Chapter XII: Part 12

_Quantum libet._—As much as you please.

_Quantum meruit._—As much as he deserved.

_Quantum sufficit._—A sufficient quantity; enough.

_Quare clausum fregit._—An action for damages to real estate.

_Quare impedit._—Why he hinders.

_Quasi dicas._—As if you should say.

_Quelque chose._—A trifle.

_Qui capit, ille facit._—He who takes it makes it.

_Qui pense?_—Who thinks?

_Qui tam?_—Who as well? the title given to a certain action at
law.

_Qui transtulit sustinet._—He who brought us hither still
preserves us.

_Qui va là?_—Who goes there?

_Qui vive?_—Who goes there? hence, on the _qui-vive_, on the
alert.

_Quid-nunc?_—What now? a newsmonger.

_Quid pro quo._—One thing for another; “tit for tat.”

_Quid rides?_—Why do you laugh?

_Quis separabit?_—Who shall separate us?

_Quo animo?_—With what intention.

_Quo jure?_—By what right?

_Quo warranto._—By what warrant or authority.

_Quoad hoc._—To this extent.

_Quod avertat Deus?_—Which may God avert!

_Quod vide._—Which see.

_Quodlibet._—A nice point; a subtlety.

_Quondam._—Former.

_Quorum._—Of whom: a term signifying a sufficient number for a
certain business.

_Quos Deus vult perdere, prius dementat._—Those whom God wishes
to destroy, he first deprives of understanding.

_Ragout._—A highly-seasoned dish.

_Rara avis._—A rare bird; a prodigy.

_Re infectà._—The business being unfinished.

_Recte et suaviter._—Justly and mildly.

_Rectus in curiâ._—Upright in the court; with clean hands.

_Redolet lucernâ._—It smells of the lamp; it is a laboured
production.

_Reductio ad absurdum._—A reducing a position to an absurdity.

_Regina._—Queen.

_Regium donum._—A royal donation (a grant from the British
crown to the Irish Presbyterian clergy.)

_Regnant populi._—The people rule.

_Rencontre._—An encounter.

_Renaissance._—New birth: applied to the revival of the classic
arts in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

_Requiescant in pace._—May they rest in peace.

_Requiescat in pace._—May he rest in peace.

_Rerum primordia._—The first elements of things.

_Res angusta domi._—Narrow circumstances at home; poverty.

_Res integra._—An entire matter.

_Respice finem._—Look to the end.

_Respublica._—The commonwealth.

_Restaurateur._—A tavern-keeper who provides dinners, &c.

_Résumé._—An abstract or summary.

_Resurgam._—I shall rise again.

_Revenons à nos moutons._—Let us return to our subject.

_Rex._—King.

_Rouge._—Red colouring for the skin.

_Rouge et noir._—Red and black (a kind of game.)

_Rus in urbe._—The country in town.

_Ruse contre ruse._—Diamond cut diamond: trick for trick.

_Ruse de guerre._—A stratagem of war.

_Salle._—Hall.

_Salus populi suprema lex est._—The welfare of the people is in
the supreme law.

_Salvo pudore._—Without offence to modesty.

_Sanctum sanctorum._—Holy of Holies.

_Sang-froid._—Coolness; self-possession.

_Sans._—Without.

_Sans cérémonie._—Without ceremony.

_Sans peur et sans reproche._—Without fear and without reproach.

_Sans souci._—Without care; free and easy.

_Sans tâche._—Stainless.

_Sans-culottes._—Without breeches: a term applied to the rabble
of the French Revolution.

_Sartor resartus._—The cobbler mended.

_Satis, superque._—Enough, and more than enough.

_Satis verborum._—Enough of words; you need say no more.

_Sauve qui peut._—Save himself who can.

_Savant._—A learned man.

_Savoir-faire._—Ability; skill.

_Scandalum magnatum._—Scandal of the great.

_Scienter._—Knowingly.

_Scilicet._—That is to say; to wit.

_Scire facias._—Cause it to be known.

_Scripsit._—Wrote it.

_Sculpsit._—Engraved it: placed after the engraver’s name in
prints.

_Secundum artem._—According to rule.

_Selon les règles._—According to rule.

_Semper fidelis._—Always faithful.

_Semper idem._—Always the same.

_Semper paratus._—Always ready.

_Senatûs consultum._—A decree of the senate.

_Seriatim._—In order; successively.

_Si quæris peninsulam amœnam, circumspice._—If thou seekest a
beautiful peninsula, behold it here.

_Sic in originali._—So it stands in the original.

_Sic itur ad astra._—Such is the way to immortality.

_Sic passim._—So everywhere.

_Sic semper tyrannis._—So be it ever to tyrants.

_Sic transit gloria mundi._—Thus passes away the glory of the
world.

_Sicut ante._—As before.

_Similia similibus curantur._—Like things are cured by like.

_Simplex munditiis._—Of simple elegance.

_Sine die._—Without naming a day.

_Sine invidiâ._—Without envy.

_Sine qua non._—An indispensable requisite.

_Siste, viator._—Stop, traveller.

_Sobriquet._—A nickname.

_Soi-disant._—Self-styled; pretended.

_Soirée._—An evening party.

_Souvenir._—Remembrance; a keepsake.

_Spartam nactus es, hanc exorna._—You have got something good;
make the most of it you can.

_Spectas et spectaberis._—You will see and be seen.

_Spes mea Christus._—Christ is my hope.

_Spolia opima._—The richest booty.

_Stans pede in uno._—Standing on one foot.

_Statu quo_, or _in statu quo_.—In the same state.

_Stet._—Let it stand.

_Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re._—Gentle in manner, resolute
in deed.

_Sub judice._—Under consideration.

_Sub rosâ._—Under the rose; privately.

_Sub silentio._—In silence.

_Subpœna._—Under a penalty: a summons to attend a court as a
witness.

_Succedaneum._—A substitute.

_Sui generis._—Of its own kind; peculiar.

_Summum bonum._—The chief good.

_Supersedeas._—A writ to stay proceedings.

_Super visum corporis._—Upon a view of the body.

_Suppressio veri, suggestio falsi._—A suppression of the truth
is the suggestion of a falsehood.

_Supra._—Above.

_Suum cuique._—Let every one have his own.

_Table d’hôte._—An ordinary at which the master of the hotel
presides.

_Tabula rasa._—A smooth or blank tablet.

_Tædium vitæ._—Weariness of life.

_Tale quale._—Such as it is.

_Tant mieux._—So much the better.

_Tant pis._—So much the worse.

_Tapis._—The carpet.

_Tartuffe._—A nickname for a hypocritical devotee, derived
from the principal character in Molière’s comedy so called.

_Te judice._—You may judge.

_Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis._—The times are
changed, and we are changed with them.

_Tempus edax rerum._—Time the devourer of all things.

_Tempus fugit._—Time flies.

_Tempus omnia revelat._—Time reveals all things.

_Teres atque rotundus._—Smooth and round; polished and complete.

_Terra firma._—Solid earth; a safe footing.

_Terra incognita._—An unknown country.

_Terre tenant._—A person in actual possession of the land.

_Tertium quid._—A third something; a nondescript.

_Tête-à-tête._—A conversation between two parties.

_Tirade._—A tedious and bitter harangue.

_Ton._—The fashion.

_Torso._—The fragmentary trunk of a statue.

_Tort._—A wrong; an injury.

_Tot homines, quot sententiæ._—So many men, so many minds.

_Totidem verbis._—In just so many words.

_Toties quoties._—As often as.

_Toto cœlo._—By the whole heavens; diametrically opposite.

_Toto corde._—With the whole heart.

_Toujours prêt._—Always ready.

_Tour à tour._—By turns.

_Tout bien ou rien._—The whole or nothing.

_Tout ensemble._—The whole.

_Tria juncta in uno._—Three united in one.

_Tu quoque, Brute!_—And thou too, Brutus!

_Tuebor._—I will defend.

_Tutto è buono che vien da Dio._—All is good which comes from
God.

_Tuum est._—It is your own.

_Ubi jus incertum, ibi jus nullum._—Where the law is uncertain,
there is no law.

_Ubi libertas, ibi patria._—Where liberty dwells, there is my
country.

_Ubi supra._—Where above mentioned.

_Ultima ratio regum._—The last argument of kings; military
weapons; war.

_Ultima Thule._—The utmost boundary or limit.

_Ultimatum._—A final answer or decision.

_Un bel esprit._—A wit; a virtuoso.

_Un sot à triple étage._—An egregious blockhead.

_Unâ voce._—With one voice; unanimously.

_Unique._—Singular; the only one of its kind.

_Usque ad nauseam._—To disgust.

_Usus loquendi._—Usage in speaking.

_Ut infra._—As below.

_Uti possidetis._—As you possess; state of present possession.

_Utile dulci._—Utility with pleasure.

_Vade-mecum._—Go with me; a constant companion.

_Væ victis._—Woe to the vanquished!

_Vale._—Farewell.

_Valet-de-chambre._—A servant who assists his master in
dressing.

_Variæ lectiones._—Various readings.

_Veluti in speculum._—As in a mirror.

_Venditioni exponas._—That you expose to sale; writ of
execution.

_Veni, vidi, vici._—I came, I saw, I conquered.

_Venire._—To come; a writ to a sheriff directing him to summon
jurors.

_Venue._—The place from which the jury are drawn.

_Verbatim et literatim._—Word for word and letter for letter.

_Verbum sat sapienti._—A word is enough for a wise man.

_Verdad es verde._—Truth is green.

_Veritas vincit._—Truth conquers.

_Versus._—Against; toward.

_Vertu_, _Virtù_.—Virtue; taste; art; skill.

_Veto._—I forbid.

_Vi et armis._—By force and arms.

_Viâ._—By the way of.

_Via media._—A middle course.

_Vice._—In the room of.

_Vice versâ._—The terms being exchanged; reversely.

_Vide._—See.

_Vide et crede._—See and believe.

_Vide ut supra._—See as above.

_Videlicet._—To wit, namely.

_Videttes._—Sentinels on horseback.

_Vignette._—A name given to slight engravings with which books,
bank-notes, &c. are ornamented.

_Vincit amor patriæ._—Love of country prevails.

_Vinculum matrimonii._—The bond of marriage.

_Virtuoso._—One skilled in matters of taste or art.

_Virtute officii._—By virtue of office.

_Vis inertiæ._—Inert power; the tendency of every body to
remain at rest.

_Vis medicatrix naturæ._—The healing tendency of nature.

_Vis poetica._—Poetic genius.

_Vis vitæ._—The vigour of life.

_Vis-à-vis._—Face to face.

_Vita brevis, ars longa._—Life is short, and art is long.

_Vivâ voce._—By word of mouth; by the living voice.

_Vivant rex et regina._—Long live the king and queen.

_Vivat regina._—Long live the queen.

_Vivat respublica._—Live the republic.

_Vive la bagatelle._—Success to trifling.

_Vive la reine._—Long live the queen.

_Vive l’empereur._—Long live the emperor.

_Vive le roi._—Long live the king.

_Vive l’impératrice._—Long live the empress.

_Vive, vale._—Farewell, and be happy.

_Voilà tout._—That’s all.

_Voilà une autre chose._—That’s quite a different matter.

_Voir dire._—A preliminary examination to determine the
competency of a witness.

_Volens et potens._—Willing and able.

_Volgo gran bestia._—The mob is a great beast.

_Volere è potere._—To will is to do.

_Volti subito._—Turn over quickly.

_Vox, et præterea nihil._—A voice, and nothing more.

_Vox populi, vox Dei._—The people’s voice is God’s voice.

_Vox stellarum._—The voice of the stars: applied to almanacs.

_Vulgò._—Vulgarly; commonly.

_Vuelta._—Over, to next page or (o.)

_Vulnus immedicabile._—An irreparable injury.

_Vultus est index animi._—The countenance is the index of the
mind.

_Zonam solvere._—To loose the virgin zone.

INDEX.

Abbreviated syllables, 15.

Abbreviations, list of, 344-356.

_Abecedarium_, probably the earliest attempt at printing, 11.

Accents and aspirates, Greek, 99-101.
Hebrew, 106-108.
Russian, 112, 113.

Accented letters, 67.

Acids used in making paper spoil the effect of ink, 276, 277.

Adams, Isaac, inventor of the bed-and-platen power-press, 237, 238.

Adhesion of paper, how to prevent, 316.

Admiration, sign of, 63.

Agate type, specimen of, 54.

Alcfrid, Runic memorial of, 89.

_Alexandri Galli Doctrinale_, one of the first printed books, 10.

Almanac, first printed book in the Middle Colonies, 16, 17.

Alphabet, Anglo-Saxon, 91.
English, 58.
German, 94.
Greek, 98.
Hebrew, 104.
Hieroglyphic, 84.
Runes, 86-90.
Russian, 112, 113.

Alterations in a proof justly chargeable, 204, 205, 211.
not allowable in reprints of old and standard authors, 202.

Amber ink, how to produce, 288.

Ambiguous and compound words to be set uniformly, 202.

American type, superior quality of, 23.

_American Weekly Mercury_, third newspaper in America, 17.

Ancient ornaments, exquisite and curious, 15, 16.
press, clumsy, 235.
typographical peculiarities, 15.

Anglo-Saxon characters, how originated, 51.
alphabetical table of, 91.
cases for, 92, 93.
Lord’s Prayer in, 51.
runes, table of, 88.

Apostrophe, how used, 63, 64.

_Appeal against the Turks_, of 1454, 11.

Applegath and Cowper, improvers of the cylinder press, 238, 239.

Apprentice, how to instruct an, 122.
must be punctual, obedient, and courteous, 123.
qualifications required in an, 121.
ridiculous practices to be avoided by, 122.

Apprentices, advice to, 137, 138.

Arithmetical figures, when introduced, 70.

Article, the indefinite, rule for using, 318.

Ascending letters, 59.

Asterisk, use of, 66.

Astronomical signs, 73, 74.

Authors, detention of proofs by, 205.
hints to, 211.
impatience of, 205.
whims of, 61.

Automatic counter, illustrated, 310.
machine, for casting and finishing type, 23.

Backing long or short pages, 133.

Baine, John, sets up a type-foundry in Philadelphia, 19.

_Bay Psalm-Book_, first book printed at Cambridge, 16.

Bearers on hand-presses, how prepared, 259, 277, 278, 281.

Beaumont, Victor, inventor of serrated cutting blade, 242.

Beginners, ironical rules for, 139, 140.

Bewcastle cross, Runic inscription on, 89.

Bible, first, printed at Mentz, by Gutenberg, Fust and Schœffer, in
1455, of which there are four copies in Europe and two in the United
States, 11.
Brinley’s, 11.
German, printed in Germantown, by Saur, 19.
Lenox’s, 11.
Mazarin, 11.
printed in Iceland in 1584, 14.
quarto, in standing type, in Philadelphia, 26.

_Biblia Pauperum_, attributed to Koster, 10.

Bill of type, 57.

Binny, Archibald, first successful founder in Philadelphia, 19, 20.
improver of the type-mould, 19, 42.

Black letter, when used, 51.

Blades, William, 14.

Blaeu, Willem Jansen, early inventor of a press, 235.

Blankets for wood-cut printing, 282.
India-rubber, 266.
thick paper, 266.
Welsh flannel, 266.
when to be used, 257, 266.

Blanking, remarks concerning, 259.

Bleaching powders deleterious, 276.

Block books, 10.

Blue ink, how to make, 287, 288.

Bodkin, how to use the, 208, 209.
illustrated, 209, 210.

Books, cheapening of, due to steam-presses, 240.
early, printed in Gothic character, 16.
first, printed on one side of the leaf only, 10.
how to preserve, 317.

Book-folding machine, illustrated, 249.

Borders, 80, 120.

_Boston Gazette_, second newspaper published in America, 17.
_News-Letter_, first newspaper published in America, 17.

Bourgeois, specimen of, 54.

Boxwood, description of good, 36.
liable to warp, 282, 283.
quoin, 306.

Braces, use of, 75.

Bracket, how used, 65.

Bradford, William, first printer in the Middle Colonies, 16, 17.

Brass rules, remarks concerning, 80.
slotted corners, description of, 44.

Break-lines improperly driven over, 133.
should never begin a page, 133.

Brevier, specimen of, 54.

Brilliant, smallest type in America, 52.
specimen of, 54.

Brinley’s collection of Bibles, 11.

British founders reject American casting-machines, 23.

Bronze printing, how executed, 284, 285.

Brown ink, how to produce, 288.

Bruce, David and George, type-founders in New York, 21, 22.
David, Jr., type-casting machine invented by, 22.

Bullock, William, inventor of the first perfecting press, 242-244.
chain-running press, 244.
self-feeding perfecting press, illustrated, 243.

Bundle of paper described, 294.

Cabinet for chases, illustrated, 231.
with galley-top, illustrated, 304.

Cabinets, job cases should be kept in, 304.
of cases, for sorts, quads, etc., illustrated, 219-221.
should be kept in perfect order, 221.

Cambridge, first press in North America at, 16.

Campbell’s cylinder presses, 239, 246.
self-feeding perfecting press, 246.

Cancelled figures, 70.

Capital, good character is, 138.
letters, 58-60.
letters, how to use, 59, 60.

Card-cutters, 309.
printing, directions for, 283, 284.
sheets, chart for cutting, (Le Blond,) 302.

Carey, Mathew, 26.

Cases, American plan of Roman, 124, 125.
blank, 303.
German, 96, 97.
Greek, 102, 103.
Hebrew, 109, 111.
how to label job, 304.
job, 302.
labour-saving lead, 303.
labour-saving rule, 82, 302.
labour-saving slug, 303.
music, 117-119.
number of, to a fount, 128.
proposed improvement in, 126.
quotation furniture, 303.
Saxon, 92, 93.
triple job, 302.

Caslon, William, 18.

Cassie quires, why so called, 294.

Casting off copy, methods of, 223-226.

Catch-words, first used at Venice, 16.
in titles, how to be set, 134.

Caxton, William, introduces printing into England, 14.
his first types not cast or founded, 13.

Centennial Exhibition, 1876, presses exhibited at, 244-246.
fast printing at, 245.

Chalcography, inventor of, 34.

Chromo-lithography, 29.

Chromos, printed on cylinder presses, 31.

_Chronicle of Cologne_, 9.

Cicero, French and German name for Pica, 53.

Circular quadrates, 78.

Clicker, or maker-up, duties of, 226-228.

Clymer, George, inventor of the Columbian press, 236, 237.

Colon, use of, 62.

Colorito, Abraham, printer at Soncino, 1488, 14.

Colour, uniformity in, 263, 278, 279.

Coloured inks, how to make, 286-288.
printing, instructions for, 285-287.

Colours, contrast of, 289-292.
how to multiply, 288.
how to use dry, 287, 288.

Columbian press, illustrated, 236.
introduced into England, 237.

Combination borders, 80, 120.

Comma, use of, 62.

Commercial post paper, size of, 298.
signs, 71.

Companionships, how managed, 228-232.
misunderstandings in, 228.

Composing, directions for, 129-136.
how to avoid errors in, 130.
position in, 127.
rule, steel, illustrated, 228.
sticks, illustrated, 305.
screw, the best for fixed measures, 305.

Composition rollers, how to make, 252-254, 311, 312.
how to wash, 253.
melting-kettle for, illustrated, 252.

Compositors, differences in 218.
rules to be observed by, 233, 234.

Compound words, 64, 65, 331.

Contents, rules for, 135.

Continuous sheet, printing from a, 242.

Contrast of colours, 289-292.

Conversation in a printing office to be avoided, 234.

Copy, casting off, 223-226.
takes of, should be small, 221.
to be carefully prepared, 204.

Copyholder, illustrated, 309.

Copyrights, how to secure, 333-335.
application to be made to Librarian of Congress, 333.
cannot be granted upon trade-marks or labels, 335.
duration of, 334.
form of notice, 334.
penalty for false notice, 334.
renewal of, 334.

Cork bearers, 259.

Corner quadrates, illustrated, 307.

Corpus, German name for Long Primer, 54.

Correcting in the metal, 207-211.
directions for, 208-210.
rules for, in a companionship, 231, 232.

Coster, (see Koster,) 9-11.

Cottrell & Babcock’s cylinder presses, 239.

Counting out sheets, 297.

Courtesy, importance of, 123.

Creases and wrinkles in paper, how to remove, 263.

Cross-bar, how to avoid springing, 148.

Crown paper, size of, 298.

Cut-in notes, how adjusted, 131, 132.

Cuts, how to make ready, 280-283.

Cylinder press, invention of the, 238.
presses, making ready on, 265-275.

Dagger or obelisk, use of, 66.

Dash, use of, 63.

Dates, method of, during the French Republic, 69.

Daye, John, Anglo-Saxon types first cut by, 51.

Daye, Stephen, first printer in North America, 16.

Dedications, how displayed, 135.
position of, 135.

Degener & Weiler’s Liberty press, illustrated, 246, 247.

Delicate impression, how to produce, 281, 282.

Demy paper, size of, 298.

Derivation of English words, 324-326.

Descending letters, 59.

De Vinne’s history of the invention of printing, 12.

Diamond type, specimen of, 54.

Diphthongs, Greek, 99.

Distributing, directions for, 128, 129.
how to wash matter for, 128, 129.
pernicious effects from heating
type for, 129.
proper times for, 129.

Dividing words, rules for, 64, 65.

_Donatus_ of 1451, 11.

Double imperial paper, size of, 298.
letters, 59.
medium paper, size of, 298.
super-royal paper, size of, 298.

Drawing paper, how to be wet, 256.

Dry colours, how to use, 287, 288.

Duck’s bill, to prevent paper from slipping on the tympan, 278.

Duodecimo, or twelves, scheme for imposing sheet of, 165.
the same, without cutting, 166.
the same, two signatures, 167.
half-sheet, 168.
the same, without cutting, 168.
the same, from the centre, 169.
sheet of, from the centre, 170.
the same, long way, 171, 172.
one-third of a sheet, 171, 172.
two half-sheets, together, 173.
half-sheet, two signatures, 174.

Earl Stanhope’s printing-press, 236.

Earliest printing-press, 235.
written sounds, 83-85.

Egyptian hieroglyphics, specimens of type for printing, 83-85.

Eighteens, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 176.
the same, with two blanks, 176.
sheet of, folded together, 177, 178.
the same, with one signature, 177, 178.
the same, with two signatures, 179, 180.
the same, with three signatures, 179, 180.
half-sheet of, without transposition, 181.

Electro-stereotyping, 27, 43.

Electrotyping, method of, 27.

Emerald green, 288.

Enamelled cards, to be printed dry, 283, 284.

English type, specimen of, 53.

Engraver’s proof useful to pressmen, 283.

Engravings, copper-plate, 34.
how to print, 280-283.
how to restore, 317.
tools for, 34.
wood, 31-34.

Epitaph, printer’s, 208.

Errata, list of, where placed, 136.

Errors inevitable, 136.
made in correcting a proof, 203, 204.

_Escala espiritual de San Juan Climaco_, the first book printed in
America, 16.

Even impressions on a hand-press, how to obtain, 277-279.

Exclamation, sign of, 63.

Feed-guides, Megill’s, illustrated, 310.

Figgins’s, Vincent, opinion of Caxton’s type, 13.

Figures, arithmetical, 70.
old style, 70.
scratched or cancelled, 70.

Filling the standing press, 296, 297.

Fine hand-presswork, remarks concerning, 275-279.
printing, character of ink required for, 275, 276.
paper suitable for, 257.
why difficult in the United States, 276, 277.

Finiguerra, Thomas, discoverer of chalcography, 34.

Firefly press, Gordon’s, 247.

Fireproof ink, 314.

Flat cap paper, size of, 298.

Flowers and borders, remarks on, 80.

Fly on cylinder presses, how to be set, 274.

Folding machines, 249.

Folio, imposing single sheet of, 150.
paper, size of, 298.
two sheets quired, 151, 152.

Follow copy, the compositor’s rule, 204.

Foolscap paper, dimensions of, 298.

Foreign words and phrases, translated, 357-372.

Foreman, duties and qualifications of, 218-232.

Form, how to make ready for hand-press, 257-260.
of warehouse book, 293.

Forms, directions for locking up, 147, 148.
how to impose, 141, 142.
how to wash, 264, 265.
precautions in unlocking, 208.

Forties, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 191.

Forty-eights, scheme for imposing quarter sheet of, with two
signatures, 192.
the same, without cutting, 193.
half-sheet of, 192.
the same, three signatures, 193.
quarter sheet of, 194.

Foul proof, a grievous fault, 207.

Founders, English, ancient regulations concerning, 18.

Fount of letter, complete, described, 58.

Founts, irregularities of, 58.

Fractions, 70.

Franklin, Benjamin, attempts type-founding, 19.
James, establishes the _New England Courant_, 17.

Franklin presses, Gordon’s, 247.
illustrated, 246.

Friars, how to obviate, 263.

Frisket, directions for preparing, 258.
catch of, how to place, 259.

Full point, use of, 62, 63.

Furniture, how to make up, 144, 145.

Fust, John, connection with Gutenberg and Schœffer, 11, 12.

Gaillarde, French term for Bourgeois type, 54.

Gallows, how to be placed, 259.

_Game of Chess_, first book printed in England by Caxton, 14.

Gauge pins, Megill’s, illustrated, 310.

Ged, William, inventor of stereotyping, 24.

Geometrical signs, 71, 72.

German alphabet, 94.
plan of cases for, 96, 97.
similar letters elucidated, 94, 95.

Germantown, first paper mill in America, near, 17.
first quarto Bible in America, printed at, 19.
type cast at, by Saur, 19.

Giving out book paper to wet, 294.
paper for jobs, 294, 295.

Globe press, 248.

Glover, Jesse, introduces printing into Cambridge, Mass., 16.

Glue, common prepared, 313.
liquid, how to make, 313.

Gold preparation, how to use, 288.
printing, how practised, 284, 317.
size for gold printing, 284.

Good habits inculcated, 121-123, 137, 138.
presswork, conditions for securing, 279.

Gordon’s Franklin press, illustrated, 246.
job-presses, 246, 247.

Gothic characters, early books printed in, 16.

Gradation of type bodies, 56.

Grant Thorburn, benevolence of, 239.

Great Primer, specimen of, 53.

Greek accents and aspirates, 98-101.
alphabetical table of, 98.
letters, numerical value of, 67, 98.
ligatures now discarded, 98.
numeral letters, table of, 67.
plan of cases for, 102, 103.
rules for composing, 101.

Green ink, how to make, 288.

Gros Romain, French title for Great Primer, 53.

Guillemet’s quotation marks, 62.

Gutenberg, account of, 9-14.

Gutter-sticks, directions for cutting, 148.

Gypsum in paper, effects of, 276, 277.

Haarlem, the birthplace of printing, 9.

Hand-mould improved by Binny, 20.

Hand-press, how to prepare impression on, 275-279.
how to overlay on, 277.
bearers used on, 277, 278.

Hand-presswork, fine, how to produce, 275-279.

Handwriting, erroneous notion concerning, 226.

Hanging pages, how to rectify, 208.
up paper to dry, 295.

Hansard’s receipt for making rollers, 253, 254.

Hard roller, best for fine work, 267.

Head-lines, how displayed, 131.

Heap of paper, how to treat, 259.

Heated type, pernicious effects from distributing it, 129.

Hebrew accents, 106-108.
alphabet, identical with Phœnician, 83.
alphabetical table of, 104.
Bible, first printed, 14.
letters, numeral value of, 104.
letters of similar appearance, 105.
lower case, without points, 109.
Masoretic points or vowels, 106.
method of composing, 105.
plan of cases with points, 110, 111.
scheme for imposing 8vo sheet of, 161, 162.
spacing letters, 105.

Height of type, standard for, 57, 58.

Hieroglyphic alphabet, 84.

Hinderances to fine printing in America, 276, 277.

Hints honoured in the breach, 136, 137.

Hoe & Co.’s cylinder presses, 239-242.

Hoe, Richard M., inventor of type-revolving printing machine, 241.
Robert, account of, 239, 240.

Hoe’s web perfecting press, illustrated, 245.

Hollow quadrates, use of, 77.

Horn-book, illustration of, xi.

Humphreys’s History of the Art of Printing, 12.

Hurried work, how to expedite, 226-228.

Hyphen, how employed, 64, 65.
not used by the earliest printers, 15.

Iceland, early printing office in, 14.

Imperial and half paper, size of, 298.
paper, dimensions of, 298.

Imposing forms, directions for, 141, 142.
in companionships, rules for, 230, 231.

Imposing, memoranda concerning, 148, 149.
abstract title-deeds, 150.
FOLIO, single sheet, 150.
two sheets, quired, 151, 152.
QUARTO, common sheet of, 153, 154.
scheme for, music books, 153, 154.
two half-sheets, together, 155, 156.
half-sheet, broad way, 155, 156.
OCTAVO, sheet of, 157, 158.
the broad way, 157, 158.
half-sheet, 159.
two half-sheets, together, 159, 160.
two quarters, together, 160.
sheet, mixed, 161, 162.
sheet of Hebrew, 161, 162.
sheet, from the centre, 163, 164.
half-sheet, from the centre, 163.
two quarters, from the centre, 164.
DUODECIMO, or 12mo, sheet, 165.
the same, without cutting, 166.
the same, two signatures, 167.
half-sheet, 168.
the same, without cutting, 168.
the same, from the centre, 169.
sheet of, from the centre, 170.
the same, long way, 171, 172.
one-third of a sheet, 171, 172.
two half-sheets, together, 173.
half-sheet, two signatures, 174.
SIXTEENS, half-sheet of, 174.
sheet of, 175.
EIGHTEENS, half-sheet of, 176.
the same, with two blanks, 176.
sheet of, folded together, 177, 178.
sheet of, one signature, 177, 178.
the same, two signatures, 179, 180.
sheet of, three signatures, 179, 180.
half-sheet of, without transposition, 181.
TWENTIES, half-sheet of, with two signatures, 181.
sheet of, 182.
TWENTY-FOURS, half-sheet of, 183.
sheet of, two signatures, 183, 184.
half-sheet of, sixteen-way, 184.
half-sheet of, long, 185.
half-sheet, two signatures, 185.
half-sheet, without cutting, 186.
THIRTY-TWOS, half-sheet of, 186.
sheet of, 187, 188.
the same, four signatures, 187, 188.
half-sheet, two signatures, 189.
half-sheet of, mixed, 189.
THIRTY-SIXES, half-sheet of, 190.
the same, without cutting, 190.
the same, two signatures, 191.
FORTIES, half-sheet of, 191.
FORTY-EIGHTS, quarter sheet of, with two signatures, 192.
the same, without cutting, 193.
common quarter-sheet of, 194.
half-sheet of, two signatures, 192.
the same, three signatures, 193.
SIXTY-FOURS, quarter sheet, 195.
the same, two signatures, 194.
sixty-fours, mixed, 195.
half-sheet of, 196.
SEVENTY-TWOS, half-sheet of, 197.
NINETY-SIXES, half-sheet of, 198.
ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-EIGHTS, half-sheet of, 199.

Imposing stone, illustrated, 308.

Impression on cylinder presses, how to regulate, 269-275.

Indenting paragraphs, rule for, 132.

Index, directions for preparing copy of, 133.
rule for setting, 133.
where placed, 133.

India paper suitable for overlays, 280.

India-rubber cloth, good qualities of, 266.

Ink-block, how to be placed, 251.

Ink, black, how to intensify, 284.
coloured, 286, 287.
requires a hard roller, 267.
for cylinder presses, 267, 268.
for fine work, indispensable qualities of, 275, 276.
how to prevent setting off, 279.
how to remove surplus from the roller, 262.
how to produce amber, 288.
blue, 287, 288.
brown, 288.
fire-proof, 314.
green, 288.
lilac, 288.
pink, 288.
purple, 288.
red, 286-288.
scarlet, 288.
vermilion, 288.
to mark tin or zinc, 315.
driers, how to make, 315, 316.

Ink-fountain, how to manage, 268.
patent, illustrated, 310.

Ink-stone and muller, illustrated, 285.

Interleaving necessary in fine presswork, 279.

Interrogation, sign of, 63.

Iron furniture, how made, 310.

Ironical rules for compositors, 136, 137.
for beginners in business, 139, 140.

Italic letter, invention of, 50.
abuse of, 51.

Job department, 300-310.
capitals and lower-case should not be laid together, 304.
cases should be labelled with the type which is in case, 304.
how to conduct the business, 300.
memorandum slip for record, 301.
requisites for, 301-310.
selection of material, 300.

Job presses, American, unsurpassed, 246.
varieties of, 246-248.

Jobbing facilities, 300-310.

Jobs, making margin for, 147.

Johnson, Lawrence, type-founder in Philadelphia, 20.
William M., invents a type-casting machine, 22.

Journeymen, idle, 18.

Junius, Hadrianus, 10.

Justification, accurate, absolutely essential, 131.

Kerned letters, 59.

Kinsley, Dr., invents a cylinder press, 238.

Knowledge, progress of, accelerated by steam-presses, 240.

König, Frederick, inventor of the cylinder press, 238.

Koster, (or Coster,) Laurentius, inventor of printing, 9-14.
printer of block books, 10.
used wooden and tin type, 10.

Labour-saving brass rule, 81.
plan of case for, 82.
curvatures, 79.
quotation furniture, 77.
rule, 43, 81.

Lamp-holder, 309.

Laying a fount of type, directions for, 127.
pages, 143, 144.

Lead cutter, illustrated, 307.

Leads, described, 80.

Leather belting, how to soften, 316.

Lenox, James, of New York, collection of Bibles, 11.

Lepsius, R., hieroglyphic types of, 83.

Letter paper, size of, 298.

_Letters of Indulgence_, of 1454-5, 11.

Letters, accented, 67.
ascending, 59.
descending, 59.
double, 59.
kerned, 59.
long, 59.
numeral, 67.
short, 59.
two-line, 76.

Ley, directions for making, 312.
not to be used on wood-cuts, 283.

Ley-brush, how to be made, 265.

Ley-trough, described, 264, 265.

Liberty press, illustrated, 247.

Lifting pages, 143.

Lightning press, Hoe’s, 239-242.
illustrated, 240.

Lilac ink, how to make, 288.

Lithographic chalk and ink, 28.
stone, 27.
transfer ink, how to make, 315.

Lithography, discovery of, 27.
practice of, 27-31.

Locking up forms, 147, 148.

Long letters, 59.

Long Primer, specimen of, 54.

Lord’s Prayer in Anglo-Saxon, 51.

Lower-case sorts, 59.

Machine-casting, 22.

Machine-made paper, sizes of, 298.

Machine-press of Isaac Adams, 237, 238.
Frederick, König, 238.
Applegath and Cowper, 238.
Richard M. Hoe, 239-242.
William Bullock, 242-244.
Campbell, 239, 246.
Cottrell & Babcock, 239.
Walter, 244.

Mackling, how to remedy, 263.

Make-up rule, steel, illustrated, 229.

Making margin, 145-147.
for jobs, 147.
ready a form, directions for, 257-260.
on cylinder presses, 265-275.
wood-cuts, directions for, 280-283.
register, directions for, 260.

Making up furniture, 144, 145.
in companionship, 229.
letter and furniture in companionships, 230.

_Manual de Adultos_, one of the first books printed in America, 16.

Manuccio, Aldo, 61.

Mappa, Adam G., one of the early American type-founders, 19.

Margin, how to make, 145-147.
on cylinder presses, 268.

Masoretic points, 106.

Mathematical signs, 71, 72.

Matrices, copper, 40.
electrotyped, 23.

Matrix, illustrated, 40.

Mazarin Bibles, 11.

Measure of stick, how to make by ems, 129.

Mecom, Benjamin, 24.

Medium paper, size of, 298.

Melting-kettle, description of, 252.

Metal rules, 75.

Metric system, 336, 337.

Minerva cutting machine, illustrated, 309.

Minion type, specimen of, 54.

Mitering machine, illustrated, 307.

Mittel, German name for English type, 53.

Modern conveniences, 120.

Mucilage, directions for making, 312, 313.

Mud process in stereotyping, 26.

Music, comparative table of bodies, 115.
directions for composing, 116.
plan of cases for, 117-119.
specimens of, 114.

_New Hampshire Gazette_, oldest living paper of the United States, 17.

Newspapers, number of, printed in the United States in 1801 and 1810, 20.

New types, how to prevent them from adhering together, 127.

_New York Gazette_, first newspaper published there, 17.

Nicks, position of, 58.

Nicholson, William, suggester of the cylinder press, 238.

Ninety-sixes, to impose half-sheet, 198.

Nonpareil press, illustrated, 247.
type, specimen of, 54.

Norse-Runic alphabet, 87, 88.

_North American and United States Gazette_, of Philadelphia, oldest
daily newspaper in the United States, 17.

Note paper, size of, 298.

Notes, proper size of type for, 131.
cut in, how arranged, 132.

Numeral letters, Gothic, 68, 69.
Greek, 67.
Roman, 68, 69.

Numerical value of Greek letters, 67, 98.
Hebrew letters, 104.

Octavo, scheme for imposing sheet of, 157, 158.
sheet of, the broad way, 157, 158.
two half-sheets, together, 159, 160.
sheet mixed, 161, 162.
half-sheet, 159.
two quarters, together, 160.
sheet of Hebrew, 161, 162.
sheet of, from the centre, 163, 164.
half-sheet of, do., 163.
two quarter-sheets, do., 164.

Oiling a press, 292.

Old English letter used by the early printers, 49.

Old-style figures, advantages of, 70.

Old works, no license of alteration allowable in reprinting, 202.

One hundred and twenty-eights, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 199.

Ornaments, ancient, exquisite and curious, 15, 16.

Orthography, hints on, 318-332.
uniformity in, 202.

Overlaying on cylinder presses, 272, 273.
on hand-presses, 277.

Overrunning, proper method of, 210.

Overseer, duties of, 218-232.

Over-sheets, rules for giving out, 294.

Packet note paper, size of, 298.
post paper, size of, 298.

Pages, how to tie up, 142, 143.
how to lift, 143.
how to lay, 143.

Palmaert, Lambert, printed at Valencia, 1479, 14.

Paper-bank, how to be placed, 259.

Paper for jobs, rule for giving out, 294.
cutters, 309.
instructions for wetting, 255-257.
qualities of good, 276.
quantity required for a book, 299.
sizes of, 298.
suitable for fine printing, 257.

Papier-maché moulds, 242.

Paragon type, so called by printers in all countries, 52.

Paragraph mark, how used, 66.

Paragraphs, authors’ irregularities in making, 132, 133.
rule for indenting, 132.

Parchment tympans, 254.

Parenthesis, use of, 65, 66.

Pasteboard tympan for a cylinder press, advantages of, 265.

Paste, directions for making, 312.

Pearl type, specimen of, 54.

Peerless press, illustrated, 248.

Penn, William, promotes printing in Pennsylvania, 17.

Perforating machine for round holes, illustrated, 308.
rule, illustrated, 308.

Perforator, Ames’s Patent, 308.

Period, use of, 62.

Petit and Jungfer, German names of Brevier, 54.

Petit Romain, French name of Long Primer, 54.

_Petri Hispani Tractatibus Logicis_, one of the first printed books, 10.

Phœnician alphabetic system, 83.

Photo-engraving, 35-38.

Phrases, foreign, translated, 357-372.

Pica, specimen of, 53.
the standard type, 52.

Picks in types, how to remove, 262.
in wood-cuts, how to take out, 281.

Pietrison, Thomas, the inventor of printers’ ink, 10.

Pink ink, how to produce, 288.

Planetary signs, 73, 74.

Plate paper, directions for wetting, 256.

Plumbago, used in electrotyping, 27, 45.

Point system of type bodies, 55, 56.

Points, how to arrange, 258.

Polyglot founders, 18.

Position of nicks, 58.
in composing, 127.

Prefaces, rules concerning, 135.

Press-book, form of, 222.

Press arbitrarily restricted, 235.
history of invention of, 235-248.
old common, 235.
to print and number railroad tickets and coupons, 246.

Presses—see machine-presses.
how to oil, 292.

Pressing sheets, mode of, 296, 297.

Pressmen should examine every sheet as printed, 263.
rules and remedies for, 262-264.
should study fine specimens of printing, 277.

Presswork, requisites for producing fine, 275-279.

Prima, 203.

Printed sheets, how treated, 295-297.

Printers, how not to succeed in business, 139, 140.
ironical rules for, 136, 137.

Printer’s knife, illustrated, 210, 211.

Printing, discovery of, 9-14.
extension of, 13.
in bronzes, 284, 285.
in colours, 285-288.
in gold, directions for, 284.
introduced into America, 16.
manner of discovery, 9-12.

Printing-machine, type-revolving, 240-242.

Printing-offices, rules to be observed in, 233, 234.

Printing-press, amateur, 248.
Bullock, 242-244.
Campbell, 239, 246.
Cottrell & Babcock, 239.
Degener, 246, 247.
Earl Stanhope’s, 236.
earliest, 235.
first set up in North America, 16.
Frederick König’s, 238.
Gally, 246.
George Clymer’s, 236.
George P. Gordon’s, 246, 247.
invention of the, 235-248.
Isaac Adams’s, 237.
Job, 246-248.
Peter Smith’s, 237.
Railroad-ticket, 246.
Ramage’s, 236.
Richard M. Hoe’s, 239-242.
Ruggles, 246.
Samuel Rust’s, 237.
Walter, 244.
Wells, 246.
Willem Jansen Blaeu’s, 235.

Proof-marks, explanation of, 214, 215.
illustration of, 212, 213.

Proof-press, illustrated, 343.

Proof-reader, author’s obligations to, 201.
duties of a, 202, 207.
friendly offices of, 201.
qualifications of, 200-206.
should be a compositor, 200.

Proof-readers, caprices of, 207.

Proof-sheets, alterations in, justly chargeable, 204, 205, 211.
detained by authors, 205.
errors in correcting, 203, 204.
method of reading, 202, 203.
plan for keeping account of, 203.
remarks concerning, 202.
should be read by two readers, 204.

Proofs of engravings, how to take, 283.

Proper names should be plainly written, 211.

Prussian blue ink, 287.

Publishers’ interference with the printers’ province, 134.

Pulling, directions for, 260-262, 279.

Punch, illustrated, 40.

Punctuality indispensable in an apprentice, 123.

Punctuation, amending of, should be confined to one reader, 204.
and orthography to be uniform throughout a book, 202.
points of later invention than printing, 61.
variations in use of, 61.
whims of authors, 61.
Wilson’s Treatise on, 62, 65.

Quadrates, circular, illustrated, and described, 78, 79.
corner, illustrated, 306.
directions for composing, 78, 79.
hollow, illustrated, 77.

Quantity of paper required to print a book of one thousand copies, 299.

Quarto, scheme for imposing, 153, 154.
the broad way for music, 153, 154.
two half-sheets, together, 155, 156.
half-sheet, the broad way, 155, 156.

Quires, cassie, of what made up, 294.

Quitting work, precautions to be used by the pressmen in, 264.

Quoins, proper form of, 147, 148.
how to unlock, 148.
various patents, 306.

Quotation furniture, illustrated, 77.
marks, 62.

Quotations, broad and narrow, 76.

Railroad-ticket printing-machine, 246.

Ramage, Adam, 236.

Reading-boy, 202.

Receipts, various, 311-317.

Red ink, how to make, 286, 288.

References, use of, 66, 67.

Register, how to make, 260.

Regulations for a printing-office, 233, 234.

Reprints from standard authors not to vary from the original, 202.

Revise, 206.

Revise sheet necessary, 260.

Riding, how to prevent, 286.

Rittenhouse, William, the first paper-maker in America, 17.

Roller-boy, 262.

Roller-handle, how to lie when used, 251.
how to check, 251.

Roller, hard, best for fine work, 267.
soft, required for posters and old type, 267.

Roller-mould, directions for using, 252.

Roller-stand, how to set up, 250, 251.
illustrated, 251.

Rollers, composition, how made, 252-254, 311, 312.
for hand-presses, how to keep, 278.
hand-press, 252.
precautions in using, 252.
to be adapted to style of work, 267.
when in working order, 253.

Roman letter, invention of, 49.
deserving general adoption, 50.

Ronaldson, James, type-founder in Philadelphia, 19.
Richard, type-founder in Philadelphia, 20.

Rosetta stone, discovery of, 83.

Royal and half paper, size of, 298.

Royal paper, size of, 298.

Ruggles’s job presses, 246.
card cutter, illustrated, 309.

Rule, brass, 80.
labour-saving, illustrated, 81.
plan of case for, 82.

Rules and remedies for pressmen, 262-264.
for beginners in business, ironical, 139, 140.
for compositors, ironical, 136, 137.
for perforating, illustrated, 308.

Runes, earliest alphabets of the Teutons and Goths, 86.

Runic alphabets, 86-90.
inscription on Bewcastle cross, 89.

Russian alphabet, 112, 113.

Rust, Samuel, inventor of the Washington press, 237.

Saur (or Sower), Christopher, first American type-founder, 19.
issues the _Germantown Chronicle_ in 1739, 19.
prints the first quarto Bible, 19.

Scarlet ink, how to make, 288.

Schœffer, Peter, inventor of type-founding, 13, 14.

Semicolon, invented by Aldo Manuccio, 61.
use of, 62.

Senefelder, Alois, discoverer of lithography, 27.

Setting fly on a cylinder press, 274.
off, how to prevent ink from, 279.
tapes, process of, 274.
up a Washington press, 250.
up a roller-stand, 250, 251.

Seventy-twos, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 197.

Shades of ink, how to produce, 288.

Sheets, counting out and putting away, 294.
filling in and pressing, 296.
how to take down from the poles, 296.
names of, 149.

Shooting-sticks, illustrated, 307.

Short letters, 59.
numbers of sheets, allowance for, 294.
pages, how to back, 133.

Side notes, how arranged, 131, 132.

Signatures, table of, 216, 217.
inventor of, 16.

Signaturing, remarks concerning, 135.

Signs, astronomical, 73, 74.

Signs, commercial, 71.
mathematical, 71, 73.
medical, 74, 75.

Silk tympan-covers, 254.

Silvering solution, how to make, 316.

Sitting at work improper, 127.

Sixteens, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 174.
sheet of, 175.

Sixty-fours, scheme for imposing quarter-sheet of, 195.
scheme for imposing quarter-sheet of, with two signatures, 194.
quarter sheet of, mixed, 195.
half-sheet of, 196.

Slotted brass corners, illustrated, 44.

Slovenly copy, censurable, 223.

Slurring, how to prevent, 263, 278.

Small capital letters, 58, 60, 61.
Pica, specimen of, 54.

Smith, George Frederick, founder in Philadelphia, 20.
Matthew, press-maker, 239.
Peter, inventor of a hand-press, 237.

Sorts, upper and lower case, 59.

Sounds of German letters, 94.
Greek letters, 98.
Hebrew letters, 104.

Sower—see Saur.

Samuel & Co., early American type-founders, 20.

Space-rules, metal, 81.

Spaces, described, 75.
various sizes of, should be kept separate, 128.

Spacing, remarks on, 130, 131.

_Speculum Humanæ Salvationis_, the first printed book, 11.

Spelling, rules for, 318-332.

_Spiegal enser Behoudenisse_, one of the first printed books, 10.

Spring bearers, 259.

Springing, to prevent wood-cuts from, 280.

Square cross, where used, 66.

Standard for height of type, 57, 58.
metal furniture, 77.

Standing press, how to fill, 296, 297.
improved, illustrated, 297.

Stanhope, Earl, press invented by, 236.

Star chamber, regulations of, concerning English founders, 18.

St. Augustin, French and Dutch name for English type, 53.

Stereotype plates, English imperfections of, 18.
how to underlay, 272.
block, illustrated, 44.

Stereotyping, invention of, 24.
mode of, 24-26, 46.
mud process, 26.

Stop cylinder press, illustrated, 238.
well adapted for fine printing, 239.

Stower, extract from, 205, 206.

Superiors, 67.

Super-royal paper, size of, 298.

Syllables, abbreviated, 15.
how to divide, 64, 65.

Symbols, absurd, 74.

Table of paper required for a book, 299.
proof-marks, 212.
signatures, 216, 217.

Takes of copy should be small, 221.

Taking copy in companionships, 228, 229.

Taking down sheets when dry, 296.

Tapes, how to set, 274.

Technical terms explained, 338-343.
names should be legibly written, 211.

Tertia, German name of Great Primer, 53.

Theinhardt, Ferdinand, Prussian type-founder, 84.

Thirty-sixes, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 190.
half-sheet of, without cutting, 190.
the same, with two signatures, 191.

Thirty-twos, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 186.
sheet of, 187, 188.
sheet of, with four signatures, 187, 188.
half-sheet, two signatures, 189.
half-sheet of, mixed, 189.

Thomas, Isaiah, 14.

Tilloch, Dr. Alexander, 24.

Tinted paper, coloured ink on, 291.

Tints, neutral, 291.

Title-deeds, scheme for imposing, 150.

Title-pages, hints for setting, 134.
remarks on, 134.

Token-sheet, purpose of, 256.

Tokens explained, 294.

Tools for wood engraving, 34.

Trade-marks, how to secure patents, 335.

Transposing pages, directions for, 207.
pages in companionships, 232.

Turkey boxwood, best for engraving, 34.

Turning a heap, directions for, 261, 262.

Turpentine, spirits of, best for cleansing wood-cuts, 283.

Tweezers, illustrated, 210.

Twenties, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, with two signatures, 181.
sheet of, 182.

Twenty-fours, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 183.
sheet of, 183, 184.
half-sheet, the sixteens way, 184.
half-sheet of, long, 185.
half-sheet of, without cutting, 186.

Two-line letters, how used, 76.

Tying up pages, 142, 143.

Tympan suitable for cylinder press, 265.

Tympans, how to cover, 254.

Type bodies, point system of, 55, 56.

Type-casting machine, description of, 42.
illustrated, 41.
origin of, 22.

Type-casting machine, perfected by David Bruce, Jr., 22, 23.

Type-founding a distinct calling in the seventeenth century, 18.
early, in New York, 19.
early, in Philadelphia, 19.
in America, 19.
in Europe, 18.

Type-foundries in the United States, 23.

Type-foundry, first American, at Germantown, Pennsylvania, 19.
walk over a, 39-48.

Type, how to lay a fount of, 127.

Type-measure, 227.

Type-metal, 40.

Type-revolving printing machine, Hoe’s, illustrated, 240.

Types, bill of, 57.
Black or Old English letter, 49, 51.
directions for choosing, 50.
fount of, 58.
gradation of, 55.
how to prevent them from adhering, 127.
Italic, invention of, 50.
names and sizes of, 52-54.
prices of, since 1801, 25.
process of manufacturing, 39-43.
Roman, invention of, 49.
specimens of, 53, 54.

_Typographic Advertiser_, 20.

Typographical errors, a blemish, 200.
peculiarities, ancient, 17, 18.

Underlaying old stereotype plates, 282.

Underlays, when proper on cylinder presses, 270-272.

Uniformity in colors, how to secure, 263.
in spacing essential, 130.

Universal press, illustrated, 248.

Unlocking forms, precautions in, 208.

Upper-case sorts, 59.

Van der Mey’s method of stereotyping, 24.

Variations from copy chargeable, 211.

Varnish for printing ink, how to make, 314.
the common menstruum for colours, 286.

Varnish, prevents enamel from peeling, 284.

Vignettes, how to prepare on the press, 281.

Walter perfecting press, 244.

Warehouse book, form of, 293.
department, 293-298.

Warehouseman, duties of, 293.

Warping of a cut, how to cure, 282.
how to prevent, 282.

Washing forms, directions for, 264, 265.

Washington press, how to set up, 250.
invented by Samuel Rust, illustrated, 237.

Waterproof paper, how to make, 317.

Watts, John, 21.

Web perfecting presses, 242-246.

Wells’s job presses, 246.

Wet paper, how to be protected overnight, 264.

Wetting paper, directions for, 255-257.
drawing and plate paper, 256.
rules for giving out paper for, 294, 295.

Wetting-trough, how to be made, 255.

White, Elihu, type-founder in New York, 21, 22.

White pages, how to be treated, 259.

Wood-cuts, how to prepare on the press, 280-283.
how to wash, 283.
how to take proof of, 283.

Wood engraving, tools for, 34.
type, how to be cared for, 292.

Woollen blankets, needless when new type is used, 257, 266.

Words and phrases, foreign, 357-372.

Working in pocket unsatisfactory, 227.

Works, how to manage hurried, 226.

Wrinkles in paper, how to remove, 263.

Writing inks, coloured, how to make, 314.

Yellow ink, how to produce, 287, 288.

Zarotti, Antonio, the inventor of signatures, 16.

Zell, Ulrich, printer of the _Chronicle of Cologne_, 9.

Zodiacal signs, 73.

FOOTNOTES

[1] The earliest testimony in favour of Koster is contained in a German volume published at Cologne in 1499, known as the _Chronicle of Cologne_, which was printed by Ulrich Zell, originally of Mayence, and a well-known follower of Gutenberg and his system. Under the heading “Of the art of printing books, when and where, and by whom, was invented the inexpressibly useful art of printing books,” the author says, “Although the art, as now practised, was discovered at Mayence, nevertheless the first idea came from Holland, and the Donati, which had been previously printed there. Those books are therefore the origin of the art.”—See _Humphreys_, ch. iii. and iv.

We cite further the following well-known account:—

“About one hundred and twenty-eight years ago, Laurens Zanssen Coster inhabited a decent and fashionable house in the city of Haarlem, situated on the market-place, opposite the royal palace. The name of Coster was assumed, and inherited from his ancestors, who had long enjoyed the honourable and lucrative office of coster or sexton to the church. This man deserves to be restored to the honour of being the first inventor of printing, of which he has been unjustly deprived by others, who have enjoyed the praises due to him alone. As he was walking in the wood contiguous to the city, which was the general custom of the richer citizens and men of leisure, in the afternoon and on holidays, he began to cut letters on the bark of the beech; with these letters he enstamped marks upon paper in a contrary direction, in the manner of a seal, until at length he formed a few lines for his own amusement and for the use of the children of his brother-in-law. This succeeding so well, he attempted greater things; and, being a man of genius and reflection, he invented, with the aid of his brother- or son-in-law, Thomas Pietrison, a thicker and more adhesive ink, as the common ink was too thin and made blotted marks. With this ink he was able to print blocks and figures, to which he added letters. I have seen specimens of his printing in this manner. In the beginning he printed on one side only. This was a Dutch book, entitled _Spiegal enser Behoudenisse_. That it was one of the first books printed after the invention of the art, appears from the leaves, which are pasted together, that the naked sides might not be offensive to the eyes; and none at first were printed in a more perfect manner. As this new species of traffic attracted numerous customers, thus did the profits arising from it increase his love for the art and his diligence in the exercise of it.

“He engaged workmen, which was the source of the mischief. Among these workmen was one Jan ⸺: whether his surname be that of Faust, or any other, is of no great importance to me, as I will not disturb the dead, whose consciences must have smote them sufficiently while living. This Jan, who assisted at the printing press under oath, after he had learned the art of casting the types, setting them, and other articles belonging to the art, and thought himself sufficiently instructed, having watched the opportunity, as he could not find a better, he packed up the types and the other articles on Christmas eve, while the family was engaged in celebrating the festival, and stole away with them. He first fled to Amsterdam, thence to Cologne, until he could establish himself at Mentz, as a secure place, where he might open shop and reap the fruits of his knavery. It is a known fact that within the twelve months (that is, in the year 1440) he published the _Alexandri Galli Doctrinale_, (a grammar at that time in high repute,) with _Petri Hispani Tractatibus Logicis_, with the same letters which Laurens had used. These were undoubtedly the first products of his press. These are the principal circumstances that I have collected from creditable persons far advanced in years, which they have transmitted like a flaming torch from hand to hand: I have also met with others who have confirmed the same.”—_Hadrianus Junius_, 1568.

[2] The first copies of the Bible are not dated, and do not contain the printer’s name. Only a few impressions have been preserved to the present time; indeed, they were entirely lost to the world until the latter half of the last century, when a copy was discovered in the library of Cardinal Mazarin in Paris; hence, the few existing copies are generally spoken of as Mazarin Bibles. Some of these were printed on vellum, but the earliest copies were on paper. There are only six copies now extant; two of which are in the United States, one belonging to the collection of the late Mr. George Brinley of Connecticut, and the other owned by the late Mr. James Lenox of New York. These two copies are on paper. The Brinley copy is said to have a leaf or two in fac-simile, while the Lenox copy is perfect in every respect. This copy, together with his unequalled collection of rare Bibles, now enriches the magnificent Lenox Library, founded in New York, in 1870, by this excellent and wisely beneficent man. The four remaining copies are in Europe, two of which were sold in London at auction; one on vellum selling for $20,000, and the other, on paper, bringing $14,000.

[3] “The names of Koster and Gutenberg will ever remain associated with its positive invention; and to Koster, if we are to be guided by a vast mass of unanswerable evidence in his favour, must be assigned the glory of achieving the first actual steps in that art, of which Gutenberg was soon destined, not only to extend and solidify the basis, but to raise at once upon that basis a most noble superstructure.”—_Humphreys_, p. 50.

[4] For detailed and conflicting accounts, see Humphreys’s _History of the Art of Printing_, (London,) and De Vinne’s _Invention of Printing_, (New York.)

Humphreys dispassionately goes over the ground, and while giving due credit to Gutenberg, awards to Koster the honour of the invention of the art of printing. A perusal of De Vinne, on the other hand, leaves the impression of an effort to prove a preconceived opinion, every probability in favour of Koster being curtly set aside, and every perchance on the side of Gutenberg being regarded as incontrovertible fact. De Vinne derides the idea that types were at first cut, and not cast or founded; and this in the face of the fact that in the earliest printed books, there are not two letters of one kind that are precisely alike in a page; that is, every letter a varies somewhat from all other a’s, and so with b and all other letters. This could not be the case if the types were cast or founded. To support his view, De Vinne copies from De la Borde a wood engraving representing letters cut and sawn apart; and from the imperfection of this experiment argues that the first types could not have been cut. This proves nothing except the incapacity of the experimenter. A dozen years ago an ingenious man in Philadelphia produced copper-headed types in a mass on type-metal bodies, which had to be cut apart singly. The specimen of these types here given proves conclusively that the thing can be done far better than was done by Koster on wood or metal, though his types were ten times larger than these:—

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We have repeated the experiment in our own foundry with Long Primer type, and with a similar result. These experiments are sufficient to show the ungroundedness of Mr. De Vinne’s argument. He further states that in some of the specimens given by him, the letters have been so worn that they have run into one another; but the fact is, such letters were logotypes, and cut on the same block. Any accurate type-founder can verify this fact almost at a glance. In a lecture by Mr. Josiah Marples, an accurate English printer, before the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society on _Type-founders and Type-founding_, the speaker alluded to Caxton and his types, and to Mr. Vincent Figgins’s reproduction of the “Game of Chesse,” whose nephew had enabled him to exhibit a copy of the same to the meeting. “Mr. Vincent Figgins, whose skill as a practical type-founder,” it was remarked, “entitled his opinion to great weight, believed that the book was not printed from types such as were cast by Schœffer, but from types which were cast with solid faces, upon which were cut with the graver each letter separately. To this Mr. Figgins attributed the fact that in the original book no pure style of letters was used, but a mixture between the old black and that called Secretary; that no two letters were exactly alike, and that frequent use was made of logotypes.”

Mr. De Vinne finds some difficulty in demolishing the Koster “legend” (as he and Van der Linde call it) in the fact that the existence of numerous volumes and fragments of ancient printing have to be somehow accounted for; and he thereupon adopts the hypothesis of an unknown printer, to whom he attributes these early productions. The admittedly ancient water-marks in the paper he rules out, simply because such water-marks were used long afterward. He gives fac-simile specimens of the types used in these books; but, in violation of all the laws of probability, he gives the inferior specimens last. The necessities of his theory compelled him to this course, the natural order being the reverse of the one adopted by him. The inferior specimens show clearly the first attempts of an inventor, an inventor too who had before been a block printer. The succeeding books show as clearly the successive stages of improvement, the last stage of which was equal or even superior to any thing executed by Gutenberg before the appearance of the great Bible. This “unknown printer” was doubtless Koster.

It is by no means a wild question whether the credit of even the first Bible belongs to Gutenberg or to Peter Schœffer; for, after the dissolution of the partnership between Gutenberg and Fust, the former produced nothing worthy of note, while Schœffer printed the Bible again, as well as other works, notably the Psalter, a most wonderful specimen of ancient typography. Schœffer appears to be as undoubtedly the inventor of type-founding as Koster was of printing,—Gutenberg was neither, though we must award him high credit for his skill in availing himself of the knowledge derived from Koster, and his perseverance through a series of years. But the almost impenetrable cloud of mystery that surrounds the discovery of printing should induce a spirit of hesitancy that is not at all characteristic of Van der Linde and others. Neither ifs, buts, nor perhapses, nor strained inferences, prove anything except the weakness of the argument that rests upon them.