Chapter VII: Part 7

_mani [c]a x[c]hao_, "and he talked not." The connective _[c]a_, like _navipe_, and _pe_, all three of which may usually be translated by "and," is not placed at the beginning of the clause. _[c]ha_ is to speak in the general sense; hence, _[c]habal_, a language. Synonyms of this are _tin cha_, I say; _tin tzihoh_, I speak words, I harangue; _tin biih_, I name, I express myself; and _quin ucheex_, I tell or say, especially used in repeating what others have said (Coto, _Vocabulario_). These words are of frequent use in the text.

_Rubanic chay abah ri [c,]apal_, etc.; this obscure passage was, I think, entirely misunderstood by Brasseur. The word _[c,]apal_ is derived from the neuter form _[c,]ape_ of the active _tin [c,]apih_, I shut up or enclose, and means "that which is shut up," _lo cerrado_, and _[c,]apibal_, the active form in the next line, means "that which shuts up," _i. e._, gates or doors. It will be remembered (see ante, p. 26) that the gates of Iximche were constructed partly of, or ornamented with, obsidian, and the same is supposed here of the gates of the mythical city or place of Tulan.

_ki-kan_; our burden, our tribute. The passage seems to indicate that they left their former country to escape subjection.

_[c]oh qui tzih_; the passage may be translated "theirs were the words which incited us," _i. e._, to revolt and to depart.

6. The articles mentioned as paid in the tribute, have been described in the Introduction (see p. 39).

7. "So spoke the Obsidian Stone," _i. e._, the sacred oracle, referred to as the final arbiter. See ante, p. 26.

"The wood and stone which deceive," that is, the idols of wood and stone which they worshiped.

8. This paragraph is obscure, and the numerous erasures in Brasseur's translation indicate the difficulty he found in discovering its meaning.

9. _[c]holloh tacaxepeval rikan [c]eche_; Brasseur translates this: "_Malheureux etaient[TN-27] les fils et les vassaux des Quiches._" I take the word _tacaxepeval_ to be the name of the first month in the Cakchiquel calendar (see ante, p. 29); and _[c]olloh_ means "to divest ourselves of, to get rid of."

13. This and the following section describes the efforts of certain inimical powers, under the guise of birds, to obstruct and deceive the Cakchiquels. The _chahalcivan_ is a small bird which builds in the rocky sides of the ravines, and is called by the Spaniards by a literal translation, "_El guarda barranca_," the gully-guard. The _tucur_ is the owl; this name being apparently an abbreviation of the Nahuatl _tecolotl_. The bird called _[c]anixt_ is the Spanish _cotorra_, a small species of parrot. (Guzman, _Compendio de Nombres_, MS.)

On the word _labalinic_, see Introduction, p. 47.

14. The owl sat on the red tree, the _caka chee_, whence, as we learn later, the tribe derived its name, Cakchiquel--a doubtful derivation.

_Chee abah_, wood and stone; understood to refer to the idols of these substances.

_Ca[t]ih_, for _Cak[t]ih_, the spring. Father Coto has the following under the words: "_Estio vel verano, Cak[t]ih; pa cak [t]ih_, en el estio vel verano. Y nota que los que nosotros decimos en saliendo el verano, o que quando para, estos lo entrinden al contrario; porque decin, _mixel cak [t]ih, mani chic ru [t]ih hab_, ya salio el verano, no ay mas aguero."

16. The _cak chee_, red tree, is translated by Father Guzman, "arbol de carreta." The legendary derivation of the name Cakchiquel from this is doubtful. _[c]hamey_ may mean something more than staff; it is applied to the staff of office, the _baton de commandement_ carried by the alguacils, etc.

The whole paragraph is obscure, but seems to describe their leaving the sandy shore of the sea, passing out of sight of land, then coming in sight of it again, and going ashore.

17. The word _ikan_, burden, here as elsewhere, is usually translated by Brasseur, "tribute."

18. _Ah chay_, literally, "master of obsidian." As this stone was largely used for arrow heads and other weapons, the expression in this connection seems to mean "master of arms." _Ah [c]am_, from _[c]am_, to take, seize. Brasseur construes these words as in apposition to _vach_: "Whom shall we make our master of arms," etc.

_Etamayom_, from the root _et_, mark, sign; _etamah_, to know, to be skilled in an art; _etamayom_, he who knows (see _Grammar_, pp. 27, 56). Brasseur's rendering, "_le Voyant_," is less accurate. See his translation of this passage in the _Hist. du Mexique_, Tome II, p. 92.

_[c]okikan_; Brasseur gives to this the extraordinary rendering, "parfumes d'ambre." But Coto states that it was the term applied to the loads of roasted maize, which were the principal sustenance of the natives on their journeys.

19. The narration continues in the words of the ancestral heroes, who speak in the first person, plural.

_Nonovalcat_, _Xulpit_; the first of these names is decidedly Nahuatl, and recurs in the _Maya Chronicles_. See Introduction, p. 44. The second is clearly of Maya origin. These localities are located by Brasseur on the Laguna de Terminos, near the mouth of the Usumacinta.

20. Having defeated their enemies in the field, the Cakchiquels seized their boats and ventured an attack on the town, in which they were repulsed.

_Zuyva_; this famous name in Aztec mythology, was also familiar to the Maya tribes. (See _The Maya Chronicles_, p. 110.) The term _ah zuyva_ seems here employed as a general term for the Nahuatl-speaking nations. (See above, p. 44.)

_Ca[c]_; I do not find this word in any dictionary; perhaps it is for _ca[c,]_, a variety of wasp.

"When we asked each other," etc. Here follow some fragments of legends, explaining the origin of the names of the tribes. They are quite imaginary.

_Tohohil_, from _tohoh_, to resound in the water and the sky (sonar el rio y el ayre, _Dicc. Cak. Anon._); not _clangor armorum_, as Brasseur translates it, but sounds of nature. _Tohil_ was the name of the principal Quiche divinity, and was supposed by Brasseur and Ximenez to be an abbreviated form of Tohohil. But I have given reasons for supposing it to mean "justice," "equity," and this legend was devised to explain it, when its true etymology had become lost. (See my _Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths_, p. 23.)

_Cakix_; the bird so called, the _Ara macao_, of ornithologists, was one of the totemic signs of the Zotzil families of the Cakchiquels. The author here intimates that the name Cakchiquel is from _cakix_ and _chi_, month, forgetting that he has already derived it from _cak chee_ (Sec. 16).

_Chita[t]ah_; "in the valley."

_[t]u[t]cumatz_; see notes on Sec. 38.

_Ahcic ama[t]_; "the town on high," built on some lofty eminence.

_Akahal_; the derivation suggested is from _akah_, a honey-comb or wasp's nest.

_Caker_. This is an important word in Xahila's narrative. It is derived from _cak_, white; hence, _caker_, to become white; also, to dawn, to become light; metaphorically, of persons to become enlightened or civilized. The active form, _cakericah_, means to inform, to acquaint with, to instruct.

21. _Nima [c]oxom, nima chah_, Brasseur translates, "great ravines, enormous oaks;" _ch[)a]h_ is oak, _ch[=a]h_, ashes; _[c]ox_, to strike fire, to clash stones together. _[c]hopiytzel_, "the bad place where the flesh is torn from the body," referring probably to sharp stones and thorns. _Popo abah_, the Council Stone.

_Molomu chee_, "wood gathered together or piled up." It is noteworthy that this, which seems to be the name of a place, means in Cakchiquel the same as _Quauhtemallan_, Guatemala, in Nahuatl. Perhaps the Aztec allies of Alvarado merely translated the Cakchiquel name of the country. (See Introduction, p. 22, note.)

_Xahun chi lol_; a difficult phrase, translated by Brasseur, "le dernier rejeton;" _lol_ is applied to a condition of desertion and silence, as that of an abandoned mill or village. On _halebal_, see Introduction, p. 46.

On Zaki[c]oxol, and the conflict with him, see the Introduction, p. 42.

22. _Ru chahim_; Brasseur translates this phrase, "between the fire and the ashes," taking _chahim_ from _ch[=a]h_, ashes. But I take it to be from the verb _chahih_, to guard, as later in the paragraph the question is asked: "_Nak rumal tachahih bey?_" "Why guardest thou the road?"

_xcha [c]a ok xul_; "apres qu'il eut parle, il joua sur la flute." Brasseur. The Abbe here mistook the preterit of _ul_ to arrive, for the noun _xul_, a flute.

_ru [c]ux huyu_. The ambiguity of the word _huyu_, here, as often, offers difficulty in ascertaining the precise sense of the original. It means mountain or hill, woods or forest, or simply place or locality. While _[c]ux_, means literally "heart," it also has the sense, "soul, spirit." (Coto, _Vocabulario_, MS. s. v. _Corazon_.) Hence, the phrase may be translated "the Spirit of the Forest," or "of the Mountain." Brasseur prefers the latter, while I lean to the former.

_roquecam_, from the root _oc_, to enter; applied to garments "that which is entered," or put on. Compare our slang expression, "to get into one's clothes."

_xahpota_, see Introduction, p. 18.

23. _Yukuba_, to string out; hence, to name _seriatim_. The last four names given are clearly Nahuatl, as is also Zuchitan. This indicates that the Cakchiquels, in their wanderings, had now entered the territory of the Pipils, of the Pacific slope.

_Cholama[t]_; "the tribe of the Chols," or "of the corn fields." The Chols were a Maya tribe, who lived around Palenque (see Stoll, _Ethnographie der Rep. Guatemala_, pp. 89-93), but the reference in the text is not to them, nor yet to the Mams, as Brasseur thought, but to a nation speaking a non-Maya tongue.

_Vaya vaya ela opa_. I have given several reasons for the opinion that these words are in the Xinca language. See my essay _On the Xinca Indians of Guatemala_, in the _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_, 1885.

24. _Mem_, dumb, silent, incapable of speech. _Tin memuh vi_, I am dumb, I keep silence; given in the text as the origin of the _nomen gentile_, Mam. The Mams speak a dialect of the Maya, probably scarcely intelligible to the Cakchiquels. They at present dwell in the northwestern districts of the Republic of Guatemala. See Stoll, _Ethnographie der Rep. Guatemala_, pp. 164-5.

25. _Nacxit_. On this passage Brasseur builds his theory of the formation of a great Toltec empire in Central America, about the close of the eleventh century (_Hist. des Nations Civilisees[TN-28] du Mexique_, Tom. II, pp. 101-5). He explains _Nacxit_ as the last two syllables of _Topiltzin Acxitl_, a title of Quetzalcoatl. _Cinpual Taxuch_ is undoubtedly from the same tongue. _Orbal tzam_, Bored Nose, the pendent from the nose being apparently a sign of dignity, as the pierced ears of the Incas.

_vapal abah_, "the lintel stone," here used in the metaphorical sense of "the corner stone."

26. The description of the dance of the Pokomams, leads us to suppose that the author means it was a war dance. The Pokomams dwell at present in the southeastern part of the Republic of Guatemala.

_chicop Cakbim_; the savage or barbarian Zakbim. See Introduction, p. 39.

27. _Tzaktzuy_. Brasseur translates "Chateau des Citrouilles," mistaking _tzak_ for _[c,]ak_, as he does throughout the passage; _tzuy_ means also cup or gourd, and the name may be rendered either "the ensnaring cup," or "vine." Possibly it refers to a scene of drunkenness.

_ri retal_; the sign or mark. Brasseur translates it "limit" or "landmark" of the Ahquehays. These were one of the noble families of the Quiche stock.

28. _Oronic Cakhay_, "the Red House of the Nobles," said by Brasseur to be a hill, one league west of the modern village of Rabinal.

_Tecpan_, "the royal house." See Introduction, p. 13.

_[c,]umah chi qui [c]ux_; Brasseur translates these words, "cuirasses sur la poitrine," and says this was the name of the Pokomams (_Hist. Mex._, II, p. 126). _[c,]uum_ is leather or skin, and _[c]ux_ is heart; but _[c,]umah_, and later, _x[c,]umax_, is a verb, signifying to lower, to depress.

"The venison and honey." This sentence is apparently a gibe or jeer, addressed by the defenders of Cakhay to Gagavitz after his attack on their city had been repulsed.

29. _Ah queh hay_, "those of the deer (skin) houses."

_xakoti[c]en a titil a [t]ana abah._ Brasseur translates, "il ne nous est reste que les vieilles femmes et les pierres deja hautes." This illustrates how far he is from the correct meaning at times. For these words, see notes to Sec. 41.

30. _Xhachatah qui vach._ Brasseur gives this literally, "leurs faces ensuite se diviserent;" but _vach_ means also "fruit, results, possessions," and so I render it.

31. _[t]a[t] xanul_, "the uncoverer of fire." This is supposed by Brasseur to be the name of a volcano, and the whole episode to refer to a pretended miracle. See his _Hist. Mexique_, Vol. II, pp. 166-7. He calls the passage "fort difficile," which it certainly is.

32. _Cakcho[t]._ "Brule a blanc," is Brasseur's translation, but I cannot verify it. No such stone is mentioned in Guzman's list of Cakchiquel names of stones. It would seem that there were fourteen chief performers in the dance of [t]a[t] xanul,[TN-29] and that they took the name of certain stones.

34. _Chi [t]alibal_, "at the seat;" but the author chooses to derive it from _[t]a_, hand, which is a doubtful etymology.

35. The episode of Tolgom, his capture and death, is explained by Brasseur, _suo more_, as the destruction of the ruler of an independent tribe on the shores of Lake Atitlan.

_[c]habak Nicnic_, the quivering mud, perhaps the quicksand. This strange name adds to the obscurity of the legend.

_[c]akbatzulu._ The punning explanation of this name refers to its similarity to _[c]ak_, to place in front of another; also to shoot with arrows, or to stone. Its real derivation seems to be _[c]akba_, from _[c]akaba_, to reveal, disclose, and _tzulu_, to embrace, sleep together. (Compare _chee tzulu_, later on.)

37. His song, _i. e._, his death song.

_Chee tzulu_, "the interlaced trees."

_Uchum_, the fifth month of the Cakchiquel calendar. See Introduction, p. 29.

38. _Ri tzam tzakbal Tol[c]om_, "throwing the extremities of Tolgom." The reference to this festival is too slight to enable us to understand it.

_Chi tulul_, "at the zapote trees."

_Qabouil Abah_, "the Stone God," possibly the Chay Abah before referred to.

_Cu[c,]u cumatz_; the latter is the generic term for snake, but the meaning of the prefix is uncertain. Perhaps it should read _cuxcu_, to move in spiral lines, as is described in the text. This miraculous form was one of Gagavitz's metamorphoses.

_Nak ruma tiqui [c]am_, etc. These words of the hero Gagavitz are not easy to translate. They seem to chide the Cakchiquels for their weakness in seeking women, and to announce his intention to remain among the Tzutuhils.

_ru [c]hac pe ri ne[c][=a]h coon_; perhaps this should be translated, "the organs of the women have conquered."

39. _Cakeribal_, civilization, their becoming civilized. On the meaning of this word see note to Sec. 20.

_abah [c]uval_; the precious stone offered by Ba[c]ahol as the price of royalty, indicates that such carved gems were in high esteem. _[c]uval_ is translated by Guzman and others, "diamond;" but it was probably native jade.

_Chuluc balam_, literally "tiger piss," the name of a common medicinal plant, used in Guatemala as a diuretic (Guzman). In this connection it either means the totem of a gens, or refers to a magic rite. The former seems to be indicated by the term _chicop_ (see Introd. p. 39).

_xahun chi raxon ru halebal_, a punning allusion to the name of the hill Paraxone. Brasseur translates it "qui possedent l'un et l'autre ces oiseaux bleus enchanteurs."

40. _The sun had risen_, etc. All these expressions are to be understood metaphorically, with reference to the growing civilization of the tribes.

41. The description of the installation of Ba[c]ahol as head chief, is an interesting passage. Unfortunately, several of the terms used are not found in the dictionaries, at least with any appropriate meaning. Thus, _paz_ is now applied to the swathing bands of infants; _cucul_ is the cradle or bundle in which infants are fastened; while _ta[c]h_ I have not found at all. Guzman gives the expression, _titil [t]ana abah, caka uleuh xak_, with the explanation, "Colores con que ungian los senores," and _Ah titil_, etc., "Senores ungidos de estos colores quando eran puestos en senorios." (_Compendio de Nombres en Lengua Cakchiquel_, MS., 170-4.)

_[t]u[t]u cot_; _cot_, eagle; _[t]u[t]_, the general term for various species of quetzals, birds with brilliant green plumage. The reference seems to be to one of the magical metamorphoses of [t]a[t]avitz.[TN-30]

42. The difficulties experienced in their first endeavors to adopt a sedentary and agricultural life are described.

_chicop [c]uch_, the "zopilote," or carrion vulture. Possibly this refers to a gens so designated.

43. In this paragraph the writer expresses himself with great directness.

_[c]a chimin_, etc. As my translation differs considerably from Brasseur's, I add his: "En se mariant ils firent l'euvre de la chair vraiment trop grande. Etant entres pour se baigner, ils y rompirent leur nature et gaspillerent leur semence. Beaucoup y entrerent dit-on, pour completer l'euvre charnelle, on la commit une seconde fois, le jeu s'y etablit absolument, et l'on forniqua par devant et par derriere."

44. This section offers an important description of the ancient methods of worship.

_[c]axto[c]._ See the Introduction, p. 40.

_mez_, the house cat, but as this animal was not known to the natives before the Conquest, some other animal must be intended.

_holom ocox_, "head fungus." I follow Brasseur in translating this the maguey thorns, without being able to justify it.

_Chay Abah._ See Introduction, p. 43.

46. Whitewashing the interior of hollow trees with lime from the excrements of birds and tigers, sounds so extraordinary that we may suspect a mythical sense in the paragraph.

_chi [c]ohom_, from _[c]oh_, to dance the sacred dances in their religious rites, "the place of the sacred ceremonies."

Cay Noh, Two Noh, Cay Batz, Two Batz, named after the days of their birth. See Introduction, p. 33.

47. _The same who came from Tulan._ Therefore, from the beginning of the narrative to the present passage, merely the adult life of one man has elapsed.

48. On the positions of the _[t]alel_ and _ahuchan_, see Introduction, p. 37.

_ret ri Cactecauh_, "the sign of Zactecauh." The precise meaning of this expression escapes me.

_[c]hopiytzel._ See Sec. 30 for the occurrence alluded to.

49. _Tepeuh_ is identified by Brasseur with the king _Itztayul_, of the Quiches (_Hist. Mexique_, II, p. 485). He considers it a Nahuatl word, but I have elsewhere maintained that it is from the Maya-Cakchiquel root _tep_, filled up, abundantly supplied. See _The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths_, pp. 11, 12. It is a term often applied to their Supreme Being.

52. _Cakbrakan_, the god of the earthquake. The myths concerning him are given in the _Popol Vuh_.

_Quite to the far East_, literally, "and even to the sunrise."

_ba[c,]bal_, anything drawn out in threads, gold thread, cotton thread, etc. If the word is to be construed adjectively, _puak ba[c,]pal_ would mean "worked metal."

56. _Ahpop Xahil_, etc.; on the meaning of these titles, see the Introduction, p. 36-7.

63. _Ya [c]otox ul_; _[c]ot_, to chisel, engrave, originally to cut into; hence, applied to the deep valleys or canons which the rivers cut into the soil.

_Ochal_ or _Qabouil Civan_; the latter name means "the god of the ravine." The location of this city is unknown, except that it was near the Pacific. The general position of the Akahals was to the east of the Cakchiquels. See Brasseur, _Hist. Mexique_, Tom. II, pp. 502, 530.

64. _Me[t]enalah huyu_, a town in the warm district, the _tierra caliente_, near the southern or Pacific coast.

_chuvi vi te_, etc. The translation is doubtful. I follow Brasseur.

66. The names of the four rulers here inserted seem to be of those who held the power after Citan Qatu. Why the author does not relate any incidents of their lives is uncertain. Perhaps they did not belong to his family, and as he was writing rather a family than a national history, he omitted them for this reason. Compare Sec. 75.

67. The Quiche king, Qikab, is frequently mentioned in the _Popol Vuh_. His full name was _[t]a[t]-[c]i-[t]ab_, The Many Hands of Fire.

79. _They wished that the roads should be free_; _rambey akan_, "la franchise des chemins." I do not find the expression in the dictionaries.

83. _Mixutzin malo_, "the augury is finished." The _malol ixim_ was the augur who divined the future by throwing up grains of corn, and forecasting from the relative positions they assumed on falling. See Introd., p. 47.

_cunum cachak_, a term of contempt; literally "their genitals, their dung."

The _Ratzamut_. See Introd., p. 21.

84. _Burning many roads_; destroying the houses and crops behind them.

90. _hu chuvy, ca chuvy_; in the numeral system of the Cakchiquels a _chuvy_ is 8000, but the expression is frequently, as here, to be taken figuratively, like our "myriads."

93. _ah-xit_, etc. On these titles see the Introduction, pp. 18, 19.

94. _Vica[t] nu mam_, "the leaves or branches of my ancestor," referring to the fact that the Cakchiquels were of the same blood as the Akahals.

96. _Cakli[c]ahol_, etc. This rendering, which is Brasseur's, I am unable to verify.

_tok relic chic ahauh lahuh noh_; perhaps this should read, "then came the chief Lahuh Noh." So Brasseur translates it.

102. _There were four women_, etc. This curious passage is so differently translated by Brasseur, that I add his rendering:--

"Quatre femmes alors s'etant revetues de cottes de mailles, ensanglanterent leurs arcs et prirent part a la bataille; elles s'etaient accompagnes de quatres jeunes gens et leurs fleches allerent frapper au milieu du tapis de Chucuybatzin, lances qu' elles etaient par ces heros.... Le capitaine de bataille exposa ensuite les nudites de ces femmes devant les murailles des Zotziles et des Xahiles d'ou ces femmes etaient sorties."

The future student will decide between these very diverse explanations of the text.

106. _Stopped the messengers of the ruler._ The translation is doubtful.

109. The people of Mixco or Mixcu were Pokomams. (See Sec. 85.)

110. _The Yaquis of Xivico_; the _Yaquis_ were Aztecs. It is the Nahuatl _yaqui_, merchants, as it was in this capacity that they first became known to the tribes of Guatemala.

117. This year, 1511 of our era, appears to have been the first of official relations between the Aztecs and the tribes of Guatemala.

118. The author speaks of himself for the first time. It may be presumed that it was one of his earliest recollections.

120. _The doves_; possibly flights of wild pigeons.

124. _Hu may_; on the reckoning of time see the Introduction, p. 31.

127. _[c]hac_, the pestilence. Brasseur translates this "la maladie syphilitique." The vowel is long, _[c]haac_. It is a word applied to any eruptive disease, to the whole class of exanthemata. From the symptoms, I am inclined to believe that it was an epidemic of malignant measles, a disease very fatal to the natives of Central America.

128. _Diego Juan._ Why this Spanish name is given, I cannot explain. Brasseur gets over the difficulty by translating "le pere de Diego Juan," but this is not the sense of the original. Of course, _tata_ and _mama_ are here used in their vague sense, as expressions of courtesy. See Introduction, p. 35.

144. Pedro de Alvarado, called the _Adelantado_, a Spanish title formerly given to a governor of a province, and by his Mexican allies, _Tonatiuh_, the Sun or Sun-God, reached the city of Gumarcaah, or Utlatlan in the early spring of 1524.

147. _Were burned alive._ "As I knew their evil intentions, and to keep the people quiet, I burned them, and ordered their city razed to its foundation," writes Alvarado to Cortes. _Relacion, etc._

_400 men._ Alvarado writes _cuatro mil hombres_, "four thousand men."

148. _The palace of Tzupam._ Perhaps the palace described by Fuentes. See Introduction, p. 24. Alvarado speaks of the friendly reception he met with: "I could not have been more warmly welcomed to the house of my father." _Otra Relacion_, etc. His first visit was for eight days, April 11-19, 1524.

_Pa hul_, etc. This obscure passage is translated by Brasseur in his MS. as follows: "Vous avez vu la-bas leur tombeau qui est au milieu des autres;" whereas, in his _Hist. du Mexique_, Tom. IV, p. 651, he translates the whole of this reply of the Cakchiquel king by these words: "Eh quoi! aurais-je envoye mes guerriers et mes braves mourir pour vous et chercher un tombeau a Gumarcaah, si j'avais eu des intentions si perfides!"

This comparison will illustrate how differently he construed the passage, and also what excessive license he took with his authorities.

171. The order assigning the Oidor Alonso de Maldonado to take charge of Guatemala, is dated Oct. 27, 1535, and he arrived there in the following May.

On his return from Spain, Alvarado landed at Puerto de Caballos, April 4, 1539, and reached the city of Guatemala Sept. 16th of the same year.

"On account of his lineage," _Ruma ru chinamital_; the expression is not clear.

173.[TN-31] "Prince of the city," _Ahauh pa tinamit_; see Sec. 168. Cahi Imox and others had returned to settle in Iximche, and their actions had become suspicious.

173. Francisco de Alvarado was either the uncle or cousin of Don Pedro.

The Adelantado died July 5, 1541, from an injury received while attacking the stronghold of Nochistlan.

174. This disaster occurred on the night of Sept. 10-11th, 1541.

The mission referred to is mentioned by Torquemada, _Monarquia Indiana_, Lib. XIX, Cap. XIV. Pedro de Angulo and his companion reached Guatemala in 1539.

175. "On account of ashes," _Ruma chah_; Brasseur translates this expression, "a cause de billevesees."

176. Juan Rogel was one of the "oidores."

177. Alonso Lopez Cerrato entered upon his duties in Guatemala May 26, 1548.

179. Pedro Ramirez de Quinones. The actor in this attempt was one of the oidores. Bancroft, who refers to the quarrel between the Governor and Bishop Marroquin, does not satisfactorily explain it. See his _Hist. of Central America_, Vol. II, pp. 326-7. On Ramirez, see Juarros, _Hist. Guatemala_, Tom. I, pp. 235-6.

181. Antonio Rodriguez de Quezada took possession of the Presidency of Guatemala Jan. 14, 1554, and retained it till his death in November, 1558; he was succeeded by Pedro Ramirez. (Comp. Juarros, I, p. 255, with Bancroft, _Hist. Cent. Am._, II, p. 358, who says 1555.)

181.[TN-32] "There was but little between them," _Xa [c]a halal qui cohol ahauh_; this expression is not clear. There appears to be considerable vagueness in the writer's chronology in this passage.

"He did not condemn any one, because he had no time," _Mani xuban ru [t]atbaltzih, mani xyaloh_; an ignorant statement, since he held the Presidency about four years.

The reading of the last sentence is doubtful.

182. Vico was killed in the summer of 1555.

184. The expedition against the Lacandons took place early in 1559.

VOCABULARY.

=A=, _n._ A year; the thigh; _pron._ thy.

=Abah=, _n._ A stone; a jar; the private parts.

=Aca=, _part._ Related, affined. See p. 32.

=Ach.= A prefix indicating companionship.

=Achak=, _n._ Excrement, offal, refuse, waste.

=Achcayupil=, _n._ Quilted cotton defensive armor; or perhaps a two-pointed lance; from _ach_, united; _cay_, two; _uopih_, to wound with a lance. See p. 18.

=Achii=, _n._ Man (vir).

=Achpe=, _v._ To accompany one.

=Achpetic=, _n._ That which accompanies one.

=Achya=, _v._ To receive (Brasseur); to give with.

=Achyaic=, _n._ That which is given along with something else; _yaic_, passive verbal from _ya_, to give.

=Aco[c,]ih=, _v._ (For the more usual _[t]ocih_). To strike or beat, especially a drum.

=Ah=, _n._ Name of a day. A prefix. _Gram._ p. 55.

=Ahauh=, _n._ Ruler, chief, lord. See p. 36.

=Ahauarem=, _n._ Majesty, power.

=Ahcic=, _adv._ Up, above, on top.

=Ahilah=, _v._ To count or reckon with grains of corn or cacao, after the Indian fashion.

=Ahilan=, _v._ To count, to number.

=Ahlabal=, _n._ Warrior, fighting man. See _Labal_.

=Aho=, _v._ To wish, to like.

=Ahpop=, _n._ The head chief. "_El cacique mayor._[TN-33] See p. 36.

=Ahpop[c]amahay=, _n._ An official messenger, especially an official sent to collect tribute. See p. 36.

=Ah-tzih=, _n._ Speaker, orator. See p. 37.

=Ah-[c,]ib=,[TN-34] _n._ A scribe.

=Akah=, _n._ A hornet.

=Akan=, _n._ Leg, foot.

=Al=, _n._ Son, child.

=Alabil=, _n._ Slave, servant.

=Alah=, _v._ To bear, to carry; hence, to bring forth, to give birth to, as a woman a child.

=Alan=, _v._ To ridicule, depreciate.

=Ama[t]=, _n._ Village, tribe, region or district. See p. 33.

=An=, _part._ An emphatic particle, truly, really.

=Aneh=, _v._ To flee, escape.

=Anom=, _n._ A fugitive.

=At=, _pron._ Thou.

=Atinicah=, _v._ To bathe.

=Avan=, _n._ Crops, plantings.

=A[t]a=, _n._ Night, darkness.

=A[c,]axah=, _v._ To hear, to listen to.

=Bak=, _v._ To bore. _n._ A bone.

=Bala=, _adv._ Where.

=Balam=, _n._ A tiger.

=Balbaxin=, _adj._ Twisted, interlaced, dense.

=Ban=, _v._ 1. To make, to do, or cause to do. 2. To ask. 3. To dress, or arrange one's apparel.

=Bay=, _n._ A mole, a ground animal.

=Ba[c,]=, _n._ What is spun, as cotton, or drawn into fine threads as gold. _n._ A monkey.

=Be=, _v._ To go.

=Belehe=, _adv._ Nine.

=Bey=, _n._ Path, road, route.

=Bi=, _n._ A name; _ru bi_, his or its name.

=Bijh=, _v._ To speak, to talk.

=Bijn=, _v._ To walk, to go on foot.

=Birbot=, _v._ To make a loud, rumbling noise. _Ti birbot, ti nicnot_, it roars and it rumbles, of the volcano (Varea).

=Bitol=, _n._ The creator. See p. 40.

=Bix=, _n._ 1. Songs, chants, poems. 2. Sparks from a fire (p. 17).

=Bok=, _v._ To tear up; to pull down; to sell for another; to translate: to defeat.

=Bol=, _v._ To make deep trenches in the soil ("as the Indians of the Sierra." Varea).

=Boleh=, _v._ To go in a row, in a series, or in a procession. Applied to mountains, when one rises upon another (Varea).

=Boz=, _vn._ To issue forth; hence, of flowers, to open, to blow; of a butterfly, to come forth from the cocoon; of chicks, to come from the egg; of grains of maize, to burst; of men, to proceed from, to be born; _xeboco_, the absolute form.

=Cabih=, _n._ Day after to-morrow.

=Cacouh=, _n._ Cacao.

=Cah=, _n._ The sky, heaven, the atmospheric region.

=Cah=, _or_ =Cahi=, _adv._ Four.

=Cahlahuh=, _adv._ Fourteen.

=Cahmah=, _v._ To meet a repulse, defeat.

=Cak=, _adj._ Red.

=Cakix=, _n._ A bird. See p. 199.

=Cal=, _n._ That which is united or joined.

=Camel=, _n._ A mortal. _Adj._ Humble.

=Camicah=, _v._ To kill, to slay, to destroy.

=Can=, _adv._ Remaining, aforesaid, already. See _Gram._, p. 65.

=Cana=, _n._ A captive taken in war.

=Canah=, _v._ To remain, to leave; _ti canay_, neuter, it appears, it is found.

=Cani=, _adv._ Soon, shortly.

=Canoh=, _v._ To seek, to search for.

=Car=, _n._ Fish, generic name.

=Cauh=, _n._ Ornaments, adornments.

=Cavach=, _n._ Likeness, resemblance.

=Cavuh=, =Cauh=, _v._ To place anew, to notify, to prepare; to change, to put on again.

=Cay=, _adv._ Two.

=Ca[c]=, _n._ Cock (Br).

=Cib=, _n._ Smoke, vapor.

=Civan=, _n._ A ravine, barranca.

=Ci[c]=, _v._ To lift up the voice, _n._ Shoutings.

=Co.= A concessive particle. Good! Bravo! Courage! On!

=Col=, _v._ To free, to liberate; to redeem, to save; _xoh ru col J. C. chuvach cruz._ Christ redeemed us on the cross.

=Coon=, _n._ For _cun_, pudenda of a woman (Xim); hence, woman.

=Cot=, _n._ The eagle.

=Cou=, _n._ Something rough and violent.

=Couiricah=, _v._ To strengthen, to invigorate.

=Covil=, _adj._ Bold, courageous.

=Coz=, _v._ To rest.

=Cucu=, _n._ Large vase for water.

=Cucul=, _n._ Cradle.

=Cuke=, _v._ To seat onesself.

=Cuker=, _v._ To be seated; to be content.

=Cumatz=, _n._ A serpent (gen). An eel.

=Cunum Cachak.= See p. 206.

=Cuyu[c]h=, _n._ A species of parrot.

=Ca=, _v._ To expose or show to the sun; to dry. _Met._; _cao ru vach_, to show one's face, to recover power.

=Cach=, _v._ To lose, to become lost.

=Cak=, _adj._ White; bright; light. _n._ A white or clear thing. A clearing in the forest, cleared land (Varea).

=Cahcab=, _n._ p. 12, for

=Cakcab=, _n._ Literally, white honey; white varnish (Brasseur). Probably "war paint."

=Caker=, _v._ To make white, light or clear. To clear a space in the forest (Varea). See p. 199.

=Cakcorovach=, _n._ The dove or quail.

=Cakquiy=, _n._ The maguey, used in making rope, etc.

=Ca[t]ih= for =Cak[t]ih=, _n._ Literally, white days, applied to the spring of the year. See p. 198.

=Camahel=, _n._ Messengers.

=Canay=, _n._ Sand.

=Ca[t]ul=, _n._ A plantain; in gen. any kind of vegetable.

=Ca[c]=, _n._ Locusts.

=Ce=, _v._ To row.

=Cel=, _n._ A large painted vase for bathing (jicara pintado, Anon).[TN-35]

=Cetecic=, _adj._ Circular, rounded. See p. 18.

=Cipah=, _v._ To present, to offer.

=Col=, _v._ for Tzolih, q. v.

=Col=, _v._ To upheave, to make a revolution.

=Colo=, _v._ To turn about; to return; to go back.

=Co[c]=, _n._ A bat.

=Cubak=, _n._ A kind of flute.

=Cutulakin=, _v._ To render homage.

=Cuq=, _n._ A cloud, the clouds.

=Cha=, _v._ To say, to tell, to speak.

=Chacan=, _v._ To cover, enclose; to be within or on.

=Chactit= ?, from Cha[t], something tied or sewed.

=Ch[)a]h=, _n._ The pine tree, the ocote pine.

=Chah=, _n._ Ashes, cinders.

=Chapalcivan=, _n._ See p. 197.

=Chahih=, _v._ To guard, to watch; to protect; to keep. _Chahal civan_, the guard of the ravine. See _Gram._, p. 42.

=Chahir=, _v._ To burn, to reduce to cinders. From _chah_.

=Chaomal=, _n._ Beauty, fruitfulness.

=Chaomar=, _v._ To yield abundantly.

=Chap=, _v._ To seize, to take, to take possession of.

=Chay=, _n._ A stone. See p. 18.

=Cha[t]abeh=, _v._ To receive with pleasure, to take gladly.

=Chee=, _n._ Wood, stick, tree.

=Chi=, _n._ Mouth; aperture, opening; gate; mouth of a river; coast of the sea; edge or border.

=Chi.= 1. With, by, to, for, against. 2. In order to, that, and 3. While, during, being.

=Chic.= 1. A verbal particle, denoting past time. 2. Already, more. Before _vi_, the _c_ is dropped, as _hun chi vi_, once more.

=Chicah.= Above, upon, upwards.

=Chicohol.= Between yourselves.

=Chicop.= A brute, an animal as distinguished from man; _met._; a brutish man. See p. 39.

=Chiih (chi ih).= Upon, on.

=Chila.= There, that way.

=Chin.= For, by, by means of, thus.

=Chinak=, _interrog._ Who, which, what?

=Chinamit=, _n._ Town, village. See p. 32.

=Chique.= To, for those.

=Chiquichin.= To, for those.

=Chiquih.= Against those.

=Chire.= To, for him, that one.

=Chirih.= Behind, against that one; from, out of.

=Chivach.= Before yourselves.

=Chive.= To, for, against yourselves.

=Cho.= To, for, in, until, towards.

=Chocola=, _adj._ In common, communal.

=Cholol=, _v._ To place in order, to arrange.

=Chom=, _n._ A lobster.

=Choy=, _n._ A lake.

=Chucohol=, _prep._ Among, between.

=Chuluc=, _n._ Urine.

=Chun=, _n._ Lime.

=Chunah=, _v._ To whitewash.

=Chupam=, _prep._ Within, in.

=Chuvi=, _prep._ Upon, over, on; _chuvi huyu_, on or upon the mountain.

=Echa=, _n._ Edible fruits and vegetables. A generic word.

=Elah=, _v._ To humble, to submit to.

=Elebal=, _n._ The place whence something comes forth; as _relebal cib_, the exit of the smoke, _i. e._, the chimney (Varea); hence, _relebal [t]ih_, the sunrise.

=Ele[t]ah=, _v._ To steal, to rob.

=Ele[t]om=, _n._ A thief, a robber.

=Et=, _n._ A mark, sign. _v._ To mark, designate.

=Etamah=, _v._ To know, to understand; from _et_, a mark or sign.

=Ha=, _pron._ He, it, that one; it is so; _ha ri_, it is thus; _ha ok_, at that time, then, when.

=Hab=, _n._ Rain.

=Hach=, _v._ To divide, to separate.

=Hak=, _v._ To open (a door, the mouth, etc).

=Hal=, _v._ To change, to alter. See p. 46.

=Halal=, _adv._ A little, briefly.

=Halebal=, _n._ That by which one changes or transforms himself, a magic power; an instrumental form from _hal_, to change one's garments, etc. See p. 46.

=Halizin=, _n._ A change, an alteration; a change of raiment; the hair of the head (Br).

=Hay=, _n._ House, home. See p. 33.

=He=, _pron._ Those, their.

=Hetah=, _adv._ See _Tak_.

=He[c]=, _v._ To drive or force away.

=Hilil=, _v._ To thunder, to rumble.

=Hique=, _v._ For [c]hique, _q. v._

=Hit=, _v._ To promise, make vows; to offer.

=Hi[t]uh=, _v._ To ardently desire, to covet.

=Hi[c,]=, _v._ To hang.

=Hol=, } _v._ To concede, grant. =Holih=, }

=Holom=, _n._ The head, a chief.

=Homet=, _n._ Bark of trees.

=Hote=, _v._ To rise, to go up, to mount.

=Hox=, _n._ Branch of a tree.

=Hox=, _v._ To copulate, of men or beasts.

=Hoye=, _part._ Expressing compassion.

=Hoyevah=, } _v._ To have compassion, to extend mercy, to =Hoye ru vach=, } spare.

=Hucu=, _n._ A boat, canoe; a large dish.

=Hucumah=, _adv._ Soon, promptly.

=Hul=, _n._ A hole, a pit, a grave, etc.

=Huley=, _adj._ Deep, profound.

=Huluhut or Hulhut=, _n._ Something burning, on fire.

=Hun=, _adv._ One; a or an.

=Hunamah=, _v._ To make equal, to make ready, prepare.

=Hunchic=, _adv._ The other.

=Hutak=, _adv._ See _Tak_.

=Hu[c]icic=, _adv._ Only, alone, solely.

=Huyu=, _n._ Mountain, hill, mound; a land or country, or place of residence (_nu huyubal_, mi pueblo, Varea). The interior as opposed to the coast. See _Ta[t]ah_.

=Ikan=, _n._ A load, a burden, tribute, tax.

=Iki[t]a=, _n._ The right hand. _[t]a_ hand.

=Il=, _v. a._ To reach, to get, to see, to obtain; _n._ to get to, to arrive at.

=Il=, _n._ Fault, blame.

=In=, _pron._ I.

=Ixim=, _n._ Maize.

=Ixok=, _n._ A woman.

=I[c]o=, _v._ To pass on or beyond; to exceed, surpass.

=I[c]ovibeh=, _v._ To go on, or beyond.

=Ka=, _pron._ Our.

=Kacah=, _v._ To put down, to conquer, to destroy.

=Kah=, _v._ To descend, descending. See _Gram._, p,[TN-36] 64.

=Kahibal=, _n._ The place of descent; hence, _kahibal [t]ih_, the sunset.

=Kel=, _v._ To disobey.

=Ki=, _part._ An interrogative; also, denoting affirmation; often used merely to give strength to an assertion. _Gram._, p. 71.

=Koch=, _n._ The crow.

=Kul=, _n._ The neck.

=Kup=, _v._ To seize, take by force.

=Kuruh=, _v._ To draw or drag out or on.

=Lab=, _n._ A portent, an augury. See pp. 39, 47.

=Labal=, _n._ An enemy, opponent.

=Labalih=, _v._ To make war, to fight. See p. 47.

=Lehah=, _v._ To fall sick; to grow weak; to be overcome or conquered.

=Lakam=, _n._ The war banner, "bandera de la guerra."

=Lakeh=, _v._ To bring, to carry, to give.

=Lam=, _n._ The hard part; trunk of a tree, etc.

=Lamaba.= To detain one, to prevent him from going.

=La[t]abeh=, _v._ To enter into a place, to dwell there; to occupy as a residence (_entrar a morar en casa._ Varea).

=La[t]eh=, _v._ To join or unite two things; especially to unite in the sexual act.

=Lob=, _n._ Magical power.

=Lol=, _n._ The silence or state of desertion left by a pestilence, etc. See p. 38.

=Lo[t]=, _v._ To prize, to hold dear, to esteem.

=Macamo=, _v._ To take alarm, to be frightened, to wonder at.

=Maha=, _adv._ Even not, not yet.

=Mahanick</b>, _adv._ Before that, previous to.

=Malohic</b>, _n._ A preparation of maize (?).

=Mam</b>, _n._ Grandchild.

=Mama</b>, _n._ An old man; _pl._ _mamaa_, the old men; _nu mama_, my ancestors; also the rulers of a village; applied to animals it means the male of the species.

=Mani</b>, _adv._ No, not.

=May</b>, _v._ A cycle, especially of 20 years. _May [t]ih_, a calendar for calculating cycles. See p. 31.

=Meal=, _n._ A daughter.

=Meba=, _adj._ Poor.

=Meh=, _n._ A gable in a roof; an angle; a fold in clothing, etc.

=Meho=, _v._ To make an angle or fold; hence, to go to a place and return from it.

=Mem=, _n._ A dumb man; to be dumb.

=Mez=, _n._ A cat. See p. 44.

=Meztah=, _v._ To forget.

=Me[t]en=, _adj._ Warm, hot.

=Mi=, _adv._ Particle, denoting recent past time, prefixed to form the proximate preterit tense.

=Mier=, _adv._ Already, previously.

=Mi[c]h=, _v._ To tear up, to tear out or down.

=Mi[c]hoh=, _v._ To lie to, to deceive; to ridicule, to laugh at, to mock.

=Mol=, _v._ To gather together scattered things, to fill up, to collect.

=Moyeuh=, _n._ A fog, the mist.

=Muh=, _n._ Shade, shadow; hence, fig. protection, guardianship. See p. 20.

=Muk=, _v._ To hide, to conceal; to bury.

=Mun=, _adj._ Hungry, _n._ A slave. See p. 39.

=Na=, _adv._ A particle denoting priority, from _nabey_, first; hence, _navipe_, and, also, next, until, presently. See _Gram._, p. 65.

=Na=, _v._ To know, to learn.

=Nabey=, _adv._ First.

=Nabeyah=, _v._ To be first.

=Naek=, _adv._ Although, but.

=Nano=, _v._ To receive more than another.

=Nanoh=, _adj._ Known, said; hence, _xa nanoh_, already known, aforesaid, etc. From _na_, to know.

=Naval=, _n._ Knowledge, wisdom; especially occult knowledge, magic, sorcery. See p. 46.

=Nicnic=, _v._ To quiver, to tremble.

=Nima=, _adj._ Great, _n._ A great thing.

=Nimah=, _v._ To make great, to adore.

=Nimal=, _n._ The elder brother; the head of a home.

=Ni[c]ah=, _n._ The middle, the center.

=Ni[c]ahal=, _n._ The middle parts of anything; the sexual parts, etc[TN-37]

=Nu=, _pron._ My, mine.

=Oc=, _v._ To enter.

=Ochoch=, _n._ House. See p. 33.

=Ocox=, _n._ Fungus, of the edible variety.

=Oh=, _pron._ We.

=Oh=, _adv._ Sign of the imperative. _Oh a [c]ama pe lae queh_, Bring that horse (Varea).

=Ohb=, _n._ A cough.

=Oher=, _adv._ Formerly, in ancient times.

=Ok=, _adv._ When; also the imperative particle.

=Okok=, _n._ Wild goose.

=Oquecah=, _v._ To put something in something; hence, to put on one's clothes, to dress onesself. From _oc_, to enter. _Met._ to obey.

=Oro=, _v._ To bore, to pierce, to hollow out.

=Oxlahuh=, _adv._ Thirteen.

=Oyevar=, _v._ To become angry.

=Oyobeh=, _v._ To hope.

=O[t]=, _v._ To weep, to cry.

=O[t]eh=, _n._ A wail, a weeping. _v._ To bewail.

=Pa=, _prep._ In, to; _tan qui be pa huyu_, I am going to the mountain[TN-38] _pa hay_, in the house. Before a vowel, _pan_ is used.

=Pac or Pacay=. The anona, the custard apple.

=Pacac=, _v._ To dawn.

=Pae=, _v._ To be on foot, to stand, to be at.

=Palah=, _v._ To annoy, to bother.

=Palouh=, _n._ The ocean, the sea; called also _nima ya_, the great water. See p. 195.

=Patan=, _v._ Tribute, tax. See p. 39.

=Pax=, _v._ To break; to put to flight, to scatter.

=Paz=, _n._ Swathing bands; folding robes.

=Pe=, _v._ To come. Often used in a peculiar gerundive sense, as a verbal particle. See _Gram._, p. 64.

=Pek=, _n._ The fruit tree called Pataxte (Guzman).

=Pixa=, _n._ Order, command, direction.

=Pixabah=, _v._ To order, to command.

=Po=, _v._ 1. To cry out loudly. 2. To be angry with some one.

=Pocob=, _n._ A shield. See p. 18.

=Poklah=, _n._ Dust.

=Pokon=, _n._ Trouble, pain.

=Pop=, _n._ A mat; _popoh_, a council. See p. 36.

=Poroh=, _v._ To burn, to set on fire.

=Poye=, _v._ To put[TN-39] one side, to neglect.

=Po[c]h=, _v._ To divide, to split.

=Puak or Puvak=, _n._ Silver; money, coin. See p. 19.

=Pub=, _n._ The blow-gun, p. 18.

=Puz=, _n._ Power, magic. See p. 46.

=Pu[t]=, _v._ To break up ground; to soak in water; to dissolve or to make into dust. Hence, _n._ fire, dust.

=Que=, _pron._ They, used with absolute, passive and neuter verbs. _Gram._, p. 47.

=Queh=, _n._ A deer.

=Quere=, _adv._ Thus, as, even so; _quere[c]a_, therefore; _querera_, as this; _querelae_, as that.

=Qui=, _pron._ Those, their.

=Quichin=, _pron._ Of them.

=Quicot=, _v._ To rejoice, to delight in.

=Quir=, _v._ To unloose, untie.

=Qui[c]=, _n._ Blood.

=Rah=, _v._ To wish, _tivaho_, I wish; (absolute) _xraho_, he wished.

=Ramon=, _n._ A piece, a bit.

=Ramoneh=, _v._ To reduce to pieces, to overcome.

=Rax=, _adj._ Green, blue; precious, noble; renowned, famous.

=Raxah=, _n._ A tree, a species of plantain.

=Ri=, _pron._ He, she[TN-40] it; this, that; often used in the sense of definite article, _ri huyu_, the hill.

=Richin=, _pron._ Of that one, of him, his, its.

=Ruma=, _prep._ By, for, with.

=Tacaxepeval=, _n._ Name of the first month of the native calendar.

=Tak=, _v._ To send, to call one, to despatch to one. _Gram._, p. 42.[TN-41]

=Tahin=, _part._ Of present time.

=Tak=, _adv._ A particle conveying the idea of recurrence or repetition, as _hetak_, _hutak_, p. 12. See _Gram._, p. 72.

=Takchibal=, _n._ That which incites, or persuades. An instrumental form from _takchiih_.

=Takchiih=, _v._ To incite, move, induce.

=Takeh=, _v._ To obey.

=Tan=, _adv._ Now, at present; particle of present time.

=Tap=, _n._ Crab.

=Tata=, _n._ Father. Originally the reduplication of the particle of courtesy, _ta_, which is now used by and to married people. It also means lord, ruler. Cf. _Gram._, p. 72.

=Ta[t]ah=, _n._ A plain; the sea coast as opposed to the interior. See _Huyu_.

=Ta[c]h=, _n._

=Tecpan=, _n._ See p. 13.

=Tee=, _n._ Mother. See p. 35.

=Telep=, _v._ To carry on the shoulders.

=Telechuh=, _v._ To wrestle; to take captive; to tie with cords.

=Tem=, _n._ A bench or seat. See p. 20.

=Tepeval=, _n._ Sovereignty, power.

=Teuh=, _adj._ Cold.

=Ti=, _v._ To eat, to bite.

=Ti=, _pron._ He, it, she; you.

=Tih=, _v._ To give to eat, to feed; to invite; to try, to test; to teach, to instruct.

=Tih=, _n._ The doctrine, the teaching.

=Tihoh=, _v._ To teach another.

=Tinamit=, _n._ Town, city.

=Tiohil=, _n._ The body, the bulk of an animal.

=Tiquer=, _v._ To begin, to commence.

=Titil=, _n._ A color. See p. 204.

=Tiuh tiuh=, _n._ See p. 196.

=Tixli=, _n._ The tapir.

=Ti[c]uil=, _v._ To be rooted in the ground. See [c]uil.

=To=, _v._ To aid, to succor.

=Tohoh=, _v._ To make a loud noise, to thunder. See p. 199.

=Tol=, _v._ To abandon.

=Toloba=, _v._ To desert, abandon, forsake.

=Tooh=, _n._ Weapons, of all kinds.

=To[t]=, _v._ To shoot up, to burst forth.

=To[t]=, _v._ To push in, to insert.

=To[t]e=, _v._ To arrive at a place.

=Tuc=, _v._ To turn, revolve, move about.

=Tucur=, _n._ The owl.

=Tulul=, _n._ The zapote tree.

=Tun=, _n._ A native drum; a branch, a sprout, a twig.

=Tunay=, _n._ The elder tree. Span. _sauco_.

=Tux=, _n._ A kind of acorn.

=Ucheex=, _v._ To relate, to tell, to say, especially in reporting what others have said. As a rule it follows the words quoted (_Coto_).

=Ue=, _conj._ If.

=Ul=, _v._ To arrive, to come to.

=Ulaah=, _v._ To arrive at, as a home; to seek as a refuge (Bras.).

=Ulaam=, _v._ To have at one's house, as a guest, etc.

=Uleuh=, _n._ Earth, soil, land, ground.

=Umul=, _n._ The rabbit.

=Unum=, _n._ The male organ; a worm, a snake.

=Ut=, _n._ Dove.

=Utiuh=, _n._ The coyote.

=Utzin=, _v._ To finish, to complete.

=Ux=, _v._ To be, to become. See _Gram._, p. 33.

=Uxla=, _n._ The breath; an odor; steam.

=Uxlan=, _v._ To rest, to repose, to take breath (from _uxla_).

=Va=, _part._ Here, now.

=Va=, _v._ To eat.

=Vach=, _n._ Face, visage, front; surface, superficies; brightness, splendor; fruit, products, profits; power, dignity.

=Vachih=, _v._ To see with one's own eyes; to have before one's face.

=Vae=, _part._ This, this is, here is.

=Vapal=, _n._ The lintel of a door, the frame of a window, etc.

=Var=, _v._ To sleep.

=Vave=, _adv._ Here.

=Vay=, _n._ Bread, of any kind.

=Vayhal=, _n._ Hunger.

=Vi=, _n._ The head.

=Vi=, _part._ A correlative and instrumental particle. See _Gram._, p. 63.

=Vik=, _v._ To increase or add something; to ornament, to adorn; to arrange, to set in order by adding to.

=Vinak=, _n._ Man, the human species; a people.

=Vinak chij=, _n._ Injury or misfortune; a legal term applied to certain torts.

=Vuk=, _adj._ Seven.

=Xa=, _part._ But, only, etc. An antithetical particle, used in many connections, as _xae_, _xa [c]a_, _xa ri [c]a_, _va xe re_, _xa [c]a_, _xe re_, _xa ha_, all signify but, next, etc.

=Xah=, _v._ To move actively and cheerfully; hence, to dance; of a dog, to wag his tail.

=Xahab=, _n._ Sandals, shoes, moccasins.

=Xahan=, _n._ Prohibition, abstention.

=Xahaneh=, _v._ To abstain from, to refrain.

=Xahpota [c]hi[c]h=, _n._ Body armor. ("Malla o peto." Varea).

=Xak=, _n._ 1. Leaf. 2. Dye, color, tint. See p. 204.

=Xambey=, _n._ One who follows another.

=Xambeyah=, _v._ To do something later than another, to follow, to come after.

=Xane=, _v._ To strip, to uncover.

=Xaquere=, _adv._ But thus; see _Xa_.

=Xavi[c]a.= See Xa.[TN-42]

=Xax.= Particle of affirmation, an intensive.

=Xhayil=, _n._ A married woman, a wife. From _hay_, with the fem. prefix--"the woman of the house."

=Xim=, _v._ To tie, to bind onesself; to assume.

=Xiquin=, _n._ Ears.

=Xit=, _n._ The jade, the green stone (_piedra verde como torquesa._ Varea).

=Xivae=, _n._ A conch shell used as a horn.

=Xmier=, _adv._ Already, formerly; _xmierok_, before, previously.

=Xocon=, _n._ The left hand; _chu xocon_, on the left.

=Xoh=, _pron._ We.

=Xo[t]=, =Xo[c]oh=, _v._ To complain against one.

=Xo[c]h=, _n._ The owl; a malicious person.

=Xul=, _n._ A flute.

=Xule=, _v._ To descend, to go down.

=Xu[c]=, _n._ A net used by the Indians of the Sierra to catch birds.

=X[c]ul=, _n._ A kind of dance. See p. 45.

=Ya=, _v._ To give, to present.

=Yaar=, _v._ To spoil, waste, go to ruin.

=Yac=, _n._ To build a house; to contract for, ask for.

=Yala=, _v._ To surpass, become distinguished.

=Yaloh=, _v._ To delay, to remain.

=Yamalakin=, _v._ To give presents.

=Yamanic=, _n._ Precious stone.

=Yanabil=, _n._ Sickness, disease.

=Ybah=, _n._ The ancient site of a town; the hereditary home; the cement of a house. From _ybil_, to ripen, to mature.

=Ye[t]=, _v._ To tread under foot, to detest, to hate.

=Ylon=, _v._ To overtake one (alcanzar a otro que va adelante. _Varea_).

=Yncheel=, _adv._ How, in what manner.

=Ynup=, _n._ The ceiba tree.

=Yoh=, _v._ To destroy, tear down.

=Yon=, _adv._ Only, alone; _ruyon_, he or it alone or only. See _Gram._, p. 32.

=Yo[t]=, _v._ To knead dough. _Met._ to bruise.

=Yuh=, _v._ To mix, to mingle.

=Yuhuh=, _n._ A quarrel, a revolt.

=Yuk=, _v._ To string out, to stretch out, like a rope. Hence

=Yuku=, _n._ A rope or cord. _Varea._

=Yuyub=, _n._ Shouts.

=Yx=, _pron._ You.

=Yxim=, _n._ Maize (the grains).

=Y[c]o=, _v._ To pass over; to go from one place to another.

=[t]a=, _n._ The hand, the arm.

=[t]aba=, _v._ To place supports; to strengthen; to extend the hands.

=[t]ahan=, _v._ To sound, to resound; to snore, etc.

=[t]ahar=, _v._ To expend, to expand.

=[t]ahartizah=, _v._ To praise, to commend.

=[t]alaba=, _v._ To cause misfortune, to make miserable.

=[t]alah=, _adj._ _n._ Something clear, apparent, manifest.

=[t]alel.= See p. 37.

=[t]alibal=, _n._ Seat, see, throne. "Asiento[TN-43] del senor principal." Coto. See p. 20.

=[t]am=, _n._ Bridge, stairs.

=[t]ana abah=, _n._ A color. See p. 204.[TN-44]

=[t]an=, _adj._ Yellow; ripe; rich.

=[t]arama[t]=, _n._ Nation, confederation.

=[t]at=, _v._ To cut, in general; hence, to decide a question; to ford a river; to die early, etc.

=[t]avonon=, _n._ A yellow bug; from _[t]an_, yellow, and _Vonon_, bug. (Guzman).

=[t]ax=, _v._ 1. To pass, to pass over. 2. To bring forth, to give birth to.

=[t]a[t]=, _n._ Fire.

=[t]a[t]al=, _n._ Distinction, greatness.

=[t]ek=, _adj._ Black; dark.

=[t]ekal=, _n._ Blackness, darkness.

=[t]ekum=, _n._ The darkness of the night.

=[t]ih=, _n._ The sun; a day; a time or epoch; an occasion or opportunity; the sign or constellation under which one is born; hence, fate or fortune. _Ah[t]ih_, the diviner; _cholol [t]ih_, to cast the horoscope.

=[t]ihib=, _v._ To divine, to predict, to tell fortunes.

=[t]il=, _v._ To prevent, impede, harass.

=[t]inom=, _adj._ Rich. _n._ riches.

=[t]iomah=, _n._ This appears to be a form of _[t]inomah_, riches.

=[t]ip=, _v._ To take up in the fingers; to pinch.

=[t]o=, _v._ To sustain, to maintain, to give to eat.

=[t]ol=, _n._ Resin from the pine.

=[t]op=, _n._ Ear rings.

=[t]uz[t]um=, _n._ Delicacy, something delicious to eat.

=[t]u[t]=, _n._ A species of bird. See p. 204.

=[t]u[t]uraxon=, _n._ Green feathers; the plumage of certain birds.

=[c]a=, _conj._ And, also.

=[c]abovil=, _n._ The deity, God, divinity.

=[c]ace=, _v._ To survive, to grow strong.

=[c]ahol=, _n._ A son, sons; also, generally, descendants of a common ancestor.

=[c]aholah=, _v._ To beget, engender.

=[c]ak=, _v._ To shoot with arrows; to stone. 2. To place onesself in front of another.

=[c]akaba=, _v._ To show onesself.

=[c]al=, _v._ To tie together, to arrange in order as by tying.

=[c]alakan=, _n._ Small bells tied together. See p. 17.

=[c]am=, _v._ To take, to bear away; especially to take a woman in marriage, to marry.

=[c]anixt=, _n._ A bird. See p. 197.

=[c]arunah=, _adv._ The same, again.

=[c]axto[c]=, _n._ The Evil Spirit.

=[c]ay=, _adj._ Pungent, bitter, strong of smell or taste.

=[c]ayh=, _v._ To sell.

=[c]a[c]alih=, _v._ To guard.

=[c]eche=, _n._ A forest, a woods.

=[c]el=, _n._ A small species of parrot.

=[c]exevach=, _n._ Substitute, one who stands for another (Anon).

=[c]iyaley=, _adv._ That which exceeds; used in comparison. See _Gram._, p. 67.[TN-45]

=[c]iy=, _adv._ Much, many.

=[c]iyar=, _v._ To multiply, to increase.

=[c]iz=, _v._ To finish, to conclude, to end.

=[c]oh=, _v._ To be in a place, etc. Spanish, _estar_. See _Gram._, p. 33.

=[c]ok=, =[c]okoh=, _v._ To complain (quejarse a Dios. Varea, p. 414).

=[c]ol=, _v._ To cut down, to send out from, to diminish, to lessen.

=[c]ot=, _v._ To dig a hole. _Met._ to examine verbally, to interrogate, to cross-question.

=[c]otoh=, _v._ 1. To engrave, to sculpture. _[c]otonic_, that which is sculptured. 2. To set in order, to arrange battalions, etc.

=[c]okikan=, _n._ Loads of roasted maize, used as food on long journeys; from _[c,]o_, "mais cocido," and _kikan_.

=[c]ox=, _v._ To clash; to strike hard things together, _ta [c]oxel [t]a[t]_[TN-46] to strike fire with the flint (Varea).

=[c]oxol=, _n._ He who dashes together hard things, as stones. See _[c]ox_.

=[c]oxom=, _n._ That which is dashed together, as stones. See [c]ox.

=[c]oxtun=, _n._ Fortress, stronghold.