Chapter XXII: Chronology and Origin of Bronze (3)

If we compare these British types with those of the other regions which together make up the so-called Danubian province, we shall at once be struck, not by the analogies presented, but by the marked difference in the general _facies_.

Taking Scandinavia to begin with, and Mr. Worsaae’s types as giving the characteristics of that region, what do we find? The perforated axe-hammers and axes of bronze are here entirely wanting; the tanged swords and the majority of those with decorated hilts are also unknown. There is hardly a type of dagger common to this country and Scandinavia. The saws, knives, and razors are of quite another character, but there is a resemblance in the sickles to a rare British type. The flat and flanged celts of the two regions are of nearly the same kind, and in one rare instance there is a similar decoration on a reputedly Danish and on an Irish celt. The palstaves, however, are of an entirely different character, with the exception of the form with semicircular wings, which is not essentially British. The socketed celts are nearly all unlike those of this country; and though the leaf-shaped spear-heads present close analogies, the looped and eyed kinds are absent. The shields are of a different character from ours. The _tutuli_ and diadems are here unknown. There is but one form of torque common to this country and Denmark. Brooches, combs, and small hanging vases are never met with in Britain; and the spiral, whether formed of wire or engraved as an ornament, is conspicuous by its absence.

If we take the Hungarian region, we are driven to much the same conclusions. The perforated axes and pick-axes, principally formed of copper, the semicircular sickles, the spiral ornaments, the swords with engraved hilts of bronze, and several forms of minor importance are absent in Britain, while the socketed celts and the majority of the palstaves are of markedly different types, though that with the semicircular wings hammered over is of common occurrence in Hungary.

In Northern Germany the types of bronze may be regarded as intermediate between those of Hungary and Scandinavia, though in some few respects presenting closer analogies with those of Britain, with which, as will subsequently be seen, there may have been some commercial intercourse. The connection between British and German types is, however, but small, and on the whole I think that the evidence here brought forward is sufficient to prove that the British Isles can hardly be properly classified as forming part of any Danubian province of bronze.

The connection between France and Britain during the Bronze Period cannot be denied, and in many respects there is an identity of character between the bronze antiquities of the North of France and those of the South of England. The North of France cannot, however, at any time since the first discovery of bronze, have been absolutely shut out from all communication with the South and East. The East must always have been affected by the habits of those who occupied what is now Western Germany; and the South can hardly have been exempt from the influence of Italy, if not, indeed, of other Mediterranean countries. I am inclined to think that these external influences acted also on the bronze industry of Britain, not so much directly as indirectly, and that some of the types in this country may be traced to an Italian or German origin as readily as to a French.

It is, I think, a fact that as close a resemblance in type, so far as regards our earliest bronze instruments, may be found among Italian examples as among French. Many of the slightly flanged celts of Italy can hardly be distinguished from those of Britain, except by the faces of the latter being more frequently decorated; and there is also a great similarity between the dagger-blades of the two countries. In the later forms, such as palstaves and socketed celts, the difference between British and Italian examples is sufficiently striking. May it not be the case that at the time when first the commerce between Britain and the Mediterranean countries originated, always assuming that such a commerce took place, the flanged celt was the most advanced type of hatchet known by those who came hither to trade, and the palstave and socketed form were subsequently developed? At a later period it was the German influence that was felt in Britain, rather than the Italian, for our socketed celts appear, as already stated, to have had the cradle of their family in Western Germany; and the few flat sickles that have been found in Britain, as well as the more numerous torques, show a closer connection in type with those of Germany than with those of France or any other country. Whether this introduction of what appear to be North German types can in any way be attributed to commercial relations between the two countries, and especially to a trade in amber, is worth consideration. The abundance of amber ornaments in some of the graves of our Bronze Period shows how much that substance was in use. At the same time, the eastern shores of England might have furnished it in sufficient quantity to supply the demand, without having recourse to foreign sources. I have known amber thrown up on the beach so far south as Deal.

A curious feature in the comparison of the later bronze antiquities of Britain and those of France, is the marked absence of many of the forms which abound in the remains of the Lake-dwellings of Savoy, as well as in those of Switzerland. A glance through “Rabut’s Album”[1768] or “Keller’s Lake-dwellings,” will at once show how few of the specimens there figured could pass as having been discovered in the British Isles. The large proportion of ornaments to tools and weapons is also striking. There is, indeed, as M. Chantre has pointed out, a closer connection between the bronze antiquities of the South of France and those of Switzerland and Northern Italy, than with those of Northern France.

Even the character of the ornaments is in many cases essentially different. The hollowed form of bronze bracelet, made from a thin plate bent in such a manner as to show a semicircular section, is entirely wanting in Britain, and is very rarely found in the North of France.

Enough has, however, now been said in favour of regarding Britain as one of those centres into which a knowledge of the use of bronze was introduced at a comparatively early date, and where a special development of the bronze industry arose, extending over a lengthened period, and modified from time to time by foreign influences. On the transition from bronze to iron, it is not necessary here further to enlarge. I have, in treating of the different forms of tools and weapons, pointed out those which I considered to belong to the close of the Bronze Period; and it is probable that these forms for some time continued in use, side by side with those made of the more serviceable metal, iron, which ultimately drove bronze from the field, except for ornamental purposes or for those uses for which a fusible metal was best adapted. It seems probable that, as was the case in Mediterranean countries, some of the socketed weapons, such as spear-heads, which were more easily cast than forged, may for some time have been made of bronze in preference to iron; but at present our knowledge of any transitional period is slight, and this question would be best treated of in a work on the Late Celtic or Early Iron Period of Britain.

Among the ornaments in use in this country during the Bronze Period, are some, the history of which, if it could be traced, might throw light upon the foreign intercourse of that time, for glass and ivory were probably not of native production.[1769] Glass beads have occasionally been found in barrows of the Bronze Age, nearly always in our southern counties, and with burnt interments. They are usually small tubes of opaque glass of a light blue or green colour, with the outer surface divided into rounded segments, so as to give the appearance of a number of spheroidal beads side by side. I am not aware of any having been discovered with interments of the Bronze Age on the Continent, but it seems probable that such beads have been found, and they may eventually assist in marking out the lines of ancient commerce with this country. A few larger beads, with spiral serpent-like ornaments upon them, have likewise been found; but these, also, I am unable to compare with any Continental examples. The finding of glass, however, in tombs belonging to the early portion of our Bronze Age is suggestive of some method of intercourse, direct or indirect, with Mediterranean countries. The small quoit-like pendants, formed of a greenish vitrified material, which have been found in Sussex[1770] with burnt interments of the Bronze Age, closely resemble Egyptian porcelain, and their presence in this country corroborates this suggestion.

The discovery of beads made in sets like those of glass, of a bracelet, buttons, pins, and hooks, all, in Dr. Thurnam’s opinion, formed of ivory, gives indications in the same direction; for though billiard balls have been manufactured from Scottish mammoth ivory of the Pleistocene Period, the fossil tusks found in Britain are, as a rule, too much decomposed to be any longer of service, and in this respect differ materially from the fossil mammoth tusks of Siberia, which still furnish so much of our table cutlery with handles.

For the jet and amber ornaments of the Bronze Period we have not, of necessity, to go so far afield as for glass. Abundance of jet is to be obtained in our own country, and the usual type of jet necklace,[1771] with a series of flat plates, seems to be essentially British. Some of the amber plates found at Hallstatt are, however, of the same form, and perforated in the same manner, so that possibly these jet necklaces may have been made in imitation of foreign prototypes in amber. How far the amber ornaments of the Bronze Period in Britain were of native production we have no good means of judging; but the circumstance just mentioned is suggestive of Hallstatt and Britain having been supplied from a common source, which may have been on the shores of the Baltic. On the other hand, our amber ornaments differ, as a rule, from those of Scandinavia, and, as already remarked, our eastern coast would furnish an ample supply of the raw material without seeking it abroad. It must, however, be remembered that some of the forms of our bronze instruments show traces of German influence, and that in Strabo’s time both amber and ivory were among the articles exported from Celtic Gaul to Britain. The remarkable amber cup from the Hove barrow, near Brighton, I have described elsewhere.[1772]

It remains for me to say a few words as to the general condition of the inhabitants of Britain during the Bronze Age; but on this subject, apart from the light thrown upon it by the tools, weapons, and ornaments which I have been describing, and by the contents of the graves of the period, we have in this country but little to guide us. Such a complete insight into the material civilisation of the period as that afforded by the Lake-dwellings of Switzerland, Savoy, and Northern Italy is nowhere vouchsafed to us in Britain. The Irish crannoges, which, in many respects, present close analogies with the pile-buildings, have remained in use until mediæval times, and in no instance has the destruction of a settlement by fire contributed to preserve for the instruction of future ages the household goods of the population. The nearest approach to a Lake-dwelling in England is that examined in Barton Mere,[1773] Suffolk, where, however, the results were comparatively meagre. A single spear-head was found, apparently of the type of Fig. 406, and the remains of various animals used for food, including the urus and the hare, which latter in Cæsar’s time the Britons did not eat.

The information to be gained from the burial customs and the contents of the graves has already been gathered by the late Dr. Thurnam and by Canon Greenwell, as well as by other antiquaries, and I cannot do better than refer to the forty-third volume of the “Archæologia,” and to “British Barrows.”[1774] I may, however, shortly depict some of the principal features of the external conditions of the bronze-using population of these islands, taken as a whole, for no doubt the customs and condition of the people were by no means uniform throughout the whole extent of the country at any given moment of time.

As to their dwellings, we seem to have no positive information, but they probably were of much the same character as those of the Swiss Lake population, except that for the most part they were placed upon the dry land, and not on platforms above the water. Their clothing was sometimes of skins, sometimes of woollen cloth, and probably of linen also, as they were acquainted with the arts of spinning and weaving. Of domesticated animals they possessed the dog, ox, sheep, goat, pig, and finally the horse. They hunted the red deer, the roe, the wild boar, the hare, and possibly some other animals. For the chase and for warfare their arrows were tipped with flint, and not with bronze: and some other stone instruments, such as scrapers, remained in use until the end of the period. At the beginning, as has already often been stated, the axe, the knife-dagger, and the awl were the only articles of bronze in use. For obtaining fire, a nodule of pyrites and a flake of flint sufficed. Some cereals were cultivated, as is shown by the bronze sickles. Pottery they had of various forms, some apparently made expressly for sepulchral purposes; but they were unacquainted with the potter’s wheel. Some vessels of amber and shale, turned in the lathe, may have been imported from abroad. Ornaments were worn in less profusion than in Switzerland; but the torque for the neck, the bracelet, the ear-ring, the pin for the dress and for the hair, were all in use, though brooches were unknown. Necklaces, or gorgets, formed of amber, jet, and bone beads were not uncommon; and the ornaments of glass and ivory, such as those lately mentioned, were probably obtained by foreign commerce. Gold, also, was often used for decorating the person, though coins, and apparently even the metal silver, were unknown. They appear to have been accomplished workers and carvers of wood and horn, and there were among them artificers who inlaid wood and amber with minute gold pins almost or quite as skilfully as the French workmen of the last century, who wrought on tortoise-shell. In casting and hammering out bronze they attained consummate skill, and their spear-heads and wrought shields could not be surpassed at the present day. The general equipment of the warrior in the shape of swords, daggers, halberds, spears, &c., and the tools of the workman, such as hatchets, chisels, gouges, hammers, &c., have, however, all been dealt with at large in previous pages. They contrast with the arms and instruments of the preceding Neolithic Age more by their greater degree of perfection than by their absolute number and variety. The material progress from one stage of civilisation to the other was no doubt great, but the interval between the two does not approach that which exists between Palæolithic man of the old River-drifts and Neolithic man of the present configuration of the surface of Western Europe.

So far as the general interest attaching to the Bronze Period is concerned, it may readily be conceded that it falls short of that with which either of the two stages of the Stone Period which preceded it must be regarded. The existence of numerous tribes of men who are, or were until lately, in the same stage of culture as the occupants of Europe during the Neolithic Age, affords various points of comparison between ancient and modern savages which are of the highest interest, while there exists at the present day not a single community in which the phases of the Bronze culture can be observed. The Palæolithic Age has, moreover, a charm of mysterious eld attaching to it as connected with the antiquity of the human race which is peculiarly its own.

The Bronze Age, nevertheless, from its close propinquity to the period of written history, is of the highest importance to those who would trace back the course of human progress to its earliest phases; and though in this country many of the minute details of the picture cannot be filled in, yet, taken as a whole, the broad lines of the development of this stage of civilisation may be as well traced in Britain as in any other country. It has been a pleasure to me to gather the information on which this work is based; and I close these pages with the consolatory thought that, dry as may be their contents, they may prove of some value as a hoard of collected facts for other seekers after truth.

FINIS.

GENERAL INDEX.

A

Achilles, shield of, 12;
spear of, 18, 242

Addua, Gauls defeated on the, 374

_Æs importatum_, 414, 419;
_signatum_, 422

Æschylus quoted, 11

Æsculapius, temple of, 18

Æstii, the, iron scarce among, 19

Æthiopians, bronze rare among, 17

African axe of iron, 149;
ironworkers, 181;
swords, 306;
trumpet, 359

Agamemnon, breast-plate of, 12

Agatharchides quoted, 8

Akerman, J. Y., F.S.A., cited, 391, 399

Alban necropolis, 341

Alcinous, walls of palace of, bronze-plated, 11

Algonquins, fusing of copper among the, 3

Alloys, various, of copper and tin, 22, 178, 265, 352, 415, 476

Amber, beads, 135, 189, 244, 366, 394, 487;
buttons or studs, 217;
cup with interment, 243, 486;
hilts or pommels, 228, 229;
ornaments, 373, 483, 485, 487;
trade in, 483, 486

American tomahawks, 162

Amulets, celts used as, 134

Analysis of metal of caldron, 412;
celts, 417, 421;
Indian celts, 40;
chisels, Mexican and Peruvian, 166;
shield, 346;
solder, 425;
trumpets, 360, 363;
various bronzes, 415 to 422

Anderson, Mr. Joseph, quoted, 239, 290

Anvils, 180 to 183, 375, 451

Ariantes, Scythian king, 318

Armillæ and Armlets. _See_ Bracelets

Arreton Down type of spear-head, 257, 480

Arrow-heads, 216, 318, 323;
flint, 39, 42, 167, 190, 223, 226, 236, 318, 391, 487

Arundelian marbles, 14

Aryan name for copper, 10

Asiatic origin of bronze, 2, 276, 420, 477

Assyrians, early use of iron among, 9;
wore penannular bracelets, 383

Asteropæus, breast-plate of, 13

Ausonius quoted, 29

Awls, 188 to 191;
double-pointed, 190;
tanged, 189, 190;
handled, 191;
with interments, 189, 190, 191, 225, 241, 319, 392, 457

Axes, 14, 41, 147 to 156, 161, 162;
African modern iron, 149;
ceremonial, 450;
Egyptian, 147;
Hungarian, 147, 161, 482;
clay mould for, 428;
of copper, 265;
perforated, 161, 478, 482;
stone, 190, 226

Axe-hammers, of stone, 217, 224, 225, 243

Axe-shaped socketed celts, 142

Aymara Indians, 148

Aymard, M., collection, 215

Aztec chisel, 166

B

Banks, Sir J., quoted, 34, 155

Banks, Rev. S., collection, 78, 133

Barnwell, Rev. E. L., quoted, 55, 77

Barthélemy, Abbé, quoted, 20

Bateman collection, _see_ Museums, Sheffield;
Mr., quoted, 42, 44, 151, 190, 225, 227, 228, 383, 390, 392, 393,
402, 409

Battle-axe of Menelaus, 14. _See_ Axes

Bayonet-like blades, 255, 256

Beads, 393;
agate, 383;
amber, 135, 189, 244, 366, 487;
bone, 487;
bronze, 381, 393;
dentalium shells, 394;
fluted, 381;
glass, 134, 366, 394, 485;
gold, 391, 394;
ivory, 485;
jet, 118, 158, 366, 394, 487;
joints of encrinite, 394;
penannular, 285, 391;
pottery, 366;
pulley-shaped, 381;
tin, 394;
with leaf-shaped projections, 381;
with spiral ornaments, 394, 485

Beck, Rev. James, F.S.A., collection, 60, 84, 87

Beck, Dr. L., quoted, 15

Beger quoted, 28, 29

Bell or rattle of bronze, 364

Bell collection in the Ant. Mus., Edinburgh, 105

Bell-metal, 416

Bells to ear-rings, 393

=ⲂⲈⲚⲒⲠⲈ=, its meaning, 7

Bertrand, M. Alexandre, quoted, 300, 413

Birch, Dr. S., F.S.A., quoted, 9, 147, 374

Birds on rod, 406

Blackett, Sir Edward, collection, 351

Blackmore Museum. _See_ Museums, Salisbury

Blades, bayonet-like, 255, 256;
curved, 264;
difficulty of determining character of, 258, 260;
lance-shaped, perforated, 213;
of dissimilar character, in the same interment, 241;
tanged, 211, 244

Blaeuw’s Atlas, 362

Bloxam, Mr. M. H., F.S.A., collection, 75, 179

Boars found at Hounslow, 406

Bodkin obsolete as weapon, 369

Bone, instruments of, 189, 285, 366;
of Horus, 8;
of Typhon, 6, 8;
plates for sword-hilt, 296;
pommels for dagger-hilts, 228;
rings, 51

Borlase, Dr., quoted, 30, 32, 439

Bourgeois, the Abbé, 160

Bouterolle. _See_ Chapes

Boynton, Mr. T., collection, 327

Bracelets, 381-388, 90, 96, 135, 136, 155, 198, 333, 377;
American, 383;
Assyrian, 383;
beaded, 385;
circular, 384;
gold, 94, 180, 209, 283, 285;
jet, 385;
Late Celtic, 385 to 388;
looped, 76, 368, 378, 384, 386, 387;
penannular, 381, 382;
Scottish, 388, 400;
with interments, 135, 385, 387

Bracer of chlorite slate, 223

Brackenridge, Rev. G. W., collection, 67

Brackstone, Mr., collection, 93, 131, 132

Braybrooke, Lord, collection, 211, 398, 403, 440

Brent, Mr. John, F.S.A., 88, 114

Bridle-bits, 144, 322, 368, 404, 405, 470

Bristles, possible early use of, 191

Britain, condition of its inhabitants in the Bronze Age, 486

Britannic province of bronze antiquities, 478

British types of instruments mostly indigenous, 24, 481

Britons, ancient, merely cut off the ears of corn, 202;
used iron before the Roman invasion, 19, 276, 354, 471, 472;
used no helmets in time of Severus, 355

Brixen, ancient inhabitants of, came from Etruria, 355

“Broad arrow” ornament on ring, 158

Bronze, analysis of, 22, 178, 265, 415 to 422;
Asiatic origin of, 2, 276, 420, 477;
bronze burning on to, 280, 293, 425;
cakes of, 423;
early value of, 17, 177, 204;
brittle when heated, 185, 409;
hardening of, 11, 12, 178, 415;
lumps of, _see_ Metal;
moulding of, 427 to 470;
survival of use of, 18, 22

Bronze-founders’ hoards, 24, 55, 94, 110, 113, 185, 361, 422, 423, 440
(_see_ Hoards);
classification of, 457, 459;
lists of principal, 460 to 468

Bronze Period, antiquities of, divided into provinces, 477;
chronology of, 455, 456, 472, 473;
condition of the inhabitants of Britain during the, 487;
succession of, to Stone Period, 9, 40;
succession of iron to, 16, 33, 274, 299, 300, 471

Brooches, 135;
Late Celtic, 400;
penannular, 304

Brooke, Capt., collection, 113, 206

Buckles, Late Celtic, 144, 368, 470;
penannular, 400

Bucklers, 303;
date of, 353;
not found with interments, 354;
Spanish, 354

“Bullæ,” 394

Burnishers, 22

Buttons, 400, 401;
annular, 290;
bone or ivory, 394;
gold, 394;
jet, 41, 225, 236;
polished shale, 230;
sandstone, 41

C

Cable-pattern, 48, 54, 140

Cæsar, Julius, quoted, 19, 354, 414;
time of, 19, 276, 354, 399, 419, 486

Caldrons, 409 to 413;
spheroidal, 481

Camden’s “Britannia” quoted, 31, 361

Canoe, rapier-blade found in, 250

Caprington horn, the, 362

Carelli quoted, 283

Carians armed with bronze, 8

_Carnyx_ on British coins, 363

Carter, Mr. James, collection, 80

Cassiterides identified with Britain, 419

Casting from hafted celt, 154;
from worn instruments, 117, 121, 442, 449

Castings, defective, 81, 114, 428, 448;
unfinished, 84, 90, 115, 175, 328

Catti, the, used iron, 19

Caylus, Count de, quoted, 20, 104

Cazalis de Fondouce, M., 223

“Celestial iron,” 7

Celts, as amulets, 134;
analysis of, 40, 417, 421;
casting, method of, 111, 443;
casting from ready mounted, 154;
casting from worn specimens, 117, 121, 442, 449;
classification of, 38;
conjectures as to, 31 to 37;
copper, 2, 39, 40, 43, 61, 145;
decoration of, 44 to 49, 52 to 54, 60 to 63, 102;
derivation of name, 27 to 29;
flint, 189, 190;
gold (?), 135;
gradation of types of, 35, 70, 76, 77, 95, 99, 108, 153, 456, 469,
479;
hafting of, 70, 146 to 164;
moulds for, 136, 143, 428, 429, 430, 442 to 450;
“recipient” and “received,” 32, 107, 456;
restored at edge by hammering, 83, 112, 446, 454;
shortened by wear, 83, 87, 112;
stone, 40, 150;
superstitious reverence for, 39;
supposed identity with German _framea_, 151;
tanged, included under chisels, 38;
tinned appearance of, 55, 56;
votive, 69, 135, 417;
with interments, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51, 134, 145, 150, 352

Celts, countries where found.—
Austria, 69, 131, 144, 157;
Belgium, 116;
Cambodia, 142;
China, 142;
Cyprus, 40;
Denmark, 40, 52, 54, 60, 69, 95, 134, 159, 163;
Egypt, 142, 147;
Etruria, 39, 132, 156;
France, 43, 52, 54, 55, 77, 109, 110, 115, 119, 121, 122, 129, 131,
142, 144, 152;
Gaul, 115, 116;
Brittany, 117, 124, 419, 445, 477;
Savoy Lake-dwellings, 131;
Germany, 43, 52, 77, 109, 112, 116, 133, 142, 144;
Greece, 69, 160;
Holland, 77, 109, 133, 152;
Hungary, 40, 43, 110;
India, 2, 40;
Italy, 104, 132, 142, 143, 155, 157, 160;
Java, 142;
Jutland, 30;
Mexico, 43;
Portugal, 143;
Russia, 143;
Siberia, 131, 143;
Spain, 43;
Sweden, 52, 129, 143

Celts, flat.—
English, 39 to 48;
Scottish, 55 to 59;
Irish, 39, 45, 61 to 65;
copper, 39, 40, 43, 61;
decorated, 44, 49, 58, 59, 62 to 65, 69, 453;
double-ended, 69;
doubly tapering, 44, 49, 69;
earliest in date, 39, 107, 149, 469;
iron, 157;
largest found in Britain, 57;
moulds for, 430, 428, 438;
perforated, 160

Celts, flanged.—
English, 48 to 55;
Scottish, 59 to 61;
Irish, 66 to 68;
castings for, 55;
decorated, 48, 53, 54, 58 to 61, 66 to 69;
doubly tapering, 68, 69;
perforated, 59;
roughening blade of, 67;
with “flanches” on face, 60;
with stop-ridge, 68, 69, 73, 74, 479

Celts, socketed.—
English, 107-135, 87, 93, 94, 95;
Scottish, 135 to 137, 143;
Irish, 137 to 142;
apparently of German origin, 483;
axe-shaped, 142;
castings for, 86;
clay cores left in, 115, 116, 186, 445;
of copper, 145;
“flanches” on, 60, 107 to 111, 131, 480;
of iron, 116, 144, 157, 159, 163;
of lead, 445;
method of casting, 442;
moulds for, of bronze, 438 to 445;
moulds for, of burnt clay, 450;
moulds for, of stone, 432;
origin of, 107, 483;
rarely or never found with interments in Britain, 134;
with loop on face, 130;
with two loops, 142, 143;
without loops, 133, 142, 144;
with ribs inside socket, 109, 110, 111;
with ribs on face, 117, 127, 136, 137, 140

Celts, winged.—
English, 71 to 77;
Scottish, 97;
Irish, 99 to 102

Celts, trumpeters in army of, 363

Celtiberian method of preparing iron, 275

“_Celtis_,” Roman pronunciation of, 29

Census, method of taking, 318

Centres of manufacture, independent, 106, 143, 475

“Ceraunius,” 40

Cereals cultivated during the Stone Period, 194;
cultivated during the Bronze Period, 487.
_See_ Sickles

Cesnola, General di, 40

_Cetra_ in use in Spain and Mauretania, 354

Chabas, M., quoted, 6, 7

Chalybes, the, 17

Chantre, M. Ernest, quoted, 43, 55, 88, 109, 176, 183, 184, 202, 297,
358, 405, 478, 484;
his classification of hoards, 458

Chapes, 285, 305 to 307;
wooden, 302

Chariots of Early Iron Age, 389, 403

Chierici, Professor, quoted, 422

Chilian celt of copper, 145

China, steel imported to Rome from, 19

Chinese antiquarian work, 263;
halberd, 262;
influence, 478;
spear-heads, 329

Chisels, 165 to 173, 113, 148;
Aztec, 166;
celts used as, 38, 133, 146;
Egyptian, 8, 166;
flint, 165;
narrow, 259;
mould for, 449;
socketed, 171, 172;
from Swiss Lake-dwellings, 166;
tanged, 167 to 171, 315

Christy collection, 142

Chronos, sickle of, 15

Cicero’s facetious inquiry, 275

Cimbrians used iron, 19

“Cire perdue” method of casting, 427, 449

“Clachan nathaireach,” 394

Clasps, 396;
or slides, 308;
found with celts, 144;
gold, 139

Clerk, Baron, collection, 98, 214, 218

_Clipeus_ longer than _cetra_, 354

Coins, British, 118, 134, 181, 354, 363, 399, 470;
of Cunobeline, 181, 354;
of Dubnovellaunus, 181;
of Eppillus, 363;
of Hadrian, 117;
of gold and silver, 322;
Italian, 283;
Roman, 115, 117, 363;
Spanish, 354;
Syracusan, 426;
of Tasciovanus, 354, 363;
of Verica, 354, 399;
unknown in Bronze Age, 487

Collars, with beads strung on iron wire, 381.
_See_ Torques

“Commander’s staff,” 262

Commerce between Britain and the Mediterranean countries, 483, 485;
of the Etruscans, 413, 476;
of the Phœnicians, 419, 475, 479;
with the East, 413

Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Buda-Pest, 180;
Stockholm, 288

Continental influence on British forms, 106, 143, 297, 379, 472,
479 to 486

Cooke collection, 128

Cooke, Mr. B., quoted, 33

Copper Age, in America, 2;
in Europe, 2;
in modern times, 4

Copper, bars of, 424;
blades, 265;
cakes, 422;
cakes with Roman inscriptions, 423;
celts, Chilian, 145;
celts, Etruscan, 39;
celts, Indian, 2;
celts, Irish, 61;
early sources of, 8, 14, 418;
halberds, Irish, 265;
ingots, 426;
knives, Esquimaux, 211;
lumps of (_see_ Metal);
native, 3, 418, 419;
perforated axe, 265;
punches, or sets, modern, 265;
pyrites, 419;
saw from Santorin, 184;
smelting of, 422

Cord, traces of, on celt, 160;
traces of, on dagger, 226

Cores of clay for bells, 384;
extraction of, 186, 451;
method of casting with, 443;
remaining in celts, 115, 116, 186, 445;
wooden and bronze, 445

Cornwall, native copper in, 419;
native tin in, 419

Cotton, Charles, Esq., 133

Crannoges, Irish, 220, 486

Crawfurd, Mr. J., quoted, 9

Crofton Croker collection, 131

Cross-guards of daggers or knives, 309

Crotals or rattles, 361

Crowbar, 161

Crucibles, probably of clay, 427

Cumæ, Battle of, 355

Cuming, Mr. Syer, quoted, 37, 306, 340

Cunliffe, Sir R. A., collection, 55

Cunnington, Mr., F.S.A., quoted, 189, 242

Cunobeline, hammer on coins of, 181;
shields on coins of, 354

Cups, amber, 243, 486;
gold, 407;
hanging, 408;
with interments, 189, 190, 226, 239, 243

Curved cutting tools, 180

D

Dactyli, invention of metals ascribed to, 15

Daggers, 222 to 247, 254, 256 to 260;
Danish, 254;
Egyptian, 254, 420;
French, 223, 234, 238, 243, 254;
German, 246;
Hungarian, 236;
Irish, 234, 239, 244, 254;
Italian, 236, 241, 287;
methods of hafting, 227 to 236;
moulds for, Italian, 434;
ornamented on blade, 234, 241, 246;
Peruvian mode of holding, 246;
Scandinavian, 234, 236, 252;
socketed, 260, 480;
tanged, 222, 223, 224, 254, 258, 259, 260;
tanged, peculiar to Britain, 480;
with stone axes in interments, 161, 224, 225

Daïmachus quoted, 17

Dalmatian hammer, 183;
chisels, 172

Danubian province of bronze antiquities, 478, 482

Darbishire, Mr. R. D., F.S.A., 438

Davy, Mr. H. A., 87

Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, F.R.S., 475, 477

Day, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, 61, 62, 65, 102, 105, 138, 139, 140,
141, 171, 172, 176, 212, 246, 59, 293, 315, 325, 358

Delas, inventor of bronze, according to Theophrastus, 15

De Bonstetten, 104

De Champlain quoted, 3

De Fellenberg referred to, 422, 425

Defoe quoted, 362

Dentalium necklace, 394

Desor, Prof., collection, 86, 180

Diadems, 184;
Danish and German, 394;
gold, 42, 393

Dickinson, Mrs., collection, 80, 84, 386

Diodorus Siculus quoted, 202, 275, 363, 426

Dionysius said to have struck coins of tin, 426

Discs with concentric circles, 401;
perforated, 403

_Dolabra_, Roman, 36

Dolmen, French, 293

Donovan’s analysis of trumpet, 360

Douce and Meyrick collection, 109

Douglas, “Nænia Brit.,” quoted, 34, 233

Dow, Rev. John, quoted, 35

“Dowris Find,” golden lustre on articles from, 360

Drills. _See_ Awls

“Druidical pruning-hook,” 32, 200

Druid’s altar, supposed, 114

Dryden, Sir Henry, collection, 74

Dubnovellaunus, hammer on coin of, 181

Duke, Rev. E., collection, 166, 377, 385, 393, 432

Dunoyer, Mr. G. V., quoted, 35, 132, 155, 160, 431

Durden, Mr., collection, 134, 250, 378, 393

Dusaussoy, Mr., analysis by, 418

Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, F.R.S., 313

E

Early Iron Age of Denmark, 159;
hoard at Vimose, 195;
interment, belonging to, 25;
trumpets of, 357, 363.
_See_ also Hallstatt and Late Celtic Period.

Ear-rings, 391;
gold, 393

Edwards, Mr. G., C.E., 368

Egerton, Sir P. de M. G., F.R.S., collection, 91, 169, 331, 464

Egypt, bronze as circulating medium in, 8;
early rarity of iron and steel in, 6;
early use of bronze in, 475;
lead bronze used in, 419

Egyptian arrow-heads, leaf-shaped, 318;
axes, 142, 147;
celts with ears, 147;
chisels, 166;
daggers, 234, 254;
daggers, analysis of, 420;
daggers, socketed, 261, 480;
hatchet still hafted, 148;
hoe-like instrument, 142;
method of fixing adze blades, 159;
rings, penannular, 391;
swords, 298;
tongs, 185

Elissa, bronze sickle of, 18, 194

Enamel on bronze articles, 135;
red, on shields, 343

Encrinite beads, 394

Engelhardt, Mr. Conrad, quoted, 159, 164, 195

Enniskillen, Earl of, F.R.S., 61, 180, 282

Ennius, iron used in Italy before the days of, 18

Epaulettes, originally intended for protection of shoulder, 374

Esquimaux, handles of instruments, 195;
knives of copper, 211

Etruscan, celts, 132;
commerce, 413, 476;
gold necklaces, 39;
helmets, 355;
influence on form of Irish vases, 412, 476, 481;
rings with loops, 400;
tomb, copper celt in, 39;
urns at Hallstatt, 412

Euripides quoted, 16

F

Fabrics, woven, 474

Fabricius, J. A., quoted, 151

Falmouth, Earl of, golden(?) celt belonging to, 135

Faussett collection, 129

Fenton, Mr., 223

Fenton, Mr. S., 306

Ferris, Dr., 348

Ferrules, 338 to 341, 256, 257, 309, 315, 317, 333;
African celt-like, 340;
Danish, 309, 340;
flat, 404;
gold, 309, 313;
Irish, 340;
iron, 341

“Ferrum” used for sword in Cæsar’s time, 276

Fibula of silver, 155;
with interment, 387, 400

Fiji, conch-shell trumpets from, 359

Files, bronze, 7, 181, 184, 185;
iron, 184

Finds of bronze. _See_ Hoards of Bronze

Finger-rings, 198, 391

Fisher, Mr. Marshall, collection, 53, 78, 79, 91, 121, 248, 254, 272,
282, 286, 322, 328

Fish-hooks, 192

Fitch, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, 52, 114, 120, 282

Flaminius Nepos, 374

“Flanches” on celts, 60, 107 to 111, 131, 480

Flint, arrow-heads, 42, 167, 223, 226, 236, 238, 318, 391;
Etruscan, 39;
celts, 189, 190;
chipped, 243, 366;
chisels, 165;
flakes, 167, 366;
flakes used as saws, 454;
implements, 189, 224, 225;
implements, French, 223;
implements, Irish, 271;
knives, 41, 225, 240;
scraper, 225;
similarity between Irish and Portuguese forms, 271;
spear-heads, 190, 225;
“strike-a-lights,” 22, 225

Flower, Mr. J. W., F.G.S., 122, 242, 270

Forbes, Mr. David, F.R.S., 148, 165

Forel, M., collection, 210, 441

Franks, Mr. A. W., F.R.S., quoted, 37, 49, 51, 135, 199, 257, 299,
302, 330, 353, 363, 404, 405, &c.

Frederick, Sir Charles, 257, 260

G

Gage, Mr., F.S.A., 343

Garrucci, Padre, 341

Gärthe, Dr. Hugo, collection, 448

Gastaldi, Prof., 202

Gauls, gold torques among the, 374;
Isumbrian, had iron swords, 19;
of North of France had iron mines, 9

Gaulish reaping machine, 194;
torques used for trophy, 374;
trumpets, 363

Genthe, Rector, quoted, 21

Geoffroy’s experiments, 12

Gesenius, suggestion of, 5

Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., quoted, 11, 16

Glass beads, 134, 135, 366, 394, 485, 487

Gold, bracelets, 180, 209, 283, 285;
buttons, 394;
clasps, 139, 391;
Cornish celt, doubtful, 135;
diadems, 42, 393;
ferrules, 309, 313;
fillet, 239;
mines, Egyptian, 8;
necklaces, 39;
on dagger hilts, 51, 228, 232;
ornaments, 51, 304, 391, 393;
Merovingian, 117;
pins for inlaying, 51, 228, 232;
plates, 51, 232, 244;
plates, crescent-shaped, 394;
probably the first metal used, 418;
rings, 389, 390, 393;
torques, 90, 180, 209, 374, 375, 376, 379, 390;
trophy of Gaulish torques, 374

Gongora y Martinez, Don M., 238

Goodwin, Mr., 347

Gordon, Sir R., 218, 289, 340, 362

Gouges, 173 to 177, 319, 320, 336;
French, 176

Gozzadini, Count, quoted, 37

Gray, Mr. W., collection, 352, 412

Greece, early use of iron in, 14

Greek axe, 161;
fret on Chilian celts, 145;
language, testimony of, 10;
sword, 298;
vases, representations on, 340

Greenwell, Rev. Canon, F.R.S., collection, _passim_;
quoted, 37, 41, 151, 224, 227, 387, 389, 400, 407, &c.

Grimm quoted by M. Müller, 10

Grose quoted, 363

Gross, Dr. Victor, collection, 114, 176, 183, 195, 422, 431, 449

Gudea, King of Assyria, 9

Gun-metal, 415

H

Hafting. _See_ Handles and Hilts

Halberds, 261 to 270;
Chinese, 263;
Irish, 263, 266, 268;
iron, 263;
Italian, 480;
mode of attachment to shaft, 262;
rare in Britain, 270;
Russian, 263;
Scandinavian, 262;
Scottish, 269;
Spanish, 271

Hallstatt, 23, 25, 69, 144, 181, 184, 229, 288, 293, 308, 342, 355,
389, 393, 394, 401, 405, 409, 412

Hammers, 177 to 181;
bronze, 81, 94, 319, 442, 451;
in Bologna hoard, 180;
casting for, 361;
clay mould for, 450;
formed of part of palstave, 180;
Hungarian, 180;
Lake-dwellings, 181;
looped, 180;
stone, 165;
stone with interment, 51, 232, 353, 405

Handles to celts, 146 to 164;
to celts, club-like, 149;
to celts, elbowed, 146;
to celts, original, 150;
to iron celt, 144, 157;
to Italian celt, 155;
to knife, of amber, 228;
to stone celts, of stags-horn, 150;
to vessels, variety of, 414

Hare, remains of, at Barton Mere, 486

Harford, Mr. E. J., F.S.A., quoted, 34

Harland, Mr. H. S., 118, 226

“_Hasta Pura_,” 218

Hatchets, iron, 148

Hearne, quoted, 31

Hector, gold-ringed spear-head of, 313

Helmets, bronze, 355;
Late Celtic, 356

Herodian quoted, 355

Herodotus quoted, 17

Hesiod quoted, 16, 17

Hiero, Tyrant of Syracuse, 355

Hieroglyphic inscriptions on axes, 147

Hildebrand, Dr. Hans, quoted, 21

Hilts of daggers, 229 to 236;
of rapiers, 252 to 256;
of swords, 286 to 300;
proportional to blades, 277;
made of amber, 228;
made of ivory, inlaid with amber, 299;
made of ox-horn, 252;
inlaid, of dagger, 352

Hoards of Bronze—
Abergele, 144, 308, 404, 405, 471
Achtertyre, 136, 315, 382, 425, 468
Allhallows, Hoo, 214, 230, 467
Alnwick, 43, 113, 285, 321, 391, 465
Ambleside, 285, 465
Amiens, 52, 157, 176, 201, 206, 249, 371, 398
Arreton Down, 49, 243, 244, 257, 258, 260, 464, 473, 480
Barrington, 78, 118, 466
Battlefield, 43, 86, 405, 464
Beachy Head, 94, 283, 423, 467
Beacon Hill, 43, 174, 321, 466
Beddington, 110, 174, 320, 340, 423, 447, 468
Bernay, 77, 78, 79
Bilton, 113, 129, 282, 314, 320, 465
Blackmoor, 464
Bloody Pool, 338, 339, 465
Bo Island, 180, 292, 466
Bologna, 104, 143, 172, 173, 176, 180, 183, 184, 185, 210, 217, 288,
341, 448, 480
Brechin, 290, 465
Broadward, 168, 285, 319, 320, 336, 338, 397, 465
Broxton, 91, 169, 331, 464
Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford, 81, 169, 179, 467
Burwell Fen, 467
Camenz, 202, 384, 390, 459
Carlton Rode, 78, 94, 113, 119, 121, 122, 133, 167, 171, 173, 175,
178, 424, 467
Chrishall, 117, 283, 465
Clare, Postlingford Hall, 48, 464
Cleveland, 447, 468
Corsbie Moss, 290, 464
Cumberlow, 94, 110, 134, 424, 467
Danesbury, 423, 468
Dowris, 176, 179, 211, 220, 293, 335, 360, 361, 410, 411, 412, 452,
468
Dreuil, 109, 110, 129, 144, 176, 208, 283, 370, 393, 403, 404, 405
Duddingston Loch, 289, 315, 335, 409, 424, 465
Dunbar, 220, 465
Earsley Common, 113, 134, 424, 468
Eaton, 447, 468
Ebnall, 167, 174, 187, 466
Edington Burtle, 197, 249, 320, 325, 330, 377, 385, 391, 464
Exning, 174, 394, 466
Flixborough, 465
Fresné la Mère, 180, 183, 189, 209, 375
Fulbourn, 279, 282, 320, 340, 464
Glancych, 285, 304, 315, 340, 389, 464
Greensborough Farm, Shenstone, 285, 465
Guilsfield, 87, 114, 174, 285, 302, 315, 336, 339, 424, 467
Hagbourn Hill, 144, 322, 368, 466, 470, 471
Harty, Isle of, 110, 111, 174, 177, 181, 186, 211, 214, 308, 403,
441, 442, 453, 457, 468
Haxey, 89, 129, 465
Haynes’ Hill, 297, 305, 320, 403, 467
Heathery Burn Cave, 110, 118, 166, 172, 175, 185, 206, 211, 219,
285, 314, 365, 372, 381, 386, 388, 391, 401, 402, 412, 424,
447, 451, 468
Helsdon Hall, 424, 467
High Roding, 109, 116, 424, 468
Hollingbury Hill, 76, 115, 378, 386, 390, 464
Hotham Carr, 84, 92, 440, 468
Hounslow, 128, 175, 210, 451, 466
Hundred of Hoo, 95, 466
Kenidjack Cliff, 95, 119, 423, 451, 467
Kensington, 158, 174, 401, 424, 450, 467
Kingston Hill, 126, 423, 467
Lamballe, 116
Lanant, 206, 285, 340, 423, 451, 467
Larnaud, Fonderie de, 68, 131, 167, 176, 184, 192, 448, 456
Little Wenlock, 113, 234, 314, 336, 452, 465
Llandysilio, 93, 119, 206, 465
Llangwyllog, 81, 192, 219, 387, 389, 400, 466
Longy Common, 321, 467
Maentwrog, 248, 328, 465
Marden, 198, 208, 211, 308, 366, 381, 388, 450, 451, 467
Martlesham, 113, 119, 120, 129, 174, 206, 424, 467
Mawgan, 116, 184, 250, 465
Melbourn, 174, 389, 397, 466
Meldreth, 172, 201, 411, 424, 466
Moussaye, 115, 116, 445, 477
Nettleham, 86, 92, 131, 314, 330, 395, 465
Newark, 118, 316, 402, 466
Nottingham, 93, 118, 317, 322, 339, 465
Panfield, 468
Pant-y-maen. _See_ Glancych
Pierre du Villain, 214, 279, 397
Plénée-Jugon. _See_ Moussaye
Plymstock, 50, 165, 241, 259, 464
Point of Sleat, 289, 315, 372, 465
Porkington, 168, 174, 466
Quantock Hills, 77, 377, 447, 464
Reach Fen, 79, 112, 118, 122, 133, 167, 174, 187, 205, 210, 211,
213, 216, 229, 283, 305, 314, 315, 317, 319, 396, 400, 467
Reepham, 466
Rhosnesney, 55, 90, 226, 464
Romford, 86, 172, 424, 467
Roseberry Topping, 129, 172, 174, 178, 397, 424, 468
St. Hilary, 285, 423, 467
Shenstone, 285, 465
Sittingbourne, 113, 174, 424, 467
Stanhope, 118, 129, 174, 179, 315, 403, 466
Stibbard, 84, 328, 457, 464
Stoke Ferry, 270, 282, 305, 314, 465
Tarves, 290, 372, 465
Taunton, 116, 178, 198, 218, 367, 389, 466
Thorndon, 174, 177, 189, 205, 319, 466
Thrunton Farm, Whittingham, 280, 288, 314, 335, 464
Tours, 448
Trillick, 180, 389, 399, 466
Ty-Mawr, 129, 168, 315, 381, 389, 466
Vimose, 159, 195
Wallingford, 87, 128, 167, 206, 219, 321, 457, 466
Wallington, 89, 333, 382, 465
Wandle River, 282, 316, 368, 465
Wedmore, 376, 378, 466
West Buckland, 96, 377, 386, 464
” Halton, 113, 118, 120, 424, 467
Westow, 85, 118, 130, 168, 172, 174, 388, 450, 467
Westwick Row, 112, 424, 468
Weymouth, 279, 313, 419, 464
Whittlesea, 131, 175, 179, 466
Wick Park, 120, 304, 423, 450, 467
Wicken Fen, 76, 199, 205, 287, 464
Wickham Park, 95, 340, 423, 448, 468
Wilmington, 87, 447, 468
Winmarleigh, 118, 314, 335, 466
Woolmer Forest, 378, 383, 390, 464
Worth, 254, 313, 402, 464
Worthing, 87, 423, 467
Wrekin Tenement, 285, 338, 465
Wymington, 113, 466
Yattendon, 169, 403, 466

Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, quoted, 34, 44, 51, 134, 163, 190, 232, 241,
242, 352, 369, 405, and _passim_

Hodgson, Rev. John, quoted, 35

Holmes, Mr. J., collection, 201, 328

Homer, bronze or copper? mentioned by, 11;
mentions tin, 12;
other metals, 13

Homeric Age, 16, 18, 161, 242, 313, 340

Hones. _See_ Whetstones

Hood, Sir A. A., Bart., collection, 119

Hoops, 402

Horns, curved, found in Denmark, 363

Horn, the Caprington, 362

Horn, used, 225, 226, 227, 252, 487

Horse-trappings, 396

Hostmann, Dr., quoted, 21

Hugo, Rev. T., F.S.A., quoted, 36

Hugo collection, 65, 104, 105, 284

Hungary, native copper in, 419

Hungarian province of bronze antiquities, 482

Hutchins, Mr., quoted, 94

I

Imitation rivets, 235, 257, 260, 344

Inlaying of metals, 13, 296, 297;
wood and amber, 51, 228, 232, 368, 487

Instruments, broken, converted into another form, 180, 211, 361, 454;
tanged, of earlier date than socketed, 456

Intercourse between Britain and the Continent, 106, 143, 162, 379,
413, 483;
Ireland and Spain, 271

Interments, 41, 42, 237, 238, 239;
burnt, 51, 96, 189, 190, 224, 226, 233, 241, 242, 243, 366, 384,
394, 474, 485;
contracted, 44, 51, 134, 190, 223, 244, 380;
comparison of size of men of the Stone and Bronze Periods, 277;
in a hide, with fern leaves, 225;
in wooden cist, 241;
Late Celtic, 23, 391;
with beads, 135, 366, 394;
with bracelets, 135, 385, 387;
with awls, 189, 190, 191, 225, 241, 319, 392, 457;
with axes, 190, 226;
with celts, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51, 134, 145, 150, 352;
with stone hatchets, 204;
with stone hammers, 51, 232, 353, 405;
with knife daggers, 41, 161, 204, 225, 226, 256, 367, 480;
with marine shells, 189, 394;
tree-burials, 190, 226, 228, 241, 243, 301, 367, 474;
urn-burials, 42, 190, 191, 217, 226, 234, 384, 391;
at Hallstatt, 412;
various modes of, 473

Ionians armed with bronze, 8

Ireland, use of iron probably later than in Britain, 471;
never occupied by the Romans, 276

Iron, ancient, preservation of, 25;
approximate date of introduction into Britain, 472;
“Celestial,” 7;
celts, 116, 144, 157, 159, 163;
Celtiberian method of tempering, 275;
collars and belts, 355;
currency, 17;
date of discovery of, from the Arundelian marbles, 14;
effects of long burying, 275;
files, 184;
forms copied from bronze, 23, 95, 144, 299;
hatchet from Bolivia, 148;
meteoric origin of, 7;
mines in France, 19;
probably unknown till after the separation of Aryan nations, 10;
pyrites in urn, 243, with interment, 225;
for obtaining fire, 487;
religious avoidance of, in Egypt, 6;
self-fused mass of, 15;
succession of, to bronze, 4, 6, 16, 22, 23;
spear-heads, 342;
swords, 19, 274, 275, 276, 280, 287, 297, 299, 300, 343, 354;
used in Britain before Roman invasion, 19, 276, 354, 471, 472;
used by the Catti, 19;
used by the Gauls, 19;
used in ancient Greece, 14, 15;
used in Italy, 19

Italian, coins with type of sword, 283;
origin suggested for Northern bronze antiquities, 21

Ivory, bracelets, 485;
buttons, 394, 485;
dagger handles, 233;
exported from Gaul to Britain, 486;
hilts to iron swords, 229;
hooks, 485;
nippers, 233;
pieces of, with bronze rivets, 241;
pins, 51, 233, 241, 485;
rings, Egyptian, 391;
tweezers, 241;
war trumpets, African, 359

J

James, Sir Henry, F.R.S., quoted, 426

Japanese sabres, 275

Java, socketed celt from, 142

“Javelin with loop,” 256

Jeffrey, Mr., F.S.A.Scot., 351

Jerome, St., quoted, 27, 28

Jet, beads, 118, 158, 189, 336, 394;
Buttons, 225, 236;
discs, 190;
loops, 308;
necklaces, 189, 190, 487;
ornaments, 485;
pendant, 190;
used for decorations, 373

Jets and runners, 450

Jewitt, Mr. Llewellynn, F.S.A., quoted, 44, 453

Job, book of, quoted, 5;
translation of, by St. Jerome, 27

Jones, Hon. Col. C. C., quoted, 3

Jutland, flat celts in, 30

K

Keller, Dr. F., quoted, 150, 195

Kendrick, James, M.D., 46, 158

Kirwan, Rev. R., 134, 224

Klemm, Dr., cited, 153

Knife-daggers, antiquity of, 222, 457;
associated with stone implements (_see_ Stone and Bronze together);
attached to haft by perishable rivets, 226;
ornamented, 212, 237;
perforated, 225;
Scottish, 238;
short and broad, 240;
Spanish, 238;
with handle of yew, 207;
with haft of ox-horn, 225;
with interments, 41, 161, 204, 205, 226, 256, 367, 480

Knives, 204 to 216;
flint, 41;
flint with interment, 225, 240

Knives, socketed, curved, 204, 205, 209;
double-edged, 205 to 208, 167, 216, 480;
Irish, 207;
looped, 210, 215;
moulds for, 449;
with fluted blade, 205

Knives, tanged, 211 to 216;
curved, 209, 214, 215;
Danish and German, 215;
made from broken swords, 211;
moulds for, 433;
perforated, 213, 215;
single-edged, 214, 215, 480;
tang ending in head of animal, 213;
tangs flat, 211, 212;
with rings on blade, 215

Koudourmapouk, King of the Soumirs and Accads, 9

L

Laconia, steel of, 17

Lake-dwellers probably cut straw, 202

Lake-dwellings of Savoy, 95, 131, 191, 371;
of Switzerland, 13, 95, 114, 370;
insight into early civilisation given by, 486

Lake Superior, native copper found near, 3, 418

Lance-head, 368

Lane Fox, Gen. A. _See_ Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A.

Late Celtic Period.—Arrow-heads, 318;
bridle-bits, 144, 368, 405, 470;
bracelets, 135, 387, 388;
brooches, 400;
buckles, 144, 368, 470;
celts, 137, 144, 157, 163;
chariots, 389, 403;
ear-rings, 393;
ferrules, Irish, 340;
helmet, 356;
interments, 23, 25, 135, 471;
pins, 144, 369;
remains, 135, 144, 385;
sheaths, 302, 308;
shield, 353;
spear-heads, 144, 342;
swords, 229, 275, 299, 343;
torques, 381;
trumpets, 362;
vessel with iron handle, 409

Lauth, Prof., quoted, 7

Laveissière, Messrs., gun-metal, 416

Lawrence, Mr. W. L., F.S.A., 45

Layton, Mr. T., F.S.A., collection, 52, 126, 284, 302

Lead, absent in early bronze, 417;
at butt-end of palstave, 97;
socketed celts, made of, 445;
in small socketed celts, from Brittany, 417;
in articles from Dowris, 360;
spoken of by Job, 5

Lead bronze used in Egypt, 419

Leather sheath for flint dagger, 309;
for bronze knives, 309;
for Scandinavian dagger, 252;
thongs for securing hatchet, 148

Leland quoted, 30

Lepsius quoted, 7

Lichas the Lacedemonian, 18

Lichfield, Mr., collection, 94, 127

Lindenschmit, Dr. Ludwig, quoted, 21, 81, 202

Lisch, Dr. F., quoted, 151, 262

Livy quoted, 354

Local peculiarities of bronze antiquities, 24, 477

Londesborough, Lord, collection, 345

“Long Barrow” period, skeletons of, 277

Loops or slides, 403;
of jet, 404

Lort, Rev. Mr., F.S.A., quoted, 31, 33, 439

Lovelace, Earl of, 245, 316

Lubbock, Sir John, F.R.S., quoted, 20, 37, 149, 157, 274, 276, 427,
475

Lucretius quoted, 16

Lukis, Rev. W. C, F.S.A., 181, 385

“Lurer,” or curved horns found in Denmark, 363

Lusitanians, bronze spears among the, 17

Lycurgus, iron currency in time of, 17

Lydia, steel of, 17

M

Macadam, Dr. Stevenson, quoted, 56, 362, 410, 425

McCulloch, Mr. W. T., quoted, 349

Maces, 271, 272;
perforated stone, 51

Macrobius quoted, 275

Madsen quoted, 52, 54, 288, 404

Magnentius, bronze swords attributed to time of, 25

Malacca the principal Eastern source of tin, 424

“Malga,” Australian wooden weapon, 263

Manetho quoted by Plutarch, 8

Manillas, or African ring money, 387

Manlia Gens, denarii of, 374

Mariette, M., quoted, 6

Marine shells with interments, 189, 394

Martineau and Smith quoted, 415

Masons of Peru still use stone pebbles as mallets, 165

Massagetæ a bronze-using people, 17

Mayer collection. _See_ Museums, Liverpool

Medea, bronze sickle of, 18, 194

Medhurst, Mr., collection, 127

Medicinal use of iron in ancient Egypt, 6;
“virtue in brass,” 31

Mediterranean province of bronze antiquities, 478

Memnon, sword of, 18

Menelaus, battle-axe of, 14

Meriones, arrow of, 18

Merovingian gold ornaments, 117

Metals, 415 to 426;
admixture of other than copper and tin in bronze, 346, 360, 417,
420;
early use of, 1 to 20, 418, 420;
lumps of, 81, 87, 94, 113, 119, 120, 283, 423, 425, 442, 449, 459,
469

Meteoric origin of first-known iron, 7, 15

Mexican, bronze, 4;
name for copper transferred to iron, 10

Meyrick collection, 109, 205, 271, 351, 356;
Sir Samuel, quoted, 155

Milles, Rev. Dr., collection, 48

“Minds,” Irish, 42, 394

Mines, Egyptian gold, 8

Minerva, Temple of, at Phaselis, 18

“Missile hatchets,” 162

Mitchell, Dr. Arthur, F.S.A. Scot., 437

Molyneux, Sir T., quoted, 358

Money, suggestion that celts served as, 37

Montelius, Dr. O., quoted, 109, 262, 288, 298

Montezuma II., axe of, 148

Morlot, M., quoted, 26

“Morning Star,” or flail, 271

Mortillet, M. Gabriel de, 405, 456, 457

Mortimer, Messrs., collection, 43, 113, 190, 227, 230

Mortise and tenon, 171

Moseley, H. N., F.R.S., 263

Moulds, 427 to 450;
bronze, 84, 174, 438 to 448;
clay, 427, 428, 448, 449;
clay, for buttons, 401;
stone, 143, 158, 180, 250, 428 to 438;
notches on, 436;
wooden, for British coins of tin, 445

Movers, Prof., quoted, 5

Müller, Prof. Max, quoted, 10

Müller, Dr. Sophus, quoted, 21

Museums—
Abbeville, 335
Agram, 177
Alnwick Castle, 46, 116, 285, 287, 368, 386
Amiens, 119, 183, 201, 206, 208, 371, 398
Assen, 109
Belfast, 430
Berlin, 39, 173, 184, 234, 262, 263, 298, 299, 441, 448
Boulaq, 261
Boulogne, 238, 250
Bourges, 307
Bristol, 217
Brunswick, 288
Buda-Pest, 142, 327
Caen, 86
Cambridge Ant. Soc., 174, 199, 205, 259, 270, 271, 272, 279, 340,
346
Carcassonne, 328
Chambéry, 131, 184
Chateaudun, 122
Clermont-Ferrand, 119, 176, 341, 438
Copenhagen, of Northern Antiquities, 172, 259, 288, 353, 432, 441
Cracow, Academy of Sciences, 181
Darmstadt, 91, 441
Devizes, _see_ Stourhead
Dorchester, 432
Dover, 113
Dresden, Preusker collection, 437
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, _passim_;
Trinity College, 220, 431
Edinburgh, Ant., _passim_;
Advoc. Library, 289
Elgin, 333
Evreux, 77
Exeter, 51
Florence, 156
Geneva, 210
Göttingen, 77
Gratz, Johanneum, 288
Hanover, 184, 308, 441
Kiel, 262
Laibach, 246, 393, 428
Lausanne, 260
Leipsig, Deutsche Gesellschaft, 221
Le Puy, 293
Lewes, 87, 447
Leyden, 89, 133, 173, 176, 221
Linz, 153
Liverpool, Mayer collection, 52, 81, 82, 83, 88, 129, 168, 319, 351
London, British Museum, _passim_;
Soc. Ant., 49, 90, 125, 348, and _passim_
Lyons, 131, 301, 441
Madrid, 97
Malmoe, 262
Metz, 131
Modena, Museo Civico, 401, 437
Munich, 445
Namur, 109
Nantes, 121, 124, 230, 250, 252, 281, 339
Narbonne, 43, 121, 122, 172, 254, 341
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 78, 116, 125, 285, 351
Norwich, 78, 80, 134, 173, 175, 178, 199, 281, 318
Oxford, 287; Ashmolean, 81, 169, 189, 216, 225
Paris, d’Artillerie, 301;
Hôtel Cluny, 176;
Louvre, 185
Plymouth, Athenæum, 228
Poitiers, 119, 176, 214, 221, 398, 441, 447
Prague, 308
Rennes, 287
Rouen, 86, 280
St. Germain, 171, 248, 293, 328, 448
St. Omer, 131
Salisbury, Blackmore, 80, 81, 91, 110, 114, 120, 132, 175, 236, 237,
248, 426
Salzburg, 152, 355
Scarborough, 211, 401
Schwerin, 262
Sheffield, Bateman collection, 42, 44, 113, 122, 150, 168, 172, 190,
205, 225, 279, 280, 307, 321, 327, 390, 392, 393, 409, 430,
447
Sigmaringen, 173, 176
Soissons, 80
Stockholm, 122, 143, 353, 448
Stourhead, 219, 322, 368, and _passim_
Stuttgart, Cabinet of Coins, 142
Taunton, 119, 198, 249, 320, 325, 328, 330
Toulouse, 41, 97, 119, 122, 131
Tours, 86, 172, 207, 254, 401, 435
Trent, 107
Turin, Royal Armoury, 288
Vannes, 215, 449
Vienna, Ambras, 148;
Antiken Cabinet, 86, 131, 299, 355
Warrington, 123, 335
Wisbech, 131, 175, 179
Wurzburg, 308
Zurich, 166

“Museum Moscardi,” quoted, 31

N

Nail for fastening scabbard end, 305

Native copper, 3, 418, 419

Neb, projecting, on celts, 104, 160

Necklaces, amber, 244, 487;
bone, 487;
of dentalium shells, 394;
of glass beads, 135;
jet, 189, 190, 487

Necropolis, Alban, 341

Needle of bronze, 192;
wood, 226

Neolithic Period, gouges developed in, 165

Neville, Mr. F., quoted, 358

Nickel present in bronze of shield, 346

Nilsson, Prof., 419

Nitzsch quoted, 14

Noricum, iron swords of, 19

Norris, Mr., collection, 96

Northumberland, Duke of, collection, 46, 116

Norway, native copper in, 419

Noulet, Dr., 142

O

Objects of uncertain use, 306, 308, 396, 397, 405