Chapter II: The South Atlantic Group (5)

[283] The Chinchaya dialect is preserved (insufficiently) by Father Juan de Figueredo in an Appendix to Torres-Rubio, _Arte de la Lengua Quichua_, edition of Lima, 1701. It retained the sounds of _g_ and _l_, not known in southern Kechua. The differences in the vocabularies of the two are apparent rather than real. Thus the Chin. _rupay_, sun, is the K. for sun’s heat (ardor del sol); Chin. _caclla_, face, is K. _cacclla_, cheeks. Markham is decidedly in error in saying that the Chinchaya dialect “differed very considerably from that of the Incas” (_Journal Royal Geog. Soc._, 1871, p. 316).

[284] Introduction to his translation of Cieza de Leon, p. xlvii, note.

[285] Bollaert, _Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches_, p. 81.

[286] Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 66. Hervas was also of the opinion that both Quitu and Scyra were Kechua dialects (_Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 276).

[287] A. Bastian, _Die Culturländer des Alten Americas_, Bd. II., s. 93.

[288] Juan de Velasco, _Histoire du Royaume de Quito_, pp. 11-21, sq. (Ed. Ternaux-Compans, Paris, 1840.) But Cieza de Leon’s expressions imply the existence of the matriarchal system among them. See Markham’s translation, p. 83, note. Some claim that the Quitus were a different, and, in their locality, a more ancient tribe than the Caras.

[289] _Relaciones Geograficas de Indias_. Peru. Tom. I., p. 19. (Madrid, 1881.)

[290] In _Le Tour du Monde_, 1883, p. 406. The word _Yumbo_ appears to be derived from the Paez _yombo_, river, and was applied to the down-stream Indians.

[291] “Casi tal come lo enseñaron los conquistadores.” Manuel Villavicencio, _Geografia de la Republica del Ecuador_, pp. 168, 354, 413, etc. (New York, 1858.) According to Dr. Middendorf, the limit of the Incarial power (which, however, is not identical in this region with that of the Kechua tongue), was the Blue river, the Rio Ancasmayu, an affluent of the upper Patia. (_Ollanta, Einleitung_, s. 5. Berlin, 1890.)

[292] Mr. C. Buckley, “Notes on the Macas Indians of Ecuador,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1874, pp. 29, sqq.

[293] References in Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. III., s. 492.

[294] _Arte de la Lengua Chilena_, Introd. (Lima, 1606).

[295] Paul Topinard, in _Revue d’Anthropologie_, Tome IV., pp. 65-67.

[296] Lucien Carr, _Fourth Report of the Peabody Museum of Archæology_.

[297] I would especially refer to the admirable analysis of the Peruvian governmental system by Dr. Gustav Brühl, _Die Culturvölker Alt-Amerikas_, p. 335, sqq. (Cincinnati, 1887.) I regret that the learned Kechuist, Dr. E. W. Middendorf, had not studied this book before he prepared his edition of the _Ollanta_ drama (Berlin, 1890), or he would have modified many of the statements in its _Einleitung_.

[298] See J. J. von Tschudi, “Das Lama,” in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 93.

[299] Dr. Nehring has shown that all the breeds of Peruvian dogs can be traced back to what is known as the Inca shepherd dog. _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 520.

[300] _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. II., Abth. I., 370.

[301] A careful edition is that of G. Pacheco Zegarra, _Ollantai; Drame en Vers Quechuas du temps des Incas_ (Paris, 1878); an English translation, quite faulty, was given by C. G. Markham (London, 1871); one in Kechua and German by Von Tschudi, and recently (1890) Dr. Middendorf’s edition claims greater accuracy than its predecessors.

[302] Espada, _Yaravies Quiteños_. (Madrid, 1881.)

[303] J. J. Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_ (Leipzig, 1884); Dr. E. W. Middendorf, _Das Runa Simi, oder die Keshua Sprache_. (Leipzig, 1890.)

[304] The Yauyos spoke the Cauqui dialect, which was somewhat akin to Aymara.

[305] See Markham’s paper in _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1871, p. 309.

[306] _Arte de la Lengua Aymara_, Roma, 1603; _Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara_, Juli, 1612. Both have been republished by Julius Platzmann, Leipzig, 1879.

[307] See Steinthal, “Das Verhältniss zwischen dem Ketschua und Aimara,” in _Compte-Rendu du Congrès International des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 462. David Forbes reverses the ordinary view, and considers the Kechua language and culture as mixed and late products derived from an older Aymara civilization. See his article on the Aymara Indians in _Journal of the Ethnological Society of London_, 1870, p. 270, sqq.

[308] “Principalmente se enseña en este Arte la lengua Lupaca, la qual no es inferior a la Pacasa, que entre todas las lenguas Aymaricas tiene el primer lugar.” Bertonio, _Arte de la Lengua Aymara_, p. 10.

[309] For measurements, etc., see David Forbes, in _Journal of the London Ethnological Society_, October, 1870.

[310] One of the most satisfactory descriptions of them is by E. G. Squier, _Travels in Peru_, Chaps. XV., XVI. (New York, 1877).

[311] The observations of David Forbes on the present architecture of the Aymaras lend strong support to his theory that the structures of Tiahuanuco, if not projected by that nation, were carried out by Aymara architects and workmen. See his remarks in _Jour. of the London Ethnol. Soc._, 1870, p. 259.

[312] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome I., p. 309.

[313] Quoted by A. Bastian.

[314] “Son estos _Uros_ tan brutales que ellos mismos no se tienen por hombres.” Acosta, _Historia de las Indias_, p. 62 (Ed. 1591).

[315] “Los Indios Puquinas … son rudos y torpes.” La Vega, _Comentarios Reales de los Incas_, Lib. VII., cap. 4.

[316] _Mithridates_, Theil III., Abth. II., ss. 548-550.

[317] In the _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1871, p. 305.

[318] In his _Organismus der Ketschua Sprache_, s. 76 (Leipzig, 1884).

[319] _Relaciones Geograficas de Indias_. Peru, Tom. I., p. 82. (Madrid, 1881.)

[320] Fernando de la Carrera, _Arte de la Lengua Yunga_. (Lima, 1644, reprint, Lima, 1880.)

[321] See Von Tschudi, _Die Kechua Sprache_, p. 83, 84.

[322] Charles Wiener, _Perou et Bolivie_, p. 98, seq. (Paris, 1880.)

[323] _Commentarios Reales_, Lib. VI., cap. 32.

[324] See the chapter on “The Art, Customs and Religion of the Chimus,” in E. G. Squier’s _Peru_, p. 170, sq. (New York, 1877.)

[325] “En la lengua Mochica de los Yungas.” Geronimo de Ore, _Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum_. (Neapoli, 1607.)

[326] A. Bastian, _Die Culturländer Alt-Amer._ Bd. II.

[327] In C. R. Markham’s translation of Cieza de Leon, Introduction, p. xlii. (London, 1864.)

[328] _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tome I., p. 274.

[329] Dr. R. A. Philippi, _Reise durch die Wüste Atacama_, s. 66. (Halle, 1860.) J. J. von Tschudi, _Reisen durch Sud-Amerika_, Bd. V., s. 82-84. T. H. Moore, _Compte-Rendu du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes_, 1877, Vol. II., p. 44, sq. Francisco J. San-Roman, _La Lengua Cunza de los Naturales de Atacama_ (Santiago de Chile, 1890). The word _cunza_ in this tongue is the pronoun “our,”--the natives speak of _lengua cunza_, “our language.” Tschudi gives the only text I know--two versions of the Lord’s Prayer.

[330] “Con la nacion Aymara esta visiblimente emparentada la Atacameña.” Dr. L. Darapsky, “Estudios Linguisticos Americanos,” in the _Bulletin del Instituto Geog. Argentino_, 1890, p. 96.

[331] _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 330.

[332] _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 71, and _Reisen_, Bd. V., s. 84.

[333] Alcide D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome I., p. 334. (Paris, 1839.)

[334] “Entre los Changos no se conserva vestigio de lengua indijena alguna.” F. J. San-Roman, _La Lengua Cunza_, p. 4.

[335] Wallace estimates the area of the Amazon basin alone, not including that of the Rio Tocantins, which he regards as a different system, at 2,300,000 square miles. (_Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro_, p. 526.)

[336] See authorities in Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 185. (Leipzig, 1867.)

[337] The origin of the Chiriguanos is related from authentic traditions by Nicolas del Techo, _Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ_, Lib. XI., Cap. 2. The name Chiriguano means “cold,” from the temperature of the upland region to which they removed.

[338] “Nullam gentem Christianis moribus capessendis aut retiendis aptiorem in australi hoc America fuisse repertam.” Nicolas del Techo, loc. cit., Lib. X., Cap. 9.

[339] Comp. von Martius, u. s., s. 179.

[340] _Reise in Chile und Peru_, Bd. II., s. 450.

[341] “Though widely different from the Tupi, ancient or modern, I am satisfied that the Mundurucú belongs to the same family.” C. F. Hartt, in _Trans. of the Amer. Philological Association_, 1872, p. 75.

[342] Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 412. A specimen of their vocalic and sonorous language is given by E. Teza, _Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane_, p. 43. (Pisa, 1868.)

[343] G. Coleti, _Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale_, Tom. II., p. 38. (Venezia, 1771.)

[344] Lozano, _Hist. de la Conquista de Paraguay_, pp. 415, 416.

[345] Lozano, _Ibid._, pp. 422-425.

[346] Paul Marcoy, _Voyage à travers l’Amérique du Sud_, Tome II., p. 241; comp. Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. III., s. 427.

[347] The “Amazon-stones,” _muira-kitan_, are ornaments of hard stone, as jade or quartz.

[348] H. Müller, in _Compte Rendue du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 461.

[349] Dr. P. M. Rey, _Etude Anthropologique sur les Botocudos_, p. 51 and passim. (Paris, 1880.) Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, “Ueber die Botocudos,” in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, Heft I.

[350] Von Tschudi, _Reise in Sud Amerika_, Bd. II., p. 281. If this is one of their ancient arts, it is the only instance of the invention of an artificial light south of the Eskimos in America.

[351] Dr. P. M. Rey states that the custom of kissing is known to them both as a sign of peace between men, and of affection from mothers to children. (_Et de Anthropologique sur les Botocudos_, p. 74, Paris, 1880.) This is unusual, and indeed I know no other native tribe who employed this sign of friendship.

[352] Dr. Rey, _loc. cit._, p. 78, 79.

[353] In the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, s. 49.

[354] A comparative vocabulary of these dialects is given by Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 310.

[355] In the _Transactions of the American Association for the Advancement of Science_, 1886, p. 329. The terms for comparison are borrowed from Von den Steinen’s Comparative Vocabulary of the Tapuya Dialects.

[356] See D. G. Brinton, “The Arawack Language of Guiana in its Linguistic and Ethnological Relations,” in _Trans. of the Amer. Phil. Soc._, 1871.

[357] Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in _Revue d’Ethnographie_, 1887, p. 282.

[358] C. Greiffenstein, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1878, s. 137.

[359] Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Kechua Sprache_, p. 67. For other members of the Campas see Hervas, _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 262; Amich, _Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion_, p. 35, and _Scottish Geog. Journal_, Feb., 1890.

[360] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 104, note.

[361] “Los Guanas son la mejor nacion de las barbaras hasta ahora descubiertas en America.” Hervas, _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 189.

[362] _Expédition dans l’Amérique du Sud_, Tome II., p. 480.

[363] _Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 510.

[364] The words from the Paiconeca and Saraveca are from D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome I., p. 165; those from the Arawak stock from the table in Von den Steinen, _Durch Central-Brasilien_, s. 294.

[365] Im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, p. 165. Comp. Von den Steinen, _Durch Central Brasilien_, ss. 295, 307.

[366] Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, in _Report of the Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1848, pp. 96-98. See also Im Thurn, u. s., pp. 163, 272; Martius, _Ethnographie_, Bd. I., s. 683.

[367] Lucien Adam, _Compte-Rendu du Congrès Internat. d’Américanistes_, 1888, p. 492.

[368] “All the numerous branches of this stem,” says Virchow, “present the same type of skull.” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1886, s. 695.

[369] Everard F. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, p. 189. (London, 1883.)

[370] F. X. Eder, _Descriptio Provinciæ Moxitarum_, p. 217. (Budæ, 1791.) Dr. Washington Matthews has kindly made for me a number of observations upon Navajo Indians with reference to this anatomical peculiarity. It is not markedly present among them.

[371] For particulars see Im Thurn, _ubi suprá_, Chap. VII.

[372] Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 625-626.

[373] Karl von den Steinen, _Durch Central-Brasilien_, Cap. XXI., “Die Heimat der Kariben.”

[374] Im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, p. 171-3.

[375] See Francisco de Tauste, _Arte, Bocabulario, y Catecismo de la Lengua de Cumana_, p. 1 (Ed. Julius Platzmann).

[376] They are printed in the Berlin _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1878.

[377] Chaffanjon, _L’Orénoque et le Caura_, p. 308 (Paris, 1889).

[378] Joao Barboza Rodrigues, _Pacificaçáo dos Crichanas_, (Rio de Janeiro, 1885). Dr. Rodrigues was Director of the Botanical Museum of the Amazons. His work contains careful vocabularies of over 700 words in the Macuchi, Ipurucoto and Crichana dialects. His journeys to the Rio Jauapery were undertaken chiefly from philanthropic motives, which unfortunately did not bear the fruit they merited.

[379] “D’un blanc presque pur.” Dr. J. Crévaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud_, p. 111 (Paris, 1883).

[380] Dr. Crévaux, _Ibid._, p. 304.

[381] See Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, in the _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1888, p. 549. These are not to be confounded with the Apiacas of the Rio Arinos, who are of Tupi stock. The word _apiaca_ or _apiaba_ in Tupi means simply “men.”

[382] A. S. Pinart, _Aperçu sur d’ile d’Aruba, ses Habitants, ses Antiquités, ses Petroglyphes_ (folio, Paris, 1890).

[383] Report of the _Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1848, p. 96.

[384] _Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnolog. Society_, Vol. I., p. 59.

[385] The identification of the Motilones as Caribs we owe to Dr. Ernst, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, s. 296.

[386] “La mas bella, la mas robusta y la mas intelligente,” etc. F. Michelena y Rojas, _Exploracion Official de la America del Sur_, p. 54 (Bruselas, 1867).

[387] See D. G. Brinton, “On a Petroglyph from the Island of St. Vincent,” in _Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia_, 1889, p. 417.

[388] Also the Ouayéoué, of which a short vocabulary is given by M. Coudreau in the _Archives de la Société Américaine de France_, 1886.

[389] Martius, _Ethnographie_, Bd. I., s. 346, sq. The word may mean either maternal or paternal uncle, V. d. Steinen, s. 292.

[390] Luiz Vincencio Mamiani, _Arte de la Lingua Kiriri_, and his _Catechismo na Lingua da naçao Kiriri_. The former has been republished (1877), and also translated into German by Von der Gabelentz (1852).

[391] _Durch Central-Brasilien_, s. 303. This writer looks upon the Cariris as a remote off-shoot from the Carib stock.

[392] See Von den Steinen, _Durch Central-Brasilien_, s. 320; Paul Ehrenreich, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1886, s. 184.

[393] Reinhold Hensel, “Die Coroados der Provinz Rio Grande do Sul,” in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Bd. II., s. 195.

[394] F. de Castelnau, _Expédition dans l’Amérique du Sud_, Tom. I., p. 446.

[395] For instance:

CARAJA. BOTOCUDO.
Woman, _awkeu_, _joku-nang_.
Sun, _tiou_, _taru_.
Head, _w-oara_, _curu_.
Tooth, _wa-djon_, _yune_.
Hand, _wa-depo_, _nipo_.
Fire, _eaotou_, _poté_.

Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, who has a mass of unpublished material about the Caraja language, says it is wholly unconnected with the Carib group. _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1888, p. 548.

[396] Vocabularies of these are collected by Von Martius in his _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. II., ss. 155, 156, 161, 212, etc.

[397] The list is given in his _Personal Narrative of a Journey in the Equinoctial Regions of America_, Vol. VI., pp. 354-358, of the English translation (London, 1826).

[398] F. S. Gilii, _Saggio di Storia Americana_, Tom. III., Lib. III., cap. 12 (Roma, 1782). In speaking of _lengue matrici_, he says positively, “In tutta l’estensione del grande Orinoco non ve ne sono che nove,” p. 204.

[399] Aug. Codazzi, _Geografia de Venezuela_, pp. 247, 248 (Paris, 1841).

[400] J. Chaffanjon, _L’Orénoque et la Caura_, p. 247 (Paris, 1889).

[401] Michelena y Rojas, _Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur_, p. 344 (Bruselas, 1867).

[402] A. Coudreau, _Archives de la Société Américaine de France_, 1885, p. 281.

[403] _L’Orénoque et le Caura_, p. 183.

[404] See the Vocabularies.

[405] Consult J. Cassani, _Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada_, fol. 170, 227 (Madrid, 1741); and Joseph Gumilla, _El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido_, p. 65 (Madrid, 1745).

[406] Quoted by Aristides Rojas, _Estudios Indigenas_, p. 183 (Caracas, 1878). This work contains much useful information on the Venezuelan languages.

[407] Jorge S. Hartmann, “Indianerstämme von Venezuela,” in _Orig. Mittheil. aus der Ethnol. Abtheil. der König. Museen zu Berlin_, 1886, s. 162.

[408] Joseph Gumilla, _El Orinoco_, p. 66.

[409] Felipe Perez, _Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca_, p. 109.

[410] _Historia de la Provincia de Granada_, pp. 87, 93. He calls them a “nacion suave y racional.”

[411] Felipe Perez, _Geografia del Estado de Boyuca_, p. 136.

[412] G. D. Coleti, _Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale_, Tom. I. p. 164 (Venezia, 1772).

[413] J. Chaffanjon, _L’Orénoque et le Caura_, p. 121.

[414] “Los Gitanos de las Indias, todo parecido en costumbres y modo de vivir de nuestros Gitanos.” Cassani, _Hist. de la Prov. de Granada_, p. 111. Gumilla remarks: “De la Guajiva salen varias ramas entre la gran variedad de Chiricoas.” (_El Orinoco Ilustrado_, etc. Tom. II. p. 38.)

[415] Chaffanjon, _L’Orénoque et le Caura_, pp. 177, 183, 187, 197.

[416] The subject is fully discussed from long personal observation by Michelena y Rojas, _Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur_, p. 346.

[417] See the observations of Level in Michelena y Rojas, _Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur_, p. 148, sq. The Guaraunos are also well described by Crévaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud_, p. 600, sqq. (Paris, 1883), and J. Chaffanjon, _Archives de la Société Américaine de France_, 1887, p. 189. Im Thurn draws a very unfavorable picture of them in his _Indians of British Guiana_, p. 167.

[418] A. Von Humboldt, _Personal Narrative_, Vol. III., p. 216 (Eng. trans. London, 1826).

[419] Joseph Gumilla, _L’Orinoco Ilustrado_, Tom. II., p. 66. They spoke Carib to him, but that was the _lengua general_ of the lower river.

[420] A description of the Correguages and a vocabulary of their dialect are given by the Presbyter Manuel M. Albis, in _Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc._, Vol. I., p. 55.

[421] Arthur Simpson, _Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador_, p. 196 (London, 1886). In his appendix the author gives a vocabulary of the Pioje (and also one of the Zaparo).

[422] Printed in the _Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine_, by M. L. Adam, Tome VIII., p. 52.

[423] Manuel P. Albis, in _Bull. of the Amer. Ethnol. Society_, Vol. I., p. 55.

[424] See the account in the interesting work of Father Cassani, _Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada_, pp. 231, 232, 257, etc. (Madrid, 1741). He describes the Jiraras as having the same rites, customs and language as the Airicos on the river Ele, p. 96. Gumilla makes the following doubtful statement: “De la lengua Betoya y Jirara, que aunque esta gasta pocas _erres_, y aquella demasiadas, ambas quieren ser matrices, se derivan las lenguas Situfa, Ayrica, Ele, Luculia, Jabue, Arauca, Quilifay, Anaboli, Lolaca, y Atabaca.” (_El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido_, Tom. II., p. 38, Madrid, 1745.)

[425] Felipe Perez, _Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca_, p. 113.

[426] In the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1876, s. 336, sq.

[427] _Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca_, p. 114 (Bogota, 1863).

[428] _Ibid._, _Geografia del Estado de Cauca_, p. 313.

[429] Chaffanjon, _ubi suprá_, p. 203.

[430] He gives _oueni_, water, _zenquerot_, moon, as identical in the Puinavi and Baniva. The first may pass, but the second is incorrect. See his remarks in A. R. Wallace, _Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro_, p. 528 (London, 1853). A vocabulary of 53 Puinavi words is furnished from Dr. Crévaux’s notes in Vol. VIII. of the _Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine_ (Paris, 1882).

[431] Ed. André, in _Le Tour du Monde_, 1883, p. 406. But Osculati describes them as tall and fine-looking, with small mustaches. _Esplorazione delle Regioni Equatoriali_, p. 164, sq. (Milano, 1850).

[432] This opinion is supported by Hamy, Villavicencio, and other good authorities.

[433] Hervas, _Catal. de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 262. The term _Encabellados_ was applied to the tribe from their custom of allowing the hair to grow to their waist. (_Lettres Edifiantes_, Tom. II., p. 112). The _Pater Noster_ in the Encabellada dialect is printed by E. Teza in his _Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane_, p. 53 (Pisa, 1868).

[434] In the closing chapters of his _Esplorazione_, above quoted.

[435] An excellent article on the ethnography of this tribe is the “Osservazioni Ethnografiche sui Givari,” by G. A. Colini in _Real. Accad. dei Lincei_, Roma, 1883. See also Alfred Simpson, _Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador_, p. 91, sq. (London, 1886).

[436] Ed. André, in _Le Tour du Monde_, 1883, p. 406.

[437] Prof. Raimondi, in the _Anthropological Review_, Vol. I., p. 33, sq.

[438] “La comunauté d’origine entre les Jivaros et les tribus du grand groupe guaranien se trouvera etablie avec assurance.” Dr. Hamy, “Nouveaux Renseignements sur les Indiens Jivaros,” in the _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1873, p. 390.

[439] The _Mithridates_ (Bd. III., Ab. II., s. 592) gives from Hervas the Pater Noster in the Maina dialect. Professor Teza (_Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane_, pp. 54-57) has published the Pater Noster, Ave, Credo and Salve in the Cahuapana dialect. They differ but little.

[440] See E. Pöppig, “Die Indiervölker des obern Huallaga,” in his _Reise in Chile und Peru_, Bd. II., ss. 320, 321, 400, etc.

[441] _Literature of American Aboriginal Languages_, p. 12.

[442] Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in the _Revue d’Ethnologie_, 1887, p. 320.

[443] For example:

YAHUA. PEBA.
Bow, _cano_, _canou_.
Ear, _on-tisiu_, _mi-tiwi_.
Hair, _rinoncay_, _rainosay_.
Head, _fi-rignio_, _raino_.
Heart, _hu-iachai_, _ca-iishi_.
Forehead, _uno_, _nimo_.
Nose, _unirou_, _vinerro_.
Woman, _huata_, _uatoa_.

The Yahua has more Kechua elements than the Peba.

[444] _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tome II., p. 112.

[445] Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 445.

[446] _Reise in Chile und Peru_, Bd. II., s. 415.

[447] Jose Amich, _Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion_, etc., pp. 77, 78.

[448] E. Pöppig, _Reise in Chile und Peru_, Bd. II., s. 328 (Leipzig, 1836).

[449] Cf. Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in _Revue d’Ethnologie_, 1887, pp. 316, 317.

[450] Von Martius, _Ethnog. und Sprach. Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 435.

[451] _Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 438.

[452] See Dr. L. F. Galt, “The Indians of Peru,” in _Report of the Smithsonian Institution_, 1877, p. 308, sq.

[453] Professor Antonio Raimondi, _Apuntes sobre la Provincia de Loreto_ (Lima, 1862), trans. by Bollaert, in _Jour. Anthrop. Institute_. He states that they speak a dialect of Pano.

[454] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome II., p. 262.

[455] W. Chandless, in _Jour. of the Royal Geog. Soc._, Vol. XXXIX., p. 302; Vol. XXXVI., p. 118.

[456] _Ibid._, Vol. XXXVI., p. 123, note.

[457] The Callisecas are now no longer known by that name; but J. Amich has given sufficient reasons to identify them as the ancestors of the tribe later known as the Setibos. See his _Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion en las Montañas de los Andes_, p. 29 (Paris, 1854). Lieutenant Herndon, however, who describes them as wearing beards, believed they were the ancient Cashibos (_Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon_, p. 209. Washington, 1853).

[458] According to Veigl. See _Mithridates, III._, II. 580, 581, 583.

[459] Called also _Mananaguas_, “mountaineers,” and believed by Waitz to have been the _Manoas_ among whom an old missionary found an elder of the tribe rehearsing the annals of the nation from a hieroglyphic scroll (_Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. III., s. 541). The real Manoas or Manaos belong to the Arawak stock.

[460] W. Chandless, in _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, Vol. XXXVI., p. 118; Vol. XXXIX., p. 311.

[461] _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., s. 414.

[462] Von Martius, _Ibid._, p. 422.

[463] _Scottish Geographical Magazine_, 1890, p. 242.

[464] _Proceedings of the Royal Geog. Society_, 1889, p. 501.

[465] Muratori, _Il Cristianesimo Felice_, p. 27 (Venezia, 1743). Father Fernandez gives the names of 69 bands of the Manacicas (_Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tom. II., p. 174).

[466] A grammar of it has been edited by MM. Adam and Henry, _Arte de la lengua Chiquita_, Paris, 1880. (_Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine_, Tom. VI.) The sub-divisions of the Chiquitos are so numerous that I refrain from encumbering my pages with them. See D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 154, and authorities there quoted.

[467] Hervas, _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 159.

[468] Alcide D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Vol. I., p. 356, sq. Among the D’Orbigny MSS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, I found an inedited grammar and dictionary of the Yurucari language. It would be very desirable to have this published, as our present knowledge of the tongue rests on a few imperfect vocabularies. The work is doubtless that by P. la Cueva, mentioned in H. Ludewig, _Lit. of Amer. Aborig. Languages_, p. 206; but the author and editor of that work were in error in classing the Tacana and Maropa as members of the Yurucari stock. They belong to a different family.

[469] _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. I., p. 374.

[470] _Scottish Geographical Magazine_, 1890.

[471] E. Heath, _Kansas City Review_, April, 1883. He gives vocabularies of Tacana and Maropa. A devotional work has been printed in Tacana.

[472] _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1889, p. 498.

[473] De Laet, quoted in _Mithridates_, Th. III., Ab. II., s. 577.

[474] “En Aten se habla la Leca por ser este pueblo de Indios Lecos.” _Descripcion de las Misiones de Apolobamba_ (Lima, 1771).

[475] Weddell, _Voyage dans la Bolivie_, p. 453 (quoted by Waitz).

[476] Most of the Samucus were gathered at the mission of St. Ignatius. Father Chomé remarks, “Les Zamucos, Cuculados, Tapios et Ugaronos parlent à peu prés la même langue.” _Lettres Edifiantes_, Tome II., p. 191. See also D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 142.

[477] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome II., p. 247.

[478] Professor E. Teza gives some texts in his _Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane_, pp. 40, 41; and Mr. E. Heath has supplied a careful vocabulary of recent date (_Kansas City Review_, April, 1883).

[479] Texts of the Pater, Ave and Credo are given by E. Teza, _Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane_, p. 51.

[480] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome II., p. 257.

[481] _Descripcion de las Misiones del Alto Peru_, 12mo, Lima, 1771. The only copy of this work which I have seen, and that an imperfect one, is in the Collection Angrand, in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Among the MSS. of this great library is a _Confessionario_ in Itonama, which should be published as perhaps the only text of the language extant. Some remarks on its phonetics may be found in D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome II., p. 239.

[482] According to Father Fernandez there were, in 1726, 30,000 converts under the care of the Moxos Mission, and fifteen different languages were spoken, “qui ne se ressemblent nullement.” _Lettres Edifiantes_, Tom. II., p. 161.

[483] See von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., s. 412. Professor Teza gives the Pater, Ave and Credo in the Mura dialect of Bolivia (_Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane_, p. 43).

[484] Pater, an Ave and a Credo. _Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane_, pp. 48, 49. The author of the _Descripcion_, however, distinguishes between the _Ocoronos_ and the _Rotoroños_, both at the Moxos Mission.

[485] See _Mithridates_, Th. II., s. 577.

[486] The Capesacos and Menepes were others. Nicolas del Techo, _Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ_, Lib. XII., cap. 33.

[487] The word _chaco_, properly _chacu_, in Kechua is applied to game driven into pens. Lozano says it was used metaphorically in reference to the numerous tribes driven from their homes into the forests (_Descrip. Chronograph. del Gran Chaco_, p. 1).

[488] Del Techo, _ubi suprá_, Lib. I., cap. 41.

[489] _Historia de Abiponibus_, Vienna, 1784. An English translation, London, 1822.

[490] Pedro Lozano, _Descripcion del Gran Chaco_, pp. 62-65.

[491] “C’est _à_ peine s’il en reste aujourd’hui trois ou quatre individus.” D’Orbigny MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale. This was written about 1834.

[492] A. J. Carranza, _Expedicion al Chaco Austral_, p. 422 (Buenos Aires, 1884). This author gives a useful vocabulary of the Toba, together with a number of familiar phrases.

[493] A comparison of their tongue is instituted by Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. II., s. 131. See also _Ibid._, Bd. I., s. 244.

[494] Lozano, _Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco_, p. 83.

[495] Richard Rohde, in _Orig. Mitt. Eth. Abth. König. Mus._, 1885, s. 13. Von Martius identified the Cadioéos with the Cadigues of the Payaguas, which is open to doubt (_Ethnographie_, Bd. I., 226).

[496] _Descripcion del Gran Chaco_, pp. 73, 76, 77.

[497] _Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 510, quoted by M. Lucien Adam.

[498] _Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Lule y Tonicote_ (Madrid, 1732).

[499] Printed in Gilii, _Saggio di Storia Americana_, Tom. III., p. 363.

[500] _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., pp. 165-173.

[501] Pedro Lozano, _Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco_, pp. 94-97 (Cordoba, 1733).

[502] As shown by Adelung, _Mithridates_, Bd. II., s. 508.

[503] S. A. L. Quevede has undertaken to show that the real Lule were the hill tribes of the Anconquija range and their tongue the Cacana (_American Anthropologist_, 1890, p. 64).

[504] Del Techo, _Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ_, Lib. II., cap. 20.

[505] _Otto Mesi nel Gran Ciacco_ (Firenze, 1881).

[506] “Nacion la mas vil del Chaco.” Hervas, _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 164.

[507] Lozano, _Descripcion del Gran Chaco_, pp. 75, 76.

[508] _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., s. 225-6.

[509] _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tome II., pp. 96, 97.

[510] _Viage del P. F. Pedro Parras desde Aragon á Indias en 1748_, MS.

[511] Printed in the _Revista de la Sociedad Geografica Argentina_, 1887, p. 352. I have compared this with the Payagua text given in the _Mithridates_, Bd. III., 490, but the latter is so obscure that I derived no data for a decision as to the identity of the dialects.

[512] _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 116.

[513] _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., 226.

[514] _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tome II., p. 165.

[515] _Catalogo de las Lenguas_, Tom. I., p. 185.

[516] Pedro Lozano, _Historia de la Conquista de Paraguay_, Tom. I., p. 407 (Ed. Buenos Aires, 1873).

[517] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 83.

[518] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1889, s. 658.

[519] _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tome II., p. 107.

[520] _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., s. 245, 246. A good vocabulary is supplied by Castelnau, _Expédition_, Tome V., Appendix.

[521] Richard Rohde, in the _Orig. Mittheil. der Ethnol. Abtheil d. Mus. zu Berlin_, 1885, s. 15.

[522] On the ruins of their fortresses and tombs, see Vincente G. Quesada, _Estudios Historicos_, pp. 45-48 (Buenos Aires, 1864).

[523] Nicolas del Techo, _Hist. Prov. Paraquariæ_, Lib. V., cap. 23.

[524] See Von Tschudi, in _Verhand. der Berlin. Anthrop. Gesell._, 1885, s. 184, sqq. This traveler could find no relics of the tongue in the ancient Calchaqui district, which he visited in 1858. The only languages then were Spanish and Kechua (_Reisen_, Bd. V., s. 84).

[525] Virchow, in _Verhand. der Berlin. Anthrop. Gesell._, 1884, s. 375.

[526] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Vol. II., p. 11.

[527] Barcena’s report is published in the _Relaciones Geograficas de Indias_, Peru, Tom. II.

[528] Dr. Darapsky remarks that the Araucanians first crossed the Andes into the Pampas about 300 years ago (_La Lengua Araucana_, p. 4, Santiago de Chile, 1888). This is true, but the tribes they found there were members of their own stock.

[529] Some have derived these names from the Kechua, _aucca_, enemy; but I am convinced by the examples of Federico Barbara, _Manuel de la Lengua Pampa_, p. 6 (Buenos Aires, 1879), that at any rate the same root belongs to the Araucanian.

[530] Dr. Martin de Moussy gives an interesting sketch of these people in the _Annuaire du Comité d’Archæologie Américaine_, 1865, p. 218, sq.

[531] The chief source of information on this tribe is Col. Lucio de Mansilla, _Una Escursion á los Indios Ranqueles_, Vol. II. (Buenos Aires, 1870). The name Ranqueles means “thistle people,” from the abundance of that plant in their country.

[532] G. Coleti, _Dizionario dell’ America Meridionale_, s. v., _Cuyo_.

[533] Valdivia, _Arte de la Lengua Chilena_. Ed. Lima, 1607.

[534] Lt. Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, Vol. I., p. 205.

[535] Paolo Riccardi, in _Memoire della Soc. Ethnograf. di Firenze_, 1879, p. 139; also the estimable work of Jose T. Medina, _Los Aborijenes de Chile_ (Santiago, 1882).

[536] Bernard Havestadt, _Chilidugu, sive Res Chilenses_ (Westphalia, 1777. Reprint by Julius Platzmann, Leipzig, 1883).

[537] Many of these are portrayed in the work of Medina, _Los Aborijenes de Chile_, above referred to.

[538] Nicolas del Techo, _Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ_, Lib. VI., Cap. IX.

[539] The Boroas live on the Tolten river, and have blue eyes, a fair complexion, and aquiline noses. Pablo Treuter, _La Provincia de Valdivia y los Araucanos_, p. 52, note (Santiago de Chile, 1861). E. Pöppig, _Reise in Chili und Peru_, Bd. I., s. 463 (Leipzig, 1836).

[540]

“Mi nombre es Glaura, en fuerte hora nacida,
Hija del buen cacique Quilacura
De la sangre de Frisio esclarecida.”

Alonso de Ercilla, _La Araucana_, Canto XXVIII.

Faulkner and others refer to these as the _Cessares_ (_Description of Patagonia_, p. 113, Hereford, 1774). There was such a tribe, and it was made the subject of a Utopian sketch, _An Account of the Cessares_, London, 1764.

[541] See Petermann’s _Mittheilungen_, 1883, s. 404, and compare the same, 1878, s. 465. Dr. Martin elsewhere gives a vocabulary of the Chauques of Chiloe. It is pure Araucanian (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1877, s. 168).

[542] On the stature of the Patagonians, see the very complete study of D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Vol. II., pp. 26-70.

[543] Lt. Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” u. s., p. 194, sq.

[544] Ramon Lista, _Mis Esploraciones y Descubrimientos en Patagonia_, p. 116 (Buenos Aires, 1880). This author gives, pp. 125-130, a full vocabulary of the “Choonke” as it is in use to-day.

[545] _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., s. 313.

[546] _Lettres Ed. et Curieuses_, Tome II., p. 88; Hervas, _Catalogo de las Lenguas_, Tom. I., p. 136.

[547] See Lucien Adam, _Grammaire de la Langue Jagane_ (Paris, 1885). Dr. Darapsky thinks this tongue reveals a common point of divergence with “los idiomas meso-Andinos.” _Boletin del Instituto Geog. Argentino_, 1889, p. 287.

[548] See Dr. Hyades, in _Revue d’Ethnographie_, Tome IV., No. VI., and the chapter “L’Ethnographie des Fuégiens,” in L. F. Martial, _Mission Scientifique du Cap-Horn_, Tome I., Chap. VI. (Paris, 1888). _Yakana-cunni_ means “foot people,” as they did not use horses.

[549] Dr. Domenico Lovisato, in _Cosmos_, 1884, fas. IV.

[550] Dr. Johann Seitz, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1886, pp. 267, 268.

[551] Domenico Lovisato, _ubi suprá_.

[552] At the Congrès des Américanistes, Paris, 1890.