Chapter XLIX: Appendix: Letter from Edward Jessop, York, Pa (2)

------------+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+---- Name of | | | | | | | | | | | | Fertilizer. | W | OS | A | N | P | S | L | M | PhA| SA |S&S |C&F ------------+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+---- I.--Animal Excrements. | | | | | | | | | (In 1000 parts of Manure.) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fresh Fæces:| | | | | | | | | | | | Horse |757 |211 | 31.6| 4.4| 3.5| 0.6| 1.5|1.2| 3.5| 0.6|19.6| 0.2 Cattle |838 |145 | 17.2| 2.9| 1.0| 0.2| 3.4|1.3| 1.7| 0.4| 7.2| 0.2 Sheep |655 |314 | 31.1| 5.5| 1.5| 1.0| 4.6|1.5| 3.1| 1.4|17.5| 0.3 Swine |820 |150 | 30.0| 6.0| 2.6| 2.5| 0.9|1.0| 4.1| 0.4|15.0| 0.3 Fresh Urine: | | | | | | | | | | | Horse |901 | 71 | 28.0|15.5|15.0| 2.5| 4.5|2.4| .. | 0.6| 0.8| 1.5 Cattle |938 | 35 | 27.4| 5.8| 4.9| 6.4| 0.1|0.4| .. | 1.3| 0.3| 3.8 Sheep |872 | 83 | 45.2|19.5|22.6| 5.4| 1.6|3.4| 0.1| 3.0| 0.1| 6.5 Swine |967 | 28 | 15.0| 4.3| 8.3| 2.1| .. |0.8| 0.7| 0.8| .. | 2.3 Fresh Dung (with straw:)* | | | | | | | | | Horse |713 |254 | 32.6| 5.8| 5.3| 1.0| 2.1|1.4| 2.8| 0.7|17.7| 0.4 Cattle |775 |203 | 21.8| 3.4| 4.0| 1.4| 3.1|1.1| 1.6| 0.6| 8.5| 1.0 Sheep |646 |318 | 35.6| 8.3| 6.7| 2.2| 3.3|1.8| 2.3| 1.5|14.7| 1.7 Swine |724 |250 | 25.6| 4.5| 6.0| 2.0| 0.8|0.9| 1.9| 0.8|10.8| 1.7 Common Barn-yard Manure: | | | | | | | | | Fresh |710 |246 | 44.1| 4.5| 5.2| 1.5| 5.7|1.4| 2.1| 1.2|12.5| 1.5 Moderately| | | | | | | | | | | | rotted |750 |192 | 58.0| 5.0| 6.3| 1.9| 7.0|1.8| 2.6| 1.6|16.8| 1.9 Thoroughly| | | | | | | | | | | | rotted |790 |145 | 65.0| 5.8| 5.0| 1.3| 8.8|1.8| 3.0| 1.3|17.0| 1.6 Drainage from Barn-yard | | | | | | | | | Manure |982 | 7 | 10.7| 1.5| 4.9| 1.0| 0.3|0.4| 0.1| 0.7| 0.2| 1.2 Human Fæces,| | | | | | | | | | | | fresh |772 |198 | 29.9|10.0| 2.5| 1.6| 6.2|3.6|10.9| 0.8| 1.9| 0.4 ” Urine,| | | | | | | | | | | | ” |963 | 24 | 13.5| 6.0| 2.0| 4.6| 0.2|0.2| 1.7| 0.4| .. | 5.0 Mixed human excrements, | | | | | | | | | fresh |933 | 51 | 16.0| 7.0| 2.1| 3.8| 0.9|0.6| 2.6| 0.5| 0.2| 4.0 Mixed human excrements, mostly | | | | | | | | liquid |955 | 30 | 15.0| 3.5| 2.0| 3.0| 1.0|0.6| 2.8| 0.4| 0.2| 4.3 Dove Manure,| | | | | | | | | | | | fresh |519 |308 |173.0|17.6|10.0| 0.7|16.0|5.0|17.8| 3.3|20.2| .. Hen ” ” |560 |255 |185.0|16.3| 8.5| 1.0|24.0|7.4|15.4| 4.5|35.2| .. Duck ” ” |566 |262 |172.0|10.0| 6.2| 0.5|17.0|3.5|14.0| 3.5|28.0| .. Geese ” ” |771 |134 | 95.0| 5.5| 9.5| 1.3| 8.4|2.0| 5.4| 1.4|14.0| .. | | | | | | | | | | | | II.--Commercial Manures. | | | | | | | | | (In 100 parts of Fertilizer.) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Peruvian | | | | | | | | | | | | Guano |14.8|51.4| 33.8|13.0| 2.3| 1.4|11.0|1.2|13.0| 1.0| 1.7| 1.3 Norway | | | | | | | | | | | | Fish-Guano|12.6|53.4| 34.0| 9.0| 0.3| 0.9|15.4|0.6|13.5| 0.3| 1.6| 1.1 Poudrette |24.0|27.0| 49.0| 2.0| 0.9| 1.0|18.6|0.5| 2.1| 1.0| 5.4| 1.5 Pulverized Dead | | | | | | | | | | | Animals | 5.7|56.9| 37.4| 6.5| 0.3| 0.8|18.2|0.4|13.9| 1.0| 1.7| 0.2 Flesh-Meal |27.8|56.6| 15.6| 9.7| .. | .. | 7.0|0.3| 6.3| 0.1| 1.1| .. Dried Blood |14.0|79.0| 7.0|11.7| 0.7| 0.6| 0.7|0.1| 1.0| 0.4| 2.1| 0.4 Horn-Meal and | | | | | | | | | | | Shavings| 8.5|68.5| 25.0|10.2| .. | .. | 6.6|0.3| 5.5| 0.9|11.0| .. Bone-Meal | 6.0|33.3| 60.7| 3.8| 0.2| 0.3|31.3|1.0|23.2| 0.1| 3.5| 0.3 Bone-Meal from solid | | | | | | | | | | parts | 5.0|31.5| 63.5| 3.5| 0.1| 0.2|33.0|1.0|25.2| 0.1| 3.0| 0.2 Bone-Meal from soft | | | | | | | | | | parts | 7.0|37.3| 55.7| 4.0| 0.2| 0.3|29.0|1.0|20.0| 0.1| 3.5| 0.2 Bone-black, before | | | | | | | | | | used | 6.0|10.0| 84.0| 1.0| 0.1| 0.3|43.0|1.1|32.0| 0.4| 5.0| .. Bone-black, | | | | | | | | | | | | spent |10.0| 6.0| 84.0| 0.5| 0.1| 0.2|37.0|1.1|26.0| 0.4|15.0| .. Bone ash | 6.0| 3.0| 91.0| .. | 0.3| 0.6|46.0|1.2|35.4| 0.4| 6.5| .. Baker Guano |10.0| 9.2| 81.0| 0.5| 0.2| 1.2|41.5|1.5|34.8| 1.5| 0.8| 0.3 Jarvis Guano|11.8| 8.2| 80.0| 0.4| 0.4| 0.3|39.1|0.5|20.6|18.0| 0.5| 0.2 Estremadura | | | | | | | | | | | | Apatite | 0.6| .. | .. | .. | 0.7| 0.3|48.1|0.1|37.6| 0.2| 9.0| 1.5 Sombrero | | | | | | | | | | | | Phosphate | 8.5| .. | 91.5| 0.1| .. | 0.8|43.5|0.6|35.0| 0.5| 1.0| 0.6 Navassa | | | | | | | | | | | | Phosphate | 2.6| 5.4| 92.0| 0.1| .. | .. |37.5|0.6|33.2| 0.5| 5.0| 0.1 Nassau Phosphorite, | | | | | | | | | | rich | 2.6| .. | 97.4| .. | 0.8| 0.4|45.1|0.2|33.0| 0.3| 5.5| 3.1 Nassau Phosphorite, | | | | | | | | | | medium | 2.5| .. | 97.5| .. | 0.7| 0.4|40.1|0.2|24.1| .. |20.8| 1.5 Westphalian Phos-| | | | | | | | | | | phorite | 6.5| 1.6| 91.8| .. | .. | .. |21.8|0.9|19.7| 1.0|22.0| 1.6 Hanover Phos- | | | | | | | | | | | phorite | 2.0| 3.5| 94.5| .. | .. | .. |37.2|0.2|29.2| 0.5| 3.3| 1.5 Coprolites | 4.3| .. | 95.7| .. | 1.0| 0.5|45.4|1.0|26.4| 0.8| 7.5| 0.1 Sulphate of | | | | | | | | | | | | Ammonia | 4.0| .. | .. |20.0| .. | .. | 0.5| ..| .. |58.0| 3.0| 1.4 Nitrate of | | | | | | | | | | | | Soda | 2.6| .. | .. |15.5| .. |35.0| 0.2| ..| .. | 0.7| 1.5| 1.7 Wool-dust and | | | | | | | | | | | offal |10.0|56.0| 34.0| 5.2| 0.3| 0.1| 1.4|0.3| 1.3| 0.5|29.0| 0.2 Lime-cake | 6.5|47.0| 46.5| 3.1| .. | .. |20.5|2.4| 3.0| .. | 8.0| .. Whale-oil | | | | | | | | | | | | refuse |23.0|68.4| 8.6| 5.7| .. | .. | 3.0|0.2| 2.3| .. | 3.0| .. Common Salt | 5.0| .. | 95.0| .. | .. |44.3| 1.2|0.2| .. | 1.4| 2.0|48.2 Gypsum or | | | | | | | | | | | | Plaster |20.0| .. | 80.8| .. | .. | .. |31.0|0.1| .. |44.0| 4.0| .. Gas-lime | 7.0| 1.3| 91.7| 0.4| 0.2| .. |64.5|1.5| .. |12.5| 3.0| .. Sugar-House | | | | | | | | | | | | Scum |34.5|24.5| 41.0| 1.2| 0.2| 0.6|20.7|0.3| 1.5| 0.3| 9.1| 0.1 Leached wood| | | | | | | | | | | | ashes |20.0| 5.0| 75.0| .. | 2.5| 1.3|24.5|2.5| 6.0| 0.3|20.0| .. Wood-soot | 5.0|71.8| 23.2| 1.3| 2.4| 0.5|10.0|1.5| 0.4| 0.3| 4.0| .. Coal-soot | 5.0|70.2| 24.8| 2.5| 0.1| .. | 4.0|1.5| .. | 1.7|16.0| .. Ashes from Deciduous | | | | | | | | | | trees | 5.0| 5.0| 90.0| .. |10.0| 2.5|30.0|5.0| 6.5| 1.6|18.0| 0.3 Ashes from Evergreen | | | | | | | | | | trees | 5.0| 5.0| 90.0| .. | 6.0| 2.0|35.0|6.0| 4.5| 1.6|18.0| 0.3 Peat-ashes | 5.0| .. | 95.0| .. | 1.5| 0.8| ? |1.5| 0.6| 1.3| ? | 0.2 Bituminous | | | | | | | | | | | | coal-ashes| 5.0| .. | 95.0| .. | 0.5| 0.4| ? |3.2| 0.2| 3.5| ? | .. Anthracite | | | | | | | | | | | | coal-ashes| 5.0| 5.0| 90.0| .. | 0.1| 0.1| ? |3.0| 0.1| 5.0| ? | .. | | | | | | | | | | | | III. Superphosphate, from | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Peruvian | | | | | | | | | | | | Guano |16.0|41.9| 42.1|10.0| 2.0| 1.2| 9.5|1.0|10.5|15.0| 1.5| 1.1 Baker Guano |15.0| 6.2| 78.8| 0.3| 0.1| 0.8|25.9|0.9|21.8|28.5| 0.9| 0.2 Estremadura | | | | | | | | | | | | Apatite |15.0| .. | 85.0| .. | 0.4| 0.2|28.2|0.1|22.1|28.5| 5.3| 0.9 Sombrero | | | | | | | | | | | | Phosphate |15.0| .. | 85.0| .. | .. | 0.5|26.4|0.4|20.2|25.5| 0.6| 0.4 Navassa | | | | | | | | | | | | Phosphate |15.0| 2.5| 82.5| .. | .. | ? |17.0|0.3|15.4|19.5| 2.3| ? Nassau Phosphorite, | | | | | | | | | | rich |15.0| .. |85.0 | .. | 0.5| 0.2|26.5|0.1|19.4|25.5| 3.2| 1.8 Nassau Phosphorite, | | | | | | | | | | medium |12.0| .. |88.0 | .. | 0.3| 0.1|24.2|0.1|16.6|19.5|13.5| 1.3 Bone-black |15.0| 8.0|77.0 | 0.3| .. | 0.1|25.0|0.7|16.2|21.0| 9.3| .. Bone-Meal |13.0|23.8|63.2 | 2.0| 0.1| 0.2|22.4|0.7|16.6|19.5| 2.5| 0.2 Phospho-guano (manu- | | | | | | | | | | factured.)|15.5|13.0|80.3 | 3.3| 0.3| 0.4|24.0| ..|20.5|28.8| 3.0| 0.9 ------------+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+----

* It is estimated that in the case of horses, cattle, and swine,
one-third of the urine drains away. The following is the amount of
wheat-straw used daily as bedding for each animal. Horse, 6 lbs.;
Cattle, 8 lbs.; Swine, 4 lbs., and sheep, 0.6 lbs.

2.--TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF INGREDIENTS IN SOME
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.

DS Dry Substance.
N Nitrogen.
A Ash.
P Potash.
L Lime.
M Magnesia.
PhA Phosphoric Acid.

----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----- Name of Material. | DS | N | A | P | L | M | PhA ----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----- 1.--Brewing. | lbs.| lbs.| lbs.| lbs.| lbs.| lbs.| lbs. 1000 lbs. Barley, contain |855 | 15.2|22.23|4.48 |0.58 |1.92 |7.71 15 ” Hops ” | 13.2| .. | 1.00|0.345|0.167|0.056|0.168 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | Water | .. | .. | 1.23|0.852|0.039|0.045|0.234 Malt-Sprouts | 33 | 1.38| 2.43|0.749|0.069|0.066|0.653 Brewers’ Grains |269 | 8.74|13.08|0.580|1.474|1.134|3.631 Spent Hops | 9 | .. | 0.54|0.032|0.160|0.055|0.062 Yeast | 30 | 2.94| 2.27|0.643|0.097|0.185|1.349 Beer | .. | 2.14| 3.65|1.998| .. |0.484|0.939 | | | | | | | 2.--Distillery. | | | | | | | a. 1000 lbs. Potatoes, | | | | | | | contain |250 | 3.2 | 9.43|5.69 | 0.24|0.44 |1.63 40 ” Kiln-Malt | 37 | 0.56| 1.06|0.184|0.040|0.088|0.388 20 ” Yeast-Malt | 18.5| 0.28| 0.53|0.092|0.020|0.044|0.194 The Slump, contains |125 | 4.04|11.02|5.966|0.300|0.572|2.212 (b.) Grain Spirits. | | | | | | | 800 lbs. Rye, contain |684 |14.08|14.32|4.501|0.376|1.648|6.710 200 ” Kiln-Malt, contain |184 | 2.82| 5.12|0.883|0.195|0.429|1.526 50 ” Yeast-Malt, ” | 46 | 0.71| 1.28|0.221|0.049|0.107|0.382 The Slump, contains |443 |17.61|20.72|5.605|0.620|2.184|8.618 | | | | | | | 3.--Yeast Manufacture. | | | | | | | 700 lbs. bruised Rye, | | | | | | | contain |599 |12.32|12.53|3.941|0.329|1.444|5.876 300 ” Barley-Malt, ” |276 | 4.23| 7.67|1.325|0.293|0.643|2.801 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | Yeast | 45 | 4.60| 3.41|1.273|0.192|0.367|2.672 Grains and Slump |325 |11.95|16.79|3.993|0.430|1.720|6.005 | | | | | | | 4.--Starch Manufacture. | | | | | | | 1000 lbs. Potatoes, contain |250 | 3.20| 9.43|5.69 |0.24 |0.44 |1.63 The remains in the Fibre | 75 | 0.60| 0.51|0.086|0.266|0.042|0.133 ” ” ” Water | 45 | 2.60| 8.89|5.604| .. |0.398|1.497 | | | | | | | 5.--Milling. | | | | | | | 1000 lbs. Wheat, contain |857 |20.80|16.88|5.26 |0.57 |2.02 |7.94 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | Flour (77.5 per cent) |664 |14.65| 5.50|1.980|0.154|0.458|2.862 Mill-feed ( 6.5 ” ) | 58 | 1.64| 1.80|0.648|0.050|0.148|0.936 Bran (16.0 ” ) |135 | 4.51| 9.60|2.762|0.396|1.394|4.102 | | | | | | | 6.--Cheese-Making. | | | | | | | 1000 lbs. Milk, contain |125 | 4.80| 6.10|1.505|1.333|0.186|1.735 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | Cheese | 65 | 4.53| 2.84|0.247|0.687|0.028|1.515 Whey | 60 | 0.27| 3.26|1.258|0.646|0.158|0.584 | | | | | | | 7.--Beet-Sugar Manufacture. | | | | | | 1000 lbs. Roots, contain |184 | 1.60| 7.10|3.914|0.379|0.536|0.780 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | Tops and Tails (12 per cent | | | | | | | of roots) | 19 | 0.24| 1.15|0.336|0.108|0.132|0.144 Pomace (15 per cent | | | | | | | of roots) | 46 | 0.44| 1.71|0.585|0.390|0.105|0.165 Skimmings (4 per cent | | | | | | | of roots) | 24 | 0.60| 1.20|0.380|8.640|0.240|0.384 Molasses (3 per cent | | | | | | | of roots) | 25 | 0.32| 2.47|1.741|0.141|0.009|0.015 Sugar and loss | 85 | .. | 0.57|0.872| .. |0.040|0.072 | | | | | | | 8. Flax Dressing. | | | | | | | 1000 lbs. Flax-Stalks, | | | | | | | contain |860 | .. |30.36|9.426|6.751|1.995|3.990 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | In the Water |215 | .. |25.15|9.175|4.100|1.850|3.400 Stems or Husks |460 | .. | 4.03|0.171|2.052|0.096|0.474 Flax and Tow |155 | .. | 1.22|0.054|0.648|0.054|0.126 ----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----

INDEX.

Absorptive Powers of Soils, 217
Ammonia Absorbed by Soil from the Atmosphere, 219
Ammonia and Superphosphate, 242
” and Weeds, 254
” Converted into Nitric Acid in the Soil, 313
” for Oats, 253-254
” for Potatoes, 261
” for Wheat, 192-213
” in Fresh Horse-dung, 96
” in Limed and Unlimed Soils, 220
” in the Soil Liberated by Lime, 221
” Locked Up in the Soil, 221
” Loss of by Fermenting Manure, 98
” on Grass Land, 273
” Potential, 31
” Quantity of to Produce One Bushel of Wheat, 211-212
” Required to Produce a Bushel of Barley, 240-242
” Retained by the Soil, 218
” Salts, Composition of, 312
” ” How to Apply, 286-312
” ” for Private Gardens, 297
Anderson, J. M. B., Letter from, 345
Animals, Composition of Manure from Different, 306
” What They Remove from the Food, 301
Apple Trees, Nitrate of Soda for, 314
Artificial Manures, Will They Pay, 214
Ashes, Burnt Earth, 72
” Coal, 72
” for Barley, 241
” for Indian Corn, 279
” for Oats, 253
” for Potatoes, 259
” of Manure for Wheat, 173
” on Long Island, 346
” Plaster and Hen-dung for Potatoes, 255
” Wood, 104

Barley After Ten Crops of Turnips, 250
” a Large Yield of, 242
” and Clover after a heavily-manured Root-crop, 287
” Best Soil for, 227
” Cost of Raising With and Without Manure, 245
” Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on, 227
” Potash Increases the Crop of at Rothamsted, 329
” Profits of Raising in Poor Seasons, 243
” Quality and Price of, 242
” Yield Per Acre, 11
Barn-yard Manure, Difference in Quality of, 246
Bean-straw for Manure, 48
Beets, Sugar, Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on, 288
” ” Manure for, 286
Blood, 32
Bone-dust, 314
” ” Composition of Compared with Stable Manure, 316
” ” Fermented with Manure, 316
” ” Made into Superphosphate, 319
” ” on Dairy Farms, 315
Bones as Manure, 102
Bran, 26
” for Manure, 102
” Richer in Plant-food than Wheat, 301
Brewer, Prof. W. H., Letter from, 341

Cabbage and Barn-yard Manure, Composition of, 292
” Composition of, 290-292
” Hog and Cow Manure for, 302
” Lime for, 292
” Manure for, 275-290
” Manure for Early and Late, 291
” Needs a Large Supply of Nitrogen in the Soil.
Though it Removes but Little, 293
” Potash for, 292
” Special Manure for, 323
” Yield of per Acre, 291
Cattle vs. Sheep as Manure-makers, 303
Cheese, from a Ton of Hay, 111
” Plant-food in, 101
” versus Beef, 110
Clay Retains Ammonia, 219
Clover and Indian Corn, 275
” as a Renovating and Exhausting Crop, 277
” as Manure, 119-122
” as Manure for Wheat, 158
” Does it Get Nitrogen from the Atmosphere, 133-138
” Dr. Vœlcker’s Experiments on, 135
” for Wheat, 126
” Gathers Up Manure from the Sub-soil, 287
” Hay, Composition of, 129-137
” Hay, English and German, for Manure, 47
” How to Make a Farm Rich by Growing, 133-163
” Letting it Rot on the Surface as Manure, 134
” Nitrogen as a Manure for, 141
” Pasturing by Sheep versus Mowing for Hay, 137
” Plowing Under versus Feeding Out, 123
” Roots, Amount of per Acre, 143-144-155
” Roots, Composition of, 145-147
” Seed, Amount of Roots per Acre, 162
” Water Evaporated by, 132
” Why it Enriches Land, 131
Coal-ashes to Mix with Artificial Manures, 312
Composting Cow-manure with Muck, Leaves, etc, 302
Compost of Stable-manure and Earth, 342
Corn, as a Renovating Crop, 275
” Ashes for, 279
” Barn-yard Manure for, 284
” Cost of Raising, 9
” Crop, Composition of, 25
” Experiments on, 279
” Guano for, 279-284
” Manure for, 275
” Meal for Manure, 185
” Superphosphate for, 279-284
” Fodder, 275
” ” vs. Mangel-wurzels, 288
” ” Plaster for, 277
” ” vs. Wheat, Yield per acre, 276
Cotton-seed Cake, 46-339
Cow-manure, 86-100
” ” and How to Use it, 302
” ” Composition of, 306
Cows, Feeding Grain to, 110-113
” Feeding in Winter for Manure, 256
Crops Best to Apply Manure to, 265
” How to Get Larger, 28-36
” Raised and Sold from the Farm, 27
” Rotation of, 116-168
” We Must Raise Larger per Acre, 266
” Why so Poor, 28

Dairy Farms, Bone-dust on, 315 Drainage from Barn-yard, 306 Dry Earth for Pig Pens, 304

Earth-closet Manure, 310
” ” ” on Grass, 225

Fallow, Fall, 12
” for Wheat, How to--Mr. Lawes’ Experiments, 35
” Summer, for Wheat, 15-34
Farm Dairy, Receipts and Expenses of, 109
” Hon. George Geddes’, 119
” Hon. Joseph Shull’s, 109
” John Johnston’s, 76-81-120
” Mr. Dewey’s, 39
” Mr. Joseph O. Sheldon’s, 15
” to Restore a Worn Out, 37
Farming, a Poor Business, 9
” Difference Between High and Good, 11
” Faith in Good, 14
” Good Does Not Lead to Over Production, 14
” Slow Work, 17
Fermenting Manure to Kill Weed-Seeds, 97
Fish as Manure, 347
Food, Nothing Added to it by the Animal, 42

Gardens, Manure for Private, 296
Geddes, Hon. George, 17-117
Grains, Malt, English and German, 47
Grass a Saving’s Bank, 41
” Importance of Rich, 113
” Manure for, 120
Guano as a Top-dressing for Wheat, 270
” for Barley, 240
” for Oats, 253
” for Peas, 17
” for Potatoes, 255-258
” on Wheat, 120-180-184
” Peruvian, Composition of, 311
” ” for Onions, 294
” ” Price and Composition of Now
and 30 Y’rs Ago, 327
” ” Rectified for Turnips, 286
” ” What it is, 311
Gypsum, 104-116-126
” for Oats, 254
” for Peas, 17
” for Potatoes, 255-259

Harison, T. L., Letter from, 115 Hay, Best Manure for, 274 ” Plant-food in, 101 Heacock, Joseph, Letter from, 348 Henderson, Peter, Letter from, 344 Hen Manure, 43-104-301 ” ” for Potatoes, 255 High Farming, 12 ” ” versus Good Farming, 11 Hops, Manure for, 274 Horse-manure, Composition of, 306 Hot-beds, Manure for, 297 Human Excrements, Composition of, 308

Indian Corn. See Corn. Irrigation on Market Gardens, 295

Jessup, Edward, Letter from, 342 Johnson, Prof. S. W., on the Value of Fertilizers, 324

Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Barley, 227
Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Oats, 252
Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Permanent Meadows, 271
Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on the Amount
of Excrements Voided by Man, 309
Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Sugar beets
and Mangel-wurzels, 288
Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Wheat, 170
Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments,
Potash Beneficial for Barley, 329
Lawes’ Table, Showing Composition and Value of Foods, 45
Lettuce, Manure for, 289
” Superphosphate for, 290-293
Lewis, Hon. Harris, Letter from, 103
Liebig’s Special Manures, 321
Lime as Manure, 215
” Beneficial Effect of for Thirty Years, 216
” Changes the Chemical and Physical Character of the Soil, 224
” Composting with Old Sods, 224
” for Cabbage, 292
” Hastens the Maturity of the Crop, 222
” Impoverishes the Soil, 222
” in Connecticut, 224
” in Delaware, 223
” in New Jersey, 223
” in Pennsylvania, 224
” Mixed with Barn-yard Manure, 222
” on Grass Land, 223
” on Lime-stone Land, 217
” Quantity per Acre, 216
” Sets Free Ammonia in the Soil, 221
” Silicate Absorbs Ammonia from Atmosphere, 219
” When to Apply, 223
” Why Beneficial, 220
Liquid Manure, 306
Lowland, Draining, 30

Malt-combs, 46
Mangel-wurzels for Manure, 48
” ” Manure for, 103-286-288
” ” Yield per Acre, 11
Manure Absorbing Liquid, 115
” Amount from Feed and Bedding, 78
” Amount Made by a Horse, 50-346
” ” Made by Horses, Cows, Sheep, and Pigs, 51
” Amount Made on a 250-acre Farm, 257
” Amount of Rain Required to Dissolve, 267
” Amount of Straw in Horse, 346
” and Rotation of Crops, 246
” Applying Artificial, 312
” Applying Near the Surface, 267
” Applying on the Surface, 173
” as Top-dressing, 269
” Barn-yard for Barley, 240
” Barn-yard vs. Artificial for Indian Corn, 284
” Basin for, 92
” Best for Hay, 274
” Bone-dust, 314-316
” Brings in Red Clover, 82
” Buying, 306
” Buying by Measure or Weight, 305
” Buying by the Load or Ton, 306
” Cellar, 114
” Cheapest a Farmer Can Use, 127
” Clover as, 119-122
” Clover-seed as, 127
” Comes from the Land, 42
” Common Salt as, 200
” Composition of Fresh Barnyard, 51
” Composition of from Different Animals, 306
” Composition of Heap at Different Periods, 57
” Corn-meal for, 185
” Cost of Hauling, 342
” Cost of Loading and Drawing, 77
” Cow, 87-100
” Dairy-farm, How to Save and Apply, 114
” Dr. Vœlcker’s Experiments on, 51
” Drawing Out to the Field, 89
” English Plan of Keeping, 69
” Equivalent to Water, 296
” Farm-yard for Potatoes, 261
” Fermenting in Winter, 85-92-93
” Fermenting, Shrinkage in, 116
” Fire-fang, 84-98
” Fish, as, on Long Island, 347
” Foods which Make Rich, 45
” for Cabbage, Parsnips, Onions, Carrots, Lettuce, etc, 289
” for Corn, 80
” for Grass, 82
” for Hops, 274
” for Hot-beds, 297
” for Indian Corn, 275
” for Mangel-wurzels and Sugar-beets, 287
” for Market Gardens, 294
” for Oats, 252
” for Potatoes, 255
” for Seed-growing Farms, 296
” for Sorghum or Chinese Sugar-cane, 283
” for Tobacco, 275
” for Turnips, 285-322
” for Wheat, 167
” from Cows, 302
” from Earth-closet, 310
” from Oxen, 303
” from Pigs, Mr. Lawes’ Experiments, 301
” from Sheep, 303
” Grain Farms, Management of, 117
” Guano, Price of Now and Thirty Years Ago, 328
” Guano, Rectified Peruvian, 319
” Gypsum and Clover as, 125
” Heap, Changes in, 67
” ” Fermenting, 38
” ” in Winter, 84
” ” Piling in Field, 88-89-90
” ” Turning, 88
” Hen, 43-104-301
” Horse, 32-86
” Horse and Farm-yard, 50
” How and When it Should be Applied, 267
” How John Johnston Manages it, 76
” How Made and Used in Maryland, 349
” How the Deacon Makes it, 74
” How to Make, 41
” How to Make More, 256
” How to Make More and Better on Dairy Farms, 105
” How to Make Poor, Rich, 274-293
” How to Make Richer, 257
” How Much it Shrinks by Fermentation, 342
” How Much Nitrogen in a Load of, 306
” in Kansas, 340
” in Philadelphia, Interesting Facts, 338
” Keeping Under Cover, 59
” Lime as, 215
” Liquid, 306
” Management of in Canada, 335
” Mr. Lawes’ Experiments with, 95
” Loss from Leaching, 99
” Management of, 94
” Market Value of, 104
” Mixed with Lime, 222
” Natural, 23
” Night soil as, 308
” Nitrate of Soda as, 134
” Not Available, 95
” on Dairy Farm, 101
” on Permanent Meadows and Pastures, 271
” Preserved by the Soil, 177
” Pigs’, 86
” Piling, 116
” Potash as, 329
” Price of in Boston, 344
” ” ” Maryland, 339
” ” ” New Haven, 341
” ” ” New York, 334
” ” per Horse in New York, 336
” Quantity Made on a Farm, 12
” Quantity of Used on Long Island.
Interesting Statistics, 336
” Reduced by Fermentation, 297
” Richer in Plant-food than the Food
from which it is Derived, 301
” Sea-weed as, 337
” Sheep, 86
” Should be Broken Up Fine, 268
” Soluble Phosphates in, 72
” Special, 140-320
” Specific Gravity of from Different Animals, 305
” Spread in Open Yard, 63
” Stable, Management, 333
” Straw and Chaff as, 200
” Superphosphate, How Made, 317
” Swamp-Muck as, 29
” Tank, 115
” the Author’s Plan of Managing, 83
” Tillage as, 32-121-225
” Top-dressing for Wheat in Kansas, 350
” ” ” on Growing Crops, 343
” to What Crops Should it be Applied, 265
” Value of, 78
” Value of Depends on the Food, Not on the Animal, 43
” Value of Straw as, 123
” Water in, 124
” Weeds as, 24
” Weight of, 343-350
” Well-rotted, Composition of, 65
” Well-rotted, Loss from Leaching, 65
” What is it?, 19-22
” Why Do We Ferment?, 94
Market Gardens, Irrigation in, 295
” ” Manure for, 294
” ” Pig-manure on, 295
Meadows, Manure for, 271

Night soil, 225-308
Nitrate of Potash, 312
Nitrate of Soda, 134
” ” Acts Quicker than Ammonia, 313
” ” as a Top-dressing for Wheat, 270
” ” Composition of, 312
” ” for Apple Trees, 314
” ” for Barley, 243
” ” for Oats, 252
” ” for Onions, 294
” ” for Sugar-Beets, 289
” ” for Wheat, 159
” ” How to Apply, 312
Nitric Acid, 341
Nitrogen, Amount per Acre in the Soil, 28-162
” as Manure, 28
” in Soils, 106-226-336-341
” Makes Poor Manure Rich, 246
Nurserymen, Manure for, 297

Oats, Experiments on in Virginia, 253
” Experiments on at Moreton Farm, 254
” Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on, 252
” Manures for, 252
Oil-cake for Sheep, 76
Onions, Manure for, 294

Peas for Pigs, 17
Pea-straw for Manure, 48
Peat, Composition of, 31
Phosphates, 27
” Exhaustion of on Dairy Farms, 101
” Soluble in Barn-yard Manure, 72
Phosphoric Acid in Soils, 106-226
” ” per Acre in Soils, 162
” ” Retained by the Soil, 219
” ” Removed from the Farm by Hay,
and by Milch Cows, 316
Pig Manure, 43-86
” ” Composition of, 306
” ” for Cabbage, 302
Pigs as Manure-Makers for Market Gardeners, 295
Pigs’ Bedding, 31
” for Enriching Pasture-Land, 304
” How to Save Manure from, 304
” Manure from, 301-304
Piling Manure, 97
Plant-food, 21-105
” ” Amount of in an Acre, 24-39
” ” in New and Cultivated Land, 39
Plaster for Indian Corn, 277
Plowing in the Fall, 17
Potash, Amount of in the Soil, 25-329
” as Manure, 329
” as Manure for Wheat, 215
” for Cabbages, 292
” for Potatoes, 255-260
” for Potatoes and Root-Crops, 330
” How to Ascertain when the Soil Needs, 330
” in Nitrate of Potash, 314
” Not a Special Manure for Turnips, 322
” on Grass Land, 273
” our Soils not so likely to be Deficient in,
as of Nitrogen and Phosphoric Acid, 330
” Retained by the Soil, 219
” Value of in Artificial Manures, 326
Potatoes, after Root-Crops, 287
” Ammonia for, 261
” Cost of Raising, 10
” Experiments on at Moreton Farm, 259
” for Manure, 48
” How to Raise a Large Crop, 255
” Manures for, 255
” Mr. Hunter’s Experiments on in England, 260
” on Rich Land, 263
” Profits of Using Artificial Manures on, 263
” Will Manure Injure, Quality of, 264

Rape-cake, 46 ” ” as Manure for Hops, 274 Roots, Amount of Left in Soil by Different Crops, 164 Root-crops, 17 Rotation of Crops and Manures, 246 Rushmore, J. H., Letter from, 345 Routzahn, H. L., Letter from, 349

Salt as a Manure for Wheat, 270
” Common as Manure for Wheat, 200
” for Mangel-wurzels, 104
Saw-dust for Bedding, 103
Season, a Poor, Profitable for Good Farmers, 213
” and Manure for Oats, 253
” Influence of on the Growth of Wheat, 210
” Profit in Raising Oats in a Poor, 253
” Profit in Raising Barley in a Poor, 243
Seasons, Influence on Crops, 21
Seed Growers, Manures for, 296
Sewage, 308
Sheep-Manure, 303-333-339
” ” Composition of, 306
” vs. Oxen as Manure Makers, 303
Shelton, Prof. E. M., Letter from, 350
Soil, Composition of, 144-150
” Exhaustion of, 23-27-332
” from Earth-closet, 225
” Nitrogen and Phosphoric Acid in, 226
” Plant-food in, 105
” Weight of per Acre, 221
Soils Absorb Ammonia from Atmosphere, 219
” Absorptive Powers of, 217
Sorghum, Manures for, 283
Special Manures, 320
Straw, 26
” Amount of Manure from, 124
” and Chaff for Manure, 200
” for Manures, 48
” on Grain Farms, 118
” Selling, 123
Sturtevant, Dr. E. L., Letter from, 344
Superphosphate, 116
” for Barley, 241
” for Indian Corn, 279
” for Potatoes, 259
” for Private Gardens, 296
” for Turnips, 285-322
” for Wheat, 168-169
” from Bones, Composition of, 319
” from Mineral Phosphates, 320
” How Applied, 320
” on Dairy Farms, 315
” on Grass Land, 273
” Value of as Compared with Bone-Dust, 319
” What Crops Best for, 243
Superphospate of Lime, Doctor Tells How it is Made, 317
Superphosphate of Lime, When First Made in the United States, 324
Surface Application of Manure, 70-268
Swamp-muck, 29
” ” Composition of, 31
Swine, see Pigs.

Thomas, J. J., Remarks on the Application of Manures, 269 Tillage is Manure, 32-121-163-225 Tobacco, Manure for, 275 Top dressing with Manure, 269 Turnips, Do They Absorb Nitrogen from the Atmosphere, 250 ” Impoverish the Soil More than Grain, 250 ” Manure for, 285 ” and Wheat, Special Manures for, 321

Urine from Farm Animals Richer than Human, 309
” vs. Solid Manure, 294

Valuation of Fertilizers, 324

Water, Amount Given Off by Plants During Their Growth, 131
Water Equivalent to Manure, 296
Weeds, 15-41-189
Weed-seeds in Manure, 97
Weld, Col. M. C., Letter from, 344
Wheat, Ammonia for, 192
” Artificial Manures for
Should be Drilled in with Seed, 168-169
” Common Salt as Manure for, 200
” Crop, Composition of, 26-129-138-340
” Effect of Manure on, in Poor Season, 213
” Influence of Season on, 210
” is it Deteriorating? 189
” Larger Crops per Acre, 122
” Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on, 140-170-333
” Manures for, 167
” Mr. Lawes’ Experiments on, 122
” Nitrogen as Manure for, 141
” Plant-food in, 101
” Potash as Manure for, 215
” Straw and Chaff as a Manure for, 200
” Summer Fallowing for, 35-168
” the 20th Crop on Same Land, 213
” Top-dressing for, 270
” vs. Corn, Comparative Yield of, 276
” Well-rotted Manure for, 267
” Why Our Crops are so Poor, 214
” Yield per Acre, 11

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+Practical Dairy Bacteriology+

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* * * * *
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Errors and Anomalies noted by transcriber:

Close quotes have been supplied or deleted where unambiguous, and paragraph-ending full stops (periods) have been silently supplied. No other attempt was made to regularize quotation format or punctuation.

The Deacon, the Doctor, the Squire, Charlie _the name is spelled “Charley” everywhere else_ it would seem desirable to apply the superphosphate _text reads “superhosphate”_ wherever agri-_culture_ is practised. _so in original_ Turning over, and fining a manure-heap _word “fining” probably technical term, not error_ said the Doctor, “but value.” “Suppose, Deacon,” said he _quotation marks as in original (same speaker)_ carbonaceous matter and water, of little or no value?” _text has question mark after close quote_ It would be a very exceptional case. _word “It” illegible_ “7. In the insoluble organic matters _number 7 missing from original; adjacent paragraphs have 6 and 8_ would be reduced to 49.6-10 tons _numeral format as in original: 49-6/10 or 49.6, though computed total is 49.508_ Dr. Vœlcker draws the following conclusions _text reads “Voelcker” with separate vowels_ It is high, rolling land, but needed underdraining. _text reads “under / draining” at line break without hyphen_ “Why so?” asked the Deacon. _text has question mark after close quote_ and consequently will ferment or putrefy much more rapidly _text reads “putrify”_ crenic and apocrenic acids are produced _text reads “aprocrenic”_ 100 tons of hay lying dormant _text reads “dorment”_ endeavor to persuade them to eat more _text reads “persaude”_ when we draw deductions from the facts of the case _text reads “the the case”_ and I think the mechanical condition of the land _text reads “mechancial”_ ”In 672 lbs. of clover-ash, we find: _open quote missing_ Organic matter* ... 64.76 _text reads “Oganic”_ “Now,” said the Doctor, “... in the soil_.” “There was more clover-roots per acre... _unclear whether speaker is the same for both paragraphs (delete close quote) or changes (from the Doctor to Harris)_ For the superphosphate of lime, _text reads “superphoshate”_ Table VII.--Manures and Produce; 7th Season, 1849-50. 6b | .. | *00 | 200 _first digit of number is missing: probably “300”_ Even gold may be bought too dear. _text reads “to dear”_ The value of quick-lime as a manure _anomalous hyphen in original_ Table IV.--Offal Corn per Acre--lbs. 1 N. |}(94){|283 ‖109 ... 2 N. |} {|228 ‖286 ... _double lines as printed: should be one year earlier?_ ] cotton-seed-cake _hyphenation as in original (two occurrences); similarly “Beech-nut-cake”, “Palm-oil-cake” etc._ fish-scrap, woollen-rags, Peruvian guano _hyphens as in original_ the plants / came up first, and exhibited a healthy, dark-green _text reads “exhibted”_ for sugar-making purposes, or for fodder _text reads “foddder”_ ruta-bagas _hyphenation is standard for this text_ Isn’t it paying a little too much for the whistle? _text reads “Is’nt”_ And this fact ought to be understood _text reads “An this fact” with invisible “d”_ The plaintain, which I believe is sometimes sown _spelling “plaintain” as in original_ ... his book on Manure, “Praktische Düngerlehre,” Dr. Emil Wolff _text reads “Wollf”_

[Index]
_Note that the Index uses short dashes where commas would be expected_
Crops Best to Apply Manure to
_“Crops” entries printed out of sequence, between “Corn” and “Cotton”_
Farm Dairy // Mr. Joseph O. Sheldon’s
_name in body text is James O. Sheldon_