Chapter II: The South Atlantic Group (4)

_Canichana._ _Mosetena._ _Cayubaba._ _Mobima._
Man, { hiochama, } zoñi, meyése, iti-laqua.
{ enacu, D., }
Woman, huiquigáue, phen, tenani, { cue´ya,
{ cuc ya, H.
Sun, ni-cojli, tsuñ, itoco, { tino,
{ mossi, H.
Moon, ni-milaue, yvua, irara, yeche.
Fire, ni-chuco, tsi, idore, vŭée.
Water, nih-tji, ozñi, ikita, to´mi.
Head, ni-mucukh, hutchi, guana-quana, ba-quáqua.
Eye, eu-tokhe, ve, _pl._, vein, en-chaco, tsora.
Ear, eu-comeh, choñ, ena-jengicui, lototo.
Mouth, eu-chene, chóo, en-diachi, cuana.
Nose, e-ebjé, hey, ena-hauvéo, { ba-chi,
{ chini, H.
Tongue, eu-tscháva, nem, ena-yi, { ruchlan,
{ rulcua, H.
Tooth, { eu-huti, } monyin } söichlan.
{ eu-cuti, D., } (_pl._), }
Hand, eu-tehli, uñ, en-dadra, { chopan,
{ zoipok, H.
Foot, eu-ajts, yu, en-arje, risan.
House, nit-cojl, aca, droya, asña.
1, mereca, zrit, pebbi.
2, caadita, pana, bbeta.
3, caarjata, chibbin, kimisa.
4, tsis.
5, canam.

LANGUAGES OF THE CHACO TRIBES.

_Guaycuru._ _Guaycuru._ _Toba._ _Payagua._
Man, conailaigo, sellarnicke, iale, yraic, D., pichires.
Woman, ivuavo, alucke, aló, elommi.
Sun, ali jega, nalacke, la lá, ijcabala.
Moon, aipainahi, auriucke, karoic, apajsa.
Fire, noolai, nodecke, nodec, anorec, D.
Water, niogo, estract, netrat, guayaque.
Head, lacaicke, lakaic, caracaic, D., yamagra.
Eye, cogaicoguo, laicté, haité, yacte, D., yatiqui.
Ear, conapajoti, telá, tela, yaiguala.
Mouth, coniola, halap, ayap, D.
Nose, codeimie, lunuke, lomi, imic, D., iyocque.
Tongue, codocaiti, lacharat.
Tooth, codoai, hué, lué, yohua, D.
Hand, cobahaga, yagata, pokena, inagchiac.
Foot, codohoua, lapiá, lapiá, ypia, D., ybagro.
House, dimi, lumacké, nollic, nnoic, D., yaggo.
1, nathedac.
2, cacayni _or_ nivoco.
3, cacaynilia.
4, nalotapegat.
5, nivoca-cacaynilia.

The three dialects of the Guaycuru stock above given show considerable diversity. The first is from Castelnau, the second from Fontana, the third (Toba) from Carranza and de Angelis. The Payagua is also from Fontana (_Revista de la Soc. Geog. Argentina_, 1887, p. 352, sq.).

All the Chaco tribes are singularly defective in numeration. Pelleschi says that intelligent chiefs among them cannot count the fingers of one hand. Above the two numerals are generally compound words and have not fixed forms.

LANGUAGES OF THE CHACO TRIBES.--(_Continued._)

_Lule._ _Vilela._ _Chunupi._ _Mataco._
Man, pelé, nitemoi, nitepac, { pairé,
{ inoon, D.
Woman, uacal, quisle, jiolé, chiegua.
Sun, yny, olò, oló, iguala.
Moon, alit, copī, cocpi, huela.
Fire, ycuá, niè, nié, etog.
Water, to, fo, ma, maá, { elot,
{ guag, D.
Head, tocó, niscone, niscan, litec, D.
Eye, zu, chù, toqué, tacqui, teloy.
Ear, cusanep, maslup, mas leguep, kiotei.
Mouth, cá, yep, notagni, D.
Nose, nùs, limic, niji veppe, nognes.
Tongue, lequy, lequip.
Tooth, llu, lupe.
Hand, ys, isip, ysivep, nog-guez.
Foot, ellú, ape, huopep, kalay´.
House, uyâ, enú, guane, huane, { guoslo,
{ lubuque, D.
1, alapea, agit, { hotequachi,
{ efagla, D.
2, tamop, uke, { hotequoasi,
{ tacuas, D.
3, tamlip, nipetuei, { lach tdi qua jel,
{ tacuya, D.
4, locuep, yepkatalet, { tdi-qua less-hichi,
{ nocuepogec, D.
5, ype befagla, D.

The near relationship of the Lule, Vilela and Chunupi appears clear from the above comparison. The Chunupi words are taken from Fontana (_ubi suprá_), the Vilela from the vocabulary of Gilii’s _Storia Americana_, and the Lule from Machoni’s Grammar.

The Mataco is also from Fontana, and represents the dialect as spoken to-day. The words marked D. are from the D’Orbigny MSS.

LANGUAGES OF THE LA PLATA BASIN AND PAMPAS.

_Guachi._ _Guato._ _Caraja._ _Araucanian._
Man, chacup, matai, abou, che.
Woman, outie´, mouhaja, awkeu, domo.
Sun, ō-es, nouveai, tisu, antu.
Moon, o-alete, upina, aadou, endo, cuyen.
Fire, mata, eastou, cuthal.
Water, euak, maguen, be-ai, co.
Head, iotapa, dōkeu, woara, lonco.
Eye, iataya, marei, waa-rouwai, ge.
Ear, irtanmété, mavi, wana-outai, pilun.
Mouth, iape, dijio, wa-a-rou, uun.
Nose, ia-note, taga, wa-day-asan, yu.
Tongue, iteche, chagi, wa-cla-rato, que-uun.
Tooth, iava, maqua, wa-a-djon, voro.
Hand, iolai-mason, ida, wa-debo, cuu.
Foot, iacalep, apoo, wa-a-wa, namun.
House, poecha, mucu, aeto, ruca.
1, tamak, tchenai, wadewo, quiñe.
2, eu-echo, du-uni, wadebo-thoa, epu.
3, eu-echo-kailau, tchum, wadeboa-heodo, cula.
4, eu-echo-way, dekai, wadebo-jeodo, meli.
5, localau, toera, wadewa-jouclay, quechu.

The vocabularies of the Guachis, Guatos and Carajas are from the collections of Castelnau (_Expédition_, Tome V., Appendix); that of the Araucanian from Febres’ _Diccionario_.

The Guachis are classed as belonging to the Guaranis (Tupi stock), and by tradition came from the west (see _anté_, p. 233). A comparison with the Samucu vocabulary (page 359) seems to me to suggest several resemblances which would be worth further study on more extended material.

The Guatos may be a mixed off-shoot of the Tapuya stock, as has been suggested (_anté_, p. 318). Of the Caraja, we must await the publication of the abundant material collected by Dr. Paul Ehrenreich.

PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN STOCKS.

_Tsoneca, 1._ _Tsoneca, 2._ _Yahgan._ _Alikuluf._
Man, nuken, chonik, ohă, uön, ack´inish.
Woman, nacuna, karken, kepa, shepush, ack´hanash.
Sun, chuina, gengenko, lŭm, lŭm.
Moon, chuina, showan, han´nuka, cunnequa.
Fire, ma-ja, yaik, pushaky, tĕtal.
Water, karra, ley, shamea, chanash.
Head, guil, kittar, lukabe, of´chocka.
Eye, gottel, g-ötl, della, telkh.
Ear, shene, shaa, ufkhea, teldil.
Mouth, shahan, yeak, uffeare.
Nose, oo, tchal, or, cushush, nohl.
Tongue, del, tal, lŭn, luckin.
Teeth, curr, oër, orre, tu´un, cauwash.
Hand, ore, fan, tsicc’r, { jösch, } yuccaba.
{ marpo, }
Foot, keal, { shankence, } cŏeeă, cutliculcul.
{ alj, }
Home, cocha, kou, uk kral, hŭt.
1, cheuquen, chuche, ocoale, tow quid ow.
2, xeukay, houke, combabe, telkeow.
3, keash, { aäs, } mutta, cup´eb.
{ kaash, }
4, kekaguy, { carge, } carga, inadaba.
{ kague, }
5, keytzum, ktsin, cup´aspa.

The vocabularies of the Tsoneca, Tehuelhet or Patagonian differ considerably in the various writers. No. 1 is from Von Martius, completed from D’Orbigny’s lists. No. 2 is based on Lt. Muster’s examples, supplemented from the vocabularies in Ramon Lista’s _Exploraciones_.

The Yahgan and Alikuluf pass for independent stocks. Yet in a number of words they resemble each other, and in a few, for example, those for “eye,” “woman,” “moon,” “man,” there seems more than a chance similarity.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

P. 24. AURIFEROUS GRAVELS OF CALIFORNIA. The principal reference is J. D. Whitney, _The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California_, pp. 258-288 (Cambridge, Mass., 1879). Professor Whitney believes that the evidence is sufficient to attribute the mortars, pestles, beads, etc., found in the auriferous gravels to late pliocene man. But Dr. Joseph Leidy describes equine skulls, molars, incisors, etc., found in these gravels, thirty-five to forty feet below the surface, “not differing in any respect from those of the modern horse,” and “unchanged in texture” (see _ibid._, p. 257). Dr. Leidy informs me personally that for such reasons he gravely doubts the antiquity of the formation, and distrusts the great age of the human relics it contains.

P. 27. PALÆOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. Reports of the discovery of very large numbers of supposed palæolithic implements in various parts of the United States have been collected and published by Mr. Thomas Wilson in the _Report of the U. S. National Museum_, 1887-88, pp. 677-702. These implements, however, are called palæolithic from their form and workmanship only, and not from the stratigraphic relations in which they were found. As palæolithic forms often survived in the riper culture of the neolithic age, the only positive proof of their older origin must be that they are found in undisturbed relation to older strata.

P. 33. REMAINS OF MAN IN THE EQUUS BEDS. What American geologists call the Equus Beds are those which yield in abundance the bones of various species of fossil horse, as _E. major_, _occidentalis_, _excelsus_, _barcenæi_, _fraternus_, _crenidens_, etc., most of which have been determined by Dr. Joseph Leidy and Prof. E. D. Cope. The principal localities of these beds are: 1. The Oregon Desert; 2. The country of the Nueces, in southwestern Texas; and 3. The valley of Mexico. The horizon to which these beds should be referred was considered by Prof. King to be the Upper Pliocene; but by Prof. G. K. Gilbert, Dr. Joseph Leidy, and I think, by Prof. Cope, it is rather held to be pleistocene or early quaternary, probably as old as the great glacial phenomena of the Continent. According to Cope and Gilbert, rude stone implements have undoubtedly been found _in place_ in the Equus beds of Nevada, California and Southwestern Texas. See the _American Naturalist_, 1889, p. 165; _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences_, Phila., 1883, p. 134, sq.

Pp. 106, 108. KWAKIUTL AND NOOTKA STOCKS. After the pages referred to had been printed, I received, through the kindness of Mr. Horatio Hale, advance sheets of the Sixth Annual Report of the Committee of the British Association on the tribes of the Northwest Coast, prepared by Dr. Franz Boas, with an introduction by Mr. Hale, and including eighteen vocabularies. Dr. Boas’ researches furnish clear evidence of a connection between the Kwakiutl and the Nootka tongues, and there is little doubt that they are distantly related. An instructive article on the physical characteristics of the Indians of the North Pacific coast is contributed by Dr. Boas to the _American Anthropologist_ for January, 1891. His conclusion is: “Each tribe appears composed of many types, but in each we find a marked prevalence of a certain type.”

P. 123. SUPPOSED CONNECTION OF SONORAN LANGUAGES WITH THE MAYA STOCK. In his _Etudes Aztèques_, published in the _Museon_, 1890, p. 506, M. W. Baligny endeavors to show a connection between the vocabularies of Sonoran languages and the Maya dialects. His strong points are some of the numerals and the personal pronouns of the first and second person. I have elsewhere given good reasons for not depending on these pronominal analogies in American languages (see _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 396). And as to the numerals, “dont la ressemblance est évidente” (according to him), when the Sonoran tongues disagree with the Nahuatl, they have almost always clearly borrowed from the Yuma stem, as in “two,” _guoca_, _kuak_ (see _Vocabs._, _anté_, pp. 335, 336).

P. 163. LANGUAGE OF THE RAMAS. Since my negative observations about the Ramas were in type, I have received a short vocabulary of their language from the Rev. W. Siebärger, Moravian missionary on the Musquito coast. The orthography is German.

_Rama._
Man, nikikna,
Woman, kuma,
Sun, nunik,
Moon, tukan,
Fire, abung,
Water, sii,
Head, kiing,
Eye, up,
Ear, kuka,
Mouth, kaka,
Nose, taik.
Tongue, kup.
Tooth, siik.
Hand, kuik.
Foot, kaat.
House, knu.
1, saiming.
2, puk sak.
3, pang sak.
4, kun kun beiso.
5, kwik astar.

My informant writes me that the Ramas are about 250 in number, and are all Christians and able to speak and write English, except a few very old persons. Their language will probably be extinct in a few years. They are confined to their island in Blewfield Lagoon. It is particularly interesting, therefore, to fix their affinities before the opportunity passes. From the above vocabulary I think there is little doubt but that they are a branch of the Changuina or Dorasque stock, described pp. 174, 175. The following words attest this, the Changuina forms being from A. L. Pinart’s _Vocabulario Castellano-Dorasque, Dialectos Chumulu, Gualaca y Changuina_ (Paris, 1890):

_Rama._ _Changuina._
Sun, nunik, kĕlik u.
Fire, abung, kebug-al (fire-brand).
Water, sii, si.
Head, kiing, kin-unuma.
Ear, kuka, kuga.
Mouth, kaka, kaga.
Nose, taik, θakai.
Tongue, kup, kuba.
Tooth, siik, su.
Hand, kuik, kula.
House, knu, ku.

The numerals for “two” and “three,” _puk sak_, _pang sak_, are doubtless the Cuna _pocua_, _pagua_. The Ramas, therefore, belong to the Isthmian tribes, and formed the vanguard of the South American immigration into North America. What time they moved northward and possessed themselves of their small island is unknown, but it was probably after the conquest. Mr. Siebärger writes me: “They were always kept under, even ill-treated, by the Musquito Indians, and are still very submissive and teachable.”

The following errata should be noted:

P. 69, line 3; for _Nehaunies_ read _Nahaunies_.

Pp. 89, 95, 98 and 101, the numbers of the sections should read 7, 8, 9, 10, instead of 5, 6, 7, 8.

P. 169, line 17, for _maternal_ read _paternal_.

P. 197, for _Morropas_ read _Malabas_.

P. 251, line 11, for _Wapiana_ read _Woyawoi_.

Transcriber’s Note: the listed errata have been corrected.

FOOTNOTES

[1] For the full development of these principles, I would refer the reader to my work entitled _Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of Ethnography_ (David McKay, Philadelphia.)

[2] Notably, Adair’s _History of the North American Indians_, and Lord Kingsborough’s magnificent _Mexican Antiquities_.

[3] For a complete refutation of this venerable hypothesis see an article “L’Atlantide,” by Charles Ploix, in the _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 291; and de Mortillet, _Le Préhistorique Antiquité de l’Homme_, p. 124.

[4] De Quatrefages, _Histoire Générale des Races Humaines_, p. 558. He adds the wholly incorrect statement that many Japanese words are found in American languages.

[5] The nearest of the Aleutian islands to Kamschatka is 253 miles distant. The explorer Behring found the western Aleutians, those nearest the Asian shore, uninhabited. See W. H. Dall, “Origin of the Innuit,” pp. 96, 97, in _Contributions to North American Ethnology_, Vol. I. (Washington, 1877).

[6] The evidences of a vast ice-sheet once covering the whole of East Cape are plainly visible. See Dr. I. C. Rosse, _Medical and Anthropological Notes on Alaska_, p. 29. (Washington, 1883.)

[7] Joseph Prestwich, _Geology_, Vol. II, p. 465, (Oxford, 1888). J. D. Dana, _Text Book of Geology_, pp. 355-359 (New York, 1883). Geo. M. Dawson, in _The American Geologist_, 1890, p. 153. The last mentioned gives an excellent epitome of the history of the great Pacific glacier.

[8] James D. Dana, loc. cit., p. 359.

[9] James D. Dana, “Reindeers in Southern New England,” in _American Journal of Science_, 1875, p. 353.

[10] See “On an Ancient Human Footprint from Nicaragua,” by D. G. Brinton, in _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_ 1887, p. 437.

[11] J. S. Wilson, in _Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of London_, Vol. III., p. 163.

[12] The finders have been Messrs. H. P. Cresson and W. H. Holmes. From my own examination of them, I think there is room for doubt as to the artificial origin of some of them. Others are clearly due to design.

[13] Her account is in the _American Naturalist_, 1884, p. 594, and a later synopsis in _Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science_, 1889, p. 333.

[14] G. K. Gilbert, in _The American Anthropologist_, 1889, p. 173.

[15] W. J. McGee, “Palæolithic Man in America,” in _Popular Science Monthly_, November 1888.

[16] See G. Frederick Wright, _The Ice Age in North America_.

[17] Dr. Abbott has reported his discoveries in numerous articles, and especially in his work entitled _Primitive Industry_, chapters 32, 33.

[18] De Mortillet, _Le Préhistorique Antiquité de l’Homme_, p. 132, sq.

[19] Mariano de la Barcena, “Fossil Man in Mexico,” in the _American Naturalist_, Aug., 1885.

[20] Florentino Ameghino, _La Antiguedad del Hombre en el Plata_, passim. (2 vols, Buenos Aires, 1880.)

[21] _The Descent of Man_, p. 155. Dr. Rudolph Hoernes, however, has recently argued that the discovery of such simian forms in the American tertiary as the _Anaptomorphus homunculus_, Cope, renders it probable that the anthropoid ancestor of man lived in North America. _Mittheil der Anthrop. Gesell. in Wien_, 1890, § 71. The Anaptomorphus was a lemur rather than a monkey, and had a dentition very human in character.

[22] Quoted by G. F. Wright in _The Ice Age in America_, p. 583.

[23] H. Habernicht, _Die Recenten Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche_, s. 27 (Gotha, 1882). He further shows that at that time both northern Russia and northern Siberia were under water, which would effectually dispose of any assumed migration by way of the latter.

[24] J. W. Spencer, in the London _Geological Magazine_, 1890, p. 208, sqq.

[25] James Scroll, _Climate and Time_, p. 451.

[26] G. F. Wright, _The Ice Age in North America_, pp. 582-3 (New York, 1890). De Mortillet, _Le Préhistorique_, etc., pp. 186-7. H. Rink, in _Proc. of the Amer. Philos. Society_, 1885, p. 293.

[27] In his excellent work, _The Building of the British Isles_, (London, 1888), Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne presents in detail the proofs of these statements, and gives two plates (Nos. XII. and XIII.), showing the outlines of this land connection at the period referred to (pp. 252, 257, etc.).

[28] Wright, _The Ice Age_, p. 504.

[29] Gilbert, _Sixth An. Rep. of the Com. of the N. Y. State Reservation_, p. 84 (Albany, 1890).

[30] _Races and Peoples_, chapter III. (David McKay, Philadelphia.)

[31] “Palæolithic Man in America” in _Popular Science Monthly_, Nov., 1888.

[32] “No one could live among the Indians of the Upper Amazon without being struck with their constitutional dislike to heat.” “The impression forced itself upon my mind that the Indian lives as a stranger or immigrant in these hot regions.” H. W. Bates, _The Naturalist on the Amazon_, Vol. II., pp. 200, 201.

[33] See E. F. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, pp. 189, 190, who speaks strongly of the debility of the tropical Indians.

[34] See J. Kollmann, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1884, s. 181 _sq._ The conclusion of Virchow is “que les caracteres physionomiques des têtes Américaines montrent une divergence si manifeste qu’on doit renoncer definitivement à la construction d’un type universel et commun des Indigènes Américains.” _Congrès des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 260. This is substantially the conclusion at which Dr. James Aitken Meigs arrived, in his “Observations on the Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines,” in _Proc. of the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila._, 1866.

[35] Henry Gilman, _Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1885_, p. 239. Other perforated skulls from similar graves in the same locality showed indices of, 82, 83, 85.

[36] D. G. Brinton, _Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of Ethnography_, p. 20. (David McKay, Philadelphia.)

[37] Dr. Washington Matthews, in the _American Anthropologist_, 1889, p. 337.

[38] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Bd. II., s. 195.

[39] Cf. Lucien Carr, in the _Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody Museum_, p. 367.

[40] Lucien Carr, “Notes on the Crania of New England Indians,” in the _Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History_, 1880; and compare Topinard, _Elements d’Anthropologie Générale_, p. 628. (Paris, 1885.)

[41] H. Fritsch, in _Compte-Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 276.

[42] For instance, some of the Mixes of Mexico have full beards (Herrera, _Decadas de las Indias_, Dec. IV., Lib. IX., cap. VII.); the Guarayos of Bolivia wear long straight beards, covering both lips and cheeks (D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Vol. I., p. 126); and the Cashibos of the upper Ucayali are bearded (Herndon, _Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon_, p. 209).

[43] “Report on the Blackfeet,” in _Trans. Brit. Assoc. Adv. of Science_, 1885.

[44] “Les Indiens de la Province de Mato Grosso,” in the _Nouvelles Annales des Voyages_, 1862.

[45] The Mexican president Benito Juarez was a full-blood Zapotec; Barrios of Guatemala, a full-blood Cakchiquel.

[46] _Vues des Cordillères, et Monumens des Peuples Indigènes de l’Amérique_, Tome I. p. 51.

[47] _Ancient Society_, by Lewis H. Morgan (New York, 1878); _Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines_, by the same (Washington, 1881); Bandelier, in the _Reports of the Peabody Museum_; Dr. Gustav Brühl, _Die Culturvölker Alt Amerikas_ (Cincinnati, 1887); D. G. Brinton, _The Myths of the New World_, 3d Ed. revised, David McKay (Philadelphia, 1896); _American-Hero Myths_, by the same (Philadelphia, 1882).

[48] The word totem is derived from the Algonkin root _od_ or _ot_ and means that which belongs to a person or “his belongings,” in the widest sense, his village, his people, etc.

[49] Among the Brazilian hordes, for instance, Martius, _Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I. s. 116 (Leipzig, 1867).

[50] Thus the Heiltsuk and Kwakiutl of the northwest coast, though speaking close dialects of the same stock, differ fundamentally in their social organization. That of the former is matriarchal, of the latter patriarchal. Boas, _Fifth Report to the Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science_, p. 38.

[51] _Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of Ethnography_, p. 55 (David McKay, Philadelphia.)

[52] _Die Entstehung der Arten durch Räumliche Sonderung_ (Basel, 1889).

[53] J. W. Sanborn, _Legends, Customs and Social Life of the Seneca Indians_, p. 36 (Gowanda, N. Y., 1878).

[54] Father Ragueneau tells us that among the Hurons, when a man was killed, thirty gifts were required to condone the offence, but when a woman was the victim, forty were demanded. _Relation des Jesuits_, 1635.

[55] Dr. W. H. Corbusier, in _American Antiquarian_, Sept., 1886; Dr. Amedée Moure, _Les Indiens de Mato Grosso_, p. 9 (Paris, 1862).

[56] This opinion is defended by Max Schlosser in the _Archiv für Anthropologie_, 1889, s. 132.

[57] The lama was never ridden, nor attached for draft, though the opposite has been stated. See J. J. von Tschudi, “Das Lama,” in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 108.

[58] See “The Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 433 (Philadelphia, 1890).

[59] The Caribs and some of the Peruvian coast tribes sometimes lifted a large square cloth when running with the wind; but this is not what is meant by a sail.

[60] _American Hero-Myths_ (Philadelphia, 1882).

[61] Carlos de Gagern, _Charakteristik der Indianischen Bevölkerung Mexikos_, s. 23 (Wien, 1873.)

[62] I have treated this subject at considerable length in opposition to the opinion of Lucien Adam and Friedrich Müller in my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 349-389 (Philadelphia, 1890).

[63] Packard, “Notes on the Labrador Eskimo and their former range southward,” in _American Naturalist_, 1885, p. 471.

[64] John Murdoch, in _The American Anthropologist_, 1888, p. 129; also Dr. Henry Rink, _The Eskimo Tribes_ (London, 1887); Dr. Franz Boas, _The Central Eskimo_, in the Sixth _Annual Report_ of the Bureau of Ethnology; W. H. Dall, _Tribes of the Extreme Northwest_ (Washington, 1887); Ivan Petroff, in _The American Naturalist_, 1882, p. 567.

[65] Dall is positive that there is no racial distinction between the Innuit and the other American Indians, loc. cit., p. 95. He adds: “The Tartar, Japanese or Chinese origin of these people finds no corroboration in their manners, dress or language.”

[66] Commander G. Holm found the East Greenlanders, a pure stock, well marked mesocephalic, with a maximum of 84.2 (_Les Grönlandais Orientaux_, p. 365, Copenhagen, 1889). Dall gives the range to his measurements of Innuit skulls from 87 to 70 (_Contributions to American Ethnology_, Vol. I, p. 71).

[67] “Unlike the Indian,” writes Mr. F. F. Payne, “the Eskimo is nearly always laughing, and even in times of great distress it is not hard to make them smile.” “The Eskimo at Hudson Strait,” in _Proc. Canad. Institute_, 1889, p. 128.

[68] W. J. Hoffman, “On Indian and Eskimo Pictography,” in _Trans. Anthrop. Soc. of Washington_, Vol. II, p. 146.

[69] See some examples in my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 288-290 (Philadelphia, 1890).

[70] G. Holm, _Les Grönlandais Orientaux_, p. 382 (Copenhagen, 1889).

[71] Dr. A. Pfizmaier, _Darlegungen Grönländischer Verbalformen_ (Wien, 1885).

[72] On the relative position of the Chukchis, Namollos and Yuit, consult Dall in _American Naturalist_, 1881, p. 862; J. W. Kelly, in _Circular of the U. S. Bureau of Education_, No. 2, 1890, p. 8; A. Pfizmaier, _Die Sprachen der Aleuten_, p. 1 (Vienna, 1884). The Yuits are also known as _Tuski_. The proper location of the Namollos is on the Arctic Sea, from East Cape to Cape Shelagskoi (Dall).

[73] _Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum_, 1883, p. 427. All of Clement G. Markham’s arguments for the Asiatic origin of the Eskimos have been refuted.

[74] Either from the river Olutora and some islands near its mouth (Petroff); or from Eleutes, a tribe in Siberia, whom the Russians thought they resembled (Pinart).

[75] Ivan Petroff, in _Trans. Amer. Anthrop. Soc._, Vol. II, p. 90.

[76] Comp. H. Winkler, _Ural-Altäische Völker und Sprachen_, s. 119, and Dall, _Contributions to N. Amer. Ethnology_, Vol. I, p. 49, who states that their tongue is distinctly connected with the Innuit of Alaska.

[77] Dr. A. Pfizmaier, _Die Sprache der Aleuten und Fuchsinseln_, s. 4 (Vienna, 1884).

[78] Dall, loc. cit., p. 47.

[79] Ivan Petroff, loc. cit., p. 91.

[80] Mr. A. S. Gatschet has compiled the accessible information about the Beothuk language in two articles in the _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_, 1885 and 1886.

[81] J. C. E. Buschmann, _Der Athapaskische Sprachstamm_, 4to., Berlin, 1856, and _Die Verwandtschafts-Verhältnisse der Athapaskischen Sprachen_, Berlin, 1863.

[82] See Mgr. Henry Faraud, _Dix-huit Ans chez les Sauvages_, pp. 345, etc. (Paris, 1866.) Petitot, _Les Déné Dindjié_, p. 32.

[83] See George M. Dawson, in _An. Rep. of the Geol. Survey of Canada_, 1887, p. 191, sq.; Washington Matthews and J. G. Bourke, in _Jour. of Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1890, p. 89, sq.

[84] The best blanket-makers, smiths and other artisans among the Navajos are descendants of captives from the Zuñi and other pueblos. John G. Bourke, _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, 1890, p. 115.

[85] A. F. Bandelier, _Indians of the Southwestern United States_, pp. 175-6 (Boston, 1890).

[86] Dr. Washington Matthews, in _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, 1890, p. 90.

[87] The student of this language finds excellent material in the _Dictionnaire de la Langue Déné-Dindjié_, par E. Petitot (folio, Paris, 1876), in which three dialects are presented.

[88] Stephen Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 72, 76 (Washington, 1877).

[89] “On voit que leur conformation est à peu près exactement le nôtre.” Quetelet, “Sur les Indiens O-jib-be-was,” in _Bull. Acad. Royale de Belgique_, Tome XIII.

[90] I refer to the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The numerous measurements of skulls of New England Algonkins by Lucien Carr, show them to be mesocephalic tending to dolichocephaly, orthognathic, mesorhine and megaseme. See his article, “Notes on the Crania of New England Indians,” in the _Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History_, 1880.

[91] The best work on this subject is Dr. C. C. Abbott’s _Primitive Industry_ (Salem, 1881).

[92] _The Lenâpé and their Legends; with the Complete Text and Symbols of the Walum Olum, and an Inquiry into its Authenticity._ By Daniel G. Brinton, Philadelphia, 1885 (Vol. V. of Brinton’s _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_).

[93] See Horatio Hale, “_Report on the Blackfeet_,” in _Proc. of the Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1885.

[94] See _Lenâpé-English Dictionary: From an anonymous MS. in the Archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa._ Edited with additions by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D., and Rev. Albert Seqaqkind Anthony. Published by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1888. Quarto, pp. 236.

[95] J. Aitken Meigs, “Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines,” in _Proceedings_ of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, May, 1866.

[96] Horatio Hale, _The Iroquois Book of Rites_, pp. 21, 22. (Philadelphia, 1883. Vol. II. of Brinton’s _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_.)

[97] J. W. Powell, _First Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_, p. 61. (Washington, 1881.)

[98] _The Iroquois Book of Rites_, referred to above.

[99] There are twenty-one skulls alleged to be of Muskoki origin in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, of which fifteen have a cephalic index below 80.

[100] Examples given by William Bartram in his MSS. in the Pennsylvania Historical Society.

[101] See on this subject an essay on “The Probable Nationality of the Mound-Builders,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 67. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[102] D. G. Brinton, “The National legend of the Chahta-Muskoki Tribes,” in _The Historical Magazine_, February, 1870. (Republished in Vol. IV. of Brinton’s _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_.)

[103] “The Seminole Indians of Florida,” by Clay MacCauley, in _Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_, 1883-4.

[104] See for the Yuchis, their myths and language, Gatschet in _Science_, 1885, p. 253.

[105] _Arte de la Lengua Timuquana_ compuesto en 1614 per el Pe Francisco Pereja. Reprint by Lucien Adam and Julien Vinson, Paris, 1886. An analytical study of the language has been published by Raoul de la Grasserie in the _Compte Rendu du Congrès International des Américanistes_, 1888.

[106] See “The Curious Hoax of the Taensa Language” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 452.

[107] D. G. Brinton, “The Language of the Natchez,” in _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1873.

[108] _Die Länder am untern Rio Bravo del Norte._ S. 120, sqq. (Heidelberg, 1861.) I give the following words from his vocabulary of the Carrizos:

Man, _nâ_.
Woman, _estoc_, _kem_.
Sun, _al_.
Moon, _kan_.
Fire, _len_.
One, _pequeten_.
Two, _acequeten_.
Three, _guiye_.
Four, _naiye_.
Five, _maguele_.

The numbers three, four and five are plainly the Nahuatl _yey_, _nahui_, _macuilli_, borrowed from their Uto-Aztecan neighbors.

[109] Bartolomé Garcia, _Manuel para administrar los Santos Sacramentos_. (Mexico, 1760.) It was written especially for the tribes about the mission of San Antonio in Texas.

[110] As _chiquat_, woman, Nah. _cihuatl_; _baah-ka_, to drink, Nah. _paitia_. The song is given, with several obvious errors, in Pimentel, _Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico_, Tom. III., p. 564; Orozco y Berra’s lists mentions only the Aratines, _Geografia de las Lenguas de Mexico_, p. 295.

[111] Adolph Uhde, _Die Länder am unteru Rio Bravo del Norte_, p. 120.

[112] The name Pani is not a word of contempt from the Algonkin language, as has often been stated, but is from the tongue of the people itself. _Pariki_ means a horn, in the Arikari dialect _uriki_, and refers to their peculiar scalp-lock, dressed to stand erect and curve slightly backward, like a horn. From these two words came the English forms Pawnee and Arikaree. (Dunbar.)

[113] The authorities on the Panis are John B. Dunbar, in the _Magazine of American History_, 1888; Hayden, _Indian Tribes of the Missouri Valley_ (Philadelphia, 1862), and various government reports.

[114] J. Owen Dorsey, “Migrations of Siouan Tribes,” in the _American Naturalist_, 1886, p. 111. The numerous and profound studies of this stock by Mr. Dorsey must form the basis of all future investigation of its history and sociology.

[115] The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

[116] Mrs. Mary Eastman, _Dahcotah; or Life and Legends of the Sioux_, p. 211. (New York, 1849.)

[117] W. P. Clark, _Indian Sign Language_, p. 229 (Philadelphia, 1885); Whipple, Ewbank and Turner, _Report on Indian Tribes_, pp. 28, 80. (Washington, 1855.)

[118] R. Virchow, _Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. für Anthropologie_, 1889, s. 400.

[119] Dr. Franz Boas, “Fourth Report on the Tribes of the North West Coast,” in _Proceed. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science_, 1887.

[120] Dr. J. L. Le Conte, “On the Distinctive Characteristics of the Indians of California,” in _Trans. of the Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1852, p. 379.

[121] Dr. Aurel Krause, _Die Tlinkit Indianer_. (Jena, 1885.)

[122] See the various reports of Dr. Boas to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and the papers of Messrs. Tolmie and Dawson, published by the Canadian government.

[123] _A Manual of the Oregon Trade Language or Chinook Jargon._ By Horatio Hale. (London, 1890.)

[124] Dr. W. F. Corbusier, in _American Antiquarian_, 1886, p. 276; Dr. Ten Kate, in _Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. Für Anthrop._, 1889, s. 667.

[125] J. R. Bartlett, _Explorations in New Mexico_, Vol. I., p. 464. C. A. Pajeken, _Reise-Erinnerungen in ethnographischen Bildern_, s. 97.

[126] Whipple, Ewbank and Turner, _Report on Indian Tribes_ (Washington, 1855), and numerous later authorities, give full information about the Yumas.

[127] Jacob Baegert, _Nachricht von den Amerikanischen Halbinsel Californien_. (Mannheim, 1773.)

[128] I have not included in the stock the so-called M’Mat stem, introduced erroneously by Mr. Gatschet, as Dr. Ten Kate has shown no such branch exists. See _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1889, ss. 666-7.

[129] Mr. E. A. Barber estimates that the area in which the characteristic remains of the cliff-dwellers and pueblos are found contains 200,000 square miles. _Compte Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes_, 1878, Tome I., p. 25.

[130] “Casas y atalayas eregidas dentro de las peñas.” I owe the quotation to Alphonse Pinart.

[131] The Tze-tinne; Capt. J. G. Bourke, in _Jour. Amer. Folk-lore_, 1890, p. 114.

[132] This affinity was first demonstrated by Buschmann in his _Spuren der aztekischen Sprache_, though Mr. Bandelier erroneously attributes it to later authority. See his very useful _Report of Investigations among the Indians of the South Western United States_, p. 116. (Cambridge, 1890.) Readers will find in these excellent reports abundant materials on the Pueblo Indians and their neighbors.

[133] Buschmann, _Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nördlichen Mexiko und höheren Americanischen Norden_. 4to. Berlin, 1859, pp. 819.

_Grammatik der Sonorischen Sprachen._ 4to. Berlin, Pt. I., 1864, pp. 266; Pt. II., 1867, pp. 215.

[134] Perez de Ribas, _Historia de los Triomphos de Nuestra Santa Fé_, Lib. I., cap. 19.

[135] _Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, p. 99. (Mexico, 1881.)

[136] Col. A. G. Brackett, in _Rep. of the Smithson. Inst. 1879_, p. 329.

[137] Capt. W. P. Clark, _The Indian Sign Language_, p. 118. (Philadelphia, 1885.)

[138] _Ibid._, p. 338.

[139] See _Contributions to North American Ethnology_, Vol. I., p. 224. (Washington, 1877).

[140] R. Virchow, _Crania Ethnica Americana_.

[141] W. P. Clark, _The Indian Sign Language_, p. 118.

[142] _The Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona._ By John G. Bourke. (New York, 1884.)

[143] For these legends see Captain F. E. Grossman, U. S. A., in _Report of the Smithsonian Institution_, pp. 407-10. They attribute the Casas Grandes to Sivano, a famous warrior, the direct descendant of Söhö, the hero of their flood myth.

[144] The Apaches called them Tze-tinne, Stone House People. See Capt. John G. Bourke, _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, 1890, p. 114. The Apaches Tontos were the first to wander down the Little Colorado river.

[145] See the descriptions of the Nevomes (Pimas) in Perez de Ribas, _Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé_, Lib. VI., cap. 2. (Madrid, 1645.)

[146] “Las casas eran o de madera, y palos de monte, o de piedra y barro; y sus poblaciones unas rancherias, a modo de casilas.” Ribas, _Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé_, Lib. X., cap. 1. (Madrid, 1645.)

[147] Torquemada, _Monarquia Indiana_, Lib. V., cap. 44. An interesting sketch of the recent condition of these tribes is given by C. A. Pajeken, _Reise-Erinnerungen_, pp. 91-98. (Bremen, 1861.)

[148] Perez de Ribas, _Historia_, etc., Lib. II., cap. 33.

[149] Eustaquio Buelna, _Peregrinacion de los Aztecas y Nombres Geograficos Indigenas de Sinaloa_, p. 20. (Mexico, 1887.)

[150] Buelna, loc. cit., p. 21.

[151] Father Perez de Ribas, who collected these traditions with care, reports this fact. _Historia de los Triumphos_, etc., Lib. I., cap. 19.

[152] See “The Toltecs and their Fabulous Empire,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 83-100.

[153] There is an interesting anonymous MS. in the _Fond Espagnol_ of the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, with the title _La Guerra de los Chichimecas_. The writer explains the name as a generic term applied to any tribe without settled abode, “vagos, sin casa ni sementera.” He instances the Pamis, the Guachichiles and the Guamaumas as Chichimeca, though speaking quite different languages.

[154] “Cuitlatl, = _mierda_” (Molina, _Vocabulario Mexicano_). Cuitlatlan, _Ort des Kothes_ (Buschmann, _Aztekische Ortsnamen_, s. 621), applied to the region between Michoacan and the Pacific; also to a locality near Techan in the province of Guerrero (Orozco y Berra, _Geog. de las Lenguas_, p. 233).

[155] Dr. Gustav Brühl believes these schools were limited to those designed for warriors or the priesthood. Sahagun certainly assigns them a wider scope. See Brühl, _Die Calturvölker Alt-Amerikas_, pp. 337-8.

[156] See “The Ikonomatic Method of Phonetic Writing” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 213. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[157] Four skulls in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, give a cephalic index of 73.

[158] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X, cap. 29.

[159] D. G. Brinton, _Ancient Nahuatl Poetry_, p. 134. (Philadelphia, 1887, in Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

[160] E. G. Tarayre, _Explorations des Regions Mexicaines_, p. 282. (Paris, 1879).

[161] D. G. Brinton, _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 366.

[162] H. de Charencey, _Melanges de Philologie et de Palæographie Américaine_, p. 23.

[163] Sahagun, _Historia_, Lib. X, cap. 29. The name is properly _Tarex_, applied later in the general sense of “deity,” “idol.” Tarex is identified by Sahagun with the Nahuatl divinity Mixcoatl, the god of the storm, especially the thunder storm. The other derivations of the name Tarascos seem trivial. See Dr. Nicolas Leon, in _Anales del Museo Michoacano_, Tom. I. Their ancestors were known as Taruchas, in which we see the same radical.

[164] Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Morelia, Michoacan, whose studies of the archæology of his State have been most praiseworthy, places the beginning of the dynasty at 1200; _Anales del Museo Michoacano_, Tom. I., p. 116.

[165] From the Nahuatl, _yacatl_, point, apex, nose; though other derivations have been suggested.

[166] For numerous authorities, see Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific Coast_, vol. II., pp. 407-8; and on the antiquities of the country, Dr. Leon, in the _Anales del Museo Michoacano_, passim, and Beaumont, _Cronica de la Provincia de Mechoacan_, Tom. III., p. 87, sq. (Mexico, 1874).

[167] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X., cap. 6.

[168] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. II., Lib. V., cap. 8.

[169] Strebel, _Alt-Mexiko_.

[170] Pimentel, _Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico_, Tom. III., p. 345, sq.

[171] From _didja_, language, _za_, the national name.

[172] Mr. A. Bandelier, in his careful description of these ruins _(Report of an Archæological Tour in Mexico_, Boston, 1884) spells this Lyo-ba. But an extensive _MS. Vocabulario Zapoteco_ in my possession gives the orthography _riyoo baa_.

[173] Garcia, _Origen de los Indios_, Lib. V., cap. IV., gives a lengthy extract from one of their hieroglyphic mythological books.

[174] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X., cap. VI.

[175] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 7.

[176] _Explorations and Surveys of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec_, pp. 126-7. (Washington, 1872.)

[177] J. G. Barnard, _The Isthmus of Tehuantepec_, pp. 224, 225. (New York, 1853.)

[178] _Apuntes sobre la Lengua Chinanteca, MS._

[179] Herrera, _Hist. de las Indias Occidentales_. Dec. III., Lib. III., cap. 15.

[180] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 11.

[181] Gregoria Garcia, _Origen de los Indios_, Lib. V., cap. v.

[182] Oviedo, _Historia General de las Indias_, Lib. XLII., cap. 5.

[183] Peralta, _Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panama, en el Siglo XVI_, p. 777. (Madrid, 1883.)

[184] Lucien Adam, _La Langue Chiàpanéque_ (Vienna, 1887); Fr. Müller, _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. IV., Abt. I. s. 177.

[185] _Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, p. 98. (Mexico, 1881.)

[186] Beristain y Souza, _Biblioteca Hispano-Americana Septentrional_, Tomo I., p. 438.

[187] For example:

_Tequistlatecan._ _Yuma dialects._
Man, acue, eke-tam, ham-akava.
Woman, canoc, anai, sinyok.
Sun, orá, rahj.
Moon, mu_tla_, h’la.
Water, laha, aha, kahal.
Head, ahūa, hū.
Eyes, au, yu.
Mouth, aco, a, aha.
Tree, ehe, ee-ee.
Foot, la_mish_, mie.
Two, ucuc, kokx, goguo.

[188] _Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico_, p. 187.

[189] _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. III., Lib. VII., cap. III.

[190] See also Dr. Berendt’s observations on this language in Lewis H. Morgan’s _Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity in the Human Family_, p. 263. (Washington, 1871.)

[191] In his _Nicaragua, its People, Scenery and Monuments_, Vol. II., pp. 314, 324. (New York, 1856.)

[192] “Fr. Francisco de las Naucas primus omnium Indos qui _Popolocae_ nuncupantur anno Dom. 1540, divino lavacro tinxit, quorum duobus mensibus plus quam duodecim millia baptizati sunt.” Franciscus Gonzaga, _De Origine Seraphicae Religionis_, p. 1245. (Romae, 1587.)

[193] “Fr. Francisco de Toral, obispo que fué de Yucatan, supo primero de otro alguno la lengua popoloca de Tecamachcalco, y en ella hizo arte y vocabulario, y otras obras doctrinales.” Geronimo de Mendieta, _Historia Eclesiastica Indiana_, Lib. V., cap. 44.

[194] “Linguâ Mexicanâ paullulum diversa.” De Laet, _Novus Orbis_, p. 25.

[195] _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Decad. II., Lib. X., cap. 21.

[196] See the note of J. G. Icazbalceta to the _Doctrina_ of Fernandez, in H. Harrisse’s _Biblioteca Americana Vetustissima_, p. 445, sq.

[197] _Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico_, p. 273.

[198] See an article “Los Tecos,” in the _Anales del Museo Michoacano_, Año II., p. 26.

[199] Domingo Juarros, _Compendio de la Historia de la Ciudad de Guatemala_, Tomo I., pp. 102, 104, et al. (Ed. Guatemala, 1857.)

[200] Dr. Otto Stoll, _Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala_, s. 26 (Zurich, 1884).

[201] In the _Sitzungsbericht der Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften_, Wien, 1855.

[202] “Demas de ocho cientos años,” says Herrera. _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. III., Lib. IV., Cap. XVIII.

[203] I have edited some of these with translations and notes, in _The Maya Chronicles_, Philadelphia, 1882. (Volume I. of my _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_).

[204] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X., cap. 29, sec. 12.

[205] One of the most remarkable of these coincidences is that in the decoration of shells pointed out by Mr. Wm. H. Holmes, in his article on “Art in Shells,” in the _Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_. (Washington, 1883.)

[206] On this point see “The Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 433. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[207] The principal authority is the work of Diego de Landa, _Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan_. It has been twice published, once imperfectly by the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Paris, 1864, 8vo.; later very accurately by the Spanish government, Madrid, 1881, folio.

[208] The most profitable studies in the Maya hieroglyphs have been by Dr. Cyrus Thomas in the United States, Dr. E. Förstemann, Ed. Seler and Schellhas in Germany, and Prof. L. de Rosny in France. On the MSS. or codices preserved, see “The Writings and Records of the Ancient Mayas” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 230-254.

[209] _Popul Vuh, Le Livre Sacré._ Paris, 1861.

[210] _The Annals of the Cakchiquels, the original text with a Translation, Notes and Introduction._ Phila., 1885. (Volume VI. of my _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_.)

[211] See “The Books of Chilan Balam,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 255-273.

[212] The name Huaves is derived from the Zapotec _huavi_, to become rotten through dampness. (_Vocabulario Zapoteco._ MS. in my possession.) It was probably a term of contempt.

[213] _Nicaragua, its People and Scenery_, Vol. II., p. 310.

[214] E. G. Squier, “A Visit to the Guajiquero Indians,” in _Harper’s Magazine_, October, 1859. A copy of his vocabularies is in my possession.

[215] I collected and published some years ago the only linguistic material known regarding this tribe. “On the Language and Ethnologic Position of the Xinca Indians of Guatemala,” in _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_, 1884.

[216] On the ethnography of the Musquito coast consult John Collinson, in _Mems. of the Anthrop. Soc. of London_, Vol. III., p. 149, _sq._; C. N. Bell, in _Jour. of the Royal Geograph. Soc._, Vol. XXXII., p. 257, and the _Bericht_ of the German Commission, Berlin, 1845. Lucien Adam has recently prepared a careful study of the Musquito language.

[217] See Leon Fernandez and J. F. Bransford, in _Rep. of the Smithsonian Institution_, 1882, p. 675; B. A. Thiel, _Apuntes Lexicograficos_, Parte III.; O. J. Parker, in Beach’s _Indian Miscellany_, p. 346.

[218] _Catalogo de las Lenguas conocidas._ Madrid, 1805. This is the enlarged Spanish edition of the Italian original published in 1784, and it is the edition I have uniformity referred to in this work.

[219] _Personal Narrative_, Vol. VI., p. 352 (English trans., London, 1826).

[220] _The Philosophic Grammar of American Languages, as set forth by Wilhelm von Humboldt; with the Translation of an Unpublished Memoir by him on the American Verb._ By Daniel G. Brinton. (8vo. Philadelphia, 1885.) This Memoir was not included in the editions of Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Works, and was unknown even to their latest editor, Professor Steinthal. The original is in the Berlin Public Library.

[221] _L’Homme Américain de l’Amérique Méridionale, considéré sous ses Rapports Physiologiques et Moraux._ Par Alcide D’Orbigny. 2 vols. Paris, 1839.

[222] _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache._ Einleitung. (Leipzig, 1884.)

[223] _Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, zumal Brasiliens._ Von Dr. Carl Friedrich Phil. von Martius. Leipzig, 1867. 2 vols.

[224] Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Kechua Sprache_, s. 15, note.

[225] He was superior general of the missions on the Marañon and its branches about 1730. See _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tom. II., p. 111, for his own description of his experiences and studies.

[226] See especially his paper “Trois familles linguistiques des bassins de l’Amazone et de l’Orénoque,” in the _Compte-Rendu du Congrès internationale des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 489 _sqq._

[227] Joaquin Acosta, _Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada_, p. 168. (Paris, 1848.)

[228] _Hist. de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. VII., Cap. XVI.

[229] Dr. Max Uhle gives a list of 26 Cuna words, with analogies in the Chibcha and its dialects. (_Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. Américanistes_, 1888, p. 485.) Alphonse Pinart, who has published the best material on Cuna, is inclined to regard it as affiliated to the Carib. (_Vocabulario Castellano-Cuna._ Panama, 1882, and Paris, 1890.)

[230] A. L. Pinart, _Coleccion de Linguistica y Etnografia Americana_, Tom. IV., p. 17; also the same writer in _Revu d’Ethnographie_, 1887, p. 117, and _Vocabulario Castellano-Dorasque_. Paris, 1890.

[231] On the Chocos consult _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1876, s. 359; Felipe Perez, _Jeografia del Estado del Cauca_, p. 229, sq. (Bogota, 1862.) The vocabulary of _Chami_, collected near Marmato by C. Greiffenstein, and published in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1878, p. 135, is Choco. The vocabulary of the Tucuras, given by Dr. Ernst in the _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1887, p. 302, is quite pure Choco. The Chocos call their language _embera bede_, “the speech of men.”

[232] “Relacion de las tierras y provincias de la gobernacion de Venezuela (1546),” in Oviedo y Baños, _Historia de Venezuela_, Tom. II. Appendice. (Ed. Madrid, 1885.)

[233] Aristides Rojas, _Estudios Indigenos_, p. 46. (Caracas, 1878.)

[234] “Mas hermosas y agraciadas que las de otros de aquel continente.” This was the opinion of Alonzo de Ojeda, who saw them in 1499 and later. (Navarrete, _Viages_, Tom. III., p. 9). Their lacustrine villages reminded him so much of Venice (Venezia) that he named the country “Venezuela.”

[235] According to Lares, the Bobures and Motilones lived adjacent, and to the north of the Timotes. The Motilones were of the Carib stock. See Dr. A. Ernst, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, p. 190.

[236] Joaquin Acosta, _Compend. Hist. de la Nueva Granada_, p. 31, note.

[237] Martin Fernandez de Enciso, _La Suma de Geografia_. (Sevilla, 1519.) This rare work is quoted by J. Acosta. Enciso was alguacil mayor of Castilla de Oro in 1515.

[238] See Jose Ignacio Lares, _Resumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana_, 1886, p. 37 (Caracas, 1886); and Dr. Ernst, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 190.

[239] G. Coleti, _Dizionario dell’ America Meridionale_, s. v. (Venezia, 1771.) Not to be confounded with the Zaparos of the Marañon.

[240] _Ibid._, s. v.

[241] G. Marcano, _Ethnographie Pre-Columbienne de Venezuela._ (Paris, 1889.)

[242] “La lingua _Muysca_, detta anticamente _Chybcha_, era la comune e generale in tuttigl’ Indiani di quella Monarchia.” Coleti, _Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale_, Tom. II., p. 39. (Venezia, 1771.)

[243] “Casi todos los pueblos del Nuevo Reyno de Granada son de Indios Mozcas.” Alcedo, _Diccionario Geografico de America_, s. v. _Moscas_. “La lengua Mosca es como general en estendissima parte de aquel territorio; en cada nacion la hablan de distinta manera.” J. Cassani, _Historia del Nuevo Reyno de Granada_, p. 48. (Madrid, 1741.) He especially names the Chitas, Guacicas, Morcotes and Tunebos as speaking Chibcha.

[244] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 8.

[245] Rafael Celedon, _Gramatica de la Lengua Köggaba_, Introd., p. xxiv. (_Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine_.)

[246] The vocabulary is furnished by General Juan Thomas Perez, in the _Resumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana_, 1886, p. 54. I offer for comparison the following:

SIQUISIQUE. CHIBCHA-AROAC.
Sun, _yuan_, _yuia_.
Wife, _esio_, _sena_.
Fire, _dueg_, _gue_.
Water, _ing_, _ni_.
Snake, _tub_, _kĕbi_.

[247] The connection of the Aroac (not Arawak) dialects with the Chibcha was, I believe, first pointed out by Friedrich Müller, in his _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. IV., s. 189, note. The fact was also noted independently by Dr. Max Uhle, who added the Guaymis and Talamancas to the family. (_Compte Rendu du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 466.)

[248] Pinart, _Bulletin de la Société de Geographie_, 1885; Berendt, in _Bull. of Amer. Geog. Society_, 1876, No. 2.

[249] In _Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_. Washington, 1888.

[250] Joaquin Acosta, _Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada_, p. 77. When, in 1606, the missionary Melchor Hernandez visited Chiriqui lagoon, he found six distinct languages spoken on and near its shores by tribes whom he names as follows: Cothos, Borisques, Dorasques, Utelaes, Bugabaes, Zunes, Dolegas, Chagres, Zaribas, Dures. (_Id._, p. 454.)

[251] The only information I have on the Paniquita dialect is that given in the _Revue de Linguistique_, July, 1879, by a missionary (name not furnished). It consists of a short vocabulary and some grammatical remarks.

[252] Herrera, _Descripcion de las Indias Occidentales_, Cap. XVI.

[253] Alcedo, _Diccionario Geografico_, s. v., Muzos.

[254] _Vocabulario Paez-Castellano_, por Eujenio del Castillo i Orosco. Con adiciones por Ezequiel Uricoechea. Paris, 1877. (Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine.)

[255] Felipe Perez, _Geografia del Estado de Tolima_, p. 76 (Bogota, 1863); R. B. White, in _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1883, pp. 250-2.

[256] Dr. A. Posada-Arango, “Essai Ethnographique sur les Aborigenes de l’Etat d’Antioquia,” in the _Bulletin de la Société Anthrop. de Paris_, 1871, p. 202.

[257] Thirty thousand, says Herrera, with the usual extravagance of the early writers (_Decadas de Indias_, Dec. VII., Lib. IV., cap IV.)

[258] Leon Douay, in _Compte Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 774, who adds a vocabulary of Moguex. The name is derived from _Mog_, vir.

[259] Hervas, _Catologo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 279. Father Juan de Ribera translated the Catechism into the Guanuca, but so far as I know, it was not printed.

[260] Bollaert, _Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches_, etc., pp. 6, 64, etc. The words he gives in Coconuca are:

IN MOGUEX.
Sun, _puitchr_, _piuchr_.
Moon, _puil_, _pulue_.
Stars, _sil_, _?_
Chief, _cashu_, _?_
Maize, _bura_, _purat_.

Bollaert probably quoted these without acknowledgment from Gen. Mosquera, _Phys. & Polit. Geog. of New Granada_, p. 45 (New York, 1853).

[261] My knowledge of the Totoro is obtained from an anonymous notice published by a missionary in the _Revue de Linguistique_, July, 1879. Its relationship to the group is at once seen by the following comparison:

TOTORO. MOGUEX.
Man, _mujel_, _muck_.
Woman, _ishu_, _schut_.
Head, _pushu_, _pusts_.
Eye, _cap-tshal_, _cap_.
Mouth, _trictrap_, _chidbchab_.
Nose, _kim_, _kind_.
Arm, _qual_, _cuald_.
Fingers, _cambil_, _kambild_.

[262] See Herrera, _Hist. de las Indias_, Dec. VI., Lib. VII., cap. V.

[263] The vocabulary was furnished by Bishop Thiel. It is edited with useful comments by Dr. Edward Seler in _Original-Mittheilungen aus der Ethnologischen Abtheilung der König. Museen zu Berlin_, No. I., s. 44, sq. (Berlin, 1885).

[264] Ed. André, in _Le Tour du Monde_, 1883, p. 344. From this very meagre material I offer the following comparison:

TELEMBI. COLORADO.
Eye, _cachu_, _caco_.
Nose, _quimpu_, _quinfu_.
House, _yall_, _ya_.
Hand, _ch’to_, _te-de_.
Foot, _mi-to_, _ne-de_.
Mother, _acuá_, _ayá_.
Hair, _aichi_, _apichu_.

The terminal syllable _to_ in the Telembi words for hand and foot appears to be the Colorado _té_, branch, which is also found in the Col. _té-michu_, finger, _te-chili_, arm ornament, and again in the Telembi _t’raill_, arm.

[265] In the _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft_, 1887, ss. 597-99.

[266] Other analogies are undoubted, though less obvious. Thus in Cayapa, “man” is _liu-pula_; “woman,” _su-pula_. In these words, the terminal _pula_ is generic, and the prefixes are the Colorado _sona_, woman, abbreviated to _so_ in the Colorado itself, (see Dr. Seler’s article, p. 55); and the Col. _chilla_, male, which in the Spanish-American pronunciation, where _ll = y_, is close to _liu_.

[267] Bollaert, _Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches_, p. 82.

[268] Manuel I. Albis, in _Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. I., p. 52.

[269] A. Codazzi in Felipe Perez, _Jeografia del Estado de Tolima_, pp. 81 sqq. (Bogota, 1863.)

[270]

As tooth, Andaqui, _sicoga_; Chibcha, _sica_.
house, ” _co-joe_; ” _jüe_.

[271] Manuel P. Albis, in _Bull. of the Amer. Ethnolog. Soc._, Vol. I., pp. 55, sq. See also General T. C. de Mosquera, _Memoir on the Physical and Political Geography of New Granada_, p. 41 (New York, 1853).

[272] Garcilasso de la Vega, _Commentarios Reales_, Lib. VIII., cap. 5. He calls the natives Huancavillcas.

[273] F. G. Saurez, _Estudio Historico sobre los Cañaris_ (Quito, 1878). This author gives cuts of these axes, and their inscribed devices.

[274] For a description, with cuts, see M. L. Heuzey, “Le Trésor de Cuenca,” in _La Gazette des Beaux-Arts_, August, 1870.

[275] _Cronica del Peru_, Pt. I., cap. cxvi.

[276] _Comentarios Reales de los Incas_, Lib. VII., cap. 3.

[277] _Antiquarian, Ethnological and other Researches, in New Granada, Ecuador, Peru and Chili_, p. 101 (London, 1860).

[278] He complains that the languages which the Incas tried to suppress, had, since their downfall, arisen as vigorous as ever, _Comentarios Reales de los Incas_, Lib. VII., cap. 3.

[279] _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 64 (Leipzig, 1884).

[280] See von Tschudi, _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 65. It is to be regretted that in the face of the conclusive proof to the contrary, Dr. Middendorf repeats as correct the statement of Garcilasso de la Vega (_Ollanta, Einleitung_, s. 15, note).

[281] See his Introduction to the _Travels of Pedro Cieza de Leon_, p. xxii. (London, 1864).

[282] See his _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, ss. 64-66.