | |
19 0½ |63.7 | 87 |1305|1541|2846| 98 | 28 | 126 | .. |84.6 |1}5a
27 0 |63.0 |126 |1827|2309|4136| 620 | 796 | 1416 | .. |79.1 |2}
23 2½ |63.4 |100 |1598|1721|3319| 391 | 208 | 599 | .. |92.8 |1}5b
30 0¾ |63.3 |165 |2076|2901|4977| 869 |1388 | 2257 | .. |71.6 |2}
20 1½ |63.7 |102 |1400|1676|3076| 193 | 163 | 356 | 7.0 |83.6 | 6a
29 0¾ |63.5 |114 |1967|2571|4538| 760 |1058 | 1818 | 5.3 |76.5 | 6b
22 3¼ |63.0 | 97 |1534|1968|3502| 327 | 405 | 732 | 6.8 |77.9 | 7a
31 3 |63.4 |150 |2163|3007|5170| 956 |1494 | 2450 | 7.5 |72.6 | 7b
| | | | | | | | | | |
22 3¾ |63.5 |101 |1549|1963|3512| 342 | 450 | 792 | 7.1 |78.9 | 8a
29 0¾ |63.6 |132 |1988|2575|4563| 781 |1062 | 1843 | 7.2 |77.2 | 8b
23 2¾ |63.0 |122 |1614|2033|3647| 407 | 520 | 927 | 7.9 |79.4 | 9a
28 3½ |63.3 |114 |1942|2603|4545| 735 |1090 | 1825 | 7.0 |74.6 | 9b
27 1½ |63.6 |109 |1850|2244|4094 643 | 731 | 1374 | 6.4 |82.4 | 10a
17 2½ |63.8 | 92 |1216|1455|2671| 9 | -58 | -49 | 7.8 |83.6 | 10b
| | | | | | | | | | |
23 1¾ |63.3 |145 |1628|2133|3761| 421 | 620 | 1041 | 9.8 |76.3 | 11a
30 0¼ |63.2 |155 |2055|2715|4770| 848 |1202 | 2050 | 6.1 |75.7 | 11b
24 1½ |63.0 |125 |1661|2163|3824| 454 | 650 | 1104 | 7.9 |76.8 | 12a
28 2¾ |63.4 |136 |1955|2554|4509| 748 |1041 | 1789 | 7.4 |76.5 | 12b
24 0 |63.5 |136 |1660|2327|3987| 453 | 814 | 1267 | 9.1 |71.3 | 13a
29 1¾ |63.2 |138 |1998|2755|4753| 791 |1242 | 2033 | 7.3 |72.5 | 13b
23 2½ |63.0 |117 |1605|2031|3636| 398 | 518 | 916 | 7.7 |79.0 | 14a
26 2½ |63.4 |124 |1812|2534|4356| 605 |1021 | 1626 | 7.4 |71.5 | 14b
| | | | | | | | | | |
31 1¾ |62.5 |147 |2112|2936|5048| 905 |1423 | 2328 | 7.5 |71.9 | 15a
27 2¾ |63.0 |117 |1861|2513|4374| 654 |1000 | 1654 | 5.9 |74.0 | 15b
| | | | | | | | | | |
23 3 |62.5 |108 |1592|2967|3659| 385 | 554 | 939 | 7.0 |77.0 | 16a
30 1 |62.7 |122 |2019|2836|4855| 812 |1323 | 2135 | 6.6 |71.2 | 16b
33 2¾ |62.8 |129 |2241|3278|5519|1034 |1765 | 2799 | 5.8 |68.3 | 17a
30 2 |63.0 |113 |2034|2784|4818| 827 |1271 | 2098 | 5.9 |73.0 | 17b
31 0 |62.8 |103 |2048|2838|4886| 841 |1325 | 2166 | 5.1 |72.2 | 18a
21 1 |62.0 |157 |1474|1893|3367| 267 | 380 | 647 | 6.6 |77.1 | 18b
| | | | | | | | | | |
28 3 |62.0 |107 |1889|2425|4314| 682 | 912 | 1594 | 5.8 |77.9 | 19
| | | | | | | | | | |{20
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |{21
| | | | | | | | | | |{22
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+----

[Note 1: Top-dressed in the Spring.]

This year, the seed and manures were sown in the autumn. And I want the Deacon to look at plot 0. 3 cwt. of Peruvian guano here gives an increase of 10½ bushels of wheat, and 1,948 lbs. of straw per acre. This will pay _well_, even on the wheat alone. But in addition to this, we may expect, in our ordinary rotation of crops, a far better crop of clover where the guano was used.

In regard to some of the results this year, Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert have the following concise and interesting remarks:

“At this third experimental harvest, we have on the continuously unmanured plot, namely, No. 3, not quite 18 bushels of dressed corn, as the normal produce of the season; and by its side we have on plot 10_b_--comprising one-half of the plot 10 of the previous years, and so highly manured by ammoniacal salts in 1845, but now unmanured--rather more than 17½ bushels. The near approach, again, to identity of result from the two unmanured plots, at once gives confidence in the accuracy of the experiments, and shows us how effectually the preceding crop had, in a practical point of view, reduced the plots, previously so differently circumstanced both as to manure and produce, to something like an uniform standard as regards their grain-producing qualities.

“Plot 2 has, as before, 14 tons of farm-yard manure, and the produce is 27¼ bushels, or between 9 and 10 bushels more than without manure of any kind.

“On plot 10_a_, which in the previous year gave by ammoniacal salts alone, a produce equal to that of the farm-yard manure, we have again a similar result: for two cwts. of sulphate of ammonia has now given 1,850 lbs. of total corn, instead of 1,826 lbs., which is the produce on plot 2. The straw of the latter, is, however, slightly heavier than that by the ammoniacal salt.

“Again, plot 5_a_, which was in the previous season _unmanured_, was now subdivided: on one-half of it (namely, 5_a_1) we have the ashes of wheat-straw alone, by which there is an increase of rather more than one bushel per acre of dressed corn; on the other half (or 5_a_2) we have, besides the straw-ashes, two cwts. of sulphate of ammonia put on as a top-dressing: two cwts. of sulphate of ammonia have, in this case, only increased the produce beyond that of 5_a_1 by 7⅞ bushels of corn and 768 lbs. of straw, instead of by 9¾ bushels of corn and 789 lbs. of straw, which was the increase obtained by the same amount of ammoniacal salt on 10_a_, as compared with 10_b_.

“It will be observed, however, that in the former case the ammoniacal salts were top-dressed, but in the latter they were drilled at the time of sowing the seed; and it will be remembered that in 1845 the result was better _as to corn_ on plot 9, where the salts were sown earlier, than on plot 10, where the top-dressing extended far into the spring. We have had several direct instances of this kind in our experience, and we would give it as a suggestion, in most cases applicable, that manures for wheat, and especially ammoniacal ones, should be applied before or at the time the seed is sown; for, although the apparent luxuriance of the crop is greater, and the produce of straw really heavier, by spring rather than autumn sowings of Peruvian guano and other ammoniacal manures, yet we believe that that of the _corn_ will not be increased in an equivalent degree. Indeed, the success of the crop undoubtedly depends very materially on the progress of the underground growth during the winter months; and this again, other things being equal, upon the quantity of available nitrogenous constituents within the soil, without a liberal provision of which, the range of the fibrous feeders of the plant will not be such, as to take up the minerals which the soil is competent to supply, and in such quantity as will be required during the after progress of the plant for its healthy and favorable growth.”

These remarks are very suggestive and deserve special attention.

“The next result to be noticed,” continue Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert, “is that obtained on plot 6, now also divided into two equal portions designated respectively 6_a_ and 6_b_. Plot No. 6 had for the crop of 1844, superphosphate of lime and the phosphate of magnesia manure, and for that of 1845, superphosphate of lime, rape-cake, and ammoniacal salts. For this, the third season, it was devoted to the trial of the wheat-manure manufactured under the sanction of Professor Liebig, and patented in this country.

“Upon plots 6_a_, four cwts. per acre of the patent wheat-manure were used, which gave 20¼ bushels, or rather more than two bushels beyond the produce of the unmanured plot; but as the manure contained, besides the minerals peculiar to it, some nitrogenous compounds, giving off a very perceptible odor of ammonia, some, at least, of the increase would be due to that substance. On plot 6_b_, however, the further addition of one cwt. each of sulphate and muriate of ammonia to this so-called ‘Mineral Manure,’ gives a produce of 29¼ bushels. In other words, the addition of ammoniacal salt, to Liebig’s mineral manure has increased the produce by very nearly 9 bushels per acre beyond that of the mineral manure alone, whilst the increase obtained over the unmanured plot, by 14 tons of farm-yard manure, was only 9¼ bushels!

The following table gives the results of the experiments the _fourth_ year, 1846-7.

Experiments at Rothamsted on the Growth of Wheat, Year After Year,
on the Same Land.

Table IV.--Manures and Produce; 4th Season, 1846-7. Manures and Seed
(Old Red Lammas), Sown End of October, 1846.

Manures
FM Farm-yard Manure.
PG Peruvian Guano.
B-A Bone-ash.
SAc Sulphuric Acid (Sp. gr. 1-7.)
MAc Muriatic Acid.
SAm Sulphate of Ammonia.
MAm Muriate of Ammonia.
R Rice.

-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Manures per Acre. |
P +-------+------+--------------------+------+------+------+
l | | | Superphosphate | | | |
o | | | of Lime | | | |
t | | +------+------+------+ | | |
s | FM | PG | B-A | SAc | MAc | SAm | MAm | R |
-----+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Tons. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. |
0 | .. | 500 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1 | .. | .. | 200 | .. | 200 | 350 | 50 | .. |
2 | 14 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
3 | Unmanured. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| | | | | | | | |
4 | .. | .. | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | .. |
| | | | | | | | |
5a | .. | .. | 200 | 200 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
5b | .. | .. | 200 | 200 | .. | 150 | 150 | 500 |
6a | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
6b | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
7a | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
7b | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
| | | | | | | | |
8a | .. | .. | 200 | 200 | .. | 150 | 150 | 500 |
8b | .. | .. | 200 | 200 | .. | 200 | 200 | .. |
9a{1| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |2240 |
{2| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
9b | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
10a | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
10b | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
| | | | | | | | |
11a | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
11b | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
12a | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
12b | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
13a | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
13b | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
14a | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
14b | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
| | | | | | | | |
15a | .. | .. | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | 500 |
15b | .. | .. | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | 500 |
| | | | | | | | |
16a | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
16b | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
17a | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
17b | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 200 | 200 | .. |
18a | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
18b | .. | .. | 100 | 100 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. |
| | | | | | | | |
19 | .. | .. | 100 | .. | 100 | 300 | .. | 500 |
20 | Unmanured. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
21 }| Mixture of the residue of most of the | .. | .. |
22 }| other manures. | .. | .. |
-----+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

Produce
Wt/Bu Weight per Bushel.
OC Offal Corn.
TC Total Corn.
S&C Straw and Chaff.
TP/C&S Total Produce (Corn and Straw.)
C Corn.
TP Total Produce.
OCD Offal Corn to 100 Dressed.
C100 Corn to 100 Straw.

-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----+-----+----
| Increase per | | |
Produce per Acre, &c. | Acre By Manure. | | | P
--------------+----+----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+ | | l
Dressed Corn.| | | | | | | | | | o
--------+-----+ | | | TP | | | | | | t
Qty. |Wt/Bu| OC | TC | S&C |C&S | C | S&C | TP | OCD |C100 | s
--------+-----+----+----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
Bu. Pks.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs. |lbs. |lbs. | | |
30 2¾ |61.1 | 156|2031|3277 |5308| 908 |1375 |2283 | 8.2 |61.9 | 0
32 1 |61.2 | 147|2119|3735 |5854| 996 |1833 |2829 | 7.2 |56.7 | 1
29 3¾ |62.3 | 117|1981|3628 |5609| 858 |1726 |2584 | 6.2 |54.6 | 2
16 3½ |61.0 | 95|1123|1902 |3025| .. | .. | .. | 8.9 |59.0 | 3
| | | | | | | | | | |
27 1¾ |61.9 | 82|1780|2948 |4728| 657 |1046 |1703 | 4.7 |60.3 | 4
| | | | | | | | | | |
29 0 |61.8 | 130|1921|3412 |5333| 798 |1510 |2309 | 7.1 |56.3 | 5a
32 2 |61.4 | 136|2132|3721 |5853|1009 |1819 |2827 | 6.6 |57.2 | 5b
24 3¼ |62.1 | 122|1663|2786 |4449| 540 | 884 |1124 | 7.8 |59.6 | 6a
24 1¾ |61.6 | 127|1632|2803 |4435| 509 | 901 |1410 | 8.2 |58.2 | 6b
27 3¼ |61.7 | 118|1834|3151 |4985| 711 |1249 |1960 | 6.8 |58.2 | 7a
25 1¼ |61.5 | 125|1682|2953 |4635| 559 |1051 |1610 | 7.9 |56.9 | 7b
| | | | | | | | | | |
32 1¾ |62.1 | 102|2115|3683 |5798| 992 |1781 |2773 | 5.5 |57.4 | 8a
30 3 |61.7 | 123|2020|3720 |5740| 897 |1818 |2715 | 6.5 |54.3 | 8b
22 3 |62.5 | .. |1477|2506 |3983| 228 | 604 | .. | .. |53.9 |1}9a
26 2 |61.0 | .. |1755|3052 |4807| 632 |1150 | .. | .. |57.5 |2}
26 0 |61.3 | 123|1717|2858 |4575| 594 | 956 |1550 | .. |60.1 | 9b
25 3 |61.5 | 118|1702|2891 |4593| 579 | 989 |1568 | 7.3 |58.8 | 10a
25 2¾ |61.2 | 133|1705|2874 |4579| 582 | 972 |1554 | 8.2 |59.3 | 10b
| | | | | | | | | | |
30 3½ |61.6 | 142|2044|3517 |5561| 921 |1615 |2536 | 6.3 |59.5 | 11a
29 1¾ |61.8 | 123|1941|3203 |5144| 818 |1301 |2119 | 6.7 |60.6 | 11b
29 2 |62.0 | 124|1953|3452 |5405| 830 |1550 |2380 | 6.6 |57.1 | 12a
27 0½ |61.8 | 121|1796|3124 |4920| 673 |1222 |1895 | 7.1 |57.4 | 12b
20 2½ |62.5 | 108|1959|3306 |5265| 836 |1404 |2240 | 5.5 |57.3 | 13a
27 1¼ |62.3 | 96|1801|3171 |4972| 678 |1269 |1947 | 5.3 |56.7 | 13b
28 0¾ |62.8 | 175|1944|3362 |5306| 821 |1460 |2281 | 9.7 |59.5 | 14a
26 3¾ |62.8 | 166|1856|3006 |4862| 733 |1104 |1837 | 9.8 |61.7 | 14b
| | | | | | | | | | |
32 3 |63.0 | 151|2214|3876 |6090|1091 |1974 |3065 | 7.2 |57.1 | 15a
32 0 |62.6 | 137|2140|3617 |5757|1017 |1715 |2732 | 6.6 |59.1 | 15b
| | | | | | | | | | |
29 1¼ |62.3 | 132|1959|3417 |5376| 836 |1515 |2351 | 6.9 |57.3 | 16a
34 2¼ |62.6 | 119|2283|4012 |6295|1160 |2110 |3270 | 5.2 |56.9 | 16b
33 3 |62.3 | 119|2222|4027 |6249|1099 |2125 |3224 | 5.6 |55.1 | 17a
35 1¼ |62.0 | 117|2314|4261 |6575|1191 |2359 |3550 | 6.4 |54.3 | 17b
32 0¾ |62.7 | 142|2160|3852 |6012|1037 |1950 |2987 | 6.9 |56.0 | 18a
29 1½ |62.9 | 181|2029|4164 |6193| 906 |2262 |3168 | 9.7 |48.7 | 18b
| | | | | | | | | | |
32 3 |62.8 | 140|2195|4202 |6397|1072 |2300 |3372 | 6.7 |52.2 | 19
20 0¾ |62.5 | 70|1332|2074 |3406| 209 | 172 | 381 | 4.9 |64.2 | 20
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |}21
| | | | | | | | | | |}22
--------+-----+----+----+-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----