Chapter XXXII: Appendix: II (1)

TABLE I (p. 25)

This table is based on documents relating to the following manors:--

1. Northumberland.

Acklington (1567, _Northumberland County History_, vol. v. pp. 367-8); Buston (1567, _ibid._, vol. v. p. 209); Thirston (1567, _ibid._, vol. vii. pp. 305-6); Birling (1567, _ibid._, vol. v. pp. 200-1); Amble (1608, _ibid._, vol. v. p. 281); Hexham (1608, _ibid._, vol. iii. pp. 86-104).

2. Lancashire.

Warton (Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 19, No. 7, ff. 79-87); Whyttington (Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 19, No. 7, ff. 47-9); Ashton (Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Portf. 19, No. 7, ff. 69-72); Overton (4 Eliz. R.O. Duchy of Lanc., Special Commission, No. 67); Widnes (10 Eliz. R.O. Duchy of Lanc., Special Commission, No. 181); Cartmel (Hen. VIII.(?) R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 22, No. 75); Rochdale (1626, from information kindly supplied by Lieut.-Colonel Fishwick of Rochdale, from a Survey in the Chetham Library, Manchester), Lands of Cockersand Abbey (1501, _Chetham Miscellanies_, vol. iii.).

3. Staffordshire.

Barton (Ph. and M.(?) R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 14, No. 70); Burton Bondend (1597, R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks., vol. 185, ff. 70-74); Drayton Basset (1579, R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks., vol. 185, ff. 54-68); Wotton in Elishall (1 Ed. VI., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 14, No. 83); Agarsley (1611, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Duchy of Lancs., Bdle. 8, No. 29).

4. Leicestershire.

Ulverscroft Priory (31 Hen. VIII., R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks., vol. 182, f. 35); Broughton Astley (Eliz. R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Bdle. 10, No. 4); Barkby (Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Roll 382); Stapleford (10 Eliz., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Duchy of Lanc., Portf. 6, No. 15); Priory of Launde (31 Hen. VIII, R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks. 182, f. 1); College of St. Mary, Leicester (1595, R.O. Rentals, Duchy of Lanc. 6/12); Garradon Abbey (Hen. VIII., R.O. Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 403, f. 123); Kibworth Beauchamp (1 & 2 Ph. and M., R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks. 182, f. 284); Kibworth Harcourt (1636, Merton MSS., Book labelled Kibworth and Barkby, 1636).

5. Northamptonshire.

Duston (3 Eliz., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Portf. 13, No. 23); Yelvertoft (11 Eliz., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Portf. 13, No. 52); Warmington and Eaglethorpe (30 Eliz., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Portf. 13, No. 21); Brigstock (4 James I., R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks., vol. 221, f. l); Higham Ferrers (8 James I., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Portf. 13, No. 34); Paulspurie, _alias_ Westpury (32 Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, vol. 419, f. 3).

6. Norfolk.

Ormesby (7 Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 22, No. 18); Barney (29 Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 26, No. 57); Great Walsingham (29 Hen. VIII., _ibid._); Gunthorpe (29 Hen. VIII., _ibid._); Skerning (Ed. VI., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 3, No. 23); Metherwolde (1575, R.O. Duchy of Lanc., Rentals and Surveys, Bdle. 7, No. 29_a_); Brisingham (31 Eliz., R.O. Misc. Bks., Land Rev., vol. 220, f. 220); Aylsham (James I., R.O. Misc. Bks., Augm. Off., vol. 360, f. 1); Scratbye Bardolphes (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 12, No. 52); Burghe Vaux (1620, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 12, No. 52); Castons (_c._ 1620(?), R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 12, No. 52 p. 10d); Massingham (Hen. VIII.(?), R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 30, No. 25); Northendall (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Roll 478, m. 3); Drayton Hall (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 20, No. 53); East Dereham (1649, R.O. Parliamentary Surveys, Norfolk, No. 10); West Lexham (1595, Holkham MSS., West Lexham MSS., No. 87); Longham Hall and Gunton (1611, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 62); Longham and Watlington (1611, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 62); Watlington and Priors (1611, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 62); Billingford (1565, Holkham MSS., Billingford and Bintry MSS., Bdle. No. 9); Foxley (1568, Holkham MSS., Billingford and Bintry MSS., Bdle. No. 9); Peakhall (1578, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 12); Wellingham (1611, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 62); Tittleshall Newhall (Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 62). I have included one manor (R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 3, No. 21), of which I have mislaid the name.

7. Suffolk.

Snape (Hen. VIII., R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, f. 187); Ashfield (Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 14, No. 85); Otley (Hen. VIII., R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, f. 145); Rodstrete and Brimdishe (Ed. VI., R.O. Misc. Bks., Augm. Off., vol. 414, f. 19-22); Dennington (Ed. VI., R.O. Misc. Bks., vol. 414, f. 22b); Harrolds in Cretingham (Ed. VI., R.O. Aug. Off., vol. 414, f. 25b); Stratford juxta Higham (17 James I., R.O. Duchy of Lanc., Rentals and Surveys, 9/13); Denham (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Dunstall (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Dalham (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Kentford (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Nedham (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Desnage Talmaye, and Cressness[?] in Gaseleye (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Higham (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32).

8. Wiltshire, Somerset, and Devon.

All are contained in the _Surveys of the Lands of William, Earl of Pembroke_, published by the Roxburgh Club, and edited by Straton, 1565-1573. There are twenty-seven manors in Wiltshire, four in Somersetshire, and one in Devonshire.

9. Hampshire.

Crondal, and Sutton Warblington (_Crondal Records_, Part I., Baigent).

10. Ten other manors in the South of England.

Castle Combe (Wilts, 1454, Scrope, _History of Castle Combe_); Ibstone (Bucks, 1483, Merton MSS., No. 5902); Cuxham (Oxford, 1483, Merton MSS., No. 5902); Malden (Surrey, 1496, Merton MSS., Survey of Malden); Aspley Guise (Bedford, 1542, from information kindly supplied by Mr. G.H. Fowler, of Aspley Guise); Ewerne (Dorset, 1568, _Topographer and Genealogist_, vol i.); Edgeware (Middlesex, 1597, All Souls Estate Maps); Kingsbury (Middlesex, 1597, All Souls Estate Maps); Gamlingay Merton (Cambridge, 1601, Merton Estate Maps); Gamlingay Avenells (Cambridge, 1601, Merton Estate Maps).

* * * * *

The chief criticisms which may be made upon this table are:--

(i) Some of the documents from which the figures are taken are separated from each other by a very long interval of time, so that they do not all represent approximately the same stage of agrarian development. This is a disadvantage. It is possible, for example, that, if the manor of Rochdale could be examined in 1526 instead of in 1626, it would be found that the proportion of copyholders to leaseholders was higher than it is at the later date. This defect, however, is perhaps not so great as to outweigh the value of the general picture of the relative proportion of different classes given by the table. A great majority of the documents from which it is compiled belong to the sixteenth century, and are dated as follows: Those of 10 manors are of an uncertain date, those of 3 fall between 1450 and 1485, of 2 in the reign of Henry VII., of 19 in that of Henry VIII., of 5 in that of Edward VI., of 3 in that of Philip and Mary, of 60 in that of Elizabeth, of 13 in that of James I., of 2 in that of Charles I., of 1 in 1649.

(ii) The lists of tenants given by the surveyors may sometimes not be exhaustive. I am not sure, for example, that all the freeholders on the manor of Crondal, or all the leaseholders at Gamlingay Merton and Gamlingay Avenells, are recorded.

(iii) It is sometimes not clear under what category a tenant should be entered. When there is no clue at all I have entered such tenants as "uncertain." In some cases, however, though there is no entry by the surveyor, there are indications that the tenants are freeholders, customary tenants, or leaseholders, and, when that is so, I have grouped them in the table according to the probabilities of the case. But I do not doubt that I have made some mistakes.

(iv) A special word must be said about Norfolk and Suffolk. In these counties it is quite common to find the same tenant holding both by free and by customary tenure. When this is so, I have entered him both under "freeholders" and under "customary tenants" in the table. This means, of course, that the numbers entered for these two counties in the table exceed the number of individual landholders. As, however, my object was to ascertain the distribution of different classes of tenures, this course, though not satisfactory, seemed the best one to follow. In other counties a similar difficulty hardly ever occurs, a fact which is of some interest as showing the relatively advanced agrarian conditions of Norfolk and Suffolk. In the few cases in which it does occur I have followed the same plan as I have for those two counties.

TABLE II. (pp. 32 and 33)

This table is based on documents relating to the undermentioned manors. The sources from which the information is taken are given in the explanation of Table I., and I therefore do not repeat them.

1. Norfolk.

Metherwolde, Northendall, Brisingham, Massingham, Skerning Billingford.

2. Suffolk.

Ashfield, Stratford juxta Higham, Kentford, Dunstall.

3. Staffordshire.

Drayton Basset, Barton, Burton Bondend.

4. Lancashire.

Warton, Overton, Widnes.

5. Northamptonshire.

Paulespurie, Brigstock, Higham Ferrers, Duston.

6. Wiltshire.

South Newton.

7. Leicestershire.

Barkby.

I have thought it worth while to insert this table, but I am not satisfied with it. (i) I am inclined to think that, as stated in the text, fuller information would show that medium-sized holdings of between 20 and 60 acres were more common than it suggests. It is plain that surveyors often could not locate the properties of freeholders, and the larger the property the harder their task. (ii) Even where the holding is set out by the surveyor, one cannot always form an accurate judgment of its size. For example, rights of common, though often expressed in acres, are often expressed in some other way, _e.g._ in the terms of the number of beasts which the tenant may graze; and, again, a man is sometimes said to hold so many acres "cum pertinentiis." What I have done is simply to enter the acreage as given in the surveys. In some cases, therefore, the size of the holding is certainly underestimated.

TABLE III. (p. 48)

The figures in this table are an analysis of the figures given under the heading of "Customary Tenants" in Table I., and the source from which they are taken will be found by looking at the explanation of that table given above. As I have pointed out in the text, it is probable that not all the "Tenants at Will" should have been entered as "Customary Tenants" in that table. I hope that any error which may have arisen through their inclusion under that heading there may be neutralised by setting them out here. It will be seen that they are not numerous.

TABLE IV. (pp. 64 and 65)

This table is based on documents relating to the undermentioned manors. The sources from which the information is taken are given, with a few exceptions (see below), in the explanation of Table I.

1. Wiltshire and Somerset.

South Newton, Byshopeston, Washerne, Knyghton, Donnington, Estoverton and Phipheld, Wynterbourne Basset (all in Wilts), South Brent and Huish (Somerset).

2. Suffolk.

Stratford juxta Higham, Ashfield, Snape, Desnage Talmaye, Chaterham Hall (the last Hen. VIII. R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, ff. 109-114).

3. Norfolk.

Barney, Great Walsingham, Gunthorpe, Brisingham, Aylsham, Ormesby, Northendall, and one manor, the name of which I have mislaid (see explanation of Table I.).

4. Staffordshire.

Barton, Wotton in Elishall, Agarsley.

5. Lancashire.

Ashton, Whytyngton, Warton, Widnes.

6. Northamptonshire.

Higham Ferrers, Brigstock.

7. Leicestershire.

Launde Priory, Barkby, Kibworth.

8. Northumberland.

High Buston, Acklington, Birling, Thirston, Preston, East Chirton, Middle Chirton, Whitney, Monkseaton, Eardon (the last six all 1539, _Northumberland County History_, vol. viii. p. 230, ff.).

9. Nine manors elsewhere in South of England.

Crondal, Sutton Warblington, Edgeware, Kingsbury, Aspley Guise, Gamlingay Merton, Gamlingay Avenells, Salford, Weedon Weston (two last from surveys on back of All Souls Maps).

In this table are included a few landholders as to whose tenure I am not certain. It has the defect stated in connection with Table I., that in a considerable number of instances the holdings of tenants are not fully expressed in terms of acres, and that therefore it probably somewhat underestimates their area. On the other hand, the holdings of the customary tenants are usually set out by the surveyors much more fully than those of the freeholders.

TABLE V. (p. 107)

1. Northumberland and Lancashire.

Acklington, Birling, High Buston, Thirston, Whytyngton.

2. Wiltshire and Dorsetshire.

South Newton, Estoverton and Phipheld, Winterbourne Basset, Washerne, Donyngton, Byshopeston, Knyghton, Ewerne (the last in Dorsetshire, _Topographer and Genealogist_, vol. i. There are only three customary tenants on this manor, and only one is represented in the table, as the use made by the others of their land is not ascertainable).

3. Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire, Staffordshire, Leicestershire.

Salford, Weedon Weston, Wotton in Elishall, Kibworth Harcourt.

In connection with this table the following points should be noticed:--

(i) I am not certain that all the tenants represented in it are customary tenants. But with one or two exceptions the holdings of all are not larger than those of the customary tenants on other manors, so that there is no reason to suppose that their agricultural economy differed from that usually followed by the latter.

(ii) More serious, the figures are not completely accurate. I have entered under each denomination, "arable," "meadow," or "pasture," land so entered by the surveyor. In some cases, however, the character of the land is not specified. _E.g._ it is described simply as a "close," or a tenant is said to hold so many acres of arable "with appurtenances." Further, tenants frequently possess rights of pasture which are not expressed in terms of acres, but are either measured by the number of beasts which they may graze, or are not measured at all (_e.g._ "catalla sine extento"). In the latter case, which does not affect any except the Wiltshire manors, I have not attempted to form any estimate, but have simply taken their holdings as stated by the surveyor. When there is no clue to the character of the land, I have omitted it. When it is plain that the land falls under a special denomination, though this is not specified in the survey, I have placed it under that denomination in my table. _E.g._ at Donyngton nearly every tenant holds "unum clausum noviter extractum de communia," and together they hold in such "closes" 132 acres. I have entered these as "pasture."

TABLE VI. (pp. 115-117)

1. Ingoldmells, Lincolnshire: Massingberd, Ingoldmells Court Rolls, Preface, p. vii. I quote the words of the editor, "In 1086 the annual value of the manor of Ingoldmells was £10.... In 1295 the rents of the free and bondage tenants were £51, 17s. 1d.... In 1347 the same rents were £61, 9s. 4d., and in 1421 they were £71, 10s. 3d.... But in 1485 £3, 7s. 4d. had to be deducted for lost rents ... from a total of £72, 6s. 8d.... When the manor was sold in 1628 by Charles I., the reserved rent ... was only £73, 17s. 2d.... It is therefore clear that at Ingoldmells the tenants appropriated virtually the whole of the increase in the value of the land."

2. Crondall, Hampshire: Baigent, _Crondal Records_, Part I., pp. 135 and 383.

3. Sutton Warblington, Hampshire: _ibid._, pp. 141 and 383. At the later date Sutton Warblington appears to have been treated as part of the manor of Crondal, though still itself called a manor.

4. Birling, Northumberland: _Northumberland County History_, vol. v.

5. Acklington, Northumberland: _ibid._, vol. v.

6. High Buston, Northumberland: _ibid._, vol. v. (Tenants at will and copyholders only).

7. Amble, Northumberland: _ibid._, vol. v.

8. Aspley Guise, Bedfordshire. These figures were kindly supplied me by Dr. G.H. Fowler of Aspley Guise as the result of his researches in the Record Office into the history of the manor.

9. South Newton, Wiltshire: Roxburghe Club, _Surveys of Lands of William, first Earl of Pembroke_, edited by Straton. Note (a) The manor of South Newton included the parishes of Childhampton, Stoford, Little Wishford, and North Ugford. I have dealt here only with the Parish of South Newton, (b) The figures relate only to the customary tenants, and do not include the payments of freeholders and _convencionarii_. I have obtained the figure of £8, 3s. 11-1/2d. by adding together the tenants' money payments and the value of their works, which are set down in terms of money. But I am not sure that it is correct. I have omitted the payments of fowls (made at both dates) and the small payments for church shot and maltsilver.

10. Cuxham, Oxfordshire: Merton MSS., Nos. 5902 and 5905.

11. Ibstone, Buckinghamshire: _ibid._, Nos. 5902 and 5209. (In the earlier rental freeholders as well as customary tenants, and in the later possibly leaseholders as well, are included.)

12. Malden, Surrey: Merton MSS. MSS. both headed "Maldon, Thorncroft, and Farleigh 1841," and giving extracts from early court rolls and rentals.

13. Kibworth, Leicestershire: Merton MSS., Nos. 6375 (Rental), 6362, and 6356 (ministers' accounts). The earliest entry is the payments of the copyholders only: the two later entries are "rents of assize."

14. Standen, Hertfordshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 868, No. 17; Bdle. 869, No. 8; Bdle. 869, No. 15; Bdle. 870, No. 4. The earliest entry is "Rents assized £18, 17s. 3d. Lands let at will of lord 60s." The second, third, and fourth give the total income.

15. Feering, Essex: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 841, No. 5; Bdle. 841, No. 23; Mins. Accts., Hen. VIII., No. 951. The first two entries are totals of quarterly rents paid at Christmas, Easter, Birth of St. John the Baptist, and Michaelmas. The last is "assized rent." It is possible, therefore, that the apparent diminution is due to the earlier rentals having included payments not given in the last.

16. Appledrum, Sussex: R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Rolls 643, 644, and Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 1019, No. 15.

17. Minchinhampton: R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Rolls 237 and 241. In the earlier documents the "total rent yearly" is given as £41, 14s. 4d., and the "sum total of works" as £4, 15s.

18. Langley Marish, Berkshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 761, No. 4, and Bdle. 762, No. 5; Land Rev. Misc. Bks., vol. 188, f. 196ff. The first entry is the sum total of rents paid quarterly, together with 7s. 4d. of a custom called "vaccage," and 13s. 4d. of common fine at view of frank pledge. (Exactly the same items are entered in the following year.) The second entry is "profits and issues of the manor," and is headed "account of the manor for 83 days," but the similarity of the figure with that of the earlier date makes it hard to believe that the "profits" relate to less than one quarter of the year. The third entry is made up of rents of free and customary tenants, demesne lands held by copy, and customary rents called "Hedage" and "Duply," producing 23s. 3-1/2d.

19. Lewisham, Kent: R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Roll 361; Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 174, f. 1-34; Misc. Bks., Aug. Off., vol. 414, f. 33-4. The first entry is "Rent of the tenants of the manor of Lewisham," the second "Rental of the lordship of Lewisham." The third "Rent of free tenants £17, 12s. 10-1/2d., Rent of tenants _per dimissionem_ £72, 9s. 8-1/2d., Rents of tenants at will 9d."

20. Cuddington, Surrey: R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Rolls 669 and 624, Aug. Off., Misc. Bks., vol. 414, f. 3-16. The first entry is "Rents belonging to the manor at the terms of Easter and Michaelmas," i.e. it is for half a year only, and therefore I have ventured to double it. The second and third entries consist of the annual rent of all classes of tenants.

21. Isleworth, Middlesex: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 916, Nos. 11, 21, and 25. The figures at each date refer to the assized rent. At the two earlier dates the assized rent is given for all four quarters of the year. At the last date it is given only for the Michaelmas quarter. In order to make comparison possible, I have given the rents for the Michaelmas quarter throughout. The full entries for the two earlier dates are: 1314-15, £15, 5s. 6d. at Christmas, £17, 1s. 9-3/4d. at Easter, £15, 5s. 6d. at June 24, £21, 16s. 10d. at Michaelmas, works sold 22s. 1-1/2d; 1386-7, £14, 13s. at Christmas, £16, 19s. 7d. at Easter, £13, 13s. at June 24, £23, 3s. 10-1/2d. at Michaelmas, works sold 106s. 10d.

22. Wootton, Oxfordshire: R.O. Misc. Accts., Bdle. 962, No. 20; Bdle. 963, No. 14; Aug. Off., Misc. Bks., vol. 414, f. 38b. At the two earlier dates the figures given are the assized rents of free and bond tenants and _cotarii_, at the last date they are the rents of free and customary tenants. At that time there was also a rent of 30s. 8-1/2d. from assarts, and a rent of £13, 0s. 11d. from tenants by demission. I have omitted the last two items as there is nothing comparable to them in the earlier entries.

23. Speen, Berkshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 750, No. 22; Misc. Bks. Land Revenue, vol. 187, f. 97-101. At the earlier date the figures refer to the assized rents, at the later date to the rents of free tenants, customary tenants, and "firms."

24. Schitlington, Bedfordshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 741, Nos. 16, 19, and 27. At the first date the figures refer to the assized rent, and include "Tallage of the vill £10." At the second date they cover the same entries as at the first. At the last date they refer to the rent as it appears in the Rental. At this time there are certain additional entries, viz., "Firm of land £8, 5s. 0-1/4d., Firm of the manor £4, 15s. 4d., Increase of Rent [of a mill(?)] 13s. 4d., Increase of Rent of 1 messuage, 1 virgate with croft and meadow 13s. 7-1/2d." These I have omitted.

25. Cranfield, Bedfordshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 740, Nos. 18, and 25; Mins. Accts., Hen. VIII., No. 4. At the first two dates the figures include rents of free and native tenants and ferm of lands. At the last date the entry is "Rent of the vill, as by the rental, £72, 2s. 1-3/4d."

26. Holywell, Huntingdonshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 877, No. 17, Bdle. 878, No. 1. At the first date the entries include rents assized, and certain miscellaneous items such as "Hewesilver," "Heringsilver," "Brensilver"; at the later date "Rents assized of free and villein tenants £4, 19s. 8d., customary rent lately in works and in new rent £15, 6s. for 17 virgates paying 18s. each, £6, 15s., for 25 cotmen paying 9s. each, 6s. 8d. increment of rent."

The suggestion that it might be of interest to try to discover how far rents were stationary over long periods came to me from reading the article by Maitland on "The History of a Cambridgeshire Manor" in _E. H. R._, vol. ix., where he points out that copyholders must have enjoyed a considerable unearned increment. The table of rents explained above is unsatisfactory, because of the difficulty of finding a basis for the comparison of payments at different periods. Thus at the earlier dates there are the tenants' works, and (occasionally) tallages to be considered; at the later the rent obtained from leasing the demense. The variety of the sources of manorial revenue makes it impossible to discover a common form to which the payments on all manors can be reduced. The ideal would be to take the villeins' payments and works in (say) the fourteenth century, and to compare them with the payments of the copyhold tenants in the sixteenth century. But since the commonest entry is simply "rents of assize," which included the rents of freeholders as well as of customary tenants, this simple procedure is often impossible.

While the table given on pages 115-117 is certainly not what could be desired, I am inclined to think its inaccuracies do not lie in the direction of exaggerating the fixity of rents, but rather, if anything, in underestimating it, because (i) when a total rent is given for the fifteenth or sixteenth century, without further particulars, it probably often included the rent paid by the farmer of the demesne, which at the earlier period was non-existent, (ii) at the later period the total rent often included payments made for new encroachments in the waste. When this is evidently the case, as at Wootton, and the amount of the new payments is stated, I have omitted them, my object being to compare, when possible, the rents paid by customary tenants at different periods. But often it is not possible to make such an allowance, and therefore I am disposed to think that the figures for the later dates are more likely to be weighted with irrelevant items than are the figures for the earlier dates. This makes the comparatively slow increase in the rents of some manors all the more worthy of notice.

TABLE VIII (p. 212)

1. Norfolk.

Massingham Priory (two farms, Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 24, No. 4, f. 46); Wymondham (Hen. VIII., R.O. Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 408, f. 25); Marshams (Marham(?), Hen. VIII., Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 408, f. 19); Thetford (Hen. VIII., Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 408, f. 22); Bockenham (Hen. VIII., R.O. Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 408, f. 9-10); Langley (Hen. VIII., R.O. Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 399, f. 228-9); Walsingham (Hen. VIII., R.O. Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 399, f. 201); Brisingham (31 Eliz., R.O. Misc. Bks. 220, f. 236); Farfield (31 Eliz., _ibid._); Wighton (17 Eliz., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Duchy of Lanc, Bdle. 7, No. 34); Peakhall (1575, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 12); West Lexham (1575, Holkham MSS., West Lexham MSS., No. 87); Foxley (1568, Holkham MSS., Billingford and Bintry MSS., Bdle. No. 9); Sparham (1590, Holkham MSS., Sparham MSS., Bdle. No. 5); Billingford (between 1564 and 1606, Holkham MSS., Billingford and Bintry MSS., Bdle. No. 9); Fulmordeston (1614, Holkham MSS., Map No. 59).

2. Wiltshire.

South Newton, Estoverton, Wynterbourne Basset, Byshopeston, Donnington, Knyghton, Domerham, Burdonsball, Foughlestone, Brudecomb, Westoverton, Sutton Maundeville, Stockton, Albedeston, Chalke, Bulbridge, Dichampton, Patney, Wyley, Berwick St. John, Remesbury, Staunton, Chilmerke (all 1565-73, Roxburgh Club, _Surveys of Lands of William, First Earl of Pembroke_).

3. Manors in other counties.

Ashton (Lancs., Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 19, No. 7, ff. 69-72); Prestwood (Staffs., R.O. Misc. Bks. Land Rev., vol. 185, ff. 155b-7); Gamlingay Merton (Cambridgeshire, 1601, Merton Estate Maps); Gamlingay Avenells (_ibid._); Salford (Bedfordshire, 1595, All Souls Estate Maps); Weedon Weston (Northants, c. 1595, _ibid._); Edgeware (Middlesex, 1597, All Souls Estate Maps); Kingsbury (Middlesex, 1597, _ibid._); Greenham (Bucks, 1595, _ibid._); Crendon (Bucks, c. 1595, _ibid._); Harlesden Farm (Middlesex, 1599, _ibid._); Land in the Parish of Hendon (Middlesex, c. 1599, _ibid._); Whadborough (Leicestershire, 1620, _ibid._).

The fact that this table is compiled from documents of different dates makes it impossible to use it as an index of the size of the large leasehold farms at any one period in the sixteenth century. Nor can I hope to have escaped errors of calculation. I hope, however, it may be of some use in illustrating the considerable scale on which some farms were conducted.

TABLES IX, X, and XI (pp. 218, 225-226 and 227)

The farms from which these tables are compiled are included in the list given in explanation of Table VIII. (with one exception, Ewerne in Dorsetshire, _Topographer and Genealogist_, vol. i.), and it is therefore unnecessary to set them out in detail here. The figures as to arable, pasture, and meadow on the demesne of 41 monasteries are taken from Savine, "English Monasteries on the Eve of the Dissolution," _Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History_, vol. i. p. 172.

TABLE XIII (p. 300)

This table is compiled from documents relating to the undermentioned manors. When the reference has already been given I do not repeat it here:--23 manors in Wilts, Somerset, and Devon, Roxburghe Club, _Surveys of Lands of William, First Earl of Pembroke_. West Lexham (Norfolk), Sparham (Norfolk), East Dereham (Norfolk), Wighton (Norfolk), Stockton Socon (Norfolk, 1649, R.O. Parly. Surveys, Norf. No. 14); Aldeburgh (Suffolk, Hen. VIII., R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163); St. Edmund (Suffolk, 1650, R.O. Parly. Surveys, Suff. No. 14); Dodnash (Suffolk, Hen. VIII., R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, f. 79); Chatesham, Suffolk (Hen. VIII., R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, f. 91); Falkenham (Suffolk, Hen. VIII., R.O. Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, f. 181); Stratford juxta Higham (Suffolk), Mettingham (Suffolk, _Victoria County History_, chapter on Social and Economic History); Mark Soham (Suffolk, _ibid._); Bushey (Herts, 7 Eliz., from Court Rolls lent me by the late Miss Toulmin Smith); Ewerne (Dorset, 1567, _Topographer and Genealogist_, vol. i.); Corton (Somerset, _ibid._); Rolleston (Staffs., _ibid._); Hewlington (Denbighshire, 4 Eliz., Wrexham Library, Ancient Local Records, vol. ii.); Holt (Denbighshire, _ibid._); Wotton in Elishall (Staffs.); Burton Bondend (Staffs.); Agarsley (Staffs.); High Furness (Lancs., 28 Eliz., R.O. Duchy of Lancs., Special Commissions, No. 398); Crondal (Hants); Edgeware (Middlesex); Kingsbury (Middlesex); Malden (Surrey, Merton MSS., book labelled Malden, Thorncroft, and Farleigh); Thorncroft (Surrey, _ibid._); Farleigh (Surrey, _ibid._); 14 manors in Northumberland (_Northumberland County History_, vol. viii., p. 238); Bradford (Somerset, Selden Society, vol. xii., Leadam, Select Cases in the Court of Requests); Shepton Mallet, Somerset (Calendar of Proceedings in Chancery, _temp._ Eliz. H.h. i. 27); Newton Tracye (Devon, _ibid._, H.h. 23, 17); Chudlye (Devon, _ibid._, L.l. 8, 31); Powlton (Wilts, _ibid._, M.m. 13); Kibworth Harcourt (Leicestershire, Merton MSS., book containing extracts from Merton Court Rolls); Barkby (Leicestershire, _ibid._).

* * * * *

NOTE.--(i) The names of the manors from which Dr. Savine takes his figures are not given. Consequently his information and mine may sometimes overlap, (ii) The MSS. book from which the customs of Farleigh, Thorncroft, and Malden are taken is dated 1841, but it purports to give customs based on ancient court rolls. The same applies to the information as to Kibworth Harcourt and Barkby.

GENERAL INDEX

Abbeys, _see_ Monasteries

Act of Parliament, Enclosure by in 18th century, 183-184

Acts of Parliament--
Statute of Merton, 1235, 87, 180, 248, 371-372
15 Hen. VI. c. 2, sanctioning export of corn, 113, 197
23 Hen. VI. c. 5, sanctioning export of corn, 113, 197
3 Ed. IV. c. 2, restricting import of corn, 113, 197
4 Hen. VII. c. 14, against depopulation, 11, 353
6 Hen. VIII. c. 5, against depopulation, 353
7 Hen. VIII. c. 1, against depopulation, 353
25 Hen. VIII. c. 13, against depopulation, 354
27 Hen. VIII. c. 25, for relieving impotent beggars, 269
1 Ed. VI. c. 2, legalising enslavement of vagabonds, 44, 269
2 and 3 Ed. VI. c. 12, giving good titles to Duke of Somerset's tenants,
294, 365
3 and 4 Ed. VI. c. 3, re-enacting Statute of Merton with amendments,
371-372
5 and 6 Ed. VI. c. 5, against depopulation, 354
2 and 3 Phil, and M. c. 2, against depopulation, 354
5 Eliz. c. 2, Statute of Artificers, 23, 45, 100, 353
14 Eliz. c. 5, directing compulsory assessment for relief of poor, 269
18 Eliz. c. 3, directing provision of materials for setting unemployed to
work, 269
31 Eliz. c. 7, requiring cottages to be let with 4 acres of land
attached, 277, 354
35 Eliz. c. 7, against depopulation, but repeating clauses in previous
Acts forbidding conversion to pasture, 354
39 Eliz. c. 1, against depopulation, 354-355
39 Eliz. c. 2, against depopulation, 354-355
4 Jac. I. c. 11, for enclosure of certain parishes in Herefordshire, 395
21 Jac. I. c. 28, continuing certain Acts and repealing others, 355

Action of trespass--
copyholders' remedy by, 289
freeholders' remedy by, 248

Administration--
of land by peasants, 102, 159-161, 244-246. _See also_ Agriculture,
Commons, Communism
of Acts against Depopulation--
difficulty of, 377-386
irregularity of, 391-393
occasional effectiveness of, 386-387, 390-392
opposition of landlords to, 367-368, 370, 397-398
petition of rebels for, 335, 337

Administrative Courts, _see_ Council, Courts

Administrative interference--
with economic matters, 355-357
with enclosures--
under Henry VII., 359-360
" Henry VIII., 360-362
" Edward VI., 362-372
" Elizabeth, 372-374
" James I., 374-375
" Charles I., 376-377
final cessation of, 397-400

Admission fines, _see_ Fines

Agrarian changes, the--
causes of, 6-7, 12-13, 185-200
contemporary accounts of, 6-8
general effect of, 403-404
localities most affected by, 153-154, 182, 262, 405
of fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 11-12, 79-95, 136-147, 161-162
of sixteenth century, 6-8, 147-173, 213-230, 301-310
of eighteenth century, 34, 183-184, 406
part played by capitalist farmers in, 200-202, 213-266
part played by peasants in, 136-173
reaction of on peasantry, 7-8, 231-280
resistance of peasants to, 302-304, 317-340
_See also_ Agriculture, Enclosure, Land, Pasture

Agreements to enclose, 151-153, 156-158, 180-182

Agriculture--
capitalist, 6-7, 200-204, 210-230
cattle, importance of to, 113-115, 239-242
changes in methods of, _see_ Agrarian changes
commercial development, effect of on, 185-188, 195-197
common rights, importance of to, 238-242
communal elements in, 128-131, 159-161, 205-207, 243-246
corn growing, part played by in, 105-112
corn laws, effect of on, 112-113, 197
custom, effect of on, 75-78, 124-131, 292-301
enclosure by peasants, effect of on, 152-153, 158, 169-173
enclosure by manorial authorities, effect of on, 216-223
farmer of demesne, part played by in, 201-204, 210-230
for market, 214-216
for subsistence, 111-112
improvements in, 110-111, 170-172
markets, effect of on, 196-197, 214-215
mediæval, not incompatible with change, 75-97, 172, 404-405
methods of--
in Cornwall, 262, 405
" Devonshire, 167, 262, 405
" Essex, 167, 262, 405
" Kent, 167, 262, 405
" Lancashire, 63, 65
" Midlands, 65, 167, 192
" Norfolk, 63, 65, 405
" Northumberland, 63, 65, 189-192
" Suffolk, 63, 262
" Somerset, 110-111, 171, 262, 405
" Staffordshire, 63, 65
" Wiltshire, 63, 65, 212
on demesne farms, 200-230
" monastic estates, 382-383
" peasants' holdings, 105-115
open field system of, _see_ Open field system
pasture farming instead of, _see_ Pasture
rise in prices, effects of on, 197-200, 304-310
social importance of, 341-347
speculation, effects of on, 381-383
views as to, of Clarkson, 5, 189-190
" " Fitzherbert, 5, 109, 112, 117-118, 150, 151-152, 242
" " Norden, 5, 108, 110-111, 118, 150, 151, 171, 308
woollen industry, effects of on, 6, 195-197

Alien, _see_ Immigration

Alienation of land, effect of free, 86, 138-139
fines on, 127
_See also_ Speculation

Apprenticeship, effect of on marriage, 104-106

Arable land--
backbone of peasants' livelihood, 105-108
common rights, necessary for cultivation of, 239-242
conversion of to pasture, 223-230, 232-233, 258
corn yielded by acre of, 110-111
enclosure of for better cultivation by large farmers, 10, 221-224
enclosure of for better cultivation by peasants, 151-153, 162-164
estimated number of persons maintained by holding of, 261
proportion of to pasture and meadow in Staffordshire, 392-393
proportion of to pasture and meadow on demesne farms, 225-228
proportion of to pasture and meadow on peasants' holdings, 107
reconversion of pasture to--
Acts for, 353-355
by Royal Commissions, 359-360, 366-367, 374-375
" Council, 360-361
" Justices of Assize, 376
" Justices of Peace, 386, 418-420
" landlords, 390-391

Aristocracy--
acquisition of monastic estates by some of the, 380-384
attack of on Somerset's land policy, 367-368, 370-372
contrast between mediæval and that of sixteenth century, 191-194
growth of commerce, effect of, on the, 187-188, 191-194
Harrington's account of social changes in the, 38, 191
landholding peasants not an, 100-102
part played by in Pilgrimage of Grace, 322-324
relations of to tenants in North and South contrasted, 188-191
Tudor policy, effect of on powers of the, 188-195
unpopularity of administrative Courts with the. 397-400
_See also_ Index of Persons, Bath, Brudenell, Darcy, Derby, Englefield,
Harrington, Herbert, St. John, Shrewsbury, Saye and Sele, Somerset,
Warwick, Willoughby, Wolsey, Yorke, Leicester, Northumberland.

Assessment--
of subsidies, 169, 344-347
" enclosed land, 169
" wages, 23, 100, 308

Assize--
Justices of, disputes as to land referred to by Council, 373, 375-376
" " punishment of depopulating landlords by, 375-376, 419-420
rents of, 118

Assize of Novel Disseisin--
establishment of by Henry II., 122
remedy of freeholders by, 248

Authorities--
manorial, _see_ Manorial authorities, the

Authority--
part played by in organisation of manor, 92, 128-129
tendency of to stereotype manorial arrangements, 75-78, 92-93

Bailiffs, 82, 123, 209

Barton land, division of among peasants, 95

Beasts--
importance of for plough, 240-242
number of kept by peasants, 113

Black Death, _see_ Great Plague

Bodger, the, 349

Bondage, _see_ Villeinage

Bondman, _see_ Villeinage

Bord land, 95

Border--
agrarian conservatism on, 63-66, 188-191
copyholders on, 188-191
military importance of numerous tenantry on, 188-191
substitution of leases for copies on, 301-304

Border tenure--
Coke's remarks upon, 299
Customs involved in, 299
decision of Courts as to, 299
discussion by Long Parliament as to, 191
effect of Union of Crowns on, 190-191
service with horse and harness, an incident of, 190

Boundaries--
importance of to commoners, 241
uncertainty of, 235-236

Bovate, _see_ Virgate

Canon Law, the, as to usury, 307

Capital--
accumulation of by peasants, 82-83, 118
dealings in on money market, 186
investments of in farm stock, 6, 113-115, 170-172, 220
" " " joint-stock companies, 186
" " " land, 7

Capitalists--
appearance of among peasants, 71, 81-84, 136-139
farming on a large scale by, 6-7, 200-204, 210-230
loans by, 108-110
purchase of land by small, 78-95
results of growth of small, 95-97, 136-139
signs of appearance of large, 215
_See also_ Demesne land, Farmers, Enclosure, Pasture

Catholic--
conspiracy, supposed complicity of peasants in, 329
" fear of, reason for popular agrarian policy, 340-341
landlords, special measures suggested for, 341
revolts, parties in, 318-319, 323-324

Cattle, _see_ Agriculture, Beasts, Common Land

Chancery, _see_ Court

Chevage, 53

Childwite, still paid in seventeenth century, 54

Classes of landholders, see Peasants

Collective bargain by peasants with lord, 130, 295

Combinations--
among peasants, 131, 330-331
to reduce rents and prices, and to break down enclosures, illegal, 371

Commerce--
attention given by Tudor governments to, 185-186, 197
backwardness of in North, 190
effect of in breaking down equality of peasants' holdings, 66, 84-85
engaged in by aristocracy, 187-188
expansion of in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 185-186, 196
influence of on social conditions and land tenure, 187-188, 196-197

Commission of sewers, 395

Commissions, Royal--
activity of Hales in connection with, 167, 366-368, 371
" " Laud in connection with, 399, 420-421
" " Somerset in connection with, 362-370
anger of landlords at, 367-368, 370
appointment of on enclosure and depopulation in 1517, 261, 359
" " " " 1548, 261, 366
" " " " 1566, 261,
" " " " 1607, 261, 375
" " " " 1632, 261, 376
" " " " 1635, 261, 376
" " " " 1636, 261, 376
causes of appointment of, 358
counties visited by, 366
disappointment of peasants with, 319, 366
effects of in checking depopulation, 391-393, 419-420
evidence before, how collected, 263, 366-367
" " interpretation of, 263-265
fines imposed by, 391, 419-420
fiscal motives for, under Charles I., 391
statistics derived from, as to average area of enclosures, 154-155
" " " " acreage enclosed, value of, 262-265
" " " " population displaced, value of, 262-265

Commons--
grant made by Lords to the, 335
"information and petition against the oppressors of the poor commons,"
366
proclamation of the, 323-324
prosperous condition of, 132-135

Commons, House of, _see_ Parliament

Common field system, _see_ Open field system

Common Land--
administration of, by Manorial Courts, 159-162, 244-246
" " at Burnham, 245
" " " Southampton, 245-246
" " " Wootton Basset, 251-252
beasts kept on by peasants, 113-114
colonising of by evicted tenants, 277-279
demands of Norfolk rebels as to, 335-336
division of by peasants, 157
enclosure of by peasants, 157, 169-170
" " manorial authorities, 219-221
" " Johnson on unimportance of, 9
importance of, reasons for, 239-242
" " Clarkson on, 189
" " Fitzherbert on, 242
" " Hales on, 4, 239-240
" " Hamberstone on, 240, 241
improvement of by capitalists, 394-395
monopolising of by large farmer, 220-221, 242-243
overstocking of, 170-172, 242-243
sale of at Burnham, 245
stinting of, 160, 241
view taken in seventeenth century as to, 394-396
_See also_ Common, Bights of, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste

Common Law--
complaints of landlords as to interference of government with, 397-398
complaints of Long Parliament as to interference of government with, 399
doctrine of as to Rights of Common, 246-250
ineffective remedy offered to customary tenants by, 358, 400
protection of copyholders by, 289, 291, 296
tenants at will at, 289

Common meadow, _see_ Meadow land

Common pastures, _see_ Pasture

Common waste, _see_ Waste

Common, rights of--
Bracton on, 247
Coke on, 248
communal element in, 244-246
compensation for loss of, 243
copyholders' remedy for loss of, 248-249, 287-301
cottagers' claim to, 247
difficulty of poor in enforcing, 252-253
dispute as to at Coventry, 250-251
" " " Wootton Basset, 251-253
Fitzherbert on, 249
freeholders' remedy for loss of, 248-249
legal theory as to common appendant, 247
" " " " appurtenant, 247
" " " " in gross, 247
" " " " par cause de vicinage, 247
Maitland on, 244
peasants' view of, 243-246
not conferred by residence, 247
tenements attached to, 247
_sicut quantitatem tenuræ_, 241
Vinogradoff on, 244
_See_ Common Land, Copyholders, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste

Communism--
denounced by landlords, 324, 384
elements of in manorial arrangements, 159-161, 206-207, 243-246
practical nature of in demands of rebels in sixteenth century, 338
theoretical nature of in demands of Diggers, 338
views as to, of Maitland, 244
" " " Vinogradoff, 244

Community, the village, _see_ Manor

Commutation, _see_ Labour services

Competitive rents, _see_ Rents

Consolidation of holdings, _see_ Holdings

Conversion to pasture, _see_ Pasture

Copyholders--
act to give security to, on Somerset's demesne lands, 294, 365
attitude of, to State, 122-124
cases as to, 296
compelled to surrender copies for leases, 301-304
customs affecting, at Aldeburgh, 411-412
customs affecting, at Bushey, 126-127
dependence of on custom of manor, 124-131, 292-301
effect on of fall in value of money, 304-310
fines paid by, 305-307
labour services rendered by, 52-53
marks of personal villeinage among, 53-54
on new land, 289-290, 293-294
preponderance of over other classes shown by statistics, 25, 48
rights of common enjoyed by, 248-258
rents of fixed by custom, 115-121
surplus enjoyed by, 119-121
subletting of land by, 81
tenure of, changes in, in sixteenth century, 1-2, 310-311
" definition of, 47
" demands of rebels as to, 334-337
" duration of, statistics as to, 300
" fines incidental to, certain or uncertain, statistics as to,
300
" origin in villein tenure, 50
" protected by custom of manor, 129-131, 292-297
" " " Court of Chancery, 289, 291-292, 294-295, 398
" " " Courts of Common Law, 289, 291, 294-295
" " " Court of Requests, 362, 367, 397
" " " Court of Star Chamber, 360
" " " Council, 296, 359, 373-374, 397
" theories as to, of Ashley, 290-292
" " " Coke, 289, 299
" " " Fitzherbert, 288-289
" " " Kitchin, 289
" " " Leadam, 289-290
" " " Norden, 47
" " " Savine, 287, 292, 297, 300
_See also_ Customary tenants, Manor

Corn--
consumed at home, 111-112
export of encouraged, 113
export of discouraged, 197
import of checked, 113
loans of, 109
output of per acre, 110-111
trade in, 111

Corn-growing--
backbone of peasants' livelihood, 105-112
commercial policy towards, 112-113, 197
conditions making profitable, 110-113
in Norfolk, 111-112
pastures broken up for at Coventry, 20
proposals for encouragement of, 416-417
unemployment caused by abandonment of, 232-233
wastes to be reclaimed for, 394-395

Corn laws, _see_ Corn

Cottagers--
commons used by, 247
driven from enclosed into open field villages, 277-279
loss of commons by, 7
statistics as to among freeholders, 31-33
" " " customary tenants, 63-66

Cottages--
Act requiring four acres to be attached to, 277, 354
erection of on waste, 277-278

Council--
Agrarian policy of under Charles I., 391, 399
attack on Somerset by, 370, 380
grantees of monastic estates members of, 380
intervention of to protect peasants, 357-359, 361-362, 372-376, 391, 399
of the North, 355, 374, 398
of Wales, 355, 373
returns made by Justices to, 356, 375-376, 386, 419-420

Court of Chancery--
cases heard in by Wolsey, 397-398
petitions to from peasants, 294
protection of customary tenants by in fifteenth century, 289, 291-292

Court of Manor--
agricultural arrangements of village controlled by, 159-162, 244-246
cases of villeinage heard in, 292
customs enforced by, 125
enclosers fined by, 161-162
pastures stinted by, 170, 241
villein land transferred in, 78-79, 86

Court of Requests--
cases before as to copyholds, 362
" " " fold-courses, 374, 397
" " " rack-renting, 285, 390
" " " villeinage, 42
constitution of, 357
Hall on, 357
popularity of with poorer classes, 357
powers of curtailed by prohibitions, 399
Somerset's use of, 367
unpopularity of with landlords, 397-398

Court of Star Chamber--
abolition of in 1641, 399
cases before, as to breach of peace, 374
" " " copyholds, 359, 360
" " " enclosure, 360, 391, 421
" " " villeinage, 43
constitution of, 357
denounced in Grand Remonstrance, 399
Sir Thomas Smith on, 358
unpopularity of with landlords, 397-398

Court Leet--
of Coventry, 20, 162, 181, 249, 251
of Southampton, 162, 170, 241, 245-246

Court Rolls--
evidence of, as to enclosure, 159
" " " encroachments on waste, 87-89
" " " land speculation, 75, 78-81
" " " tenure of copyholders, 362
" " " villeinage, 43

Courts of Common Law, _see_ Common Law.

Cultivation, _see_ Agriculture

Cultivators, _see_ Peasants

Crown, the, _see_ Council, Court, and Index of Persons

Crown tenants--
at Wheatley 302, 413-415
in Wales, 298, 302
on Northumbrian border, 190-191, 299

Custom of the Manor, the, _see_ Copyholders, Manor

Customary--
of Aldeburgh, 411-412
" Bushey, 126-128
" High Furness, 101

Customary Court, _see_ Court of Manor

Customary tenants--
statistics of, 24-26, 48
_see also_ Copyholders

Dairy farming, 215

Day work of copyholders, 52-53

Demesne land--
absent from some northern manors, 203
acreage of farms on, 212-213
added to peasants' holdings, 93-95, 204-209
changes in use of after Great Plague, 93-95, 204-209
conversion to pasture of, 223-228
customary routine of agriculture on, 217, 228-229
difficulty of discriminating between peasants' land and, 95
effect of division of among peasants, 91-93
foundation of large farm in sixteenth century, 202-203
gradual consolidation of, 221-223, 254-256
insecurity of copyholders on, 289, 293-294
leased to capitalist farmer, 210-212
leased to smallholders, 94-95, 204-205
leased to village community, 205-207
lying in compact blocks, 221-223, 254-256
lying in scattered strips, 221-222
peasants' land merged in, 257-258
progress of enclosure on, 216-223
proportion of manorial area formed by, 259
rents paid for, 256
rights of common over, 234
statistics as to use of, 225-226
unemployment caused by enclosure of, 232-233

Depopulation--
Commissions of Inquiry into, _see_ Commissions
counties most affected by, 8-9, 153-154, 262-263, 404-405
contemporary accounts of, 6-8
effect of on pauperism, _see_ Poor Law
individual instances of, 257, 260-261
proposals for checking, 416-417
statistics of Royal Commissions as to, 261-265
Statutes against, _see_ Acts of Parliament
views of Gay as to exaggerated accounts of, 10-11, 263-265

Diggers, 321, 337-338

Dissolution of monasteries, _see_ Monasteries

Domesday Book--
large extent of arable land in, 228
_liberi homines_ and _sochemanni_ in, 27

Domesday of Enclosures--
classes entered in as enclosing, 154-155
enclosing by _villata_ in, 156
size of enclosures in, 154-155
_See also_ Enclosures

Economic rent, _see_ Rent, Copyholders

Education obtained by some peasants, 134-135

Enclosure--
by agreement, between individuals, 162-165
" " better cultivation produced by, 169-172
" " early progress of in East and South-West, 167-168, 405
" " Fitzherbert on, 150, 152-153, 171
" " Hales on, 151, 167, 171
" " Lee on, 151
" " Moore on, 167
" " Norden on, 150, 151, 171
" " no harm resulting from, 152-153, 172-173
" " of arable land, 157, 162-165
" " of meadow and pasture, 157, 161-162
" " of whole village, 156-158
" " opposed by Court of Manor, 159-162
" " peasants' approval of, 168-170
by manorial authorities, attitude of Government to,
_see_ Acts, Council, Court
" " " counties most affected by, 8-9, 182, 262-263
" " " in Middle Ages, 180-182
" " " motives for, 185-200
" " " of arable land, 221-223
" " " of eighteenth century, 183-184
" " " of meadow and pasture, 219-221
" " " of peasants' holdings, 150-173
" " " peasants' dislike of, 147-150
" " " preceded by consolidation, 222-223
" " " reaction of on peasants, 231-280

Encroachments--
on lords' land, 235-236
on peasants' land, 234-235
on waste, 87-89, 285-287

Engrossing--
of corn, 274
of holdings, 253-265

Equality--
of holdings, disappearance of in South and East, 63-66
" " influence of trade on, 66, 84-85
" " maintained in dividing demesne, 206-207
" " survival of in North, 63-66, 189-190

Escheats of freehold land unascertainable, 30

Eviction--
liability to of copyholders, 287-301
" " leaseholders, 282-287
" " tenants at will, 282-287
number displaced by, 260-265
_See also_ Depopulation

Exchange, the, 186-187

Exchanging of strips, 164-165, 395-396

Exports of woollen piece goods, 196-197 " " corn, _see_ Corn

Famines--
fear of, 35
local, 112

Farm, _see_ Demesne, Farmers

Farmers--
acreage occupied by large, 212
advantage to lord of letting land to large, 213-216
agents through whom agrarian change took place, 201-202
capitalists among, 215-216
consolidation of strips by, 221-223, 254-256
conversion to pasture by, 225-228
demesnes leased to large, 209-211
disputes between peasants and, 234-237
economic conditions favouring, 214-216
enclosing practised by, of arable land, 221-223
" " " common meadow and pasture, 219-221
importance in sixteenth century of large, 204
manorial rights leased to, 211
peasant subtenants of, 211
soldiers recruited from, 343-344
subsidies collected from, 344-347, 415, 418

Feudal--
conditions of land tenure, decay of in South, 191-195
" " " " among freeholders, 29-30
" " " Harrington on decay of, 38, 191
conditions of land tenure, survival of in North, 190-191
lords, character of, 191-192

Final concords in Staffordshire, 392-393

Financial, _see_ Fiscal

Fines--
for depopulation, 391, 419-421
of copyholders, customs as to, 127, 295-301, 411-412, 413-415
" " declared unreasonable by courts, 296
" " demand for reasonable, 294, 307, 335-336
" " rise in prices, effect of on, 308-309
" " statistical analysis of, 300
" " upward movement in, 305-310
of freeholders, 127

Fiscal reasons for protecting peasants, 344-347

Fold-courses, cases as to, 374, 395

Forests--
claim of Crown to under Charles I., 391
enclosures of to be spared, 335

Freedom, growth of personal, _see_ Villeinage

Freeholds--
interference of Council with, 399
_See also_ Freeholders

Freeholders--
enclosing by, 32-33, 157-158, 236
eviction of in fifteenth century, 37
holdings of, statistics as to, 32-33
independence of, 30, 35-38
large numbers of in Norfolk and Suffolk, 24-27
little affected by agrarian changes, 28-29, 134, 406
loss of rights of common by, 250-253
political interests of, 121-122
rents of, 29-30
rights of common of, how protected, 247-249
social importance of, 34-37
suits of Court due from, 29
statistics as to, 25
upward movement among in sixteenth century, 37-40
_See also_ Yeomen

Gentlemen--
complaints of by peasants, 193
copyholders among, 55-56
distrust of by rebels, 323-324
part played in rebellions by, 322-323
yeomen made into, 383

Geographical distribution of enclosures, _see_ Enclosures

Germany--
survival of serfdom in, 43-44
social distinctions in, 187
Reformation in, 339

German peasants--
programme of, 339
revolt of, 368

Gilds--
apprenticeship insisted on by, 105-106
exclusion of immigrants by, 275-276
loans by, 109
meadows belonging to, 369

Government, the, _see_ Acts of Parliament, Council, Court

Grazier, _see_ Pasture

Grazing, _see_ Pasture

Great Plague--
effect of on land tenure, 90-91, 208-209, 286
" " population, 138
remembered in reign of Elizabeth, 130

Half-virgate, _see_ Virgates

Hallmote tenants, land sublet to, 81

Hedges, _see_ Enclosure

Heriots, 43, 53, 126-131

Holdings--
added to demesne farm, 257-258
addition to, of demesne land, 93-95
" " of waste, 87-89
enclosing of, _see_ Enclosure
equality of, in North, 63-66, 189
exchanging of, 164-165, 395-396
formation of compact, 162-165
growth in size of, 70
held by same family for many years, 189
inequality of in South and East, 63-66, 70-72
of customary tenants, statistics as to, 63-66
" freeholders, 32-33
" land, basis of economic life of village, 99-104
rents of, on customary land, 115-119, 141-147
" " on new encroachments, 141-147
services due from, 76-77
subdivision of, 79-80
subletting of, 80-81
use made of by peasants, 105-108
_See also_ Agriculture, Farmers

Horse and harness, tenure by, _see_ Border tenure

Hospitality, meaning of, 233

Households, equipment of with land, _see_ Holdings

Husbandry, _see_ Agriculture

Immigration--
caused by enclosures, 3-4, 275
from enclosed to open field villages, 277-279
into towns, 275-277

Imports, _see_ Commerce

Import duties, _see_ Corn

Indenture, tenants by, _see_ Leaseholders

Industry--
backwardness of in North, 63-66, 189-190
growth of in sixteenth century, 185-188, 192
progress of in East and South, 63-66, 84-85
_See also_ Commerce, Woollen industry