Chapter CXIV: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (45)

Uganda
Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile
soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and
cobalt. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy,
employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee accounts for the bulk
of export revenues. Since 1986, the government - with the support of
foreign countries and international agencies - has acted to
rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency
reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices
of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy
changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting
production and export earnings. During 1990-2001, the economy turned
in a solid performance based on continued investment in the
rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production
and exports, reduced inflation, gradually improved domestic
security, and the return of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs. In
2000, Uganda qualified for enhanced Highly Indebted Poor Countries
(HIPC) debt relief worth $1.3 billion and Paris Club debt relief
worth $145 million. These amounts combined with the original HIPC
debt relief added up to about $2 billion. Growth for 2001-02 was
solid despite continued decline in the price of coffee, Uganda's
principal export. Growth in 2003-05 reflected an upturn in Uganda's
export markets.

Ukraine
After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the
most important economic component of the former Soviet Union,
producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic.
Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet
agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities
of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise,
its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for
example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and
mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the
former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially
natural gas, to meet some 85% of its annual energy requirements.
Shortly after independence was ratified in December 1991, the
Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal
framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform
within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform
efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to
less than 40% of the 1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed
inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Ukraine's
dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant
structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to
external shocks. A dispute with Russia over pricing led to a
temporary gas cut-off; Ukraine concluded a deal with Russia in
January 2006, which almost doubled the price Ukraine pays for
Russian gas, and could cost the Ukrainian economy $1.4-2.2 billion
and cause GDP growth to fall 3-4%. Ukrainian government officials
eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget
law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow
economy, but more improvements are needed, including fighting
corruption, developing capital markets, and improving the
legislative framework for businesses. Reforms in the more
politically sensitive areas of structural reform and land
privatization are still lagging. Outside institutions - particularly
the IMF - have encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of
reforms. GDP growth was 2.4% in 2005, down from 12.4% in 2004. The
current account surplus reached $2.2 billion in 2005. The
privatization of the Kryvoryzhstal steelworks in late 2005 produced
$4.8 billion in windfall revenue for the government. Some of the
proceeds were used to finance the budget deficit, some to
recapitalize two state banks, some to retire public debt, and the
rest may be used to finance future deficits.

United Arab Emirates
The UAE has an open economy with a high per
capita income and a sizable annual trade surplus. Its wealth is
based on oil and gas output (about 30% of GDP), and the fortunes of
the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since
the discovery of oil in the UAE more than 30 years ago, the UAE has
undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of
small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard
of living. At present levels of production, oil and gas reserves
should last for more than 100 years. The government has increased
spending on job creation and infrastructure expansion and is opening
up its utilities to greater private sector involvement. Higher oil
revenue, strong liquidity, and cheap credit in 2005 led to a surge
in asset prices (shares and real estate) and consumer inflation. Any
sharp correction to the UAE's equity markets could damage investor
and consumer sentiment and affect bank asset quality. In April 2004,
the UAE signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA)
with Washington and in November 2004 agreed to undertake
negotiations toward a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US.

United Kingdom
The UK, a leading trading power and financial center,
is one of the quintet of trillion dollar economies of Western
Europe. Over the past two decades, the government has greatly
reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare
programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient
by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less
than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and
oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one
of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Services,
particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by
far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to
decline in importance. GDP growth slipped in 2001-03 as the global
downturn, the high value of the pound, and the bursting of the "new
economy" bubble hurt manufacturing and exports. Output recovered in
2004, to 3.2% growth, but fell in 2005, to 1.7%. Despite slower
growth, the economy is one of the strongest in Europe; inflation,
interest rates, and unemployment remain low. The relatively good
economic performance has complicated the BLAIR government's efforts
to make a case for Britain to join the European Economic and
Monetary Union (EMU). Critics point out that the economy is doing
well outside of EMU, and public opinion polls show a majority of
Britons are opposed to the euro. Meantime, the government has been
speeding up the improvement of education, transport, and health
services, at a cost in higher taxes and a widening public deficit.

United States
The US has the largest and most technologically
powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $42,000. In
this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms
make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments
buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private
marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their
counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand
capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new
products. At the same time, they face higher barriers to enter their
rivals' home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets. US
firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances,
especially in computers and in medical, aerospace, and military
equipment; their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War
II. The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual
development of a "two-tier labor market" in which those at the
bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of
those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay
raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. Since 1975,
practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top
20% of households. The response to the terrorist attacks of 11
September 2001 showed the remarkable resilience of the economy. The
war in March-April 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq, and the
subsequent occupation of Iraq, required major shifts in national
resources to the military. The rise in GDP in 2004 and 2005 was
undergirded by substantial gains in labor productivity. Hurricane
Katrina caused extensive damage in the Gulf Coast region in August
2005, but had a small impact on overall GDP growth for the year.
Soaring oil prices in 2005 and 2006 threatened inflation and
unemployment, yet the economy continued to grow through mid-2006.
Imported oil accounts for about two-thirds of US consumption.
Long-term problems include inadequate investment in economic
infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging
population, sizable trade and budget deficits, and stagnation of
family income in the lower economic groups.

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
no economic activity

Uruguay
Uruguay's well-to-do economy is characterized by an
export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated work force, and
high levels of social spending. After averaging growth of 5%
annually during 1996-98, in 1999-2002 the economy suffered a major
downturn, stemming largely from the spillover effects of the
economic problems of its large neighbors, Argentina and Brazil. For
instance, in 2001-02 Argentina made massive withdrawals of dollars
deposited in Uruguayan banks, which led to a plunge in the Uruguayan
peso and a massive rise in unemployment. Total GDP in these four
years dropped by nearly 20%, with 2002 the worst year due to the
banking crisis. The unemployment rate rose to nearly 20% in 2002,
inflation surged, and the burden of external debt doubled.
Cooperation with the IMF helped stem the damage. A debt swap with
private-sector creditors in 2003 extended the maturity dates on
nearly half of Uruguay's then $11.3 billion of public debt and
helped restore public confidence. The economy grew about 10% in 2004
as a result of high commodity prices for Uruguayan exports, a
competitive peso, growth in the region, and low international
interest rates, but slowed to 6.1% in 2005.

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11%
consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than
60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities.
Uzbekistan is now the world's second-largest cotton exporter and
fifth largest producer; it relies heavily on cotton production as
the major source of export earnings. Other major export earners
include gold, natural gas, and oil. Following independence in
September 1991, the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style
command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and
prices. While aware of the need to improve the investment climate,
the government still sponsors measures that often increase, not
decrease, its control over business decisions. A sharp increase in
the inequality of income distribution has hurt the lower ranks of
society since independence. In 2003, the government accepted the
obligations of Article VIII under the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict
currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened the
effects of convertibility and have also led to some shortages that
have further stifled economic activity. The Central Bank often
delays or restricts convertibility, especially for consumer goods.
Potential investment by Russia and China in Uzbekistan's gas and oil
industry would increase economic growth prospects. In November 2005,
Russian President Vladimir PUTIN and Uzbekistan President KARIMOV
signed an "alliance" treaty, which included provisions for economic
and business cooperation. Russian businesses have shown increased
interest in Uzbekistan, especially in mining, telecom, and oil and
gas. In December 2005, the Russians opened a "Trade House" to
support and develop Russian-Uzbek business and economic ties.

Vanuatu
This South Pacific island economy is based primarily on
small-scale agriculture, which provides a living for 65% of the
population. Fishing, offshore financial services, and tourism, with
about 50,000 visitors in 2004, are other mainstays of the economy.
Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum
deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market.
Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. Economic development is
hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports,
vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances from main
markets and between constituent islands. GDP growth rose less than
3% on average in the 1990s. In response to foreign concerns, the
government has promised to tighten regulation of its offshore
financial center. In mid-2002 the government stepped up efforts to
boost tourism. Agriculture, especially livestock farming, is a
second target for growth. Australia and New Zealand are the main
suppliers of tourists and foreign aid.

Venezuela
Venezuela continues to be highly dependent on the
petroleum sector, accounting for roughly one-third of GDP, around
80% of export earnings, and over half of government operating
revenues. Government revenue also has been bolstered by increased
tax collection, which has surpassed its 2005 collection goal by
almost 50%. Tax revenue is the primary source of non-oil revenue,
which accounts for 53% of the 2006 budget. A disastrous two-month
national oil strike, from December 2002 to February 2003,
temporarily halted economic activity. The economy remained in
depression in 2003, declining by 9.2% after an 8.9% fall in 2002.
Output recovered strongly in 2004-2005, aided by high oil prices and
strong consumption growth. Venezuela continues to be an important
source of crude oil for the US market. Both inflation and
unemployment remain fundamental problems.

Vietnam
Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in
the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war, the
loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the
rigidities of a centrally-planned economy. Substantial progress was
achieved from 1986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low
level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Growth
averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian
financial crisis highlighted the problems in the Vietnamese economy
and temporarily allowed opponents of reform to slow progress toward
a market-oriented economy. GDP growth averaged 6.8% per year from
1997 to 2004 even against the background of the Asian financial
crisis and a global recession, and growth hit 8% in 2005. Since
2001, however, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their
commitment to economic liberalization and international integration.
They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to
modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven
industries. Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)
and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement in
December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade
and economic regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and
again in 2003. Vietnam hopes to become a member of the WTO in 2006.
Among other benefits, accession would allow Vietnam to take
advantage of the phase out of the Agreement on Textiles and
Clothing, which eliminated quotas on textiles and clothing for WTO
partners on 1 January 2005. Agriculture's share of economic output
has continued to shrink, from about 25% in 2000 to 21% in 2005. Deep
poverty, defined as a percent of the population living under $1 per
day, has declined significantly and is now smaller than that of
China, India, and the Philippines. Vietnam is working to promote job
creation to keep up with the country's high population growth rate.
However, high levels of inflation have prompted Vietnamese
authorities to tighten monetary and fiscal policies.

Virgin Islands
Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting
for 80% of GDP and employment. The islands normally host 2 million
visitors a year. The manufacturing sector consists of petroleum
refining, textiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and watch
assembly. The agricultural sector is small, with most food being
imported. International business and financial services are small
but growing components of the economy. One of the world's largest
petroleum refineries is at Saint Croix. The islands are subject to
substantial damage from storms. The government is working to improve
fiscal discipline, to support construction projects in the private
sector, to expand tourist facilities, to reduce crime, and to
protect the environment.

Wake Island
Economic activity is limited to providing services to
military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food
and manufactured goods must be imported.

Wallis and Futuna
The economy is limited to traditional subsistence
agriculture, with about 80% labor force earnings from agriculture
(coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing.
About 4% of the population is employed in government. Revenues come
from French Government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to
Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate
workers in New Caledonia.

West Bank
The West Bank - the larger of the two areas under the
Palestinian Authority (PA)- has experienced a general decline in
economic growth and a degradation in economic conditions made worse
since the second intifadah began in September 2000. The downturn has
been largely the result of the Israeli closure policies - the
imposition of border closures in response to security incidents in
Israel - which disrupted labor and commodity market relationships.
In 2001, and even more severely in 2002, Israeli military measures
in PA areas resulted in the destruction of much capital plant, the
disruption of administrative structure, and widespread business
closures. Including the Gaza Strip, the UN estimates that more than
100,000 Palestinians out of the 125,000 who used to work in Israeli
settlements, or in joint industrial zones, have lost their jobs.
International aid of $2 billion to the West Bank and Gaza Strip in
2004 prevented the complete collapse of the economy and allowed some
reforms in the government's financial operations. In 2005, high
unemployment and limited trade opportunities, due to continued
closures both within the West Bank and externally, stymied growth.

Western Sahara
Western Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing,
and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the
population. The territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainable
agricultural production, and most of the food for the urban
population must be imported. All trade and other economic activities
are controlled by the Moroccan Government. Moroccan energy interests
in 2001 signed contracts to explore for oil off the coast of Western
Sahara, which has angered the Polisario. Incomes and standards of
living in Western Sahara are substantially below the Moroccan level.

World
Global output rose by 4.4% in 2005, led by China (9.3%), India
(7.6%), and Russia (5.9%). The other 14 successor nations of the
USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations again experienced widely
divergent growth rates; the three Baltic nations continued as strong
performers, in the 7% range of growth. Growth results posted by the
major industrial countries varied from no gain for Italy to a strong
gain by the United States (3.5%). The developing nations also varied
in their growth results, with many countries facing population
increases that erode gains in output. Externally, the nation-state,
as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing
control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and
technology. Internally, the central government often finds its
control over resources slipping as separatist regional movements -
typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in many of the
successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the former
Yugoslavia, in India, in Iraq, in Indonesia, and in Canada.
Externally, the central government is losing decisionmaking powers
to international bodies, notably the EU. In Western Europe,
governments face the difficult political problem of channeling
resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment
and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The addition of 80
million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is
exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification,
underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own
internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries
devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer
areas of the world, which, at least from an economic point of view,
are becoming further marginalized. The introduction of the euro as
the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while
paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses economic
risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political
differences among the participating nations. The terrorist attacks
on the US on 11 September 2001 accentuated a further growing risk to
global prosperity, illustrated, for example, by the reallocation of
resources away from investment to anti-terrorist programs. The
opening of war in March 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq
added new uncertainties to global economic prospects. After the
coalition victory, the complex political difficulties and the high
economic cost of establishing domestic order in Iraq became major
global problems that continued into 2006.

Yemen
Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, has
reported meager growth since 2000. Its economic fortunes depend
mostly on oil. Oil revenues increased in 2005 due to higher prices.
Yemen was on an IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed
to modernize and streamline the economy, which led to substantial
foreign debt relief and restructuring. However, government
dedication to the program waned in 2001 for political reasons. Yemen
is struggling to control excessive spending and rampant corruption.
The people have grown increasingly upset over the economic
situation. In July 2005, a reduction in fuel subsidies sparked
riots; over 20 Yemenis were killed and hundreds were injured.

Zambia
Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform,
Zambia's economic growth remains somewhat below the 6%-7% needed to
reduce poverty significantly. Privatization of government-owned
copper mines relieved the government from covering mammoth losses
generated by the industry and greatly improved the chances for
copper mining to return to profitability and spur economic growth.
Copper output has increased steadily since 2004, due to higher
copper prices and the opening of new mines. The maize harvest was
again good in 2005, helping boost GDP and agricultural exports.
Cooperation continues with international bodies on programs to
reduce poverty, including a new lending arrangement with the IMF in
the second quarter of 2004. A tighter monetary policy will help cut
inflation, but Zambia still has a serious problem with high public
debt.

Zimbabwe
The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of
difficult economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainable
fiscal deficit, an overvalued exchange rate, soaring inflation, and
bare shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement in the war in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, for example, drained hundreds of millions of
dollars from the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF has been
suspended because of the government's arrears on past loans, which
it began repaying in 2005. The official annual inflation rate rose
from 32% in 1998, to 133% at the end of 2004, and 585% at the end of
2005, although private sector estimates put the figure much higher.
Meanwhile, the official exchange rate fell from 24 Zimbabwean
dollars per US dollar in 1998 to 96,000 in mid-January 2006. The
government's land reform program, characterized by chaos and
violence, has badly damaged the commercial farming sector, the
traditional source of exports and foreign exchange and the provider
of 400,000 jobs, turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food
products.

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

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@2117 Pipelines (km)

Afghanistan
gas 466 km (2006)

Albania
gas 339 km; oil 207 km (2006)

Algeria
condensate 1,344 km; gas 85,946 km; liquid petroleum gas
2,213 km; oil 6,496 km (2005)

Angola
gas 235 km; liquid petroleum gas 122 km; oil 867 km;
oil/gas/water 5 km (2006)

Argentina
gas 29,804 km; liquid petroleum gas 41 km; oil 10,373 km;
refined products 8,540 km; unknown (oil/water) 13 km (2006)

Armenia
gas 2,002 km (2006)

Australia
condensate/gas 546 km; gas 31,323 km; liquid petroleum gas
240 km; oil 4,808 km; oil/gas/water 110 km (2006)

Austria
gas 2,722 km; oil 663 km; refined products 149 km (2006)

Azerbaijan
gas 3,190 km; oil 2,436 km (2006)

Bahrain
gas 20 km; oil 52 km (2006)

Bangladesh
gas 2,604 km (2006)

Belarus
gas 5,223 km; oil 2,321 km; refined products 1,686 km (2006)

Belgium
gas 1,561 km; oil 158 km; refined products 535 km (2006)

Bolivia
gas 4,860 km; liquid petroleum gas 47 km; oil 2,475 km;
refined products 1,589 km; unknown (oil/water) 247 km (2006)

Brazil
condensate/gas 244 km; gas 11,669 km; liquid petroleum gas
341 km; oil 5,212 km; refined products 4,755 km (2006)

Brunei
gas 672 km; oil 463 km (2006)

Bulgaria
gas 2,505 km; oil 339 km; refined products 156 km (2006)

Burma
gas 2,224 km; oil 558 km (2006)

Cameroon
gas 70 km; liquid petroleum gas 9 km; oil 1,107 km (2006)

Canada
crude and reined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980
km (2005)

Chad
oil 205 km (2006)

Chile
gas 2,567 km; gas/lpg 42 km; liquid petroleum gas 539 km; oil
1,003 km; refined products 757 km; unknown (oil/water) 97 km (2006)

China
gas 22,664 km; oil 15,256 km; refined products 6,106 km (2006)

Colombia
gas 4,360 km; oil 6,140 km; refined products 3,158 km (2006)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
gas 54 km; oil 78 km (2006)

Congo, Republic of the
gas 89 km; liquid petroleum gas 4 km; oil 744
km (2006)

Costa Rica
refined products 242 km (2006)

Cote d'Ivoire
condensate 109 km; gas 240 km; oil 112 km (2006)

Croatia
gas 1,340 km; oil 583 km (2006)

Cuba
gas 49 km; oil 230 km (2006)

Czech Republic
gas 7,010 km; oil 547 km; refined products 94 km
(2006)

Denmark
condensate 12 km; gas 3,931 km; oil 626 km; oil/gas/water 2
km (2006)

Ecuador
extra heavy crude 578 km; gas 71 km; oil 1,386 km; refined
products 1,185 km (2006)

Egypt
condensate 464 km; condensate/gas 94 km; gas 6,021 km; liquid
petroleum gas 897 km; oil 5,120 km; oil/gas/water 36 km; refined
products 897 km (2006)

Equatorial Guinea
condensate 46 km; condensate/gas 5 km; gas 47 km;
oil 31 km (2006)

Estonia
gas 859 km (2006)

Finland
gas 694 km (2006)

France
gas 14,588 km; oil 3,024 km; refined products 4,889 km (2006)

Gabon
gas 272 km; oil 1,354 km (2006)

Georgia
gas 1,349 km; oil 1,010 km (2006)

Germany
condensate 37 km; gas 25,035 km; oil 3,546 km; refined
products 3,827 km (2006)

Ghana
oil 13 km; refined products 316 km (2006)

Greece
gas 1,166 km; oil 94 km (2006)

Guatemala
oil 480 km (2006)

Hungary
gas 4,397 km; oil 990 km; refined products 335 km (2006)

India
condensate/gas 8 km; gas 5,184 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,993
km; oil 6,500 km; refined products 6,152 km (2006)

Indonesia
condensate 944 km; condensate/gas 135 km; gas 9,175 km;
oil 7,684 km; oil/gas/water 89 km; refined products 1,367 km (2006)

Iran
condensate 7 km; condensate/gas 397 km; gas 17,099 km; liquid
petroleum gas 570 km; oil 8,521 km; refined products 7,808 km (2006)

Iraq
gas 2,228 km; liquid petroleum gas 918 km; oil 5,506 km;
refined products 1,637 km (2006)

Ireland
gas 1,728 km (2006)

Israel
gas 193 km; oil 442 km; refined products 261 km (2006)

Italy
gas 17,589 km; oil 1,136 km (2006)

Japan
gas 8,015 km; oil 170 km; oil/gas/water 60 km (2006)

Jordan
gas 426 km; oil 49 km (2006)

Kazakhstan
condensate 658 km; gas 11,019 km; oil 10,338 km; refined
products 1,095 km (2006)

Kenya
refined products 894 km (2006)

Korea, North
oil 154 km (2006)

Korea, South
gas 1,482 km; refined products 827 km (2006)

Kuwait
gas 269 km; oil 540 km; refined products 57 km (2006)

Kyrgyzstan
gas 254 km; oil 16 km (2006)

Laos
refined products 540 km (2006)

Latvia
gas 1,097 km; oil 82 km; refined products 415 km (2006)

Lebanon
gas 43 km (2006)

Libya
condensate 882 km; gas 3,481 km; oil 6,916 km (2006)

Liechtenstein
gas 20 km (2006)

Lithuania
gas 1,696 km; oil 228 km; refined products 121 km (2006)

Luxembourg
gas 155 km (2006)

Macedonia
gas 268 km; oil 120 km (2006)

Malaysia
condensate 282 km; gas 5,372 km; oil 1,715 km;
oil/gas/water 19 km; refined products 114 km (2006)

Mexico
gas 22,705 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,875 km; oil 8,688 km;
oil/gas/water 228 km; refined products 6,520 km (2006)

Moldova
gas 606 km (2006)

Morocco
gas 715 km; oil 285 km (2006)

Mozambique
gas 918 km; refined products 294 km (2006)

Netherlands
condensate 81 km; gas 7,229 km; oil 578 km; refined
products 716 km (2006)

New Zealand
condensate 224 km; gas 1,693 km; liquid petroleum gas 45
km; oil 280 km; refined products 288 km (2006)

Nicaragua
oil 54 km (2006)

Nigeria
condensate 126 km; gas 2,812 km; liquid petroleum gas 125
km; oil 4,278 km; refined products 3,517 km (2006)

Norway
condensate 508 km; gas 5,910 km; oil 2,557 km; oil/gas/water
746 km (2006)

Oman
gas 4,072 km; oil 3,405 km (2006)

Pakistan
gas 10,257 km; oil 2,001 km (2006)

Papua New Guinea
oil 264 km (2006)

Peru
gas 983 km; gas/lpg 61 km; liquid natural gas 106 km; liquid
petroleum gas 517 km; oil 1,754 km; refined products 13 km (2006)

Philippines
gas 565 km; oil 135 km; refined products 105 km (2006)

Poland
gas 13,552 km; oil 1,384 km; refined products 777 km (2006)

Portugal
gas 1,099 km; oil 8 km; refined products 174 km (2006)

Qatar
condensate 319 km; condensate/gas 209 km; gas 1,024 km; liquid
petroleum gas 87 km; oil 844 km (2006)

Romania
gas 3,508 km; oil 2,427 km (2006)

Russia
condensate 122 km; gas 156,285 km; oil 72,283 km; refined
products 13,658 km (2006)

Saudi Arabia
condensate 212 km; gas 1,880 km; liquid petroleum gas
1,183 km; oil 4,531 km; refined products 1,150 km (2006)

Senegal
gas 43 km (2006)

Serbia
gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2006)

Singapore
gas 139 km; refined products 8 km (2006)

Slovakia
gas 6,769 km; oil 416 km (2006)

Slovenia
gas 2,526 km; oil 11 km (2006)

South Africa
condensate 100 km; gas 1,062 km; oil 966 km; refined
products 1,354 km (2006)

Spain
gas 7,962 km; oil 622 km; refined products 3,447 km (2006)

Sudan
gas 156 km; oil 3,930 km; refined products 1,613 km (2006)

Suriname
oil 51 km (2006)

Sweden
gas 798 km (2006)

Switzerland
gas 1,831 km; oil 94 km; refined products 7 km (2006)

Syria
gas 2,764 km; oil 2,000 km (2006)

Taiwan
condensate 25 km; gas 661 km (2006)

Tajikistan
gas 549 km; oil 38 km (2006)

Tanzania
gas 254 km; oil 872 km (2006)

Thailand
gas 3,760 km; refined products 379 km (2006)

Trinidad and Tobago
condensate 253 km; gas 1,278 km; oil 571 km
(2006)

Tunisia
gas 2,945 km; oil 1,227 km; refined products 351 km (2006)

Turkey
gas 4,621 km; oil 3,543 km (2006)

Turkmenistan
gas 6,441 km; oil 1,361 km (2006)

Ukraine
gas 19,951 km; oil 4,514 km; refined products 4,211 km (2006)

United Arab Emirates
condensate 520 km; gas 2,580 km; liquid
petroleum gas 300 km; oil 2,950 km; oil/gas/water 5 km; refined
products 156 km (2006)

United Kingdom
condensate 565 km; condensate/gas 6 km; gas 21,575
km; liquid petroleum gas 59 km; oil 5,094 km; oil/gas/water 161 km;
refined products 4,444 km (2006)

United States
petroleum products 244,620 km; natural gas 548,665 km
(2003)

Uruguay
gas 257 km; oil 160 km (2006)

Uzbekistan
gas 9,594 km; oil 868 km (2006)

Venezuela
extra heavy crude 992 km; gas 5,369 km; oil 7,607 km;
refined products 1,681 km; unknown (oil/water) 141 km (2006)

Vietnam
condensate/gas 432 km; gas 163 km; oil 50 km; refined
products 206 km (2006)

Yemen
gas 71 km; liquid petroleum gas 22 km; oil 1,284 km (2006)

Zambia
oil 771 km (2006)

Zimbabwe
refined products 261 km (2006)

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

======================================================================

@2118 Political parties and leaders

Afghanistan
note - includes only political parties approved by the
Ministry of Justice: Afghan Millat [Anwarul Haq AHADI]; De
Afghanistan De Solay Ghorzang Gond [Shahnawaz TANAI]; De Afghanistan
De Solay Mili Islami Gond [Shah Mahmood Polal ZAI]; Harakat-e-Islami
Afghanistan [Mohammad Asif MOHSINEE];
Hezb-e-Aarman-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Iihaj Saraj-u-din ZAFAREE];
Hezb-e-Aazadee Afghanistan [Abdul MALIK]; Hezb-e-Adalat-e-Islami
Afghanistan [Mohammad Kabeer MARZBAN]; Hezb-e-Afghanistan-e-Wahid
[Mohammad Wasil RAHEEMEE]; Hezb-e-Afghan Watan Islami Gond;
Hezb-e-Congra-e-Mili Afghanistan [Latif PEDRAM];
Hezb-e-Falah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad ZAREEF];
Hezb-e-Hambastagee Mili Jawanan-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Jamil
KARZAI]; Hezb-e-Hamnbatagee-e-Afghanistan [Abdul Khaleq NEMAT];
Hezb-e-Harakat-e-Mili Wahdat-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Nadir AATASH];
Hezb-e-Harak-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ilhaj Said Hssain
ANWARY]; Hezb-e-Ifazat Az Uqoq-e-Bashar Wa Inkishaf-e-Afghanistan
[Baryalai NASRATEE]; Hezb-e-Istiqlal-e-Afghanistan [Dr. Gh. Farooq
NIJZRABEE]; Hezb-e-Jamhoree Khwahan [Sibghatullah SANJAR];
Hezb-e-Kar Wa Tawsiha-e-Afghanistan [Zulfiar OMID];
Hezb-e-Libral-e-Aazadee Khwa-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ajmal SOHAIL];
Hezb-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul Rasheed AARYAN]; Hezb-e-Mili
Wahdat-e-Aqwam-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Shah KHOGYANEE];
Hezb-e-Nuhzhat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Ahmad Wali MASOUD];
Hezb-e-Paiwand-e-Mili Afghanistan [Said Mansoor NADIRI];
Hezb-e-Rastakhaiz-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Said ZAHIR];
Hezb-e-Refah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mia Gul WASEEQ];
Hezb-e-Risalat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Noor Aqa ROEEN];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Zubair PAIROZ];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mili Wa Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Usman
SALIGZADA]; Hezb-e-Sulh-e-Mili Islami Aqwam-e-Afghanistan [Abdul
Qahir SHARYATEE]; Hezb-e-Sulh Wa Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul
Qadir IMAMEE]; Hezb-e-Tafahum-e-Wa Democracy Afghanistan [Ahamad
SHAHEEN]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Karim
KHALILI]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ustad
Mohammad MOHAQQEQ]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul Rasheed
JALILI]; Jamahat-ul-Dahwat ilal Qurhan-wa-Sunat-ul-Afghanistan
[Mawlawee Samiullah NAJEEBEE]; Jombesh-e Milli [Abdul Rashid
DOSTAM]; Mahaz-e-Mili Islami Afghanistan [Said Ahmad GAILANEE];
Majmah-e-Mili Fahaleen-e-Sulh-e-Afghanistan [Shams ul Haq Noor
SHAMS]; Nuhzat-e-Aazadee Wa Democracy Afghanistan [Abdul Raqeeb
Jawid KUHISTANEE]; Nuhzat-e-Hambastagee Mili Afghanistan [Peer Said
Ishaq GAILANEE]; Sazman-e-Islami Afghanistan-e-Jawan [Siad Jawad
HUSSAINEE]; Tahreek Wahdat-e-Mili [Sultan Mahmood DHAZI] (30 Sep
2004)

Albania
Agrarian Environmentalist Party or PAA [Lufter XHUVELI];
Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Nikolle LESI]; Communist Party of
Albania or PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI]; Democratic Alliance Party or DAP
[Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; Legality
Movement Party or PLL [Ekrem SPAHIU]; Liberal Union Party or PBL
[Arjan STAROVA]; National Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or BNK
[Adriatik ALIMADHI]; New Democratic Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; Party
of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQIRI]; Renewed Democratic Party
or PDRN [Dashamir SHEHI]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU];
Social Democracy Party or PDS [Paskal MILO]; Social Democratic Party
or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI
[Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA]; Union for Human
Rights Party or PBDNj [Vangjel DULE]

Algeria
Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]; National
Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed
OUYAHIA, secretary general]; Islamic Salvation Front or FIS
(outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ, Dr. Abassi MADANI, Rabeh KEBIR];
National Entente Movement or MEN [Ali BOUKHAZNA]; National
Liberation Front or FLN [Abdelaziz BELKHADEM, secretary general];
National Reform Movement or Islah (formerly MRN) [Abdellah
DJABALLAH]; National Renewal Party or PRA [Yacine TERKMANE];
Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally for Culture and
Democracy or RCD [Said SADI]; Renaissance Movement or EnNahda
Movement [Fatah RABEI]; Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine Ait
AHMED, secretary general]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed
KHELIL]; Society of Peace Movement or MSP [Boudjerra SOLTANI];
Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN]
note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted
in March 1997

American Samoa
Democratic Party [Oreta M. TOGAFAU]; Republican Party
[Tautai A. F. FAALEVAO]

Andorra
Andorran Democratic Center Party or CDA (formerly Democratic
Party or PD); Century 21 or S21 [Enric TARRADO]; Liberal Party of
Andorra or PLA (formerly Liberal Union or UL) [Albert PINTAT];
Social Democratic Party or PS (formerly part of National Democratic
Group or AND) [Jaume BARTUMEU CASSANY]

Angola
Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA];
National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed
leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for the
Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA] (largest
opposition party); Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or
MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS] (ruling party in power since 1975);
Social Renewal Party or PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA,
Antonio MUACHICUNGO]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections
but only won a few seats; they and the other 115 smaller parties
have little influence in the National Assembly

Anguilla
Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; The
Anguilla United Front or AUF [Osbourne FLEMING, Victor BANKS], a
coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla
National Alliance or ANA; Anguilla Progressive Party or APP [Roy
ROGERS]; Anguilla Strategic Alternative or ANSA [Edison BAIRD]

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD];
Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; National
Democratic Congress [Tillman THOMAS]; United Progressive Party or
UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three opposition parties -
Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, Progressive Labor
Movement or PLM, United National Democratic Party or UNDP)

Argentina
Alternative for a Republic of Equals or ARI [Elisa
CARRIO]; Front for Victory or FV [Nestor KIRCHNER]; Interbloque
Federal or IF (a broad coalition of approximately 12 parties
including RECREAR); Justicialist Front or FJ [Eduardo DUHALDE];
Justicialist Party or PJ (Peronist umbrella political organization);
Radical Civic Union or UCR [Roberto IGLESIAS]; Republican Initiative
Alliance or PRO (including Federal Recreate Movement or RECREAR
[Ricardo LOPEZ MURPHY] and Commitment for Change or CPC [Mauricio
MACRI]); Socialist Party or PS [Ruben GIUSTINIANI]; Union For All
[Patricia BULLRICH]; several provincial parties

Armenia
Agro-Industrial Party [Vladimir BADALYAN]; Armenia Party
[Myasnik MALKHASYAN]; Armenian National Movement or ANM [Alex
ARZUMANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Ramkavar Liberal Party or HRAK
[Harutyun MIRZAKHANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation
("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Levon MKRTCHYAN]; Democratic Party [Aram
SARKISYAN]; Justice Bloc (comprised of the Democratic Party,
National Democratic Party, National Democratic Union, the People's
Party, and the Republic Party) [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; National
Democratic Party [Shavarsh KOCHARIAN]; National Democratic Union or
NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National Revival Party [Albert BAZEYAN];
National Unity Party [Artashes GEGHAMYAN, chairman]; People's Party
of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republic Party [Aram SARKISYAN,
chairman]; Republican Party or RPA [Andranik MARGARYAN]; Rule of Law
Party [Samvel BALASANYAN]; Union of Constitutional Rights [Hrant
KHACHATURYAN]; United Labor Party [Gurgen ARSENYAN]

Aruba
Aliansa/Aruban Social Movement or MSA [Robert WEVER]; Aruban
Liberal Organization or OLA [Glenbert CROES]; Aruban Patriotic
Movement or MPA [Monica ARENDS-KOCK]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA
[Benny NISBET]; Aruban People's Party or AVP [Mike EMAN]; People's
Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER]; Real Democracy
or PDR [Andin BIKKER]; RED [Rudy LAMPE]; Workers Political Platform
or PTT [Gregorio WOLFF]

Australia
Australian Democrats [Lyn ALLISON]; Australian Greens [Bob
BROWN]; Australian Labor Party [Kevin RUDD]; Country Liberal Party
[Jodeen CARNEY]; Family First Party [Steve FIELDING]; Liberal Party
[John Winston HOWARD]; The Nationals [Mark VAILE]

Austria
Alliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Joerg HAIDER];
Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL]; Freedom Party
of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE]; Social Democratic
Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens [Alexander
VAN DER BELLEN]

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KARIMLI, leader of
"Reform" faction; Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU, leader of "Classic"
faction]; Civic Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Civic
Union Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA
[Ramiz AHMADOV]; Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Party
for Azerbaijan or DPA [Rasul QULIYEV, chairman]; Justice Party
[Ilyas ISMAILOV]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shovkat
HACIYEVA]; Motherland Party; Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; Yeni
Azerbaijan Party; Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or
PNIA [Etibar MAMMADLI, chairman]; Social Democratic Party of
Azerbaijan or SDP [Araz ALIZADE and Ayaz MUTALIBOV]
note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties

Bahamas, The
Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert INGRAHAM];
Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]

Bahrain
political parties prohibited but political societies were
legalized per a July 2005 law

Bangladesh
Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist
Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party
or BNP [Khaleda ZIA]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul Haq
AMINI]; Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh or JIB [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI];
Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD];
Jatiya Party (Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDP [Badrudozza CHOWDHURY and Oli AHMED]

Barbados
Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic Labor
Party or DLP [David THOMPSON]

Belarus
pro-government parties: Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail
SHIMANSKY]; Belarusian Communist Party or KPB; Belarusian Patriotic
Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Nikolai ULAKHOVICH,
chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH];
Party of Labor and Justice [Viktor SOKOLOV]; Social-Sports Party
[Vladimir ALEXANDROVICH]
opposition parties: 10 Plus Coalition [Alyaksandr MILINKEVICH],
includes: Belarusian Party of Communists or PKB [Syarhey KALYAKIN];
Belarusian Party of Labor (unregistered) [Aleksandr BUKHVOSTOV,
Leonid LEMESHONAK]; Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Vintsyuk
VYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democratic Gramada [Stanislav
SHUSHKEVICH]; Green Party [Oleg GROMYKO]; Party of Freedom and
Progress (unregistered) [Vladimir NOVOSYAD]; United Civic Party or
UCP [Anatol LYABEDKA]; Women's Party "Nadezhda" [Valentina
MATUSEVICH, chairperson]
other opposition includes: Belarusian Social-Democratic Party
Nardonaya Hromada or BSDP NH [Alyaksandr KOZULIN, chairman];
Christian Conservative BPF [Zyanon PAZNIAK]; Ecological Party of
Greens [Mikhail KARTASH]; Party of Popular Accord [Sergei YERMAKK];
Republican Party [Vladimir BELAZOR]

Belgium
Flemish parties: Christian Democrats and Flemish or CD & V
[Jo VANDEURZEN]; Flemish Liberal Democrats or VLD [Bart SOMERS];
GROEN! (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens) [Vera DUA]; New Flemish
Alliance or NVA [Bart DE WEVER]; Social Progressive Alternative or
SP.A [Johan Vande LANOTTE]; Spirit [Geert LAMBERT] (new party now
associated with SP.A); Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Frank
VANHECKE]
Francophone parties: Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUX,
Isabelle DURANT, Claude BROUIR]; Humanist and Democratic Center of
CDH [Joelle MILQUET]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET]; Reform
Movement or MR [Didier REYNDERS]; Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI
RUPO]; other minor parties

Belize
People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United Democratic
Party or UDP [Dean BARROW, party leader; Douglas SINGH, party
chairman]

Benin
Alliance of Progress Forces or AFP; African Movement for
Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN]; Democratic
Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Impulse for Progress and
Democracy or IPD; Key Force or FC; Movement for Development and
Solidarity or MDS; Movement for Development by the Culture-Salute
Party-Congress of People for Progress Alliance or Alliance
MDC-PS-CPP; New Alliance or NA; Rally for Democracy and Progress or
RDP; Renaissance Party du Benin or RB [Nicephore SOGLO]; The Star
Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA]; Union of Tomorrow's Benin
or UBF [Bruno AMOUSSOU]
note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

Bermuda
Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Ewart BROWN]; United Bermuda
Party or UBP [Wayne FURBERT]

Bhutan
no legal parties

Bolivia
Bolivian Socialist Falange or FSB [Romel PANTOJA]; Civic
Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Free Bolivia Movement or
MBL [Franz BARRIOS]; Marshal of Ayacucho Institutional Vanguard or
VIMA [Freddy ZABALA]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR
[Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Juan Evo
MORALES Ayma]; Movement Without Fear or MSM [Juan DEL GRANADO];
National Revolutionary Movement or MNR [Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA];
New Republican Force or NFR [Manfred REYES-VILLA]; Pachakuti
Indigenous Movement or MIP [Felipe QUISPE Huanca]; Poder Democratico
Nacional or PODEMOS [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez]; Socialist
Party or PS [Jeres JUSTINIANO]

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or
SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Civic
Democratic Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Christian Democratic
Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Marin TOPIC]; Croat Party
of Rights or HSP [Zvonko JURISIC]; Croat Peasants Party or HSS
[Marko TADIC]; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina
or HDZ-BH [Dragan COVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union 100 or HDZ100;
Croatian Peoples Union [Milenko BRKIC]; Democratic National Union or
DNZ [Rifet DOLIC]; Democratic Peoples Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC];
Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; New Croat Initiative
or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBiH
[Haris SILAJDZIC]; Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Sulejman
TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]; Serb
Democratic Party or SDS [Dragan CAVIC]; Serb Radical Party of the
Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA]; Serb Radical
Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Radislav KANJERIC]; Social
Democratic Party of BIH or SDP [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Social
Democratic Union or SDU [Sejfudin TOKIC]; Socialist Party of
Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]

Botswana
Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu
SETSHWAELO]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Otlaadisa KOOSALETSE];
Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus G. MOGAE]; Botswana
National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Peoples Party or
BPP; MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS; New Democratic Front or NDF
note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the
BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats - includes the
United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the Independence
Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; the Botswana Progressive Union
[D. K. KWELE]

Brazil
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy
Michel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Flavio de CASTRO
MARTINEZ]; Brazilian Renewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy Fidelix
DA CRUZ]; Brazilian Republican Party or PRB [Vitor Paulo Araujo DOS
SANTOS]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator Tasso
JEREISSATI]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Federal Deputy
Eduardo Henrique Accioly CAMPOS]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB
[Jose Renato RABELO]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos Roberto
LUPI]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Luis Marques MENDES];
Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Humanist Party of
Solidarity or PHS [leader NA]; Liberal Party or PL [Federal Deputy
Valdemar COSTA Neto]; National Order Reconstruction Party or PRONA
[Federal Deputy Dr. Eneas Ferreira CARNEIRO]; Partido Municipalista
Renovador or PMR [Natal Wellington Rodrigues FURUCHO]; Popular
Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy Roberto FREIRE]; Progressive
Party or PP [Federal Deputy Pedro CORREA]; Social Christian Party or
PSC [Vitor Jorge ABDALA NOSSEIS]; Workers' Party or PT [Ricardo Jose
Ribeiro BERZOINI]

British Virgin Islands
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn
SMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United
Party or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T.
O'NEAL]

Brunei
Brunei Solidarity National Party (PPKB) [Haji Mohd HATTA bin
Haji Zainal Abidin]; National Development Party (NDP) [YASSIN
Affendi]; People's Awareness Party (PAKAR) [Awang Haji MAIDIN bin
Haji Ahmad]
note: parties are small and have limited activity (2005)

Bulgaria
ATAKA (Attack Coalition) (coalition of parties headed by
the Attack National Union); Attack National Union [Volen Siderov];
Bulgarian Agrarian National Union-People's Union or BANU [Anastasia
MOZER]; Bulgarian People's Union or BPU (coalition of UFD, IMRO, and
BANU); Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV];
Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB (coalition of parties dominated by
BSP) [Sergei STANISHEV]; Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB
[Ivan KOSTOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or
IMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]; Movement for Rights and Freedoms or
MRF [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II or NMS2 [Simeon
SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA]; New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV]; Union of Democratic
Forces or UDF [Petar STOYANOV]; Union of Free Democrats or UFD
[Stefan SOFIYANSKI]; United Democratic Forces or UtDF (a coalition
of center-right parties dominated by UDF)

Burkina Faso
African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and
Federation or RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO]; Confederation for Federation
and Democracy or CFD [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO]; Congress for
Democracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movement
for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE];
Party for African Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Party
for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO]; Socialist Party
or PS; Union of Greens for the Development of Burkina Faso or UVDB
[Ram OVEDRAGO]

Burma
National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman,
AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP
(pro-regime) [THA KYAW] (at last report); Shan Nationalities League
for Democracy or SNLD [HKUN HTUN OO]; and other smaller parties

Burundi
the three national, mainstream, governing parties are:
Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Leonce NGENDAKUMANA,
president]; National Council for the Defense of Democracy, Front for
the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [Hussein RADJABU, president];
Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Aloys RUBUKA, president]
note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:
National Council for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD; National
Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation of the Citizen or
MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI]; Party for National
Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]

Cambodia
Cambodian Pracheachon Party (Cambodian People's Party) or
CPP [CHEA SIM]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral,
Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [KEV PUT REAKSMEI];
Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM RANGSI]

Cameroon
Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA];
Democratic Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA];
Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA];
Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC
[Marcel YONDO]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MYC [Dieudonne
TINA]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari
BELLO BOUBA]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]; Union
of Cameroonian Populations or UPC [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]

Canada
Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada
(a merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative
Party) [Stephen HARPER]; Green Party [Elizabeth MAY]; Liberal Party
[Stephane DION]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]

Cape Verde
African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV
[Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Change
or ADM [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID);
Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES, chairman];
Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO, president];
Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union or UCID [Antonio
MONTEIRO]; Movement for Democracy or MPD [Agostinho LOPES,
president]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico
MONTEIRO, president]; Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Isaias
RODRIGUES, president]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM,
president]

Cayman Islands
no national teams (loose groupings of political
organizations) were formed for the 2000 elections; United Democratic
Party or UDP [leader McKeeva BUSH]; People's Progressive Movement or
PPM [leader Kurt TIBBETTS]

Central African Republic
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP
[Jacques MBOLIEDAS]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC
[Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA];
Democratic Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal
Democratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for
Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the
Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [Ange-Felix
PATASSE] (the party of deposed president); National Convergence or
KNK; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel GOUMBA]; People's
Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre Sammy MAKFOY]; National Unity
Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; Social Democratic Party or PSD
[Enoch LAKOUE]

Chad
Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR];
National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Delwa Kassire
COUMAKOYE]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh
KEBZABO]; Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ibni Oumar
Mahamat SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh
AHMAT, chairman]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol
Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR [Jean
ALINGUE]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal
Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]

Chile
Alliance for Chile ("Alianza") or APC (including National
Renewal or RN [Sergio DIEZ Urzia] and Independent Democratic Union
or UDI [Jovino NOVOA Vasquez]); Coalition of Parties for Democracy
("Concertacion") or CPD (including Christian Democratic Party or PDC
[Adolfo ZALDIVAR Larrain], Socialist Party or PS [Ricardo NUNEZ],
Party for Democracy or PPD [Victor BARRUETO], Radical Social
Democratic Party or PRSD [Jose Antonio GOMEZ Urrutia]); Communist
Party or PC [Guillermo TEILLIER]

China
Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao]; eight registered
small parties controlled by CCP

Christmas Island
none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none

Colombia
Clandestine Communist Party of Colombia or PCC [Jaime
CAICEDO]; Colombian Conservative Party or PC [Carlos HOLGUIN Sardi];
Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA [Samuel MORENO Rojas]; Liberal
Party or PL [Cesar GAVIRIA]; Social National Unity Party or PSUN
[Juan Manuel SANTOS]
note: Colombia has about 60 formally recognized political parties,
most of which do not have a presence in either house of Congress

Comoros
Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros [AZALI Assowmani];
Camp of the Autonomous Islands (a coalition of parties organized by
the island Presidents in opposition to the Union President); Front
National pour la Justice or FNJ [Ahmed RACHID] (Islamic party in
opposition); Mouvement pour la Democratie et le Progress or MDP-NGDC
[Abbas DJOUSSOUF]; Parti Comorien pour la Democratie et le Progress
or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE]; Rassemblement National pour le Development
or RND [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid AFFRAITANE]

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Democratic Social Christian Party
or PDSC [Andre BO-BOLIKO]; Forces for Renovation for Union and
Solidarity or FONUS [Joseph OLENGHANKOY]; National Congolese
Lumumbist Movement or MNC [Francois LUMUMBA]; Popular Movement of
the Revolution or MPR (three factions: MPR-Fait Prive [Catherine
NZUZI wa Mbombo]; MPR/Vunduawe [Felix VUNDUAWE]; MPR/Mananga
[MANANGA Dintoka Mpholo]); Unified Lumumbast Party or PALU [Antoine
GIZENGA]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne
TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba]; Union of Federalists and Independent
Republicans or UFERI (two factions: UFERI [Lokambo OMOKOKO];
UFERI/OR [Adolph Kishwe MAYA])

Congo, Republic of the
the most important of the many parties are
the Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO,
president] (an alliance of Convention for Alternative Democracy,
Congolese Labor Party or PCT, Liberal Republican Party, National
Union for Democracy and Progress, Patriotic Union for the National
Reconstruction, and Union for the National Renewal); Congolese
Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel
MAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin
MBERI]; Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre
Thystere TCHICAYA, president]; Rally for Democracy and the Republic
or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO]; Union for Democracy and Republic or
UDR; Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]

Cook Islands
Cook Islands Party or CIP [Henry PUNA]; Democratic
Party or Demo [Dr. Terepai MAOATE]

Costa Rica
Authentic Member from Heredia [Jose SALAS]; Citizen
Action Party or PAC [Otton SOLIS]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or
PRC [Gerardo Justo OROZCO Alvarez]; Democratic Force Party or PFD
[Vladimir DE LA CRUZ]; General Union Party or PUGEN [Carlos Alberto
FERNANDEZ Vega]; Homeland First or PP [Juan Jose VARGAS Fallas];
Independent Worker Party or PIO [Jose Alberto CUBERO Carmona];
Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National
Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Juan Carlos CHAVEZ Mora]; National
Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; National
Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio PACHECO]; National
Patriotic Party or PPN [Daniel Enrique REYNOLDS Vargas]; National
Restoration Party or PRN [Carlos AVENDANO]; Nationalist Democratic
Alliance or ADN [Jose Miguel VILLALOBOS Umana]; Patriotic Union or
UP [Humberto ARCE Salas]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC
[Lorena VASQUEZ Badilla]; Union for Change Party or UPC [Antonio
ALVAREZ Desanti]; United Leftist Coalition or IU [Humberto VARGAS
Carbonel]

Cote d'Ivoire
Citizen's Democratic Union or UDCY [Eg Theodore MEL];
Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African Democratic Rally or
PDCI-RDA [Henri Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Laurent
GBAGBO]; Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE]; Rally of the
Republicans or RDR [Alassane OUATTARA]; Union for Democracy and
Peace or UDPCI [Paul Akoto YAO]; over 20 smaller parties