Chapter XI: Globes of the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century (3)

Joseph Moxon (1627-1700) (Fig. 116) was an English mathematician and hydrographer of great distinction.[111] His earliest business, dating from about 1655, was that of a maker and vender of mathematical instruments, but he later turned his attention toward the designing of letters and the making of printing types, achieving, for his work in this field, a very remarkable reputation. It was in his early years, when especially interested in making mathematical instruments in his shop in Russell Street, at "The Sign of the Atlas," that his thought was turned toward geography, astronomy, and navigation; at any rate, he published in the year 1657 an edition of Edward Wright's 'Certain errors in navigation detected and corrected.'[112] In 1659 he published in London the first edition of his important work which he called 'A Tutor to Astronomy and Geography, or an easie and speedy way to know the Use of both the Globes, Celestial and Terrestrial.' This work, frequently reissued during his lifetime, was followed at intervals by a number of publications chiefly relating to the art of printing.[113] As to the importance he attached to his own knowledge of globes, he states on the title-page of his book on their uses that he explains therein "More fully and amply than hath yet been set forth, either by Gemma Frisius, Metius, Hues, Wright, Blaeu, or any others that have taught the Use of the Globes: and that so Plainly and Methodically, that the meanest Capacity may at first Reading apprehend it, and with a little Practice grow expert in these Divine Sciences." In his address "To the Reader," appearing as an introduction to this same work, he gives us further word not only concerning his own globes, but an interesting insight into what a globe maker of that time conceived as essential points to be noted when directing attention to his own special work. Though somewhat lengthy, it is here quoted as an interesting early statement. He observes in his introductory paragraph that he is writing not "to expert Practitioners but to Learners; to whom Examples may prove more Instructive than Precepts.

"Besides," he states, "I hope to encourage those by an ample liberal plainness to fall in love with the Studies, that formerly have been disheartened by the Crabbed brevity of those Authors that have in Characters as it were rather writ Notes for their own Memories, than sufficient Documents for their Readers Instructions.

"The Globes for which this Book is written are new Globes that I set forth, which as I told you in my Epistle to the Reader of Blaws Book differ somewhat from other Globes; and that both the Celestial and the Terrestrial; mine being the latest done of any, and to the accomplishing of which, I have not only had the help of all or most of the best of other Globes, Maps, Plates, and Sea-drafts of New discoveries that were then extant for the Terrestrial Globe, but also the Advice and directions of divers able Mathematicians both in England and Holland for Tables and Calculations both of Lines and Stars for the Celestial; upon which globe I have placed every Star that was observed by Tycho Brahe and other Observers, one degree of Longitude farther in the Ecliptick than they are on any other Globes: so that whereas on other Globes the places of the Stars were correspondent with their places in Heaven 69 Years ago, when Tycho observed them, and therefore according to his Rule want almost a degree of their true places in Heaven at this Time: I have set every Star one degree farther in the Ecliptick, and rectified them on the Globe according to the true place they had in Heaven in the Year 1671.

"On the Terrestrial Globe I have inserted all the New Discoveries that have been made, either by our own Forraign Navigators, and that bothe in the East, West, North, and South parts of the Earth. In the East Indies we have in the latter Times many spacious places discovered, many Islands inserted, and generally the whole Draught of the Country rectified and amended, even to the Coast of China, Japan, Giloli &c. In the South Sea between the East and West Indies are scattered many Islands, which for the uncertain knowledge former Times had of them are either wholly left out of other Globes, or else laid down so erroneously that little of credit can be attributed unto them. California is found to be an Island, though formerly supposed to be part of the main Continent, whose North-West shoar was imagined to thrust itself forth close to the Coasts of Cathaio, and so make the supposed Straights of Anian. The Western Shoars of the West Indies are more accurately described than formerly, as you may see if you compare my Terrestrial Globe: that I have lately set forth with the Journals of the latest Navigators: And if you compare them with other Globes you will find 5, 6, yea 7 degrees difference in Longitude in most Places of these Coasts. Magellanica which heretofore was thought to be part of the South Continent called Terra Incognita is now also found to be an Island. All that Tract of Land called Terra Incognita I have purposely omitted, because as yet we have no certainty whether it be Land or Sea; unless it be of some parts lately found out by the Dutch, who having a convenient Port at Batavia in Java, have from there sent forth Ships Southward, where they have found several very large countries; one whereof they have called Hollandia Nova, another Zelandia Nova, another Anthoni van Diemans Land; and divers others; some whereof lie near our Antipodes; as you may see by my terrestrial Globes. Again, Far to the Northwards there are some New Discoveries, even within six degrees of the Pole: The Drafts to the North Eastwards I have laid down even as they were described by the Searchers of those parts for a passage into the East Indies. And also the Discoveries of Baffin, Captain James, and Capt. Fox (our own Country-men) that attempted the finding a passage that way into the South Sea.

"I also told you what difference there is in several Authors about placing the first Meridian, which is the beginning of Longitude; that Ptolemy placed it at the Fortunate Islands, which Mr. Hues pag. 4. chap. 1. in his Treatise of Globes proves to be the Islands of Cabo Verde, and not those now called the Canary Islands; because in his Time they were the farthest place of the Discovered World towards the setting of the Sun; Others placed it at Pico in Teneriffa; Others at Corvus and Flora; because under that Meridian the Compass had no Variation, but did then duly respect the North and South; Others for the same Reason begin their Longitude at St. Michaels; and Others between the Islands of Flores and Fayal: And the Spaniards of late by reason of their great Negotiation in the West Indies, have begun their Longitude at Toledo there, and contrary to all others account it Westwards.

"Therefore I, seeing such diversity among all Nations, and as yet an Uniformity at home, chose with our own Country-men to place my First Meridian at the Ile Gratiosa, one of the Iles of Azores.

"By the different placing of this first Meridian it comes to pass that the Longitude of Places are diversely set down in different Tables; For those Globes or Maps that have their first Meridian placed to the Eastwards of Gratiosa, have all places counted Eastwards from the Meridian of Gratiosa, and their first Meridian in a greater number of degrees of Longitude, and that according as the Arch of Difference is."

At the conclusion of this work we find printed a catalogue of his books, maps, and instruments, including globes celestial and terrestrial of all sizes, and, what is of considerable interest and value, the price of each given.[114]

We know that the Chinese, very many centuries ago, manifested a considerable interest in astronomy; nor was there wanting with them an interest in geography. It was, however, especially in the former science they may be said to have made contributions of real value. An unreliable record, telling us of the interest exhibited by the Emperor Shun, reigning more than two thousand years before the beginning of the Christian era, notes that he made use of an armillary sphere in his study of the stars. Little is there to assure us that prior to the time of Kúblai Kaan (1216-1294) there were those who turned their attention to the construction of globes. That great Mongol Emperor's astronomer Ko-Shun-King, having demonstrated the superiority of his astronomical wisdom, was directed to institute reforms in Chinese chronology and to construct for purposes of scientific investigations such instruments as he thought to be necessary. Accordingly he removed from the old observatory "an armillary sphere dating from 1049," substituting in its place a number of large and small instruments, two of which have survived to our day--an armillary sphere and a celestial globe, which may be said to date from about the year 1274. These instruments of the astronomer Ko-Shun-King had place in an observatory which he had erected on the site of an ancient structure at the southeast corner of the Tartar city wall, being raised above the parapet. There they remained until the year 1673 when the Jesuit astronomer Father Ferdinand Verbiest judged them to be useless and persuaded the Emperor to pull them down and put up new ones of his own contriving.[115] The old instruments were stored away at the foot of the terrace, and of these, as before noted, but two now remain.

Le Comte refers to the celestial globe as one well cast, and having a diameter of about three feet, the degrees and minutes being marked both "longitudinally and latitudinally." An early description tells us that its equator is in the center, equidistant from the two poles, in each case a quarter of a circumference. The ecliptic is elevated above and depressed below the equator, in each case barely twenty-four degrees. The elevations and depressions of the moon in its orbit being variable, a bamboo hoop, divided into degrees equally throughout, is used to verify the intersections with the ecliptic and accordingly is moved from time to time. The globe rests on a square box, the north and south poles being respectively above and below the surface fully forty degrees, half of the globe being visible and half concealed. Toothed wheels, set in motion by machinery concealed within the box, are so adjusted as to cause the globe to revolve.

The armillary sphere (Fig. 117) stands at the east end of the court. It is an instrument of huge dimensions being described in early records somewhat as follows, in each reference there being allusion to its beautiful workmanship, and to its design as possessing remarkable excellence. The supporting base of the piece has a mythological significance. The four dragons, which play such a part in the Chinese geomancy, are here represented as chained to the earth, while upholding the spheres. Its substantial horizon circle, crossed at right angles by a double ring representing an azimuth circle, forms the outer supporting framework. The upper surface of the horizon circle is divided into twelve equal parts, marked by the several Chinese cyclical characters applied to the twelve hours into which the day and night was divided. Around the outside of this horizon circle these twelve characters appear again, with the Chinese names for the several points of the compass. On the inside of this circle one finds the names of the twelve States into which the ancient Empire was divided, each State being thought of as under the influence of a particular quarter of the heavens.

Inside this frame is placed an equatorial circle within which is a series of movable circles made to turn on polar pivots attached to the azimuth circle. These movable circles consist of an equatorial circle, a double ring ecliptic, an equinoctial colure, and a double ring solstitial colure. The equator is divided into twenty-eight unequal portions marked by the names of as many constellations of very ancient origin. The ecliptic is divided into twenty-four equal parts according with the divisions of the year. Within the circles just described there is a double revolving meridian with a double axis and within this a fixed tube for taking sights.

All the circles of this armillary sphere are divided into 365-1/4 degrees corresponding to the days of the year and each degree is divided into hundreds. At the corners of the base outside the dragons are four miniature rocks in bronze, with the respective inscriptions "Keen Shan," northwest or celestial mountain; "Kwan Shan," southwest or terrestrial mountain; "Seuen-Shan," or southeast mountain; "Kan Shan," northeast mountain.

When the astronomer Père Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688),[116] undertook the survey and management of mathematics for the Emperor he, like his predecessor Ko-Shun-King four hundred years before, began his task, as noted above, by ordering the removal of the old instruments from the observatory and the construction of new ones. Six of these are referred to in the records of the period as possessing especial merit, including a zodiacal armillary sphere six feet in diameter, an equinoctial armillary sphere six feet in diameter, a horizon azimuth likewise six feet in diameter, a quadrant having a radius of six feet, a sextant with a radius of eight feet, and a celestial globe having a diameter of six feet.

The armillary spheres have each but four circles, being of excellent workmanship, and having mountings of elaborate Chinese designs.

That which especially interests us here is the celestial globe (Fig. 117a) which Le Compte describes somewhat in detail. "This in my Opinion," he says, "is the fairest and best fashioned of all the Instruments. The Globe itself is brazen, exactly round and smooth; the Stars well made, and in their true places, and all Circles of proportional breadth and thickness. It is besides so well hung, that the least touch moves it, and tho' it is above two thousand weight, the least Child may elevate it to any Degree. On its large concave Bases are placed opposite four Dragons, whose Hair standing up on end, support a noble Horizon commendable for its breadth, its several Ornaments, and the delicacy and niceness of the Work. The Meridian in which the Pole is fixed rests upon Clouds that issue out of the Bases, and slides easily between them, its Motion being facilitated by some hidden Wheels, and moves with it the whole Globe to give it the required Elevation. Besides which, the Horizon, Dragons and two brazen Beams, which lie cross in the Center of the Bases Concavity, are all moved at pleasure without stirring the Bases which still remain fixed; this facilitates the due placing of the Horizon, whether in respect of the Natural Horizon, or in respect of the Globe. I wonder how Men who live six thousand Leagues from us could go through such a piece of Work; and I must own, that if all the Circles which are divided, had been corrected by some of our Workmen, nothing could be more perfect in this kind." This piece, it may be noted, was carried away to Potsdam at the close of the Boxer Rebellion, copies of them being left in the old observatory. The Treaty of Versailles directed that the originals should be returned to their early home.

NOTES

[61] See I, 8.

[62] Coronelli, V. Epitome Cosmografica. Colonia, 1693. pp. 330-331.

[63] Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, "Olearius"; Varenius, B. Geographia generalis. Cambridge, 1672. Bk. III, chap. xxxii; Moller, G. I. Cimbria literata. Hanniae, 1744. Vol. I, p. 195:

Moller says: "Nec silentio sunt involvenda duo admiranda orbis authomata astronomico-cosmographica, juxta delineationem ipsius ingeniosissimam A. 1654 et seqq. ab And. Boschio Mechanico Dedalaeo et in Mathesi versatissimo, dirigente laborem Ad. Oleario, Principis hujus sui etiam mathematici, fabrefacta, quibus similis Europam, imo orbem majorem universum, non vidisse, praeter Olearium Heun. Heuningi et D. G. Morphosius sunt persuasi...." Weidler, J. F. Historia astronomiae. Wittenberg, 1741, p. 541.

Weidler says: "Globum a. 1654 Fredericus dux Holsatiae, dirigente opus Adamo Oleario, e cupro fabrefieri et in arce Gortorpiensi curaverat. Diameter ejus 10-1/2 pedes capiebat, totusque globus rotis, flumine circumjactis movebatur."

[64] Günther-Fiorini. Erd- und Himmelsgloben, p. 83; Royal Geographical Journal. London, 1901. p. 219.

[65] Bartholomaei, F. Erhard Weigel; ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften auf den deutschen Universitäten im XVI Jahrhundert. (In: Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik. Leipzig, 1868. Sup. Heft. pt. 1.); Allgemeine deutsche Biographia, "Weigel, Erhard."

[66] Schimpfer was a native of Nürnberg and active in his profession about the middle of the seventeenth century.

[67] Bartholomaei, op. cit.

[68] Bartholomaei, referring to the popularity of Weigel as a lecturer, states that some of his lectures were given in the open because there was no available room sufficiently large to accommodate his hearers.

[69] Weigel, E. Sphaerica Euclidea methodo conscripta; accessit globorum heraldicorum ipsiusque pancosmi descriptio et usus. Jenae, 1688; Wolf, Geschichte der Astronomie, pp. 420-427. In a very early day the Venerable Bede had suggested a change from the heathen names of the several constellations to Christian names. See in this connection Schiller, J. Coelum stellatum christianum. Augsburg, 1627.

Schiller was a pupil of the famous astronomer, Johannes Bayer, from whom he probably received his impulse to inaugurate a reform in the matter of naming the constellations. Schiller felt much annoyed that heathen names for stars and star groups should be retained by Christian peoples, and it was probably with Bayer that he worked out his scheme for a new nomenclature. To the twelve signs of the zodiac, for example, he gave the names of the twelve apostles. For the constellation Perseus he proposed the Apostle Paul, for the Great Bear the Ship of Peter, for Hercules the Three Kings, for Cassiopeia the name Maria Magdalena, for Auriga Saint Jerome; he further proposed to change the name Ophiuchus to Pope Benedict, Pegasus to the Angel Gabriel, Orion to Joseph, Canis Major to King David, the Ship Argo to the Ark of Noe, the Centaur to Abraham, the Peacock to Eve.

It was proposed to change the name Sun to Christ, the Moon to Maria, Saturn to Adam, Jupiter to Moses, Mars to Joshua, Venus to John the Baptist, and Mercury to Elias.

The suggestions of Schiller, of Bayer, and of their contemporaries, or near contemporaries, Schickard, Bartsch, and Harsdörfer, with the added support of Weigel, seem to have found little favor among astronomers.

[70] Weigel, E. Universi corporis pansophici prodromus. Jena, 1672; same author. Beschreibung der verbesserten Himmels- und Erdgloben. Jena, 1681.

[71] Coronelli, op. cit., pp. 331-332; Wolf, op. cit., pp. 426-427, n. 16; Günther-Fiorini, op. cit., p. 85, n.

[72] Fiorini, op. cit., pp. 308-310.

[73] Quoted by Fiorini, op. cit., pp. 306-307.

[74] Practically the only information we have concerning Moroncelli, aside from that which may be gained from his globes, is contained in a manuscript preserved in the Biolioteca Municipale of Fabriano, titled, "Vite dei Monaci Illustri di S. Benedetto in Fabriano," by the Monk Feliziani, who died in the year 1683. Extracts from this have courteously been sent the author in reply to letters of inquiry. See also Fiorini, op. cit., p. 310.

[75] Letter from the director, Dr. G. Coggiola, dated January 4, 1914.

[76] See II, 34.

[77] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 323.

[78] Christina, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus; succeeded her father as ruler of Sweden. In the year 1654 she abdicated the throne, became a devout Catholic and passed a considerable part of her remaining years in Rome, residing at first in the Palazzo Farnese, and later in the Palazzo Riario, bringing together in the latter place of residence a large collection of books and objects of art. Much of her collection later passed to the Vatican.

[79] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 323.

[80] See note 9, above.

[81] Coronelli, op. cit., pp. 325-330; Dictionary of National Biography, "Palmer, Roger" (Count of Castlemaine), to which is appended a somewhat lengthy list of bibliographical references.

[82] Moxon, J. The English globe, being a stabil and immobil one, performing what the ordinary globes do, and much more. Invented and described by the Right honorable, the Earl of Castlemaine. The second edition corrected by J. Moxon. London, 1696.

[83] Coronelli, op. cit., p. 333.

[84] It has been impossible to locate a copy of this work or to get further information concerning Treffler.

[85] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 376.

[86] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 377.

[87] Briefly described in a letter received by the author from the Biblioteca Estense of Modena.

[88] Fiorini, M. Vincenzo Coronelli ed i suoi globi cosmografici. (In: Annuario Astro-Meteorologico. Roma, 1893.); Rigobon. Biografia e studi del P. Vincenzo Coronelli. (In: Archivo Veneto, Vol. III, pt. i, p. 267.); Ginanni, P. P. Memorie storico critiche degli scrittori Ravennati. Faenza, 1769. Vol. I, p. 162; Pasolini, S. Huomini illustri di Ravenna antica ed altri degni professori di lettere ed armi. Bologna, 1703. p. 63.

[89] Among his more important works the following may here be cited: Atlante Veneto, nel quale si contiene la descrittione ... degl' Imperij. Regni, Provincie, e Stati dell' Universo. Venetia, 1691-1696. 3 Vols. in 4 pts.; Biblioteca universale sacro-profano, antico-moderna. Venezia, 1701-1706. Vols. I-VIII, but not completed beyond "Caque"; Epitome Cosmografica, o compendiosa introduttione all' Astronomia, Geographia, et Idrografia. Colonia, 1693; Viaggi del P. C. Venetia, 1697: The Royal Almanack: containing a succinct account of the remarkable actions of K. William III: with the year and the day of the month when each happened. Tr. from Italian into English. London, 1696. See also Giannini, G. Titoli della opere ... stampate dal anno 1704, dal P. M. C. ... publicate dall' Accademia degli Argonauti in aggiunta dell' indice già dato in luce. Venetia, 1708.

[90] Not until the following century does it appear that such societies were organized north of the Alps.

[91] See list given by Coronelli, Epitome, in introductory pages under heading "Catalogo ..."

[92] See Coronelli. Epitome.

[93] This privilege is quoted by Coronelli, Epitome, in introductory pages.

[94] Coronelli. Epitome, pp. 334-342.

[95] La Hire, P. de. Description et explication des Globes qui sont placés dans les pavillons du Château de Marly par ordre de Sa Majesté. Paris, 1704.

[96] Born September 16, 1638.

[97] Ludolf, H. Jobi Ludolfi ... ad suam historiam Aetiopicam ante hac editam commentarius. Francforti ad Moenum, 1691. p. 22.

[98] Marcel, G. Les Portugais dans l'Africe Australe. (In: Revue de Géographie. Paris, 1890.)

[99] This château was erected in the year 1693.

[100] Cited by Fiorini, op. cit., p. 338.

[101] Viaggi, del P. C. p. 28. He gives us in this work a statement of prices for his globes as follows:

"Globes of various sizes.

Celestial and terrestrial three and one half feet in diameter, with the addition of many stars and of newly discovered lands, painted and varnished, without supports, 100 ducats L.260:

The same with their supports and with meridian of brass 1240:

The same one foot and a half in diameter with their pedestals and with brass meridians 155:

The same six and a half inches in diameter with feet and with meridians L.31:

The same four and a half inches in diameter with their feet and with meridians 24:16

The same two and a half inches in diameter with their feet and with meridians 18:12"

[102] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 378.

[103] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 379.

[104] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 370.

[105] Porena, F. Un cartografo italiano del principio del secolo XVIII. (In: Memorie della Società geog. ital. Roma, 1895. Vol. V, pt. 1, p. 45.)

[106] Published in Mediolani, 1712.

[107] Bernardo, F. da Bologna. Biblioteca Scriptorum Ordinis Minorum S. Francisci Capucinorum. Venetiis, 1747.

[108] Doppelmayr, op. cit., p. 127.

[109] Laland states that these fifty-seven came into the possession of the Jesuit College of Polotzk in Russia.

[110] Eimmarto, G. C. Sphaerae armillaris a Georgio Christophoro Eimmarto ex aurichalco constitutae, interius systema planetarum ex mente Copernici repraesentatis, brevis elucidatio, Ed. Jo. Christ. Sturmio-Altdorfii, 1695.

[111] Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XXXIX, p. 242.

[112] This work was first published in London in the year 1599.

[113] As a result of Moxon's interest in this field we have from him one of the most satisfactory of the early manuals of typography, bearing the title 'Mechanick Exercises or the Doctrine of Handy-Works applied to the Art of Printing,' London, 1683. This work was reprinted, "line-for-line and page-for-page" of the original, with preface and notes by Theodore L. Devinne. New York, 1896. 2 Vols.

[114] It is from the last-mentioned work that the following citations are made:

"Books. Moxon, J. A Tutor to Astronomy and Geography, or the Use of both the Globes, Celestial and Terrestrial; by Joseph Moxon, A Member of the Royal Society, and Hydrographer to the Kings most Excellent Majesty. Price 5s.

The Use of the Copernican Spheres, teaching to solve the Phaenomena by them, as easily as by the Ptolomaick Spheres; by Joseph Moxon, &c. Price 4s.

The Use of Astronomical Playing Cards, teaching an ordinary capacity by them to be acquainted with all the Stars of Heaven; to know their places, Colours, Natures and Bignesses. Also the Poetical Reasons for every Constellation. Very useful, pleasant and delightful for all lovers of Ingeniety. By Joseph Moxon, &c. Price 6d.

The Astronomical Cards. By Joseph Moxon, &c. Price plain 1s. Coloured 1s. 6d. best coloured, and the Stars Gilt, 5s.

Geographical Playing Cards, wherein is exactly described all the Kingdoms of the Earth, curiously engraved. Price Plain 1s. Coloured 2s. best Coloured and Gilt 5s. the Pack.

The English Globe, invented by the Right Honourable, the Earl of Castlemaine (and of which this Book shews the use) containing about a Foot in Diameter, are made by Joseph Moxon. Price ordinary made up 40s. and with the projection described in Section 6. of this Book. Price 50s.

To the above is added the following interesting information:

A Catalogue of GLOBES, Celestial and Terrestrial, Spheres, Maps, Sea-Plates, Mathematical Instruments, and Books, with their prizes, made and sold by Joseph Moxon, on Ludgate-Hill, at the Sign of Atlas.

GLOBES 26 Inches Diameter. The price 20l. the Pair.

GLOBES near 15 Inches Diameter. The Price 4l.

GLOBES 8 Inches Diameter. The price 2l.

GLOBES 6 Inches Diameter. The price 1l. 10s.

CONCAVE HEMISPHERES of the Starry Orb, which serves for a Case to a Terrestrial Globe of 3 Inches Diameter, made portable for the pocket. Price 15s.

SPHERES, according to the Copernican Hypothesis, both General and Particular, 20 Inches Diameter. Price of the General 5l. of the Particular 6l. of both together 10l.

SPHERES, according to the Ptolomaick System, 14 Inches Diameter. Price 3l.

SPHERES, according to the Ptolomaick System, 8 Inches Diameter. Price 1l. 10s."

[115] The following works may be cited for further reference to these early Chinese globes of Peking: Wylie, A. Mongol astronomical instruments in Peking. (In: Chinese Researches, Shantung, 1897, Part III, pp. 1-20.); Le Comte, L. D. Memories and Observations. London, 1699; Du Halde, J. B. Description géographique de l'empire de la China. Paris, 1735; Yule, H. Travels of Marco Polo. London, 1893. Vol. I, pp. 448-456, with four illustrations.

[116] Carton, Abbé C. Biographique sur le Père Ferdinand Verbiest. Bruges, 1839; Thompson, J. Illustrations of China and its people. London, 1874. Vol. iv.