Chapter XXIX: Manures for Barley (1)

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Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert have published the results of experiments with different manures on barley grown annually on the same land for twenty years in succession. The experiments commenced in 1852.

The soil is of the same general character as that in the field on the same farm where wheat was grown annually for so many years, and of which we have given such a full account. It is what we should call a calcareous clay loam. On my farm, we have what the men used to call “clay spots.” These spots vary in size from two acres down to the tenth of an acre. They rarely produced even a fair crop of corn or potatoes, and the barley was seldom worth harvesting. Since I have drained the land and taken special pains to bestow extra care in plowing and working these hard and intractable portions of the fields, the “clay spots” have disappeared, and are now nothing more than good, rather stiff, clay loam, admirably adapted for wheat, barley, and oats, and capable of producing good crops of corn, potatoes, and mangel-wurzels.

The land on which Mr. Lawes’ wheat and barley experiments were made is not dissimilar in general character from these “clay spots.” If the land was only half-worked, we should call it clay; but being thoroughly cultivated, it is a good clay loam. Mr. Lawes describes it as “a somewhat heavy loam, with a subsoil of raw, yellowish red clay, but resting in its turn upon chalk, which provides good natural drainage.”

The part of the field devoted to the experiments was divided into 24 plots, about the fifth of an acre each.

Two plots were left without manure of any kind.

One plot was manured every year with 14 tons per acre of farm-yard manure, and the other plots “with manures,” to quote Dr. Gilbert “which respectively supplied certain constituents of farm-yard manure, separately or in combination.”

In England, the best barley soils are usually lighter than the best wheat soils. This is probably due to the fact that barley usually follows a crop of turnips--more or less of which are eaten off on the land by sheep. The trampling of the sheep compresses the soil, and makes even a light, sandy one firmer in texture.

In this country, our best wheat land is also our best barley land, _provided_ it is in good heart, and is very thoroughly worked. It is no use sowing barley on heavy land half worked. It will do better on light soils; but if the clayey soils are made fine and mellow, they produce with us the best barley.

In chemical composition, barley is quite similar to wheat. Mr. Lawes and Dr. Gilbert give the composition of a wheat-crop of 30 bushels per acre, 1,800 lbs. of grain, and 3,000 lbs. of straw; and of a crop of barley, 40 bushels per acre, 2,080 lbs. grain, and 2,500 lbs. of straw, as follows:

----------------+----------------+----------------+------------------
| In Grain. | In Straw. | In Total Produce.
+-------+--------+-------+--------+----------+-------
| Wheat | Barley | Wheat | Barley | Wheat | Barley
| lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs.
Nitrogen | 32. | 33. | 13. | 12. | 45. | 45.
Phosphoric acid | 16. | 17. | 7. | 5. | 23. | 22.
Potash | 9.5 | 11.5 | 20.5 | 18.5 | 30. | 30.
Lime | 1. | 1.5 | 9. | 10.5 | 10. | 12.
Magnesia | 3.5 | 4. | 3. | 2.5 | 6.5 | 6.5
Silica | 0.5 | 12. | 99.5 | 63. | 100. | 75.
----------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+----------+-------

A few years ago, when the midge destroyed our wheat, many farmers in Western New York raised “winter barley,” instead of “winter wheat,” and I have seen remarkably heavy crops of this winter barley. It is not now grown with us. The maltsters would not pay as much for it as for spring barley, and as the midge troubles us less, our farmers are raising winter wheat again.

Where, as with us, we raise winter wheat and spring barley, the difference between the two crops, taking the above estimate of yield and proportion of grain to straw, would be:

1st. Almost identical composition in regard to nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, lime, and magnesia; but as it has more straw, the wheat-crop removes a larger amount of silica than barley.

2d. The greatest difference is in the length of time the two crops are in the ground. We sow our winter wheat the last of August, or the first and second week in September. Before winter sets in, the wheat-plant often throws out a bunch of roots a foot in length. During the winter, though the thermometer goes down frequently to zero, and sometimes 10° to 15° below zero, yet if the land is well covered with snow, it is not improbable that the roots continue to absorb more or less food from the ground, and store it up for future use. In the spring, the wheat commences to grow before we can get the barley into the ground, though not to any considerable extent. I have several times sown barley as soon as the surface-soil was thawed out five or six inches deep, but with a bed of solid frozen earth beneath.

3d. Two-rowed barley does not ripen as early as winter wheat, but our ordinary six-rowed barley is ready to harvest the same time as our winter wheat.

4th. We sow our barley usually in May, and harvest it in July. The barley, therefore, has to take up its food rapidly. If we expect a good growth, we must provide a good supply of food, and have it in the proper condition for the roots to reach it and absorb it; in other words, the land must be not only rich, but it must be so well worked that the roots can spread out easily and rapidly in search of food and water. In this country, you will find ten good wheat-growers to one good barley grower.

“That is so,” said the Deacon; “but tell us about Mr. Lawes’ experiments. I have more confidence in them than in your speculations. And first of all what kind of land was the barley grown on?”

“It is,” said I, “rather heavy land--as heavy as what the men call ‘clay-spots,’ on my farm.”

“And on those clay-spots,” said the Deacon, “you either get very good barley, or a crop not worth harvesting.”

“You have hit it exactly, Deacon,” said I. “The best barley I have this year (1878) is on these clay-spots. And the reason is, that we gave them an extra plowing last fall with a three-horse plow. That extra plowing has probably given me an extra 30 bushels of barley per acre. The barley on some of the lighter portions of the field will not yield over 25 bushels per acre. On the clay-spots, it looks now (June 13) as though there would be over 50 bushels per acre. It is all headed out handsomely on the clay-spots, and has a strong, dark, luxuriant appearance, while on the sand, the crop is later and has a yellow, sickly look.”

“You ought,” said the Doctor, “to have top-dressed these poor, sandy parts of the field with a little superphosphate and nitrate of soda.”

“It would have paid wonderfully well,” said I, “or, perhaps, more correctly speaking, the loss would have been considerably less. We have recently been advised by a distinguished writer, to apply manure to our best land, and let the poor land take care of itself. But where the poor land is in the same field with the good, we are obliged to plow, harrow, cultivate, sow, and harvest the poor spots, and the question is, whether we shall make them capable of producing a good crop by the application of manure, or be at all the labor and expense of putting in and harvesting a crop of chicken-feed and weeds. Artificial manures give us a grand chance to make our crops more uniform.”

“You are certainly right there,” said the Doctor, “but let us examine the Rothamsted experiments on barley.”

You will find the results in the following tables. The manures used, are in many respects the same as were adopted in the wheat experiments already given. The mineral or ash constituents were supplied as follows:

_Potash_--as sulphate of potash.
_Soda_--as sulphate of soda.
_Magnesia_--as sulphate of magnesia.
_Lime_--as sulphate, phosphate, and superphosphate.
_Phosphoric acid_--as bone-ash, mixed with sufficient sulphuric
acid to convert most of the insoluble earthy phosphate of
lime into sulphate and soluble superphosphate of lime.
_Sulphuric acid_--in the phosphatic mixture just mentioned; in
sulphates of potash, soda, and magnesia; in sulphate of ammonia,
etc.
_Chlorine_--in muriate of ammonia.
_Silica_--as artificial silicate of soda.

Other constituents were supplied as under:

_Nitrogen_--as sulphate and muriate of ammonia; as nitrate of
soda; in farm-yard manure; in rape-cake.
_Non-nitrogenous organic matter, yielding by decomposition, carbonic
acid, and other products_--in yard manure, in rape-cake.

The artificial manure or mixture for each plot was ground up, or otherwise mixed, with a sufficient quantity of soil and turf-ashes to make it up to a convenient measure for equal distribution over the land. The mixtures so prepared were, with proper precautions, sown broadcast by hand; as it has been found that the application of an exact amount of manure, to a limited area of land, can be best accomplished in that way.

The same manures were used on the same plot each year. Any exceptions to this rule are mentioned in foot-notes.

Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.

Table I.--Showing, _taken together with the foot-notes,_ the
description and quantities of the manures applied per acre on each
plot, in each year of the twenty, 1852-1871 inclusive.

[N.B. This table has reference to all the succeeding Tables].

---------+------------------------------------------------------
|Manures per Acre, per Annum (unless otherwise
Plots | stated in the foot-notes).
---------+------------------------------------------------------
1 O. |Unmanured continuously
2 O. |3½ cwts. Superphosphate of Lime*
3 O. |200 lbs. †Sulphate of Potass, 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate
| Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
4 O. |200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass. 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda,
| 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
1 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia-salts§
2 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
3 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
4 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia salts 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda
{2 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
‖{3 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
{ | 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
{4 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda
{2 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda,
{ | 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{3 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda,
{ | 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda,
{ | 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
{4 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda,
| 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda
| 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake
{2 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
**{3 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
{ | 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
{4 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 N. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda
††{2 N. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda (550 lbs. Nitrate for 5 years,
| 1853, 4, 5, 6, and 7)
M. |100 lbs. ‡‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate (commencing 1855; 1852, 3,
| and 4, unmanured
5 O. |200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
| (200 lbs. Ammonia-salts also, for the first year,
| 1852, only)
5 A. |200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate,
| 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts
6 {1 |Unmanured continuously
{2 |Ashes (burnt-soil and turf)
7 |14 Tons Farmyard-Manure
---------+------------------------------------------------------

[*: “3½ cwts. Superphosphate of Lime”--in all cases, made from 200
lbs. Bone ash, 150 lbs. Sulphuric acid sp. gr. 1.7 (and water).]

[†: Sulphate Potass--300 lbs. per annum for the first 6 years,
1852-7.]

[‡: Sulphate Soda--200 lbs. per annum for the first 6 years, 1852-7.]

[§: The “Ammonia-salts”--in all cases equal parts of Sulphate and
Muriate of Ammonia of Commerce.]

[‖: Plots “AA” and “AAS”--first 6 years, 1852-7, instead of Nitrate
of Soda, 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts per annum; next 10 years, 1858-67,
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts per annum; 1868, and since, 275 lbs. Nitrate
of Soda per annum. 275 lbs. Nitrate of Soda is reckoned to contain the
same amount of Nitrogen as 200 lbs. “Ammonia-salts.”]

[¶: Plots “AAS”--the application of Silicates did not commence until
1864; in ‘64-5-6, and 7, 200 lbs. Silicate of Soda and 200 lbs.
Silicate of Lime were applied per acre, but in 1868, and since, 400
lbs. Silicate of Soda, and no Silicate of Lime. These plots comprise,
respectively, one half of the original “AA” plots, and, excepting the
addition of the Silicates, have been, and are, in other respects,
manured in the same way as the “AA” plots.]

[**: 2000 lbs. Rape-cake per annum for the first 6 years, and 1000
lbs. only, each year since.]

[††: 300 lbs. Sulphate Potass, and 3½ cwts. Superphosphate of Lime,
without Nitrate of Soda, the first year (1852); Nitrate alone each
year since.]

[‡‡: Sulphate Soda--200 lbs. per annum 1855, 6, and 7.]

[Transcriber’s Note:
The following is an alternative version of the same table, giving the
information in the form used in all earlier tables.]

FM Farm-yard Manure.
ABT Ashes (burnt-soil and turf).
SiS Silicate of Soda.
SPh Superphosphate.
SMg Sulphate of Magnesia.
SP Sulphate of Potass.
SS Sulphate of Soda.
NS Nitrate of Soda.
RC Rape-Cake.
A-S Ammonia-salts.

-------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+---- Plots | FM | ABT | SiS| SPh|SMg | SP | SS | NS | RC |A-S -------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+---- |Tons.| lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs. 1 O. | .. | .. | -- unmanured continuously-- | .. 2 O. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. 3 O. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | .. 4 O. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | .. 1 A. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200 2 A. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200 3 A. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | 200 4 A. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | 200 {1 AA. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | .. {2 AA. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | .. {3 AA. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100| 200| 100| 275| .. | .. {4 AA. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| 200| 100| 275| .. | .. {1 AAS.| .. | .. | 400| .. | .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | .. {2 AAS.| .. | .. | 400| 350| .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | .. {3 AAS.| .. | .. | 400| .. | 100| 200| 100| 275| .. | .. {4 AAS.| .. | .. | 400| 350| 100| 200| 100| 275| .. | .. 1 C. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1000| .. 2 C. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | .. | .. | .. | 1000| .. 3 C. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100| 200| 100| .. | 1000| .. 4 C. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| 200| 100| .. | 1000| .. 1 N. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | .. 2 N. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | .. M. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| .. | 100| .. | .. | .. 5 O. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | 200| .. | .. | .. | .. 5 A. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. 6{1 | .. | .. | -- unmanured continuously-- | .. {2* | .. |<..> | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. 7 | 14 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. -------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----

* 6.2: No amount given for ashes

Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.

Table II.--Dressed Corn Per Acre--bushels.

[N.B. The double vertical lines ‖ show that there was a change in the
description, or quantity, of Manure, at the period indicated, for
particulars of which see _Table I._, and foot-notes thereto, p. 231.]

--------------------------------------------------------------------- Harvests ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Plots | 1852 |1853|1854|1855|1856|1857|1858|1859|1860|1861|1862|1863| ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | bu. | bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| 1 O. | 27¼ | 25¾| 35 | 31 | 13⅞| 26⅛| 21⅛| 13½| 13¼| 16¼| 16½| 22⅞| 2 O. | 28⅝ | 33½| 40⅝| 36¼| 17¾| 33¼| 28¾| 19⅝| 15¾| 25 | 21⅞| 32⅜| 3 O. | 26⅛ | 27⅝| 36½| 34¾| 16⅝| 32 ‖ 24¼| 15⅞| 15¼| 18⅞| 19¾| 27⅝| 4 O. | 32¾ | 35⅝| 42 | 37⅛| 19¾| 39¾‖ 30⅞| 19¾| 18¼| 29⅜| 25⅛| 33 | ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Means | 28¾ | 30⅝| 38½| 34¾| 17 | 32¾| 26¼| 17¼| 15⅝| 22⅜| 20¾| 28⅞| ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 1 A. | 36⅞ | 38⅝| 47¾| 44½| 25 | 38⅞| 31½| 15⅜| 26⅝| 30½| 31⅜| 42⅝| 2 A. | 38⅝ | 40⅛| 60½| 47¾| 29⅛| 56½| 51⅜| 34½| 43⅜| 55 | 48⅝| 61⅝| 3 A. | 36 | 36½| 50 | 44½| 28⅜| 42⅜‖ 34¼| 16⅞| 28 | 32¾| 35¼| 48⅝| 4 A. | 40¾ | 38¼| 60⅝| 48⅜| 31¾| 57⅜‖ 51½| 34⅝| 43½| 54⅝| 47⅝| 55⅜| ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Means | 38⅛ | 38⅜| 54¾| 46¼| 28½| 48¾| 42⅛| 25⅜| 35⅜| 43¼| 40¾| 52⅛| ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 1 AA. | 44½ | 40¾| 56⅝| 48 | 36¼| 49¾‖ 39⅜| 21½| 25⅜| 35 | 31½| 49 | 2 AA. | 43¾ | 42¼| 63¼| 50⅜| 31½| 66½‖ 56¼| 35⅞| 43¼| 55¾| 51 | 60½| 3 AA. | 41¾ | 41¼| 51½| 47¾| 25⅜| 49⅞‖|40⅝| 20⅜| 30¾| 36⅞| 36¼| 54 | 4 AA. | 45⅛ | 44½| 62¾| 49⅝| 37⅝| 64⅞‖|56¼| 35¾| 46¼| 55⅞| 48¾| 59½| ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Means | 43¾ | 42⅛| 58½| 48⅞| 32⅝| 57¾| 48⅛| 28⅜| 36⅜| 45⅞| 41⅞| 55¾| ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 1 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | | ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Means | | | | | | | | | | | | | ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 1 C. | 39⅛ | 39⅞| 60¾| 48½| 36¾| 64⅛‖ 53¾| 38¾| 31¾| 56½| 41 | 51⅞| 2 C. | 36½ | 36⅛| 60⅝| 53¼| 37⅛| 62¼‖ 57⅜| 41 | 36¾| 56⅞| 45 | 55 | 3 C. | 33½ | 35¼| 56½| 48⅞| 32⅝| 60¼‖|52 | 34⅛| 35¼| 51⅛| 36 | 53⅛| 4 C. | 38 | 40⅛| 60¼| 51¾| 35⅜| 62¼‖|57⅛| 35 | 40¾| 53⅝| 45½| 54½| ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Means | 36¾ | 37⅞| 59½| 50⅝| 35½| 62¼| 55 | 37¼| 36⅛| 54½| 41⅞| 53⅝| ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 1 N. }(25⅞){‖ 34⅜| 49⅜| 50 | 28½| 47⅞| 37¾| 24⅞| 27⅜| 38¼| 35½| 51½| 2 N. } {‖ 37⅛| 53¼| 49⅜| 42 | 58 ‖ 43⅞| 26½| 29¾| 41⅝| 38⅜| 53⅞| | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | | | ‖ 32⅛| 18¾| 24½| 25⅞‖ 19½| 10⅝| 27⅝| 23⅜| 28⅛| 5 O. | (36½)‖ 27½| 30¾| 32⅜| 19⅛| 31⅛| 25⅜‖ 16½| 10⅛| 28⅝| 17⅜| 29½| 5 A. | 36½ | 40⅛| 51⅞| 47⅞| 33⅛| 54⅞| 48⅛‖ 33⅛| 39 | 49⅜| 46⅝| 51½| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6{1 | 29 | 26¼| 35⅛| 37¼| 15⅛| 34⅞| 26½| 17⅛| 12¼| 16⅝| 18½| 27¼| {2 | 25⅛ | 27⅜| 33¼| 36¼| 15⅞| 31⅛| 25¼| 14¾| 12⅛| 17⅞| 19 | 28⅝| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | 33 | 36⅛| 56⅜| 50⅛| 32⅛| 51¼| 55 | 40 | 41⅝| 54⅜| 49¾| 59½| ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+

1st ten: First ten Years, 1852-’61.
2nd ten: Second ten Years, 1862-’71.
Total Period: Total Period 20 Years, 1852-’71.

----------------------------------------++--------------------++------- Harvests || Average Annual. || +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- | | | | | | | | || 1st |2nd | Total || |1864|1865|1866|1867|1868|1869|1870|1871|| ten |ten |Period || Plots +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- | bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.|| bush.| bu.|bushels || | 24 | 18 | 15⅞| 17⅛| 15⅝| 15⅛| 13½| 16¾|| 22⅜| 17½|20 || 1 O. | 30¼| 22½| 22⅜| 24⅝| 18½| 18¼| 18 | 23⅛|| 27⅞| 23¼|25½ || 2 O. | 26⅛| 22 | 19⅛| 17 | 14¼| 18¾| 16¾| 19⅜|| 24¾| 20⅛|22⅜ || 3 O. | 33¼| 24⅜| 24 | 20⅞| 17⅝| 22¼| 18½| 25 || 30½| 24⅜|27½ || 4 O. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- | 28⅜| 21¾| 20⅜| 19⅞| 16½| 18⅝| 16¾| 21⅛|| 26⅜| 21¼|23⅞ || Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- | 38⅞| 29⅞| 27⅛| 30⅝| 20⅜| 27⅞| 27¾| 36⅜|| 33⅝| 31¼|32½ || 1 A. | 58½| 48⅜| 50½| 44 | 37⅝| 48 | 41½| 45⅛|| 45⅝| 48⅜|47 || 2 A. | 43⅞| 33¼| 27½| 33 | 25 | 34¾| 30⅞| 38⅛|| 35 | 35 |35 || 3 A. | 55⅜| 46½| 47 | 43⅞| 34⅝| 49¼| 38 | 46½|| 46⅛| 46⅜|46¼ || 4 A. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- | 49⅛| 39½| 38⅛| 37⅞| 29⅜| 39⅞| 34½| 41½|| 40⅛| 40¼|40¼ || Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- | 41¾| 33¾| 29⅛| 29¾‖ 27 | 32⅛| 29¼| 39⅛|| 39¾| 34¼|37 || 1 AA. | 56⅞| 47½| 50⅞| 44¼‖ 44 | 48¼| 46¼| 46½|| 48⅞| 49⅝|49¼ || 2 AA. | 44⅝| 34⅛| 29¾| 32⅞‖ 27½| 33⅞| 32⅜| 36⅛|| 38⅝| 36⅛|37⅜ || 3 AA. | 56⅜| 48⅞| 50⅞| 45 ‖ 45⅜| 49⅞| 44½| 46 || 49⅞| 49½|49¾ || 4 AA. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- | 49⅞| 41⅛| 40⅛| 38 | 36 | 41 | 38⅛| 42 || 44¼| 42⅜|43⅜ || Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- ‖ 44⅛| 34⅞| 37⅞| 32¼‖ 29⅜| 34¾| 35 | 48⅛|| {37¼| 36⅞|37 } || 1 AAS. ‖ 54⅞| 47¼| 51⅛| 44 ‖ 44⅞| 49⅞| 44¾| 49½||[1]{49¼| 47¼|48¼}[1]|| 2 AAS. ‖ 50 | 41 | 41⅞| 39½‖ 36⅜| 40½| 42¾| 48⅜|| {43⅛| 42 |42⅝} || 3 AAS. ‖ 59⅛| 50½| 50¾| 45¼‖ 46⅝| 51¾| 47¼| 48⅞|| {51⅜| 48⅝|50 } || 4 AAS. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- | 52 | 43⅜| 45⅜| 40¼| 39⅜| 44¼| 42½| 48¾|| 45¼| 43¾|44½ || Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- | 48⅛| 45 | 45⅞| 38⅝| 37 | 42½| 41¾| 44 || 47 | 43⅝|45¼ || 1 C. | 51¾| 46⅛| 47½| 45½| 35¼| 48¼| 41¾| 41¾|| 47¾| 45¾|46¾ || 2 C. | 49⅛| 48¾| 43⅞| 38⅞| 35⅛| 43⅝| 38½| 45⅜|| 44 | 43¼|43⅝ || 3 C. | 53 | 48⅛| 48⅝| 42⅝| 36¼| 52⅛| 43¾| 47½|| 47⅜| 47¼|47⅜ || 4 C. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- | 50½| 47 | 46½| 41⅜| 35⅞| 46⅝| 41½| 44⅝|| 46½| 45 |45¾ || Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++------- | 40¾| 37 | 34⅜| 33 | 25½| 35¼| 34¾| 43⅛||[2]{37⅝| 37⅛|37⅜}[2]|| 1 N. | 46¼| 39⅞| 41 | 36⅜| 25⅜| 38⅜| 40¼| 45⅜|| {42⅜| 40½|41⅜} || 2 N. | | | | | | | | || | | || | 25⅞| 19¾| 19 | 20½| 14¾| 16⅝| 16⅛| 22⅛||[3](22⅝| 20⅝|21½)[3]|| M. | 26½| 23 | 22½| 19½| 15 | 23⅜| 14½| 20 ||[4](24⅝| 21⅛|22¾)[4]|| 5 O. | 50¾| 48¼| 43⅞| 34⅞| 36⅛| 49⅞| 41¾| 44¼|| 43⅜| 44¾|44⅛ || 5 A. | | | | | | | | || | | || | 25⅛| 21 | 16⅛| 16⅜| 15¼| 14⅞| 15¼| 18¾|| 25 | 18⅞|22 ||[1]}6 | 25⅛| 19¼| 17¼| 19¾| 15⅞| 15⅜| 15⅛| 24¼|| 23⅞| 20 |21⅞ ||[2]} | | | | | | | | || | | || | 62 | 52¾| 53⅛| 45⅝| 43⅝| 46⅞| 47½| 54¼|| 45 | 51½|48¼ || 7 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------

[Note 1: Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.]

[Note 2: Averages of 9 years, (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]

[Note 3: Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total
17 years.]

[Note 4: Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]

Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.

Table III.--Weight per Bushel of Dressed Corn--lbs.

[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the
description, or quantity, of Manure, at the period indicated, for
particulars of which see _Table I._, and foot-notes thereto, p. 231.]

----------------------------------------------------------------------- Harvests ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Plots | 1852 |1853|1854|1855|1856|1857 |1858|1859|1860|1861|1862|1863 ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- | lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. 1 O. | 52.1 |51.4|53.6|52.4|49.1|52.0 |53.0|49.0|50.8|52.3|50.3|53.6 2 O. | 52.6 |52.6|54.0|52.5|46.5|52.8 |54.0|52.0|50.5|53.8|52.0|54.2 3 O. | 52.5 |51.9|53.6|52.9|48.5|52.5 ‖53.5|49.5|50.3|52.8|51.8|54.5 4 O. | 51.5 |52.1|54.0|53.1|47.0|53.7 ‖54.0|52.5|51.3|54.0|52.0|54.8 ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- Means | 52.2 |52.0|53.8|52.7|47.8|52.8 |53.6|50.8|50.7|53.1|51.5|54.3 ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- 1 A. | 50.7 |52.4|53.6|51.8|48.5|51.9 |53.0|47.5|50.8|51.5|49.4|53.6 2 A. | 50.5 |52.5|54.3|51.3|46.3|54.3 |53.8|51.0|51.0|53.5|53.5|55.3 3 A. | 50.9 |52.6|54.0|52.2|49.1|52.1 ‖54.0|47.5|50.8|51.5|50.5|54.3 4 A. | 51.4 |53.1|54.3|52.0|46.4|54.8 ‖54.0|51.0|51.1|54.0|54.0|56.5 ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- Means | 50.9 |52.7|54.1|51.8|47.6|53.3 |53.7|49.3|50.9|52.6|51.9|54.9 ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- 1 AA. | 49.1 |51.3|52.8|50.6|48.3|52.0 ‖53.5|47.5|50.7|51.8|50.0|53.9 2 AA. | 49.5 |51.7|52.4|50.1|46.1|53.5 ‖53.3|50.7|51.3|53.5|54.4|55.7 3 AA. | 50.6 |51.3|53.1|50.2|47.3|52.1‖|53.9|47.5|50.4|51.5|51.5|54.5 4 AA. | 50.6 |51.4|52.1|48.9|45.4|53.9‖|53.5|50.5|51.0|53.5|54.0|56.4 ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- Means | 50.0 |51.4|52.6|50.0|46.8|52.9 |53.6|49.1|50.9|52.6|52.5|55.1 ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- 1 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | 2 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | 3 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | 4 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- Means | | | | | | | | | | | | ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- 1 C. | 51.7 |51.3|52.9|50.5|46.1|53.2 ‖53.5|52.0|52.0|54.0|54.5|56.3 2 C. | 51.8 |51.6|52.8|50.0|47.3|53.8 ‖52.8|51.5|51.5|54.1|55.3|56.4 3 C. | 51.3 |51.5|52.6|50.6|46.6|54.1‖|53.5|51.7|51.8|53.5|53.5|56.8 4 C. | 51.4 |50.4|52.8|49.5|46.3|54.1‖|53.1|51.0|51.1|54.3|54.0|56.7 ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- Means | 51.6 |51.2|52.8|50.2|46.6|53.8 |53.2|51.6|51.6|54.0|54.3|56.6 ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+---- 1 N. |}{51.7}{‖51.3|53.3|52.0|50.0|52.9 |53.5|48.0|51.0|52.0|51.5|53.4 2 N. |} {‖49.7|53.1|50.1|48.4|53.0 ‖54.0|48.5|51.1|51.8|51.3|53.9 | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | | | ‖52.6|49.3|52.6 ‖53.6|49.5|51.0|53.8|52.8|53.8 5 O. | (51.0) ‖51.8|53.1|52.6|47.5|53.4 ‖54.0|51.0|51.0|53.3|51.5|54.1 5 A. | 51.0 |52.3|53.8|51.5|46.6|54.5 ‖54.0|51.0|51.2|53.0|52.0|55.6 | | | | | | | | | | | | 6{1 | 52.0 |50.3|52.8|52.5|50.0|52.3 |53.1|48.5|51.3|52.0|51.8|54.0 {2 | 53.0 |50.9|53.6|52.6|50.0|52.3 |53.1|47.5|51.0|52.0|52.0|54.1 | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | 52.8 |51.6|53.9|52.9|47.1|54.2 |54.5|52.5|52.1|54.8|54.8|57.2 ------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----

1st ten: First ten Years, 1852-’61.
2nd ten: Second ten Years, 1862-’71.
Total Period: Total Period 20 Years, 1852-’71.

+---------------------------------------++---------------------++----- | Harvests || Average Annual. || +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++ | | | | | | | | || 1st | 2nd | Total|| |1864|1865|1866|1867|1868|1869|1870|1871|| ten | ten |Period||Plots +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++----- |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|| lbs. | lbs.| lbs. || |55.7|53.9|51.1|51.8|54.3|52.4|52.9|55.0|| 51.6 | 53.1| 52.3 ||1 O. |56.8|53.8|53.2|53.9|55.8|54.3|53.6|56.0|| 52.0 | 54.4| 53.2 ||2 O. |56.9|54.5|52.3|52.9|55.7|54.7|54.3|55.4|| 51.8 | 54.3| 53.0 ||3 O. |57.3|54.0|52.7|53.6|55.3|54.6|55.6|55.6|| 52.3 | 54.6| 53.4 ||4 O. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++----- |56.7|54.1|52.3|53.1|55.3|54.0|54.1|55.5|| 52.0 | 54.1| 53.0 ||Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++----- |55.4|53.8|50.9|51.3|53.3|52.4|54.6|55.6|| 51.2 | 53.0| 52.1 ||1 A. |57.0|52.7|54.4|54.1|54.6|57.0|57.2|55.0|| 51.8 | 55.1| 53.5 ||2 A. |56.4|54.7|52.1|51.9|54.8|54.6|55.4|56.1|| 51.5 | 54.1| 52.8 ||3 A. |57.6|53.5|54.7|54.3|55.6|57.4|57.1|56.5|| 52.2 | 55.7| 54.0 ||4 A. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++----- |56.6|53.7|53.0|52.9|54.6|55.4|56.1|55.8|| 51.6 | 54.5| 53.1 ||Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++----- |55.5|53.5|50.9|52.4‖53.7|53.1|54.5|54.1|| 50.8 | 53.2| 52.0 ||1 AA. |57.2|52.3|55.0|54.1‖55.6|57.2|56.9|55.9|| 51.2 | 55.4| 53.3 ||2 AA. |56.5|54.8|51.4|51.9‖55.1|53.7|54.6|54.3|| 50.8 | 53.8| 52.3 ||3 AA. |57.6|53.3|55.4|54.6‖56.0|57.1|57.1|56.3|| 51.1 | 55.8| 53.4 ||4 AA. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++----- |56.7|53.5|53.2|53.3|55.1|55.3|55.8|55.2|| 51.0 | 54.6| 52.8 ||Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++----- ‖56.1|54.2|51.8|53.5‖54.2|54.8|55.0|54.6|| {53.9| 54.6| 54.3}||1 AAS. ‖57.2|52.4|55.6|55.1‖56.2|57.4|57.4|55.6||[1]{55.1| 56.7| 55.9}||2 AAS. ‖57.2|54.8|52.5|53.0‖55.5|56.6|55.9|53.8|| {54.4| 55.5| 55.0}||3 AAS. ‖57.0|53.1|55.3|54.1‖56.2|57.8|57.8|55.4|| {54.9| 56.8| 55.8}||4 AAS. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++----- |56.9|53.6|53.8|53.9|55.5|56.7|56.5|54.9|| 54.6 | 55.9| 55.2 ||Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++----- |57.1|53.8|55.1|54.4|56.2|56.7|57.5|56.3|| 51.7 | 55.8| 53.8 ||1 C. |57.0|53.3|55.7|55.0|56.1|57.1|57.8|56.4|| 51.7 | 56.0| 53.9 ||2 C. |57.3|53.3|55.3|54.7|55.8|57.1|57.6|56.3|| 51.7 | 55.8| 53.7 ||3 C. |57.2|53.5|55.6|54.8|55.4|57.4|58.0|56.4|| 51.4 | 55.9| 53.6 ||4 C. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++----- |57.1|53.5|55.4|54.7|55.9|57.1|57.7|56.4|| 51.6 | 55.9| 53.8 ||Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++----- |56.0|54.1|52.0|52.9|52.8|54.3|55.6|54.6||[2]{51.6| 53.7| 52.7}||1 N. |56.5|53.8|52.8|52.7|55.5|54.8|55.8|54.6|| {51.1| 54.2| 52.7}||2 N. | | | | | | | | || |56.3|54.4|52.9|53.9|54.0|54.0|55.3|55.0||[3](51.8| 54.2| 53.2)|| M. |57.6|54.5|53.4|54.0|56.4|55.6|55.9|55.1||[4](52.0| 54.8| 53.4)||5 O. |57.5|54.1|54.8|55.2|57.5|57.5|57.3|55.5|| 51.9 | 55.7| 53.8 ||5 A. | | | | | | | | || |56.0|53.9|51.3|52.0|53.5|52.8|54.0|55.4|| 51.5 | 53.5| 52.5 ||1}6 |55.8|53.9|51.8|52.5|53.8|52.9|54.6|54.9|| 51.6 | 53.6| 52.6 ||2} | | | | | | | | || |57.4|54.4|54.9|54.8|57.1|56.4|57.1|56.6|| 52.6 | 56.0| 54.3 || 7 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----

[Note 1: Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.]

[Note 2: Averages of 9 years, (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]

[Note 3: Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total
17 years.]

[Note 4: Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]

Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.

Table IV.--Offal Corn per Acre--lbs.

--------------------------------------------------------------------- Harvests ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- Plots | 1852 |1853|1854|1855|1856|1857| 1858|1859|1860|1861|1862|1863 ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- | lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.| lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. 1 O. | 164 |225 | 84 |144 |131 | 93 | 86 |110 | 78 | 88 | 64 | 49 2 O. | 100 |101 |101 | 69 | 58 |106 | 103 |159 | 84 | 78 |114 | 58 3 O. | 183 |151 | 64 | 76 |129 | 61 ‖ 96 | 83 | 78 | 88 | 73 | 54 4 O. | 136 |160 |105 | 94 | 88 | 53 ‖ 108 |160 | 74 | 58 |117 | 57 ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- Means | 146 |159 | 89 | 96 |102 | 78 | 98 |129 | 78 | 78 | 92 | 55 ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- 1 A. | 218 |253 |201 |138 |219 |113 | 98 |184 |150 |170 |269 |116 2 A. | 260 |214 |150 |184 |121 | 88 | 114 |274 |159 |130 |191 | 99 3 A. | 252 |336 |197 |177 |180 | 91 ‖ 96 |175 |115 |109 |269 |108 4 A. | 273 |274 |138 |142 |125 | 70 ‖ 117 |253 |150 |110 |150 | 81 ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- Means | 251 |277 |172 |160 |161 | 91 | 106 |222 |143 |130 |220 |101 ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- 1 AA. | 299 |303 |326 |204 |310 |135 ‖ 88 |215 |109 |173 |296 |110 2 AA. | 315 |251 |329 |181 |233 |133 ‖ 134 |320 |118 |190 |133 |143 3 AA. | 318 |236 |334 |212 |290 |108 ‖|118 |265 |122 |138 |364 | 95 4 AA. | 246 |301 |273 |150 |176 |183 ‖|143 |285 |141 |179 |191 | 66 ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- Means | 294 |273 |316 |187 |252 |140 | 121 |271 |123 |170 |246 |103 ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- 1 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | 2 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | 3 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | 4 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- Means | | | | | | | | | | | | ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- 1 C. | 170 |268 |178 |219 |173 |135 ‖ 103 |225 |120 |154 |154 | 85 2 C. | 164 |316 |238 |195 |161 |169 ‖ 148 |171 |156 |150 |128 |109 3 C. | 190 |296 |248 |183 |189 |156 ‖|105 |236 |115 |204 |190 | 71 4 C. | 144 |277 |227 |222 |205 |168 ‖|125 |350 |153 |204 |174 | 66 ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- Means | 167 |304 |223 |205 |182 |157 | 120 |246 |136 |178 |161 | 83 ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---- 1 N. |}(94){|283 ‖109 |128 |245 | 99 | 119 |205 |146 |225 |245 |120 2 N. |} {|228 ‖286 |224 |193 |151 ‖ 110 |235 |179 |190 |216 |114 | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | | | ‖ 36 | 94 | 90 ‖ 84 | 85 | 75 | 78 |198 | 46 5 O. |(173) ‖ 68 |113 | 50 | 96 |101 ‖ 71 |110 | 73 | 73 |193 | 41 5 A. | 173 |210 |170 |126 |151 | 68 ‖ 154 |168 |193 |188 |210 | 81 | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 {1 | 120 |200 |144 |116 |152 | 72 | 84 |121 | 88 | 73 | 75 | 51 {2 | 118 |161 |119 | 73 |125 |105 | 81 |127 | 95 | 67 |194 | 65 | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | 101 |269 | 86 |109 |141 |134 | 121 |260 |147 |190 |208 | 66 ------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----

1st ten: First ten Years, 1852-’61. 2nd ten: Second ten Years, 1862-’71. Total Period: Total Period 20 Years, 1852-’71.

+---------------------------------------++---------------------++----- | Harvests || Average Annual. || +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++ | | | | | | | | || 1st | 2nd| Total || |1864|1865|1866|1867|1868|1869|1870|1871|| ten | ten| Period ||Plots +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++----- |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|| lbs.| lbs| lbs. || | 42 | 47 | 41 | 90 | 21 | 44 | 31 | 48 || 120| 48| 84 || 1 O. | 69 | 38 | 21 | 53 | 29 | 89 | 18 | 33 || 96| 52| 74 || 2 O. | 43 | 38 | 38 | 64 | 27 | 70 | 18 | 35 || 101| 46| 74 || 3 O. | 41 | 28 | 55 | 60 | 25 | 69 | 26 | 48 || 104| 53| 78 || 4 O. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++ | 49 | 38 | 39 | 67 | 25 | 68 | 23 | 41 || 105| 50| 78 ||Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++ | 99 | 58 | 94 |115 | 49 |139 | 23 |105 || 174| 107| 141 || 1 A. | 63 | 84 | 64 | 76 | 38 |113 | 26 |189 || 174| 107| 141 || 2 A. | 83 | 51 |106 | 94 | 34 | 95 | 24 | 89 || 173| 95| 134 || 3 A. |110 | 60 | 63 | 71 | 50 | 21 | 27 |146 || 165| 78| 122 || 4 A. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++ | 89 | 63 | 82 | 89 | 43 | 92 | 25 |132 || 171| 94| 133 ||Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++ |110 | 64 |148 |110 ‖ 46 | 64 | 33 |133 || 216| 111| 164 || 1 AA. | 50 |113 |111 | 69 ‖ 46 | 89 | 24 |168 || 220| 95| 158 || 2 AA. | 76 | 48 |103 |106 ‖ 59 |111 | 36 |133 || 214| 113| 164 || 3 AA. | 46 | 76 |133 |119 ‖ 43 | 78 | 30 | 90 || 208| 87| 148 || 4 AA. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++ | 71 | 75 |124 |101 | 48 | 86 | 31 |131 || 215| 102| 159 ||Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++ ‖ 94 | 55 | 88 | 85 ‖ 49 |121 | 33 | 94 || {81| 74| 77} || 1 AAS. ‖ 53 | 86 | 96 | 66 ‖ 64 | 60 | 23 |153 || [1]{75| 75| 75}[1]|| 2 AAS. ‖ 70 | 50 |141 | 79 ‖ 39 |136 | 29 |130 || {85| 84| 85} || 3 AAS. ‖ 93 | 70 | 80 | 93 ‖ 46 |125 | 26 |175 || {84| 93| 89} || 4 AAS. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++ | 77 | 65 |101 | 81 | 50 |111 | 28 |138 || 81| 82| 82 ||Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++ | 78 | 83 |104 |109 | 43 | 69 | 25 | 78 || 175| 83| 129 || 1 C. | 92 | 44 | 89 | 89 | 64 |111 | 24 | 88 || 193| 84| 138 || 2 C. | 90 | 66 | 94 | 91 | 39 | 91 | 37 |141 || 192| 91| 142 || 3 C. |123 | 69 |128 | 72 | 42 | 67 | 28 |124 || 208| 89| 149 || 4 C. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++ | 96 | 66 |104 | 90 | 47 | 85 | 28 |108 || 192| 87| 139 ||Means +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++ | 74 | 98 |124 |119 | 61 |150 | 33 | 99 || {173| 112| 141} || 1 N. | 95 | 84 |104 | 88 | 35 | 98 | 33 |171 ||[2]{199| 104| 149}[2]|| 2 N. | | | | | | | | || | | || | 58 | 69 | 44 | 56 | 26 | 61 | 25 | 58 || [3](77| 64| 69)[3]|| M. | 78 | 35 | 48 | 56 | 20 | 75 | 23 | 41 || [4](84| 61| 72)[4]|| 5 O. | 91 | 94 | 53 | 74 | 33 | 63 | 30 |144 || 160| 87| 124 || 5 A. | | | | | | | | || | | || | 51 | 45 | 72 |103 | 27 | 71 | 26 | 50 || 117| 57| 87 ||1} | 54 | 47 | 51 | 83 | 21 | 57 | 23 | 41 || 107| 64| 85 ||2}6 | | | | | | | | || | | || |117 | 56 |148 |111 | 48 |100 | 26 |171 || 156| 105| 130 || 7 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++

[Note 1: Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.]

[Note 2: Averages of 9 years, (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]

[Note 3: Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total
17 years.]

[Note 4: Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]

Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.

Table V.--Straw (and chaff) per Acre--cwts.

---------------------------------------------------------------------- Harvests ------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | Plots | 1852 |1853|1854|1855|1856|1857|1858|1859|1860|1861|1862|1863| ------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | Cwts. |cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.| 1 O. | 16⅝ | 18 | 21¾| 17⅝| 8¾| 12¾| 10⅞| 9⅛| 7½| 11 | 9¾| 11⅜| 2 O. | 16½ | 17⅛| 23¼| 17¾| 8¾| 15⅝| 14⅞| 12¼| 8⅞| 13¼| 12⅞| 15⅝| 3 O. | 16½ | 17¼| 20⅞| 17½| 9⅛| 15 ‖ 12 | 9¾| 8½| 11½| 10⅞| 13⅜| 4 O. | 19½ | 20½| 23⅛| 18 | 9⅜| 17⅛‖ 16 | 12¼| 9⅛| 15⅜| 13½| 15⅜| +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+ Means | 17¼ | 18¼| 22¼| 17⅝| 9 | 15⅛| 13½| 10⅝| 8⅝| 12¾| 11½| 13⅞| +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+ 1 A. | 22⅞ | 23¾| 30¼| 24⅛| 17⅛| 17¾| 15½| 11½| 14⅞| 19⅝| 20⅜| 21⅜| 2 A. | 26 | 25½| 40⅞| 29⅜| 21½| 26¾| 28¾| 24⅞| 25¼| 29¾| 32⅜| 34 | 3 A. | 23⅝ | 25⅛| 33¾| 27½| 17⅞| 21⅜‖ 17 | 13½| 16¼| 21½| 23¼| 26¼| 4 A. | 27⅞ | 26⅝| 40½| 31 | 21¼| 27⅞‖ 29 | 27¼| 26⅝| 30½| 31⅝| 32 | +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Means | 25⅛ | 25¼| 36⅜| 28 | 19½| 23½| 22⅛| 19¼| 20¾| 25⅜| 26¾| 28⅜| +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 1 AA. | 26⅞ | 26⅛| 37⅞| 32⅛| 24½| 23½‖ 19⅛| 14½| 13½| 22 | 21¼| 25⅛| 2 AA. | 28⅜ | 28⅜| 44⅜| 38⅝| 31⅝| 32⅞‖ 32⅝| 26½| 24¼| 31⅝| 31½| 32½| 3 AA. | 26⅜ | 27¼| 37⅞| 34 | 26⅛| 26 ‖|22⅛| 16⅛| 18⅛| 24⅛| 24¾| 27⅞| 4 AA. | 28⅜ | 31⅝| 49 | 39⅞| 33 | 36¼‖|35¼| 30⅝| 29 | 33⅝| 33⅛| 34¾| +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Means | 27½ | 28⅜| 42¼| 36⅛| 28¾| 29⅝| 27½| 21⅞| 21¼| 27⅞| 27⅝| 30 | +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 1 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | | +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Means | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 1 C. | 24⅝ | 26⅞| 43¼| 36⅛| 26 | 33⅛‖ 30¾| 26⅞| 17⅞| 27⅞| 26 | 28⅝| 2 C. | 23¾ | 25⅝| 44⅛| 36⅛| 31½| 33⅛‖ 33⅞| 28¾| 20⅝| 30⅜| 27¼| 30⅛| 3 C. | 21⅞ | 25¼| 41¼| 35⅞| 26½| 30⅞‖ 30¾| 25⅝| 20⅛| 30¾| 23⅞| 29⅞| 4 C. | 24⅛ | 27½| 42⅛| 37⅝| 30½| 33⅛‖ 35 | 29½| 22¾| 31 | 28⅞| 30¾| +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Means | 23½ | 26¼| 42¾| 36½| 28⅝| 32⅝| 32⅝| 27¾| 20⅜| 30 | 26½| 29⅞| +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 1 N. |}(15¼){| 23⅛| 33⅜| 27 | 19⅝| 24⅝| 20⅛| 18¾| 16¾| 27¼| 24¼| 30¼| 2 N. |} {| 25⅜| 38¼| 33¼| 28¾| 32 ‖ 23⅝| 21¼| 18⅝| 29⅝| 24¾| 29⅞| | | | | | | | | | | | | | M. | | | ‖ 15¼| 10⅝| 10⅜ ‖12⅜| 10⅞| 7¼| 15⅛| 14½| 19½| 5 O. | (25⅛) ‖ 15¾| 20¼| 14⅝| 10⅜| 13¼ ‖12½| 10½| 6⅞| 17½| 10½| 15¼| 5 A. | 25⅛ | 24 | 35¾| 31 | 22¾| 27⅝ ‖28⅝| 26⅛| 25½| 31⅞| 31⅝| 34 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6{1 | 17⅛ | 16½| 22½| 18½| 9¼| 16⅛| 12 | 11¼| 7½| 9⅞| 10⅜| 13½| {2 | 14⅛ | 15⅞| 20¾| 16¾| 9½| 14⅝| 11⅜| 10 | 7¾| 10 | 11⅝| 14⅜| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | 18½ | 22¾| 37¼| 27½| 19¾| 23⅝| 31⅜| 28½| 25⅜| 31⅝| 34¼| 33⅛| ------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+

1st ten: First ten Years, 1852-’61.
2nd ten: Second ten Years, 1862-’71.
Total Period: Total Period 20 Years, 1852-’71.

---------------------------------------++----------------------++------ Harvests || Average Annual. || ----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++ | | | | | | | || 1st | 2nd |Total || 1864|1865|1866|1867|1868|1869|1870|1871|| ten | ten |Period ||Plots ----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------ cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|| cwts. | cwts.| cwts. || 12¾| 8⅛| 9½| 10¼| 11⅝| 11 | 6⅝| 11 || 13⅜ | 10¼ |11¾ ||1 O. 15⅝| 9⅛| 12⅝| 12¼| 9⅜| 10⅜| 8 | 12¼|| 14⅞ | 11⅞ |13⅜ ||2 O. 13⅝| 9¾| 10¼| 10⅛| 8⅝| 11 | 8½| 11¼|| 13⅞ | 10¾ |12¼ ||3 O. 16¾| 10 | 12⅞| 12 | 10⅛| 12⅞| 9⅜| 14 || 16⅛ | 12⅝ |14⅜ ||4 O. ----+----+----+---------+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------ 14⅝| 9¼| 11¼| 11⅛| 9⅞| 11¼| 8⅛| 12⅛|| 14½ | 11⅜ |12⅞ ||Means ----+----+----+---------+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------ 20⅜| 13 | 15⅜| 17¼| 12¼| 18¼| 12½| 23⅛|| 19¾ | 17⅜ |18½ ||1 A. 32½| 21⅝| 28⅛| 28⅝| 19⅜| 32 | 17⅞| 28⅛|| 27⅞ | 27½ |27⅝ ||2 A. 19¼| 16 | 16¾| 19⅜| 14⅞| 20¾| 15 | 25⅜|| 21⅞ | 19¾ |20¾ ||3 A. 34⅞| 22½| 27⅜| 25½| 20⅞| 34⅜| 18⅝| 32½|| 28⅞ | 28 |28½ ||4 A. ----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------ 26¾| 18¼| 21¾| 22⅝| 16¾| 26⅜| 16 | 27¼|| 24½ | 23⅛ |23¾ ||Means ----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------ 23¼| 16 | 17¾| 17⅛‖ 14½| 21½| 17⅞| 26¾|| 24 | 20⅛ |22⅛ ||1 AA. 33⅛| 23 | 28⅛| 30⅞‖ 21⅞| 34⅞| 23¾| 32⅛|| 31⅞ | 29⅛ |30½ ||2 AA. 26⅞| 17 | 18⅛| 20¾‖ 16¼| 22¾| 20⅞| 25⅜|| 25¾ | 22¼ |24 ||3 AA. 37¼| 24⅞| 28¼| 28⅜‖ 25⅝| 38⅛| 18¼| 32⅝|| 34¾ | 30⅛ |32⅜ ||4 AA. ----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------ 30⅛| 20¼| 23⅛| 24¼| 19⅝| 29¼| 20¼| 29¼|| 29 | 25⅜ |27¼ ||Means +---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------ ‖26⅛| 22⅜| 20⅝| 18½‖ 16⅞| 23¾| 17 | 29¾|| {21⅞| 21⅞ |21⅞} ||1 AAS. ‖33½| 23¼| 30¼| 29½‖ 25¼| 37⅛| 20⅛| 36⅛||[1]{29⅛| 29⅝ |29⅜}[1]||2 AAS. ‖30¼| 20⅜| 25 | 23⅜‖ 22 | 30⅝| 20½| 31⅛|| {24¾| 26⅛ |25⅜} ||3 AAS. ‖40¾| 25½| 29½| 28¼‖ 26⅝| 42½| 20¾| 38 || {31 | 32 |31½} ||4 AAS. +---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------ 32⅝| 22⅞| 26⅜| 24⅞| 22⅝| 33½| 19⅝| 33¾|| 26⅝ | 27⅜ |27 ||Means ----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------ 26⅛| 21½| 24⅛| 25½| 19⅛| 27 | 17¼| 27½|| 29⅜ | 24¼ |26⅞ ||1 C. 31⅞| 21⅞| 24½| 25⅝| 19⅝| 33⅛| 17⅞| 27⅞|| 30⅞ | 26 |28⅜ ||2 C. 31 | 22 | 24⅜| 22¼| 10¾| 30½| 18⅜| 30⅞|| 28⅞ | 25¼ |27⅛ ||3 C. 34⅞| 22 | 27⅝| 24¼| 21⅛| 35⅛| 20⅜| 32 || 31¼ | 27¾ |29½ ||4 C. ----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------ 31 | 21⅞| 25⅛| 24⅜| 19⅞| 31⅜| 18½| 29⅝|| 30⅛ | 25¾ |28 ||Means ----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------ 24⅛| 18½| 21⅛| 21⅛| 18⅞| 24 | 13¼| 29¼||[2]{23⅜| 22½ |22⅞}[2]||1 N. 27¾| 21½| 23⅞| 21¾| 17⅛| 27⅝| 19⅛| 31½|| {27⅞| 24½ |26⅛} ||2 N. | | | | | | | || | | || 13⅞| 9⅜| 12⅜| 12 | 10⅛| 11⅝| 8⅞| 14¾||[3](11¾| 12¾ |12⅜)[3]|| M. 14⅞| 10¾| 10⅝| 10⅜| 8½| 15½| 4⅜| 13⅛||[4](13⅝| 11⅜ |12⅜)[4]||5 O. 33⅞| 24⅞| 28 | 22⅜| 20⅝| 36⅛| 21⅜| 29⅝|| 27⅞| 28¼ |28 ||5 A. | | | | | | | || | | || 13⅝| 8¾| 10½| 9⅜| 10½| 9⅞| 7¾| 13 || 14 | 10¾ |12⅜ ||1}6 13⅞| 8⅞| 9½| 10⅞| 10⅞| 10⅜| 7⅞| 13⅝|| 13 | 11¼ |12⅛ ||2} | | | | | | | || | | || 37⅜| 25⅜| 31½| 27⅛| 24½| 28¾| 19¾| 37⅛|| 26⅝| 29⅞ |28¼ || 7 ----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------

[Note 1: Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.]

[Note 2: Averages of 9 years, (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]

[Note 3: Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total
17 years.]

[Note 4: Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]

The produce of barley the first season (1852), was, per acre:

On the unmanured plot 27¼ bushels
With superphosphate of lime 28⅝ ”
” potash, soda, and magnesia 26¼ ”
” ” ” ” and superphosphate 32¾ ”
” 14 tons barn-yard manure 33 ”
” 200 lbs. ammonia-salts alone 36⅞ ”
” ” ” and superphosphate 38⅝ ”
” ” ” and potash, soda, and magnesia 36 ”
” ” ” and superphosphate, potash,
soda, and magnesia 40¾ ”
” 400 lbs. ammonia-salts alone 44½ ”

The 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts contain 50 lbs. of ammonia = 41 lbs. nitrogen.

It will be seen that this 50 lbs. of ammonia alone, on plot 1_a_, gives an increase of nearly 10 bushels per acre, or to be more accurate, it gives an increase over the unmanured plot of 503 lbs. of grain, and 329 lbs. of straw, while double the quantity of ammonia on plot 1_a.a._, gives an increase of 17¼ bushels per acre--or an increase of 901 lbs. of grain, and 1,144 lbs. of straw.

“Put that fact in separate lines, side by side,” said the Deacon, “so
that we can see it.”
Total
Grain Straw Produce.
50 lbs. of ammonia gives an increase of 503 lbs. 704 lbs. 1207 lbs.
100 ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 901 ” 1144 ” 2045 ”
The first 50 lbs. of ammonia gives an
increase of 503 ” 704 ” 1207 ”
The second 50 lbs. of ammonia gives an
increase of 398 ” 540 ” 738 ”

“That shows,” said the Deacon, “that a dressing of 50 lbs. per acre pays better than a dressing of 100 lbs. per acre. I wish Mr. Lawes had sown 75 lbs. on one plot.”

I wish so, too, but it is quite probable that in our climate, 50 lbs. of available ammonia per acre is all that it will usually be profitable to apply per acre to the barley crop. It is equal to a dressing of 500 lbs. guaranteed Peruvian guano, or 275 lbs. nitrate of soda. --“Or to how much manure?” asked the Deacon.

To about 5 tons of average stable-manure, or say three tons of good, well-rotted manure from grain-fed animals.

“And yet,” said the Deacon, “Mr. Lawes put on 14 tons of yard manure per acre, and the yield of barley was not as much as from the 50 lbs. of ammonia alone. How do you account for that?”

Simply because the ammonia in the manure is _not_ ammonia. It is what the chemists used to call “potential ammonia.” A good deal of it is in the form of undigested straw and hay. The nitrogenous matter of the food which has been digested by the animal and thrown off in the liquid excrements, is in such a form that it will readily ferment and produce ammonia, while the nitrogenous matter in the undigested food and in the straw used for bedding, decomposes slowly even under the most favorable conditions; and if buried while fresh in a clay soil, it probably would not all decompose in many years. But we will not discuss this at present.

“The superphosphate does not seem to have done much good,” said the Deacon; “3½ cwt. per acre gives an increase of less than two bushels per acre. And I suppose it was _good_ superphosphate.”

There need be no doubt on that point. Better superphosphate of lime cannot be made. But you must recollect that this is pure superphosphate made from burnt bones. It contains no ammonia or organic matter. Commercial superphosphates contain more or less ammonia, and had they been used in these experiments, they would have shown a better result than the pure article. They would have done good in proportion to the available nitrogen they contained. If these experiments prove anything, they clearly indicate that superphosphate alone is a very poor manure for either wheat or barley.

The _second_ year, the unmanured plot gave 25¾ bushels per acre. Potash, soda, and magnesia, (or what the Deacon calls “ashes,”) 27⅝ bushels; superphosphate 33½, and “ashes” and superphosphate, nearly 36 bushels per acre.

50 lbs. of ammonia, alone, gives nearly 39 bushels, and ammonia and superphosphate together, 40 bushels.

The superphosphate and “ashes” give a better account of themselves this year; but it is remarkable that the ammonia alone, gives almost as good a crop as the ammonia and superphosphate, and a _better_ crop than the ammonia and “ashes,” or the ammonia, superphosphate, and ashes, together.

The 14 tons farm-yard manure gives over 36 bushels per acre. This plot has now had 28 tons of manure per acre, yet the 50 lbs. of ammonia alone, still gives a better yield than this heavy dressing of manure.

The _third_ season (1854), was quite favorable for the ripening of wheat and barley. The seed on the experimental barley-field, was sown Feb. 24, and the harvest was late; so that the crop had an unusually long season for growth. It was one of the years when even poor land, if clean, gives a good crop. The unmanured plot, it will be seen, yielded over 35 bushels per acre of dressed grain, weighing over 53½ lbs. per bushel. The total weight of grain, was 1,963 lbs. This is over 40 bushels per acre, of 48 lbs. per bushel, which is the standard with us.

The 14 tons of farm-yard manure produce nearly 56½ bushels per acre.

50 lbs. of ammonia, on plot 1_a._ 47¾ bushels per acre.
100 ” ” ” ” ” 1_a.a._ 56⅝ ” ”

You will see, that though the plot which has received 42 tons of manure
per acre, produced a splendid crop; the plot having nothing except 100
lbs. of ammonia per acre, produced a crop equally good. “How much
increase do you get from 50 lbs. of ammonia,” asked the Deacon, “and how
much from 100 lbs.?”
Equal Amer.
Grain. Straw. Bushels.
50 lbs. of ammonia,
gives an increase of 800 lbs. 952 lbs. 16⅔ bush.
100 ” ” ”
” ” ” ” 1,350 ” 2,100 ” 28 ”

If you buy nitrate of soda at 3¾ cents a lb., the ammonia will cost 20 cents a lb. In the above experiment, 50 lbs. of ammonia, costing $10, gives an increase of 16⅔ bushels of barley, and nearly half a ton of straw. If the straw is worth $4.00 per ton, the barley will cost 48 cents a bushel.

Double the quantity of manure, costing $20, gives an increase of 28 bushels of barley, and over one ton of straw. In this case the extra barley costs 57 cents a bushel.

On plot 2_a._, 50 lbs. of ammonia and 3½ cwt. of superphosphate, give 3,437 lbs. of grain, equal to 71½ of our bushels per acre.

On plot 2_a.a._, 100 lbs. of ammonia and 3½ cwt. of superphosphate, give 3,643 lbs. of grain, which lacks only 5 lbs. of 76 bushels per acre, and nearly 2½ tons of straw.

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Talks on ManuresChapter XXIX: Manures for Barley (1)

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