Chapter II: Preface

In the present volume, while describing the various operations involved in the manufacture of paper, the Author has endeavoured to render the work serviceable as a book of reference in respect to the processes and improvements which have from time to time been introduced, and many of which have been more or less practically applied either at home or abroad.

The recovery of soda from waste liquors has been fully dealt with, and the details of several applied processes explained.

Special attention has also been directed to some of the more important methods of producing pulp from wood fibre, since it is highly probable that from this inexhaustible source the paper-maker will ultimately derive much of the cellulose used in his manufacture. Indeed it may be deemed equally probable, when the processes for disintegrating wood fibre, so largely applied in America and on the Continent, become better understood in this country, that their adoption here will become more extensive than has hitherto been the case.

To render the work more readily understood alike by the practical operator and the student, care has been taken to avoid, as far as possible, the introduction of unexplained technicalities; at the same time it has been the writer's aim to furnish the reader with a variety of information which, it is hoped, will prove both useful and instructive.

It is with much pleasure that the Author tenders his sincere thanks to Mr. Sydney Spalding, of the Horton Kirby Mills, South Darenth, for his kind courtesy in conducting him through the various departments of the mill, and for explaining to him the operations performed therein. To Mr. Frank Lloyd he also acknowledges his indebtedness for the generous readiness with which he accompanied him over the _Daily Chronicle_ Mill at Sittingbourne, and for the pains he took to supply information as to certain details at the Author's request. His best thanks are also due to those manufacturers of paper-making machinery who supplied him with many of the blocks which illustrate the pages of the book.

BALHAM, SURREY, _January, 1890_.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
_CELLULOSE._

PAGE

Cellulose--Action of Acids on Cellulose--Physical Characteristics
of Cellulose--Micrographic Examination of Vegetable Fibres--
Determination of Cellulose--Recognition of Vegetable Fibres by
the Microscope 1

CHAPTER II.
_MATERIALS USED IN PAPER-MAKING._

Raw Materials--Rags--Disinfecting Machine--Straw--Esparto Grass--
Wood--Bamboo--Paper Mulberry 9

CHAPTER III.
_TREATMENT OF RAGS._

Preliminary Operations--Sorting--Cutting--Bertrams' Rag-cutting
Machine--Nuttall's Rag-cutter--Willowing--Bertrams' Willow
and Duster--Dusting--Bryan Donkin's Duster or Willow--Donkin's
Devil 19

CHAPTER IV.
_TREATMENT OF RAGS_ (_continued_).

Boiling Rags--Bertrams' Rag-boiler--Donkin's Rag-boiler--Washing
and Breaking--Bertrams' Rag-engine--Bentley and Jackson's
Rag-engine--Draining--Terrance's Drainer 29

CHAPTER V.
_TREATMENT OF ESPARTO._

Preliminary Treatment--Picking--Willowing Esparto--Boiling
Esparto--Sinclair's Esparto Boiler--Roeckner's Boiler--Mallary's
Process--Carbonell's Process--Washing Boiled Esparto--Young's
Process--Bleaching the Esparto 40

CHAPTER VI.
_TREATMENT OF WOOD._

I. CHEMICAL PROCESSES--Watt and Burgess's Process--Sinclair's
Process--Keegan's Process--American Wood-pulp System--Aussedat's
Process--Acid Treatment of Wood--Pictet and Brélaz's Process--
Barre and Blondel's Process--Poncharac's Process--Young and
Pettigrew's Process--Fridet and Matussière's Process 53

CHAPTER VII.
_TREATMENT OF WOOD_ (_continued_).

Sulphite Processes--Francke's Process--Ekman's Process--Dr.
Mitscherlich's Process--Ritter and Kellner's Boiler--
Partington's Process--Blitz's Process--M'Dougall's Boiler for
Acid Processes--Graham's Process--Objections to the Acid or
Sulphite Processes--Sulphite Fibre and Resin--Adamson's
Process--Sulphide. Processes--II. MECHANICAL PROCESSES--
Voelter's Process for preparing Wood-pulp--Thune's Process 68

CHAPTER VIII.
_TREATMENT OF VARIOUS FIBRES._

Treatment of Straw--Bentley and Jackson's Boiler--Boiling the
Straw--Bertrams' Edge-runner--M. A. C. Mellier's Process--
Manilla, Jute, &c.--Waste Paper--Boiling Waste Paper--Ryan's
Process for Treating Waste Paper 80

CHAPTER IX.
_BLEACHING._

Bleaching Operations--Sour Bleaching--Bleaching with Chloride
of Lime--Donkin's Bleach Mixer--Bleaching with Chlorine Gas
(Glaser's Process)--Electrolytic Bleaching (C. Watt's Process)--
Hermite's Process--Andreoli's Process--Thompson's Process--
Lunge's Process--Zinc Bleach Liquor--Alum Bleach Liquor--New
Method of Bleaching 89

CHAPTER X.
_BEATING OR REFINING._

Beating--Mr. Dunbar's Observations on Beating--Mr. Arnot on
Beating Engines--Mr. Wyatt on American Refining Engines--The
Beating Engine--Forbes' Beating Engine--Umpherston's Beating
Engine--Operation of Beating--Test for Chlorine--Blending 101

CHAPTER XI.
_LOADING.--SIZING.--COLOURING._

Loading--Sizing--French Method of preparing Engine Size--Zinc
Soaps in Sizing--Colouring--Animal or Tub Sizing--Preparation
of Animal Size--American Method of Sizing--Machine Sizing--
Double-sized Paper--Mr. Wyatt's Remarks on Sizing 114

CHAPTER XII.
_MAKING PAPER BY HAND._

The Vat and Mould--Making the Paper--Sizing and Finishing 129

CHAPTER XIII.
_MAKING PAPER BY MACHINERY._

The Fourdrinier Machine--Bertrams' Large Paper Machine--Stuff
Chests--Strainers--Revolving Strainer and Knotter--
Self-cleansing Strainer--Roeckner's Pulp Strainers--The
Machine Wire and its Accessories--Conical Pulp-Saver--The
Dandy-Roll--Water-Marking--De la Rue's Improvements in
Water-Marks--Suction Boxes--Couch Rolls--Press Rolls--
Drying Cylinders--Smoothing Rolls--Single Cylinder Machines 133

CHAPTER XIV.
_CALENDERING, CUTTING, AND FINISHING._

Web-Glazing--Glazing Calender Damping Rolls--Finishing--Plate
Glazing--Donkin's Glazing Press--Mr. Wyatt on American
Super-Calendering--Mr. Arnot on Finishing--Cutting--Revolving
Knife Cutter--Bertrams' Single-sheet Cutter--Packing the
finished Paper--Sizes of Paper 154

CHAPTER XV.
_COLOURED PAPERS._

Coloured Papers--Colouring Matters used in Paper-making--American
Combinations for Colouring--Mixing Colouring Materials
with Pulp--Colouring Paper for Artificial Flowers--Stains
for Glazed Papers--Stains for Morocco Papers--Stains for
Satin Papers 165

CHAPTER XVI.
_MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS._

Waterproof Paper--Scoffern and Tidcombe's Process--Dr. Wright's
Process for preparing Cupro-Ammonium--Jouglet's Process--
Waterproof Composition for Paper--Toughening Paper--Morfit's
Process--Transparent Paper--Tracing Paper--Varnished Paper--
Oiled Paper--Lithographic Paper--Cork Paper--New Japanese
Paper--Blotting Paper--Parchment Paper--Mill and Cardboard--
Making Paper or Cardboard with two Faces by ordinary
Machine--Test Papers 174

CHAPTER XVII.
_MACHINERY USED IN PAPER-MAKING._

Bentley and Jackson's Drum-Washer--Drying Cylinders--Self-acting
Dry Felt Regulator--Paper Cutting Machine--Single-web
Winding Machine--Cooling and Damping Rolls--Reversing or
Plate-glazing Calender--Plate-planing Machine--Roll-bar
Planing Machine--Washing Cylinder for Rag Engine--Bleach Pump--
Three-roll Smoothing Presses--Back-water Pump--Web-glazing
Calender--Reeling Machine--Web-ripping Machine--Roeckner's
Clarifier--Marshall's Perfecting Engine 184

CHAPTER XVIII.
_RECOVERY OF SODA FROM SPENT LIQUORS._

Recovery of Soda--Evaporating Apparatus--Roeckner's Evaporator--
Porion's Evaporator--Yaryan's Evaporator--American System
of Soda Recovery 204

CHAPTER XIX.
_DETERMINING THE REAL VALUE OR PERCENTAGE
OF COMMERCIAL SODAS, CHLORIDE OF LIME, ETC._

Examination of Commercial Sodas--Mohr's Alkalimeter--Preparation
of the Test Acid--Sampling Alkalies--The Assay--Estimation of
Chlorine in Bleaching Powder--Fresenius' Method--Gay-Lussac's
Method--The Test Liquor--Testing the Sample--Estimation of
Alumina in Alum Cake, &c. 221