Chapter XX: Useful Notes and Tables

Preparation of Lakes.--Brazil-wood Lake.--Cochineal Lake.--Lac
Lake.--Madder Lake.--Orange Lake.--Yellow Lake.--Artificial
Ultramarine.--Twaddell's Hydrometer.--Dalton's Table showing the
proportion of Dry Soda in Leys of Different Densities.--Table
of Strength of Caustic Soda Solutions at 59° F.--Table showing
the Specific Gravity corresponding with the degrees of Baumé's
Hydrometer.--Table of Boiling Points of Alkaline Leys.--Table
showing the Quantity of Caustic Soda in Leys of Different
Densities.--Table showing the Quantity of Bleaching Liquid at 6°
Twaddell required to be added to Weaker Liquor to raise it to
the given Strength.--Comparative French and English Thermometer
Scales.--Weights and Measures of the Metrical System.--Table of
French Weights and Measures.--List of Works relating to Paper
Manufacture.

=Preparation of Lakes.=--These are prepared by either of the following processes:--1. By adding a solution of alum, either alone or partly saturated with carbonate of potassa, to a filtered infusion or decoction of the colouring substance, and after agitation precipitating the mixture with a solution of carbonate of potash ("salt of tartar"). 2. By precipitating a decoction or infusion of the colouring substance made with a weak alkaline ley, by adding a solution of alum. 3. By agitating recently precipitated alumina with a solution of the colouring matter, prepared as before, until the liquid is nearly discoloured, or the alumina acquires a sufficiently dark tint. The first method is usually employed for aciduous solutions of colouring matter, or for those whose tint is injured by alkalies; the second for those that are brightened, or at least uninjured, by alkalies; the third, those colouring matters that have a great affinity for gelatinous alumina, and readily combine with it by mere agitation. By attention to these general rules, lakes may be prepared from almost all animal and vegetable colouring substances that yield their colour to water, many of which will be found to possess great beauty and permanence.

The precise process adapted to each particular substance may be easily ascertained by taking a few drops of its infusion or decoction, and observing the effects of alkalies and acids on the colour.

The quantity of alum or of alumina employed should be nearly sufficient to decolour the dye-liquor, and the quantity of carbonate of potassa should be so proportioned to the alum as to exactly precipitate the alumina, without leaving free or carbonated alkali in the liquid. The first portion of the precipitate has the deepest colour, and the shade gradually becomes paler as the operation proceeds.

A beautiful "tone" of violet, red, and even purple may be communicated to the colouring matter of cochineal by the addition of perchloride of tin; the addition of arseniate of potassa (neutral arsenical salt) in like manner gives shades which may be sought for in vain with alum or alumina. After the lake is precipitated it must be carefully collected, washed with cold distilled water, or the purest rain-water, until it ceases to give out colour.

=Brazil-wood Lake.=--1. Take of ground Brazil wood 1 lb., water 4 gallons; digest for 24 hours, then boil for 30 or 40 minutes, and add of alum 1½ lb., dissolved in a little water; mix, decant, strain, and add of solution of tin ½ lb.; again mix well and filter; to the clear liquid add, cautiously, a solution of salt of tartar or carbonate of soda, as long as a deep-coloured precipitate forms, carefully avoiding excess. 2. Add washed and recently precipitated alumina to a strong and filtered decoction of Brazil wood. Inferior to the last.

=Cochineal Lake.=--1. Cochineal (in coarse powder) 1 oz.; water and rectified spirit, of each, 2½ ozs.; digest for a week; filter and precipitate the tincture with a few drops of solution of tin, added every 2 hours, until the whole of the colouring matter is thrown down; lastly, wash the precipitate in distilled water and dry it; very fine. 2. Digest powdered cochineal in ammonia water for a week, dilute the solution with a little water, and add the liquid to a solution of alum, as long as a precipitate falls, which is the lake. Equal to the last. 3. Coarsely powdered cochineal 1 lb., water 2 gallons; boil 1 hour, decant, strain, add a solution of salt of tartar, 1 lb., and precipitate with a solution of alum. By adding the alum first, and precipitating the lake with the alkali, the colour will be slightly varied. All the above are sold as carminated or Florence lake, to which they are often superior.

=Lac Lake.=--Boil fresh stick-lac in a solution of carbonate of soda, filter the solution, precipitate with a solution of alum, and proceed as before. A fine red.

=Madder Lake.=--1. Take of Dutch grappe or crop madder 2 oz., tie it in a cloth, beat it well in a pint of water in a stone mortar, and repeat the process with fresh water (about 5 pints) until it ceases to yield colour; next boil the mixed liquor in an earthen vessel, pour it into a large basin, and add of alum 1 oz., previously dissolved in boiling water, 1 pint; stir well, and while stirring, pour in gradually of a strong solution of carbonate of potassa (salt of tartar) 1½ oz.: let the whole stand until cold, then pour off the supernatant liquor, drain, agitate the residue with boiling water, 1 quart (in separate portions), decant, drain, and dry. Product, ½ oz. The Society of Arts voted their gold medal to the author of the above formula. 2. Add a little solution of acetate of lead to a decoction of madder, to throw down the brown colouring matter, filter, add a solution of tin or alum, precipitate with a solution of carbonate of soda or of potassa, and otherwise proceed as before. 3. Ground madder, 2 lbs.; water, 1 gallon; macerate with agitation for 10 minutes, strain off the water, and press the remainder quite dry; repeat the process a second and a third time; then add to the mixed liquors, alum, ½ lb., dissolved in water, 3 quarts; and heat in a water-bath for 3 or 4 hours, adding water as it evaporates: next filter, first through flannel, and when sufficiently cold, through paper; then add a solution of carbonate of potassa as long as a precipitate falls, which must be washed until the water comes off colourless, and lastly, dry. If the alkali be added in 3 successive doses, 3 different lakes will be obtained, successively diminishing in beauty.

=Orange Lake.=--Take of the best Spanish annotta 4 ozs.; pearlash, ¾ lb.; water, 1 gallon; boil it for half an hour, strain, precipitate with alum, 1 lb., dissolved in water, 1 gallon, observing not to add the latter solution when it ceases to produce an effervescence or a precipitate. The addition of some solution of tin turns this lake a lemon yellow; acids redden it.

=Yellow Lake.=--1. Boil French berries, quercitron bark, or turmeric, 1 lb., and salt of tartar, 1 oz., in water, 1 gallon, until reduced to one half; then strain the decoction and precipitate with a solution of alum. 2. Boil 1 lb. of the dye-stuff with alum, ½ lb.; water, 1 gallon, as before, and precipitate the decoction with a solution of carbonate of potash.

=Artificial Ultramarine.=--This is obtained by several processes, of which the following are examples:--1. Take kaolin, 37 parts; sulphate of soda, 15; carbonate of soda, 22; sulphur, 18; and charcoal, 8 parts; mix these intimately, and heat in large covered crucibles for twenty-four to thirty hours. The resulting product is then to be again heated in cast-iron boxes at a moderate temperature, until the required tint is obtained; it is finally pulverised, washed in a large quantity of water, and the floating particles allowed to subside in a separate vessel; the deposited colour is now collected and dried. 2. Expose to a low red heat, in a covered crucible as long as fumes are given off, a mixture composed of: kaolin, 2 parts; anhydrous carbonate of soda and sulphur, of each 3 parts. Some persons use one-third less carbonate of soda.

=Twaddell's Hydrometer=, which is much employed for ascertaining the strength of soda and chloride of lime solutions, etc., is so graduated and weighted that the 0 or zero mark is equal to 1,000, or the specific gravity of distilled water at the temperature of 60° F., and each degree on the scale is equal to ·005; so that by multiplying this number by the number of degrees marked on the scale, and adding 1·, the real specific gravity is obtained. Thus 10° Twaddell indicates a specific gravity of 1050, or 1·05, and so on.

=Imitation Manilla Pulp from Wood.=--Mr. George E. Marshall, of Turner's Falls, Mass., patented a process some years back by which wood, under the action of hot water, and under a heavy pressure, acquires the characteristic colour of manilla. The wood, having been cut as usual, is placed in a closed vessel or tank capable of resisting high pressure, if necessary, of 450 lbs. to the square inch, the material being closely packed. At the bottom of this tank is an opening with a valve, through which the water, previously heated to a point above boiling, and below 280°, is forced by a hydraulic press to such an extent as to saturate and to completely permeate the wood, and to soften and drive out of the pores the gum, resins, and acids; and if the temperature is kept sufficiently hot, it gives the pulp the desired colour belonging to a finely-made manilla paper. This may be aided somewhat by the introduction of a small quantity of some alkaline substance to act on the acids. The water may be heated in a coil outside, and forced into the tank by a hydraulic press. The water thus heated and forced in leaves the wood or the pulp in the most desirable condition for work and for colour. Pulp made from wood treated below the boiling point will be white; but this process is said to secure the desired manilla colour by raising the temperature to 240° or 250° for a light pulp, and as high as 280° for a dark pulp. No pressure is required from the steam above three atmospheres, but the press may give from 450 to 500 lbs. to the square inch, and practice has shown that the greater the pressure the more speedy is the operation on the wood.[36]

=Testing Ultramarines.=--The sample of ultramarine should be examined as to its power of resisting the action of alum solutions, which may readily be done by the method suggested by Mr. Dunbar:--"Dissolve the same amount of each sample in water, and mix in this water about ½ lb. of pulp. When thoroughly mixed, and each lot of pulp is well and evenly coloured, add one glassful of the ordinary mill alum liquor, either from pure alum, or aluminous cake to each, losing no time over the operation. Stir each well and continuously with a glass rod, and note the glasses carefully as to the length of time each sample keeps its colour." To ascertain the _staining power_, so called, of the ultramarine, and at the same time the tone, or tint, which it will impart when mixed with pulp, 25 grains of each sample should be mixed with 100 of kaolin or sulphate of lime (pearl hardening) and the several mixtures then worked up into a paste with a little water by means of a spatula, when the differences in the staining power of the respective samples will at once become apparent if either be of inferior quality. To make the test more complete, a like amount of commercially pure ultramarine should be mixed with 100 grains of kaolin for the purpose of comparison. In this way a ready judgment may be formed as to the quality of the sample under examination.

=Strength of Paper.=--The comparative strength of samples of paper may he determined by cutting strips an inch in width from each sample, and suspending these from a rigid iron bar. Weights are then cautiously attached to each until the sample breaks, when the difference in the weights sustained by the respective samples before the breaking point is reached will determine the comparative strength of the samples tested. Mr. Parkinson, of St. George's Road, Preston, furnishes a simple contrivance for determining the breaking points of paper, and so comparing their value.

_TABLES._

I.--DALTON'S TABLE SHOWING THE PROPORTION OF DRY SODA IN LEYS OF DIFFERENT DENSITIES.

Specific Dry Soda
gravity of per cent. Boiling
solution. by weight. points.

1·85 63·6 600°
1·72 53·8 400°
1·63 46·6 300°
1·56 41·2 280°
1·50 36·8 265°
1·47 34·0 255°
1·44 31·0 248°
1·40 29·0 242°
1·36 26·0 235°
1·32 23·0 228°
1·29 19·0 224°
1·23 16·0 220°
1·18 13·0 217°
1·12 9·0 214°
1·06 4·7 213°

II.--TABLE OF STRENGTH OF CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS AT 59° F. = 150° C. (TÜNNERMAN).

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Specific Gravity | Degrees | Per cent. of | Equivalent per cent. |
| (Water 1,000). | Twaddell. | Soda. | of 60 per cent. |
| | | | Caustic Soda. |
|------------------+-----------+--------------+----------------------|
| 1·0040 | 0·80 | 0·302 | 0·503 |
| 1·0081 | 1·62 | 0·601 | 1·001 |
| 1·0163 | 3·26 | 1·209 | 2·015 |
| 1·0246 | 4·92 | 1·813 | 3·021 |
| 1·0330 | 6·60 | 2·418 | 4·030 |
| 1·0414 | 8·28 | 3·022 | 5·037 |
| 1·0500 | 10·00 | 3·626 | 6·043 |
| 1·0587 | 11·74 | 4·231 | 7·051 |
| 1·0675 | 13·50 | 4·835 | 8·059 |
| 1·0764 | 15·28 | 5·440 | 9·067 |
| 1·0855 | 17·10 | 6·044 | 10·073 |
| 1·0948 | 18·96 | 6·648 | 11·080 |
| 1·1042 | 20·84 | 7·253 | 12·090 |
| 1·1137 | 22·74 | 7·857 | 13·095 |
| 1·1233 | 24·66 | 8·462 | 14·103 |
| 1·1330 | 26·60 | 9·066 | 15·110 |
| 1·1428 | 28·56 | 9·670 | 16·117 |
| 1·1528 | 30·56 | 10·275 | 17·125 |
| 1·1630 | 32·60 | 10·879 | 18·131 |
| 1·1734 | 34·68 | 11·484 | 19·140 |
| 1·1841 | 36·82 | 12·088 | 20·147 |
| 1·1948 | 38·96 | 12·692 | 21·153 |
| 1·2058 | 41·16 | 13·297 | 22·161 |
| 1·2178 | 43·56 | 13·901 | 23·170 |
| 1·2280 | 45·60 | 14·506 | 24·177 |
| 1·2392 | 47·84 | 15·110 | 25·170 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+

III.--TABLE SHOWING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY CORRESPONDING WITH THE DEGREES OF BAUMÉ'S HYDROMETER.

Liquids denser than Water.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Degrees. | Specific | Degrees. | Specific | Degrees. | Specific |
| | Gravity. | | Gravity. | | Gravity. |
|----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------|
| 0 | 1·0000 | 26 | 1·2063 | 52 | 1·5200 |
| 1 | 1·0066 | 27 | 1·2160 | 53 | 1·5353 |
| 2 | 1·0133 | 28 | 1·2258 | 54 | 1·5510 |
| 3 | 1·0201 | 29 | 1·2358 | 55 | 1·5671 |
| 4 | 1·0270 | 30 | 1·2459 | 56 | 1·5833 |
| 5 | 1·0340 | 31 | 1·2562 | 57 | 1·6000 |
| | | | | | |
| 6 | 1·0411 | 32 | 1·2667 | 58 | 1·6170 |
| 7 | 1·0483 | 33 | 1·2773 | 59 | 1·6344 |
| 8 | 1·0556 | 34 | 1·2881 | 60 | 1·6522 |
| 9 | 1·0630 | 35 | 1·2992 | 61 | 1·6705 |
| 10 | 1·0704 | 36 | 1·3103 | 62 | 1·6889 |
| | | | | | |
| 11 | 1·0780 | 37 | 1·3217 | 63 | 1·7079 |
| 12 | 1·0857 | 38 | 1·3333 | 64 | 1·7273 |
| 13 | 1·0935 | 39 | 1·3451 | 65 | 1·7471 |
| 14 | 1·1014 | 40 | 1·3571 | 66 | 1·7674 |
| 15 | 1·1095 | 41 | 1·3694 | 67 | 1·7882 |
| | | | | | |
| 16 | 1·1176 | 42 | 1·3818 | 68 | 1·8095 |
| 17 | 1·1259 | 43 | 1·3945 | 69 | 1·8313 |
| 18 | 1·1343 | 44 | 1·4074 | 70 | 1·8537 |
| 19 | 1·1428 | 45 | 1·4206 | 71 | 1·8765 |
| 20 | 1·1515 | 46 | 1·4339 | 72 | 1·9000 |
| | | | | | |
| 21 | 1·1603 | 47 | 1·4476 | 73 | 1·9241 |
| 22 | 1·1692 | 48 | 1·4615 | 74 | 1·9487 |
| 23 | 1·1783 | 49 | 1·4758 | 75 | 1·9740 |
| 24 | 1·1875 | 50 | 1·4902 | 76 | 2·0000 |
| 25 | 1·1968 | 51 | 1·4951 | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

IV.--TABLE OF BOILING POINTS OF ALKALINE LEYS.

+---------------------------------------------------+
| Alkaline | Specific | Percentage of | Boils at |
| Ley. | Gravity. | Alkali. | degrees |
| | | | Fahrenheit. |
|----------+----------+---------------+-------------|
| Soda | 1·18 | 13 | 217° |
| Potash | 1·23 | 19·5 | 220 |
| Soda | 1·23 | 16 | 220 |
| Potash | 1·28 | 23·4 | 224 |
| Soda | 1·29 | 19 | 224 |
| Soda | 1·32 | 23 | 228 |
| Potash | 1·33 | 26·3 | 229 |
| Soda | 1·36 | 26 | 235 |
| Soda | 1·40 | 29 | 242 |
| Potash | 1·42 | 34·4 | 246 |
| Soda | 1·47 | 34 | 255 |
| Potash | 1·44 | 36·8 | 255 |
| Soda | 1·5 | 36·8 | 265 |
| Potash | 1·52 | 42·9 | 276 |
| Potash | 1·6 | 46·7 | 290 |
| Soda | 1·63 | 46·6 | 300 |
| Potash | 1·68 | 51·2 | 329 |
+---------------------------------------------------+

V.--TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF CAUSTIC SODA IN LEYS OF DIFFERENT DENSITIES (WATER 1,000).

+---------------------------------------------+
| Specific | Soda | Specific | Soda |
| gravity. | per cent. | gravity. | per cent. |
|----------+-----------|----------+-----------|
| 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·22 | 20·66 |
| 1·02 | 2·07 | 1·24 | 22·58 |
| 1·04 | 4·02 | 1·26 | 24·47 |
| 1·06 | 5·89 | 1·28 | 26·33 |
| 1·08 | 7·69 | 1·30 | 28·16 |
| 1·10 | 9·43 | 1·32 | 29·96 |
| 1·12 | 11·10 | 1·34 | 31·67 |
| 1·14 | 12·81 | 1·35 | 32·40 |
| 1·16 | 14·73 | 1·36 | 33·08 |
| 1·18 | 16·73 | 1·38 | 34·41 |
| 1·20 | 18·71 | | |
+---------------------------------------------+

VI.--TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF BLEACHING LIQUID AT 6° TWADDELL (SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1·030) REQUIRED TO BE ADDED TO WEAKER LIQUOR TO RAISE IT TO THE GIVEN STRENGTHS.

+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Strength of | Required | Proportions Required. |
| Sample in 1/12°. | Strength. |---------------------------|
| | |Given Sample.|Liquor at 6°.|
|------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------|
| | | parts. | part. |
| Water | 8/12° | 8 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 9¼ | 1 |
| 2 | " | 11 | 1 |
| 3 | " | 13½ | 1 |
| 4 | " | 17 | 1 |
| 5 | " | 23 | 1 |
| 6 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 7 | " | 71 | 1 |
| Water | 6/12° | 11 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 13½ | 1 |
| 2 | " | 17 | 1 |
| 3 | " | 23 | 1 |
| 4 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 5 | " | 71 | 1 |
| Water | 4/12° | 17 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 23 | 1 |
| 2 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 3 | " | 71 | 1 |
| Water | 3/12° | 23 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 2 | " | 71 | 1 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+

VII.--COMPARATIVE FRENCH AND ENGLISH THERMOMETER SCALES.

French or Centigrade. English or Fahrenheit.

0 Cent. or C. equals 32 Fahr. or F.
5 " " 41 "
10 " " 50 "
15 " " 59 "
20 " " 68 "
25 " " 77 "
30 " " 86 "
35 " " 95 "
40 " " 104 "
45 " " 113 "
50 " " 122 "
55 " " 131 "
60 " " 140 "
65 " " 149 "
70 " " 158 "
75 " " 167 "
80 " " 176 "
85 " " 185 "
90 " " 194 "
95 " " 203 "
100 " (Water boils) " 212 " (Water boils)
200 " " 392 "
300 " " 572 "
356 " (Mercury boils) " 662 " (Mercury boils)

VIII.--WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE METRICAL SYSTEM.

(From the British Pharmacopœia.)

WEIGHTS.

1 Milligramme = the thousandth part of one gramme, or 0·001 gramme.
1 Centigramme = the hundredth " " 0·01 "
1 Décigramme = the tenth " " 0·1 "
1 Gramme = weight of a cubic centimètre
of water at 4° C. 1·0 "
1 Décagramme = ten grammes 10·0 "
1 Hectogramme = one hundred grammes 100·0 "
1 Kilogramme = one thousand grammes 1,000·0 "

MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

1 Millilitre = 1 cubic centimètre,
or the measure of 1 gramme of water.
1 Centilitre = 10 " " 10 "
1 Décilitre = 100 " " 100 "
1 Litre = 1,000 " " 1,000 "

MEASURES OF LENGTH.

1 Millimètre = the thousandth part of one mètre, or 0·001 mètre.
1 Centimètre = the hundredth " " 0·01 "
1 Décimètre = the tenth " " 0·1 "
1 Mètre = the ten-millionth part of a quarter of the meridian
of the earth.

IX.--TABLE OF FRENCH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Kilogramme, 1,000 grammes, equals 2 lbs. 3¾ ozs. nearly.
Gramme (the unit) equals 15·432 grains.

FRENCH MEASURE OF VOLUME.

1 Litre (the unit) equals 34 fluid ozs. nearly.

LONG MEASURE.

Mètre (the unit) equals 39·371 inches.
Décimètre (10th of a mètre) " 3·9371 "
Centimètre (100th of a mètre) " 0·3937 "
Millimètre (1,000th of a mètre) " 0·0393 "

LIST OF WORKS RELATING TO PAPER MANUFACTURE.

"Practical Remarks on Modern Paper." J. Murray. Edinburgh, 1829.

"Manuel du Fabricant des Papiers." L. S. Le Normand. Paris, 1834.

"L'Industrie de la Papetrie." G. Planche. Paris, 1853.

"Die Fabrikation des Papiers." L. Müller. Berlin, 1855.

"Manufacture of Paper and Boards." A. Proteaux. Philadelphia, 1866.

"Manufacture of Paper." C. Hofmann. Philadelphia, 1873.

"Pflanzenfasir." Hugo Müller. Leipzig, 1873.

"Bamboo Considered as a Paper-making Material." London, 1875.

"Etudes sur les Fibres Végétales." Vétillart. Paris, 1876.

"Technology of the Paper Trade" (Cantor Lectures). Arnot. Journal Society of Arts, 1877.

"The Practical Paper-maker." J. Dunbar. London, 1881.

"Forestry and Forest Products." Edinburgh, 1884.

"A Treatise on Paper." R. Parkinson. Preston, 1886.

"Manufacture of Paper." C. T. Davis. Philadelphia, 1887.

"Manufacture of Paper." Tomlinson.

"Text Book of Paper-making." C. F. Cross and E. J. Bevan.

Articles on paper-making will also be found in the following encyclopædias, journals, etc:--

"Encyclopædia Britannica," vol. xvii.; "Encyclopædia Metropolitana," 1845; "Tomlinson's Cyclopædia;" "New American Cyclopædia;" "British Manufacturing Industries;" "English Cyclopædia;" "Encyclopædia Americana;" "Penny Cyclopædia;" _Paper Makers' Monthly Journal_; _Paper Makers' Circular_; _Paper Trade Journal_; _American Paper Trade Journal_.

INDEX.

Acetic acid, 64, 98

Acid, arsenious, process, 231
or bisulphite processes, objections to, 74
boracic, 46
carbonic, 97
fluo-silicic, 175
hydrochloric, 55, 232
hypochlorous, 98
nitric, 66
nitrous, 66
nitro-hydrochloric, 64
oxalic, 98
processes, McDougall's boiler for, 72
sulphuric, 47, 99
anhydrous, 225
sulphurous, 55, 175
test, 224
test, preparation of, 225
treatment of wood, 64

Acids, action of, on cellulose, 2

Acicular fibres, 3

Action of acids on cellulose, 2

Adamsonia, 85

Adamson's process, 77

African esparto, 47

Agalite, 115

Agar-agar, 178

Agave Americana, 8

Alexandria rags, 21

Algerian esparto, 47

Alkali, caustic, 48
testing, 224

Alkalimeter, Mohr's, 223

Alkalimeters, 222

Alkalimetry, 221

Alkaline leys, boiling points of, 243

Alkalis, sampling, 227

Alum, 116

Alum, bleach liquor, 100
cake, estimation of alumina in, 233
concentrated, 119
crystallised, 119
liquor, 240
pearl, 119
porous, 167

Alumina, estimation of, in alum, &c., 233
sulphate of, 100

Aluminium, chloride of, 100
hypochlorite of, 100

Aluminous cake, 119

American combinations for colouring, 167
method of sizing, 123
ochre, 167
refining engines, Mr. Wyatt on, 103
system of soda recovery, 218
wood pulp, 60

Ammonia, 233

Ammoniacal water, 6

Andreoli's electrolytic bleaching process, 96

Anhydrous soda, 225
sulphuric acid, 225

Aniline blues, 166
reds, 166
sulphate of, 8
triethyl rose, 98

Animal size, preparation of, 120, 122
sized papers, 123
or tub-sizing, 122

Annotta, Spanish, 238

Antichlor, 109

Antique paper, 157

Apparatus, disintegrating, 72
evaporating, 205

Aqua regia, 66

Arnot, Mr., on beating-engines, 102
on finishing, 160

Arnot's method of alkali testing, 229

Artificial flowers, colouring paper for, 168
ultramarine, 238

Arsenious acid process, 231

Asbestos, 73, 115

Ash, black, 219

Aussedat's process, 63

Azure blue, 170

Back-water pump, Bertrams', 195

Bagging, old, 10

Balsam, Canada, 179

Baltic rags, 21

Bamboo cane, 10, 18

Bambusa vulgaris, 18

Banana fibre, 10

Bank-notes, water-marking, 147

Baobab, 85

Bark fibres, 6
oak, 166
paper mulberry, 10

Barre and Blondel's process, 66

Bast bagging, 10

Baumé's hydrometer, 242

Beakers, 222, 224

Beater, 37
Jordan, 103, 104
Kingsland, 104

Beating, 101
Dunbar's observations on, 102
engine, 103
Bertrams', 105
Forbes', 105
Umpherston's, 105
engines, Arnot on, 102
operations of, 107
or refining, 101

Belgian rags, 20

Bentley and Jackson's boiler, 80
cooling and damping rolls, 189
drum-washer, 185
dry felt self-acting regulator, 186
glazing calender, 155
rag-cutter, 24
engine, 38
single-cylinder machine, 153
web-ripping machine, 198

Benzine, 5, 77

Berlin blue, 168

Bertrams' back-water pump, 195
beating-engine, 105
conical pulp-saver, 144
damping-rolls, 155
edge-runner, 82
esparto-cleaner, 40
large paper machine, 134
rag boiler, 29
cutting-machine, 23
engine, 37
revolving strainer and knotter, 137
revolving knife-cutter, 162
reeling machine, 197
single-sheet cutter, 162
web-glazing calender, 196
willowing and dusting machine, 26

Beetroot refuse, 10

Beyrout rags, 21

Bichromate of potassa, 165

Binders' clippings, 10

Birch, 60

Bisulphite of lime, 71
magnesium, 70
process, Blitz's, 72
Francke's, 68
Graham's, 73
Mitscherlich's, 71
objections to, 74

Black ash, 219
calicoes, 20
cotton, 20
Frankfort, 171
lamp, 166

Blacks, 20

Bleach, 93
liquor, alum, 100
Wilson's, 100
zinc, 99
mixer, 92
pump, Donkin's, 193

Bleaching, 89
agent, 90
with chloride of lime, 92
chlorine gas, Glaser's process, 93
C. Watt, jun.'s, electrolytic process, 94
electrolytic, Andreoli's process, 96
Hermite's process, 96
esparto, 50
liquid, table showing quantity to be used, 244
liquor, 50, 91
preparation of, 92

Bleaching liquors, 3
Lunge's process of, 98
new method of, 100
operations, 89
powder, 92
estimation of chlorine in, 230
Fresenius' method, 231
Gay-Lussac's method, 231

Bleaching, sour, 91
Thompson's process, 97
Young's method, 100

Blending, 112

Blitz's process, 72

Blotting-papers, 21, 181

Blue, 166
azure, 170
Berlin, 168
Bremen, 170
cottons, 20
dark, 170
indigo, 166
linens, 20
mineral, 171
pale, 170
paper, 19
Paris, 169
Prussian, 165
rags, 19
smalts, 165

Blues, 20
aniline, 166

Boiler, Bentley and Jackson's, 80
Roeckner's, 45

Boiling, American, 60
esparto, 41
rags, 29
straw, 81
waste paper, 86

Boracic acid, 46

Borax, 169

Boxes, suction, 148

Brazil wood, 166
lake, 236

Breaking half-stuff, 39
points of paper, method of determining, 240

Breaking and washing, 34

Breast-roll, 149

Bremen blue, 170

"Broke" paper, 85

Bromine, 6
water, 6

Broom, 10

Broussonetia papyrifera, 18

Brown, 167

brown, dark, 170
reddish, 172

Bucking-keir, 88

Buckwheat straw, 10

Buff envelope, 167

Bunsen burner, 225

Burettes, 222

Calcined soda, 93

Calciner, 206

Calcium, acetate of, 98
chloride of, 109, 230
hypochlorite of, 3
salts, 99

Calender, glazing, 154

Calendering, 154
super, Mr. Wyatt on, 158

Calicoes, black, 20

Canada balsam, 179

Cane, bamboo, 10
rattan, 10

Caoutchouc, 73

Carbonate of lime, 119
magnesia, 46
potassa, 235, 236
soda, 31

Carbonell's esparto process, 46

Carbonic acid, 97

Carbonisation, 75

Cardboard, 182
with two faces by ordinary machinery, 182
work, 179

Carminated lake, 237

Carrageen moss, 178

Carrying tubes, 143

Castile soap, 121

Caustic alkali, 48
potash, 3, 7
soda, 31
ley, 31
table showing quantities of, in leys of different densities, 243

Causticising soda, 32, 205
tanks, 218

Cellulose, 1
action of acids on, 2
determination of, 5
of flax, 4
physical characteristics of, 3
white, 76

Chemical combination, 224
processes, 55
wood pulp, 54

Chilled-iron glazing-rolls, 156

China clay, 114
grass, 10

Chloride of aluminium, 100
calcium, 101, 230
lime, 47, 230
bleaching with, 92
testing samples of, 232
magnesium, 96
potassium, 95
sodium, 95, 109
zinc, 99

Chlorimeter, 232

Chlorimetry, 231

Chlorine, 2, 90, 232
gas, bleaching with, 93
in bleaching powder, estimation of, 230
test for, 110

Chrome, lemon, 170
orange, 166
yellow, 166

Cinnabar, 171

Citrate of tin, 169

Clarifier, Roeckner's, 199

Clay, China, 114

Clogging, 116

"Close" paper, 112

Cobalt, oxide of, 165

Cochineal, 121, 166
lake, 236

Colcothar, 170

Coloured cotton, 20
papers, 165

Colouring, 121
American combinations for, 167
materials, mixing, with pulp, 168
matters used in paper making, 166
paper for artificial flowers, 168

Commercial sodas, examination of, 221

Comparative cost of animal and engine sizing, estimate of, 128
French and English thermometer scales, 244

Composition for waterproof paper, 177

Concentrated alum, 119

Conical pulp-saver, 144

Cooling and damping rolls, Bentley and Jackson's, 189

Copal, white, 179

Copper, green, 170
hydrated oxide of, 175
sulphate, 146

Copperas, 165

Copying-paper, 120

Corchorus capsularis, 4

Cork, 180
paper, 180

Cost of animal and engine sizing, comparative estimate of, 128

Cotton fibre, 3
filaments of, 7
pieces, 20
rags, 10
seed waste, 10
oil soap, 121
superfine whites, 20
waste, 10
wool, 10

Cottons, blue, 20
outshot, 20
unbleached, 20

Coucher, 130

Couch-rolls, 149

Coupier and Mellier's process, 80, 84

Crop madder, 237

Crystallised alum, 119

Cupro-ammonium, 2, 174
Wright's process of preparing, 175

Cutting, 22, 161
machine, 23
Verny's, 187

Cutter, single-sheet, 162

Cutters, 22

Cylinder, drying, 185
machine, single, 152
washing, 193

Cylinders, drying, 151

Dalton's table showing proportion of dry soda in leys of different
densities, 241

Damping-rolls, Bertrams', 155

Dandy-roll, 144

Deckle, 130
frame, 143
strap, 143

De la Rue's improvements in water-marks, 147

Determination of cellulose, 5

Determining the real value or percentage of commercial sodas,
chloride of lime, &c., 221

Devil, Donkin's, 27

Dextrin, 2

Diana's process for making paper or cardboard with two faces by
ordinary machinery, 182

Digester, 65

Disinfecting machine, 12

Disintegrating apparatus, 79

Doctor, the, 150

Donkin's bleach-mixer, 92
pump, 193
glazing machine, 157
press, 157
plate-planing machine, 191
rag boiler, 30
dusting machine, 26
washing cylinder for rag-engine, 193

Double crown, 164
demy, 164
royal, 164

Double-sized paper, 126

Drab, 167

Drainers, 39

Draining, 39

Dr. Mitscherlich's process, 71

Drum-washer, 34
Bentley and Jackson's, 185

Dry-felt regulator, self-acting, 186

Drying cylinder, 185
cylinders, 151

Dunbar's method of treating esparto, 48
observations on beating, 102

Duster, 26

Dusting, 26

Dutch grappe madder, 237

Dyers' wood waste, 10

Edge-runner, Bertrams', 82

Ekman's process, 70

Elastic fibres, 3
packing, 72

Electrolytic bleaching process, Andreoli's, 96
Hermite's, 96
C. Watt's, 94

Electrotypes for water-marking, 146

Engine, beating, 103
Bertrams', 105
Forbes', 105
Umpherston's, 105
Marshall's perfecting, 201
size, French method of preparing, 120
sizing, 115

Engines, beating, Mr. Arnot on, 102
refining, American, Mr. Wyatt on, 103

English green, 172
pink, 172

Envelope, buff, 167
orange-red gold, 167
yellow gold, 167

Eosine, 166

Equivalents, chemical, 224

Esparto, African, 47
Algerian, 47
bleaching, 50
boiler, Sinclair's, 42, 43
boiling, 41
cleaner, Bertrams', 40
Dunbar's treatment of, 48
fibre, 4
Gabes, 47
grass, 10, 16
Mallary's process for, 46
Oran, 47
picking, 40
preliminary treatment of, 40
Carbonell's process for, 46
Sfax, 47
Spanish, 47
Susa, 47
Tripoli, 47
washing boiled, 49
willowing, 41
Young's process for boiling, 50

Estimation of alumina in alum cake, &c., 233
of chlorine in bleaching powder, 230
of commercial sodas, 221

Eucalyptus, oil of, 178

Evaporating apparatus, 205

Evaporator, esparto, 206
Porion's, 208
Roeckner's, 206
Yaryan's, 208

Evaporators, American, 61, 208

Examination of commercial sodas, 221

Feebly-ribbed, or smooth fibres, 5

Felt, 72, 101

Felting, 131

Fern leaves, 10

Ferrocyanide of potassium, 165

Fibre, banana, 10
cotton, 3
esparto, 4
flax, 7
hemp, 8
jute, 4, 8
linen, 4
Manilla, 4
sulphite, and resin, 76
yellow pine, 4

Fibres, acicular, 3
bark, 6
elastic, 3
round-ribbed, 5
smooth, or feebly-ribbed, 5
spiral, 8
straw, 4
various, treatment of, 80
vegetable, micrographic examination of, 5
vegetable, recognition of, by the microscope, 6

Fibrous waste, 11

Finished paper, packing the, 163

Finishing, 157
Arnot on, 160
house, 163
and sizing, 132

First press-roll, 150

Flask, 227

Flax, cellulose of, 4
fibre, or linen, 7
New Zealand, 8, 10
tow, 11
waste, 10

Flocks, 73

Florence lake, 237

Foolscap, 164

Forbes' beating-engine, 105

Foreign rags, 20

Fourdrinier machine, 133

Francke's bisulphite process, 68

Frankfort black, 169

French and English thermometer scales, comparative, 244
measure of volume, 245
rags, 20
weights and measures, table of, 245

Fresenius' method of estimating bleaching powder, 231

Friction-glazing, 157

Fridet and Matussière's process, 66

Furnace, incinerating, 208

Fustians, 20

Fustic, 169

Gabes esparto, 47

Gaine's process for making parchment paper, 182

Gamboge, 169

Gas, chlorine, bleaching with, 93
receiver, 65

Gay-Lussac's method of estimating bleaching powder, 231

German rags, 21

Glaser's process for bleaching with chlorine gas, 93

Glauber's salt, 109

Glazing calender, 154
press, Donkin's, 157
rolls, chilled-iron, 156
web, 154

Glucose, 2

Glue pieces, 122
stock, 124

Glycerin, 120

Graham's process, 73

Grass, China, 10
esparto, 10, 16
sea, 11

Green, copper, 170
English, 172
pale, 170
Schweinfurth, 171

Grey linens, 20

Ground madder, 237
wood pulp, 85

Guillotine rag-cutter, 24

Gum arabic, 169
sandarac, 179
tragacanth, 168

Gunny, 20
bags, 10

Gutta-percha, 147

Half jute and linen, 20
stuff, 39, 101
breaking, 39

Hemp fibre, 8
Manilla, 4, 10
sizal, 8
tarred, 20
waste, 10
white, 20

Hermite's electrolytic bleaching process, 96

High-pressure boiler, 63

Hollander, or rag-engine, 34, 129

Home rags, 20

Hop-bines, 10

Hydrate of soda, 225

Hydrated oxide of copper, 175

Hydro-cellulose, 1

Hydrochloric acid, 55, 232

Hydro-extractor, 94

Hydrometer, Baumé's, 242
Twaddell's, 238

Hypochlorite of aluminium, 100
calcium, 3
lime, 92, 98, 230
soda, 8
sodium, 96

Hypochlorous acid, 98

Hyposulphite of soda, 110

Iodide of potassium, 111

Imitation Manilla pulp from wood, 239

Imperial, 164

Incinerating furnace, 208

Indiarubber, vulcanised, 223

Indigo, 98, 166
sulphate of, 232

Ink, lithographic, 180

Introduction of wood pulp, 17

Irish moss, 178

Iron, oxide of, 34

Iron, pernitrate of, 165
sulphate of, 170

Isinglass, 179

Japanese paper, new, 180

Jordan's beating engine, 103, 104

Jouglet's process for waterproof paper, 177

Jute fibre, 4, 8
Manilla, &c., 84
spinners' waste, 20
waste, 10, 20

Kaolin, 114, 182

Keegan's process, 59

Killing the colour, 121

Kingsland beating-engine, 104

Knife, revolving, 161

Knotter and strainer, revolving, 137

Kollergang, or edge-runner, 82

Lac lake, 237

Laid paper, 130

Lake, Brazil-wood, 236
carminated, 237
cochineal, 236
Florence, 237
lac, 237
madder, 237
orange, 238
scarlet, 171

Lakes, preparation of, 235

Lamp-black, 166, 169

Leaching, 218
tanks, 218

Lead, nitrate of, 167
white, 171

Leather waste, 11

Leghorn rags, 21

Lemon chrome, 170

Leys, alkaline, boiling point of, 243
of different densities, table showing quantities of caustic soda
in, 243

Lime, bisulphite of, 71
carbonate of, 119
chloride of, 23, 47, 110
bleaching with, 92
testing, 232
hypochlorite of, 92, 98, 230
milk of, 33, 72, 110
sulphate of, 100

Limed skins, 122

Linen, 4
fibre, 4
or flax fibre, 7
pieces, 20
rags, 10
waste, 10

Linens, blue, 20
extra fine, 20
grey, 20
strong, 20
white, 20

Liquor, bleaching, preparation of, 92

Liquors, bleaching, 3
spent, recovery of soda from, 218

Lithographic ink, 180
paper, 180

Litmus paper, 183

Lixiviation, 75

Loading, 114

Logwood, 166

Long measure, French, 246

Lunge's bleaching process, 9

Machine, Bentley and Jackson's perfecting, 201
web-ripping, 198
Bertrams' large paper, 13
rag-cutting, 23
reeling, 197
web-glazing, 196
willowing and dusting, 26
disinfecting, 12
Donkin's plate-planing, 191
rag-dusting, 23
Fourdrinier, 133
rag-cutting, 23
roll-bar planing, 191
single-cylinder, 152
web-winding, 188
sizing, 126
Verny's paper-cutting, 187
wire and its accessories, 142
Yankee, 152

Machinery, making paper by, 133
used in paper-making, 184

Machines, wet, 57

Madder, Dutch, 237
ground, 237
lake, 237

Magnesia, carbonate of, 46
sulphate of, 46

Magnesian limestone, 69

Magnesite, 46, 70

Magnesium, bisulphite of, 70
chloride of, 96

Maize husks and stems, 10

Making the paper, 130
paper or cardboard with two faces by ordinary machinery, 182
paper by hand, 129
machinery, 133

Mallary's process for esparto, 46

Manganese, peroxide of, 94

Manilla fibre, 4
hemp, 4, 10
jute, &c., 84
paper, 85

Manilla, imitation, from wood pulp, 239

Manning winder, 159

Maori-prepared phormium, 8

Materials, raw, 10
used in paper-making, 9

Marking, water, 146

Marshall's perfecting engine, 201

McDougall's boiler for acid processes, 72

Mechanical processes, 78
wood pulp, 113
Voelter's process of preparing, 78

Megass, or cane trash, 10

Mellier's process, 84

Method of sizing, American, 123

Metrical system, weights and measures of, 245

Micrographic examination of vegetable fibres, 5

Microscope, recognition of vegetable fibres by, 6

Midfeather, 35

Milk of lime, 33, 72, 110

Millboard, 175, 182

Mincing the fibre, 102

Mineral blue, 171
orange, 166

Miscellaneous papers, 174

Mixed fines, 20
prints, 20

Mixing colouring materials with pulp, 168

Mohr's alkalimeter, 223

Molasses, 180

Morfit's process for toughening paper, 178

Morocco papers, stains for, 171

Mucilage, 94

Mustard oil, 46
stems, 10

Nascent chlorine, 96

Netting, old, 11

New Japanese paper, 180
method of bleaching, 100

New rags, 20

New Zealand flax, 8, 10

Nitric acid, 66

Nitro-hydrochloric acid, 64

Nitrous acid, 66

Notes and tables, 235

Nutgalls, 166

Nuttall's rag-cutter, 24

Oak-bark, 166

Oakum, 11

Objections to the acid or bisulphite process, 74

Ochre, American, 167
yellow, 165, 166

Oil, boiled, 179
cotton-seed, soap, 121
of eucalyptus, 178
linseed, 179
mustard, 46
resin, 178
of turpentine, 179
of vitriol, 100

Oiled paper, 180

Old bagging, 10
bast bagging, 10
canvas, 10
netting, 11
rope, 10
style, 157

Operation of beating, 107

Oran esparto, 47

Orange chrome, 166
lake, 238
mineral, 166
red gold envelope, 167
yellow, 171

Organic acid, 99

Outshot cottons, 20

Outshots (whites), 20

Overhaulers, 22

Oxalic acid, 98

Oxide of cobalt, 165
iron, 34
zinc, 99

Packing the finished paper, 163

Pale blue, 170

Panels, millboard, 175

Pasteboard, 179

Paper, animal-sized, 123
antique, 157
blotting, 21, 181
blue, 19
breaking points of, method of determining, 240
"broke," 85
or cardboard with two faces made by ordinary machinery, 182
colouring, for artificial flowers, 168
copying, 120
cork, 180
cutting machine, Verny's, 187
double sized, 126
hand-made, 129
new Japanese, 180
machine, Bertrams' large, 134
Fourdrinier's, 133
Yankee, 152
making by hand, 129
by machinery, 133
machinery used in, 184
materials used in, 9
manilla, 85
imitation manilla, from wood, 239
Morfit's process for toughening, 178
mulberry, 18
bark, 10
oiled, 180
old style, 157
parchment, 181
shavings, 58
sizes of, 164
strength of, 240
Parkinson's contrivance for determining, 240
toned, 165
toughening, 178
tracing, 179
transparent, 179
turmeric, 183
varnished, 179
vegeto-mineral, 115
waste, 85
boiling, 86
Ryan's process for treating, 87
water-marked, 130
waterproof, 174
Jouglet's process, 177
for windows, 181
coloured, 165
miscellaneous, 174
Morocco, stains for, 171
printing, 164
satin, stains for, 172
test, 183
wrapping, 178
writing, 164

Parchment liquor, 171
paper, 181
shavings, 171

Paris blue, 169

Parker and Blackman's disinfecting machine, 12

Parting, 131

Partington's process, 71

Pearl alum, 119

Pearlash, 238

Pearl hardening, 114

Peat, 10

Pectin, 6

Pectose, 6

Perchloride of tin, 236

Perfecting engine, Marshall's, 201

Pernitrate of iron, 165

Peroxide of manganese, 94

Petroleum, 178

Phormium tenax, 8

Physical characteristics of cellulose, 3

Picking esparto, 40

Pictet and Brélaz's process, 64

Pieces, cotton, 20
linen, 20

Pink, 166
English, 172

Plate-glazing, 157
calender, reversing, 191
planing machine, 190

Poplar, 10, 60

Porion's evaporator, 208

Porous alum, 167

Potash, 74
carbonate of, 235
caustic, 3, 7
yellow prussiate of, 165

Potassa, carbonate of, 235

Potassium, chloride of, 95
iodide of, 111
ferrocyanide of, 165

Potcher, 37

Poucher, 39

Poumarède and Figuier's process for parchment paper, 181

Preliminary operations, 19
treatment of esparto, 40

Preparation of animal size, 122
bleaching liquor, 92
lakes, 235
test acid, 225

Press, glazing, Donkin's, 157

Press-rolls, 150

Presse-pâte, 51

Printing-paper, 103
papers, 164

Prints, light, 20
mixed, 20

Process, Adamson's, 77
American wood pulp, 60
Andreoli's electrolytic bleaching, 96
arsenious acid, 231
Aussedat's, 63
Barre and Blondel's, 66
Blitz's, 72
Carbonell's esparto, 46
Coupier and Mellier's, 80
C. Watt's electrolytic bleaching, 94
Diana's, for making paper with two faces by ordinary machinery, 182
Dr. Mitscherlich's, 71
Eckman's, 70
Francke's bisulphite, 68
Fridet and Matussière's, 66
Gaine's, for making parchment paper, 182
Graham's, 73
Hermite's electrolytic bleaching, 96
Jouglet's, for preparing waterproof paper, 177
Keegan's, 59
Lunge's bleaching, 98
Mallary's esparto, 46
Mellier's, 84
Morfit's, 178
Partington's, 71
Pictet and Brélaz's, 64
Poumarède and Figuier's, 181
retting, 129
Ritter and Kellner's, 71
Ryan's, 87
Scoffern and Tidcombe's, 174
Sinclair's, 58
Thompson's, 97
Thune's, 79
Voelter's, 78
Watt and Burgess's, 55
Wright's, 175
Young's, 50
Young and Pettigrew's, 66

Processes, acid or bisulphite, objections to, 74
McDougall's boiler for, 72
chemical, 55
mechanical, 78
sulphide, 77
sulphite, 68

Prussian blue, 165

Prussiate of potash, 165

Pulp, ground wood, 85
long-fibred, 111
mechanical wood, 113
mixing colouring matter with, 168
rag, 72

Pulp saver, 143
conical, 144
strainers, 137
Bertrams' revolving, 137
Roeckner's, 140

Pulp, sulphite, 68, 160
wood, American, 60
first introduced by Mr. C. Watt, 17
imitation Manilla from, 239

Pump, vacuum, 149

Quercitron, 166

Rag bagging, 11
boiler, Bertrams', 29
Donkin's, 30
cutter, Nuttall's, 24
cutting-machine, Bertrams', 23
Donkin's, 26
engine, 34
Bentley and Jackson's, 38
Bertrams', 37
pulp, 72

Rags, 11
Alexandria, 21
Baltic, 21
Belgian, 20
Beyrout, 21
blue, 19
boiling, 29
cotton, 10
country, 21
disinfecting, 12
foreign, 20
French, 20
German, 21
home, 20
Leghorn, 21
linen, 10
new, 20
Russian, 21
sorting, 19
treatment of, 19
Trieste, 21
Turkey, 21
woollen, 21

Rattan cane, 10

Raw materials, 10

Recognition of vegetable fibres by the microscope, 6

Recovery of soda, American system, 218
from spent liquor, 204

Red, cherry, 170
dark, 170
litmus paper, 183
ochre, 172
pale, 171
Turkey, 170
Venetian, 166

Reds, aniline, 166

Reeds, 10

Reeling machine, Bertrams', 197

Refining or beating, 101
engine, 159
Jordan's, 103
engines, American, Mr. Wyatt on, 103

Regulating box, 136

Resin, 6, 115
oil, 178
size, 118
soap, 116

Resinous soaps, 179

Retree, 85, 164

Retting, 4
process of, 129

Reversing or plate-glazing calender, 190

Revolving knife, 161
cutter, 162
strainer and knotter, 137

Rhamnus catharticus, 169

Ritter and Kellner's process, 71

Roeckner's boiler, 45
clarifier, 199
evaporator, 206
pulp strainers, 140

Roll-bar planing machine, 191

Rolls, couch, 149
press, 150
smoothing, 151, 152

Rope, 20
bagging, 20
hard, 20
tarred, 20
white, 20

Round-ribbed fibres, 5

Royal, 164

Russian rags, 21

Ryan's process for treating waste paper, 87

Sailcloth, 11

Salt of tartar, 235

Sampling alkalies, 227

Sandarac, gum, 179

Sand-table, 136
tables, 149
trap, 50, 136

Sap green, 169

Satin papers, stains for, 172

Save-all, 143

Sawdust, 10

Scarlet lake, 171

Schweinfurth green, 171

Scoffern and Tidcombe's process for waterproof paper, 174

Sea grass, 11

Seaweeds, 178

Second press-roll, 150

Seconds rags, 20

Seconds, whites, 20

Self-acting dry felt regulator, 186
cleansing strainer, 139

Separating tank, 61

Setting, 174

Settling of the pulp, 131

Sfax esparto, 47

Shavings, paper, 58
parchment, 171
wood, 10, 55

Shoddy, 11

Silk cocoon waste, 11

Silver white, 173

Sinclair's esparto boiler, 42, 43
process, 58

Single-cylinder machine, 152

Single-sheet cutter, 162
web-winding machine, 188

Sizal, or sisal hemp, 8

Size, animal, preparation of, 122
engine, French method of preparing, 120
resin, 118

Sizes of paper, 164

Sizing, 115
American method of, 123
and finishing, 132
machine, 126
tub or animal, 122
Mr. Wyatt's remarks on, 127
zinc soaps in, 121

Skip, 153

Small post, 164

Smalts blue, 121, 165

Smoothing presses, three-roll, 194
rolls, 151, 152

Soap, Castile, 121
cotton-seed oil, 121
resin, 116

Soaps, zinc, in sizing, 121

Soda, anhydrous, 225
ash, 31, 227
calcined, 93
carbonate, 31
caustic, 31
table showing the quantities of leys of different densities, 243
dry, Dalton's table, showing the proportion of, in leys of
different densities, 241
hydrate of, 225
hypochlorite of, 8
hyposulphite of, 110
ley, caustic, 31
recovery of, 104
recovery of, American system of, 218
solutions, caustic, table showing strength of, 241
sulphite of, 110
thiosulphite of, 110, 233

Sodas, commercial, examination of, 221

Sodium, chloride of, 95, 109
hypochlorite of, 96
thiosulphite of, 233

Sorting rags, 19, 22

Sour bleaching, 91

Souring, 99

Spanish annotta, 238
esparto, 47

Spent liquors, recovery of soda from, 204
liquors, 218

Spiral fibres, 8

Spruce, 60

Stable manure, 11

Staining power of ultramarines, 240

Stains for Morocco papers, 171
satin papers, 172

Standard test-acid solution, 225

Starch paste, 117

Strainer and knotter, Bertrams' revolving, 137
self-cleansing, 139

Strainers, 57, 137
Roeckner's pulp, 140

Straw, 16
boiling, 81
buckwheat, 10
fibres, 4
wheat, 10

Strength of paper, determination of, 240

Strings, 20

Strong linens, 20

Stuff-chests, 57, 112, 136
pump, 136

Sturtevant blower, 60

Suction boxes, 148

Sulphate of alumina, 100
aniline, 8
copper, 146
indigo, 232
iron, 170
lime, 100
magnesia, 46
zinc, 99, 119

Sulphide processes, 77

Sulphite fibre, 76
and resin, 76
processes, 68
pulp, 68
of soda, 110
wood pulp, 160

Sulphur, 72, 225

Sulphuric acid, 47, 91, 99
anhydrous, 225

Sulphurous acid, 175
gas, 55

Super-calendering, 157
American, Mr. Wyatt on, 157

Superfine white cotton, 20

Superfines, white, 20

Supply-box, 136

Surface-sizing, 122

Susa esparto, 47

Table of boiling points of alkaline leys, 243
French and English thermometer scales, 244
French weights and measures, 245
showing proportion of dry soda in leys of different densities, 241
showing the quantity of bleaching liquid to be used, 244
showing the quantity of bleach liquor required to be added to
weaker liquors, 244
showing the quantity of caustic sodas in leys of different
densities, 243
showing the specific gravity corresponding with the degrees of
Baumé's hydrometer, 242
of strength of caustic soda solutions, 241
of weights and measures of the metrical system, 245

Tables and notes, 235
sand, 149

Tan waste, 10

Tarpaulin, 11, 77

Tarred hemp, 20
rope, 20
string, 20

Tartar, salts of, 235

Tea colour, 167

Test acid, preparation of, 224, 225
for chlorine, 110
liquor, 232
papers, 183

Testing chloride of lime, 232
ultramarines, 239

Thermometer scales, comparative French and English, 244

Thiosulphite of soda, 110
sodium, 233

Thirds, whites, 20

Thompson's bleaching process, 97

Three-roll smoothing process, 194

Thune's process, 79

Tiles, paper, 175

Tin, citrate of, 169
perchloride of, 236

Tobacco stalks, 10

Toned paper, 165

Torrance's drainer, 39

Toughening paper, 178

Tracing paper, 179

Tragacanth, gum, 168

Transparent paper, 179

Treatment of esparto, 40
rags, 19, 29
various fibres, 80
wood, 53, 68

Triethyl rose aniline, 98

Tripoli esparto, 47

Tub-sizing, 122

Turmeric paper, 183

Turkish minium, 170

Turkey rags, 21
red, 170

Turpentine, oil of, 179
Venice, 179

Twaddell's hydrometer, 238

Ultramarine, 121, 165
artificial, preparation of, 238

Ultramarines, staining power of, 240
testing, 239

Umpherston's beating-engine, 105

Unbleached cottons, 20

Vacuum pumps, 149

Vanadate of ammonia, 72

Various fibres, treatment of, 80

Varnished paper, 179

Varrentrapp's zinc bleach liquor, 100

Vat for hand paper-making, 129

Vegetable fibres, micrographic examination of, 5

Vegetable fibres, recognition of, by the microscope, 6

Vegeto-mineral paper, 115

Venetian red, 166

Venice turpentine, 179

Verdigris, 169

Verny's paper-cutting machine, 187

Violet, 171
dark, 172
light, 171

Vitriol, oil of, 57, 90, 106

Voelter's process for preparing mechanical wood pulp, 78

Volumetric assaying, 224

Vulcanised india-rubber, 223

Vulcanite, 148

Washing, American, 61
boiled esparto, 49
and breaking, 34
engine, 37
cylinder for rag-engine, 193

Waste, cotton, 10
cotton-seed, 10
flax, 10
hemp, 10
jute, 10
linen, 10
liquors, recovery of soda from, 204
paper, 10, 85
boiling, 86
Ryan's process for, 87
tan, 10

Water-marked paper, 130

Water-marking, 146

Water-marks, De la Rue's improvements in, 147

Waterproof composition for paper, 177
paper, 174
for flooring, 177
Jouglet's process, 177
for roofing, 177

Watt and Burgess's wood-paper process, 55

Watt's electrolytic bleaching process, 94

Wax, 6, 120
soap, 169

Web-glazing, 154
calender, Bertrams', 196

Web-ripping machine, 198

Weights and measures, French table of, 245

Weights and measures of the metrical system, 245

Wet machines, 57

White cellulose, 76
copal, 179
hemp, 20
lead, 171
linens, 20

Willow and duster, Bertrams', 25
Masson, Scott, and Co.'s, 40

Willowing, 24
esparto, 41

Wilson's bleach liquor, 100

Winding machine, single-web, 188

Wood, acid treatment of, 64
fibre, 53
paper, Watt's patent for, 17
pulp, American method of preparing, 60
pulp, chemical, 54
mechanical, 113
shavings, 10, 55, 77
pulp, sulphite, 160
treatment of, 53, 68
pulp, Voelter's mechanical process for preparing, 78
waste, dyers', 10

Woollen rags, 21

Wrapping papers, 178

Wright's process for preparing cupro-ammonium, 175

Writing papers, 164

Wyatt, Mr., on American refining engines, 103
on American super-calendering, 157

Wyatt, Mr., on sizing, 127

Xyloidin, 67

Yankee machine, 152

Yaryan evaporator, 208

Yellow chrome, 166
gold envelope, 167
lake, 238
ochre, 165, 166
pale, 172, 173
pine fibre, 4

Young's method of bleaching, 100

Young and Pettigrew's process, 66

Young's process for cleaning esparto, 50

Zinc bleach liquor, 99
chloride of, 99
oxide of, 99, 100
salts, 100
soaps in sizing, 121
sulphate of, 99, 119

Zostera marina, 11

PRINTED BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED, CITY ROAD, LONDON

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Cantor Lectures, _Journal of Society of Arts_, vol. xxvi. p. 74.

[2] Needle-shaped, slender and sharp-pointed.

[3] Manilla hemp.

[4] For this purpose, a microscope having a magnifying power of 120 to 150 diameters will be found efficient.

[5] "Commercial Organic Analysis." By A. H. Allen, F.C.S., vol. i. p. 316.

[6] For Table of French Measures see end of this work.

[7] _Pectous_, pertaining to or consisting of _pectose_ or _pectin_. Pectose is a substance contained in the pulp of unripe fleshy fruit, also in fleshy roots and other vegetable organs. It is insoluble in water, but under the influence of acids is transformed into _pectin_.

[8] A _litre_ equals 34 fluid ounces _nearly_.

[9] "Commercial Organic Analysis." By A. H. Allen, F.C.S., vol. i.

[10] _Septa_, plural of _septum_, a partition, as the partitions of an orange, for example.

[11] "Manufacture of Paper." By C. T. Davis, Philadelphia, 1887.

[12] Patent dated 16th December, 1884, No. 539.

[13] "Forestry and Forest Products," p. 501, and Cross and Bevan's "Text Book of Paper-making," p. 65.

[14] "Practical Paper Maker," by James Dunbar. Mackenzie and Storrie, Leith, 1887.

[15] "Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Paper." By Carl Hofmann, Philadelphia, 1873.

[16] _The Chemist._ Edited by Charles and John Watt, p. 552; 1855.

[17] _School of Mines Quarterly, a Journal of Applied Science._ Jan., 1889.

[18] The _cord_ is a pile containing 128 cubic feet, or a pile 8 feet long, 4 feet high, and 4 feet broad.

[19] Wagner's "Jahresb." 1860, p. 188.

[20] _Paper-Makers Monthly Journal_, March 15th, 1889.

[21] Sometimes also called _thiosulphite of soda_.

[22] "The Art of Soap-making." By Alexander Watt. London, Crosby Lockwood and Son, 4th edition, 1890.

[23] Sometimes called "concentrated alum," "pearl alum," etc.

[24] Muspratt's "Chemistry Applied to the Arts."

[25] "Art of Leather Manufacture." By Alexander Watt. Crosby Lockwood and Son, 1885.

[26] "Proceedings of the Society of Civil Engineers," vol. lxxix. p. 245.

[27] _Paper-Makers' Monthly Journal_, April 15th, 1889.

[28] The berries of _Rhamnus catharticus_ made into a decoction by boiling.

[29] _Paper Trade Journal_, New York, April 20th, 1889.

[30] _Sanitary World_, March 29th, 1884.

[31] _Industries_, January 25th, 1889.

[32] "Seventh Annual Report of Local Government Board," 1877-8.

[33] School of Mines _Quarterly Journal of Applied Science_, January, 1889, New York.

[34] These balances may be obtained from Mr. Oertling, Coppice Row, London, or of any philosophical instrument maker.

[35] There are two principal methods of analysing or assaying alkalies by means of the test-acid, namely, _volumetric_, or by volume, and _gravimetric_, or by weight, in which a specific gravity bottle, capable of holding exactly 1,000 grains of distilled water, is used.

[36] New York _Paper Trade Journal_, 1878.

* * * * *

7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LONDON, E.C.
_May, 1894._

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS

INCLUDING NEW AND STANDARD WORKS IN
ENGINEERING: CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND MARINE;
ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING;
MINING, METALLURGY; ARCHITECTURE,
BUILDING, INDUSTRIAL AND DECORATIVE ARTS;
SCIENCE, TRADE AND MANUFACTURES;
AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING;
AUCTIONEERING, VALUING AND ESTATE AGENCY;
LAW AND MISCELLANEOUS.

PUBLISHED BY
CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON.

* * * * *

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc.

_=D. K. Clark's Pocket-Book for Mechanical Engineers.=_

_THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK OF TABLES, FORMULÆ, RULES
AND DATA._ A Handy Book of Reference for Daily Use in Engineering
Practice. By D. KINNEAR CLARK, M. Inst. C. E., Author of "Railway
Machinery," "Tramways," &c. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged.
Small 8vo, 700 pages, 9_s_. bound in flexible leather covers,
with rounded corners and gilt edges.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.

MATHEMATICAL TABLES.--MEASUREMENT OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS.--ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.--FRENCH METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.--FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.--MONEYS.--SPECIFIC GRAVITY, WEIGHT AND VOLUME--MANUFACTURED METALS.--STEEL PIPES.--BOLTS AND NUTS.--SUNDRY ARTICLES IN WROUGHT AND CAST IRON, COPPER, BRASS, LEAD, TIN, ZINC.--STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.--STRENGTH OF TIMBER.--STRENGTH OF CAST IRON.--STRENGTH OF WROUGHT IRON.--STRENGTH OF STEEL.--TENSILE STRENGTH OF COPPER, LEAD, ETC.--RESISTANCE OF STONES AND OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS.--RIVETED JOINTS IN BOILER PLATES.--BOILER SHELLS--WIRE ROPES AND HEMP ROPES.--CHAINS AND CHAIN CABLES.--FRAMING.--HARDNESS OF METALS, ALLOYS AND STONES.--LABOUR OF ANIMALS.--MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES.--GRAVITY AND FALL OF BODIES.--ACCELERATING AND RETARDING FORCES.--MILL GEARING, SHAFTING, ETC.--TRANSMISSION OF MOTIVE POWER.--HEAT.--COMBUSTION: FUELS.--WARMING, VENTILATION, COOKING STOVES.--STEAM.--STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS.--RAILWAYS.--TRAMWAYS.--STEAM SHIPS.--PUMPING STEAM ENGINES AND PUMPS.--COAL GAS, GAS ENGINES, ETC.--AIR IN MOTION.--COMPRESSED AIR.--HOT AIR ENGINES.--WATER POWER.--SPEED OF CUTTING TOOLS.--COLOURS.--ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"Mr. Clark manifests what is an innate perception of what is
likely to be useful in a pocket-book, and he is really unrivalled
in the art of condensation. Very frequently we find the
information on a given subject is supplied by giving a summary
description of an experiment, and a statement of the results
obtained. There is a very excellent steam table, occupying
five and-a-half pages; and there are rules given for several
calculations, which rules cannot be found in other pocket-books,
as, for example, that on page 497, for getting at the quantity of
water in the shape of priming in any known weight of steam. It
is very difficult to hit upon any mechanical engineering subject
concerning which this work supplies no information, and the
excellent index at the end adds to its utility. In one word, it
is an exceedingly handy and efficient tool, possessed of which
the engineer will be saved many a wearisome calculation, or yet
more wearisome hunt through various text-books and treatises,
and, as such, we can heartily recommend it to our readers, who
must not run away with the idea that Mr. Clark's Pocket-book is
only Molesworth in another form. On the contrary, each contains
what is not to be found in the other; and Mr. Clark takes more
room and deals at more length with many subjects than Molesworth
possibly could."--_The Engineer._

"It would be found difficult to compress more matter within a
similar compass, or produce a book of 650 pages which should
be more compact or convenient for pocket reference.... Will be
appreciated by mechanical engineers of all classes."--_Practical
Engineer._

"Just the kind of work that practical men require to have near to
them."--_English Mechanic._

_MR. HUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS._

_=Handbook for Works' Managers.=_

_THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK OF MODERN RULES, TABLES, AND
DATA._ For Engineers, Millwrights, and Boiler Makers; Tool
Makers, Machinists, and Metal Workers; Iron and Brass Founders,
&c. By W. S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of
"The Practical Engineer's Handbook." Fourth Edition, carefully
Revised and partly Re-written. In One handsome Volume, medium
8vo, price 15_s._ strongly bound.

==> _The Author having compiled Rules and Data for his own use in a great variety of modern engineering work, and having found his notes extremely useful, decided to publish them--revised to date--believing that a practical work, suited to the_ DAILY REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN ENGINEERS, _would be favourably received._

_In the Fourth Edition the First Section has been re-written and improved by the addition of numerous Illustrations and new matter relating to_ STEAM ENGINES _and_ GAS ENGINES. _The Second Section has been enlarged and Illustrated, and throughout the book a great number of emendations and alterations have been made, with the object of rendering the book more generally useful._

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"The author treats every subject from the point of view of one
who has collected workshop notes for application in workshop
practice, rather than from the theoretical or literary aspect.
The volume contains a great deal of that kind of information
which is gained only by practical experience, and is seldom
written in books."--_Engineer._

"The volume is an exceedingly useful one, brimful with engineers'
notes, memoranda, and rules, and well worthy of being on every
mechanical engineer's bookshelf."--_Mechanical World._

"The information is precisely that likely to be required in
practice.... The work forms a desirable addition to the library
not only of the works' manager, but of anyone connected with
general engineering."--_Mining Journal._

"A formidable mass of facts and figures, readily accessible
through an elaborate index.... Such a volume will be found
absolutely necessary as a book of reference in all sorts of
'works' connected with the metal trades."--_Ryland's Iron Trades
Circular._

"Brimful of useful information, stated in a concise form, Mr.
Hutton's books have met a pressing want among engineers. The book
must prove extremely useful to every practical man possessing a
copy."--_Practical Engineer._

_=New Manual for Practical Engineers.=_

_THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HAND-BOOK._ Comprising a Treatise on
Modern Engines and Boilers: Marine, Locomotive and Stationary.
And containing a large collection of Rules and Practical Data
relating to recent Practice in Designing and Constructing all
kinds of Engines, Boilers, and other Engineering work. The whole
constituting a comprehensive Key to the Board of Trade and other
Examinations for Certificates of Competency in Modern Mechanical
Engineering. By WALTER S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer,
Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook for Engineers," &c.
With upwards of 370 Illustrations. Fourth Edition, Revised, with
Additions. Medium 8vo, nearly 500 pp., price 18_s._ Strongly
bound.

==> _This work is designed as a companion to the Author's_ "WORKS' MANAGER'S HAND-BOOK." _It possesses many new and original features, and contains, like its predecessor, a quantity of matter not originally intended for publication, but collected by the author for his own use in the construction of a great variety of_ MODERN ENGINEERING WORK.

_The information is given in a condensed and concise form, and is illustrated by upwards of 370 Woodcuts; and comprises a quantity of tabulated matter of great value to all engaged in designing, constructing, or estimating for_ ENGINES, BOILERS, _and_ OTHER ENGINEERING WORK.

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"We have kept it at hand for several weeks, referring to it as
occasion arose, and we have not on a single occasion consulted
its pages without finding the information of which we were in
quest."--_Athenæum._

"A thoroughly good practical handbook, which no engineer can go
through without learning something that will be of service to
him."--_Marine Engineer._

"An excellent book of reference for engineers, and a valuable
text-book for students of engineering."--_Scotsman._

"This valuable manual embodies the results and experience of the
leading authorities on mechanical engineering."--_Building News._

"The author has collected together a surprising quantity of rules
and practical data, and has shown much judgment in the selections
he has made.... There is no doubt that this book is one of the
most useful of its kind published, and will be a very popular
compendium."--_Engineer._

"A mass of information, set down in simple language, and in such
a form that it can be easily referred to at any time. The matter
is uniformly good and well chosen and is greatly elucidated
by the illustrations. The book will find its way on to most
engineers' shelves, where it will rank as one of the most useful
books of reference."--_Practical Engineer._

"Full of useful information and should be found on the office
shelf of all practical engineers."--_English Mechanic._

_=Practical Treatise on Modern Steam-Boilers.=_

_STEAM-BOILER CONSTRUCTION._ A Practical Handbook for Engineers,
Boiler-Makers, and Steam Users. Containing a large Collection
of Rules and Data relating to Recent Practice in the Design,
Construction, and Working of all Kinds of Stationary, Locomotive,
and Marine Steam-Boilers. By WALTER S. HUTTON, Civil and
Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook,"
"The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. With upwards of 300
Illustrations. Second Edition. Medium 8vo, 18_s._ cloth.

==> _This work is issued in continuation of the Series of Handbooks written by the Author, viz_:--"THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK" _and_ "THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HANDBOOK," _which are so highly appreciated by Engineers for the practical nature of their information; and is consequently written in the same style as those works_.

The Author believes that the concentration, in a convenient form for easy reference, of such a large amount of thoroughly practical information on Steam-Boilers, will be of considerable service to those for whom it is intended, and he trusts the book may be deemed worthy of as favourable a reception as has been accorded to its predecessors.

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"Every detail, both in boiler design and management, is clearly
laid before the reader. The volume shows that boiler construction
has been reduced to the condition of one of the most exact
sciences; and such a book is of the utmost value to the _fin de
siècle_ Engineer and Works' Manager."--_Marine Engineer._

"There has long been room for a modern handbook on steam boilers;
there is not that room now, because Mr. Hutton has filled it. It
is a thoroughly practical book for those who are occupied in the
construction, design, selection, or use of boilers."--_Engineer._

"The book is of so important and comprehensive a character that
it must find its way into the libraries of everyone interested in
boiler using or boiler manufacture if they wish to be thoroughly
informed. We strongly recommend the book for the intrinsic value
of its contents."--_Machinery Market._

"The value of this book can hardly be over-estimated. The
author's rules, formulæ, &c., are all very fresh, and it is
impossible to turn to the work and not find what you want. No
practical engineer should be without it."--_Colliery Guardian._

_=Hutton's "Modernised Templeton."=_

_THE PRACTICAL MECHANICS' WORKSHOP COMPANION._ Comprising a
great variety of the most useful Rules and Formulæ in Mechanical
Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calculated
Results for Facilitating Mechanical Operations. By WILLIAM
TEMPLETON, Author of "The Engineer's Practical Assistant," &c.
&c. Sixteenth Edition, Revised, Modernised, and considerably
Enlarged by WALTER S. HUTTON, C.E., Author of "The Works'
Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c.
Fcap. 8vo, nearly 500 pp., with 8 Plates and upwards of 250
Illustrative Diagrams, 6_s._, strongly bound for workshop or
pocket wear and tear.

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"In Its modernised form Hutton's 'Templeton' should have a
wide sale, for it contains much valuable information which the
mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes
which he might look for in vain in other works. This modernised
edition will be appreciated by all who have learned to value the
original editions of 'Templeton'.--_English Mechanic._

"It has met with great success in the engineering workshop, as
we can testify; and there are a great many men who, in a great
measure, owe their rise in life to this little book."--_Building
News._

"This familiar text-book--well known to all mechanics and
engineers--is of essential service to the every-day requirements
of engineers, millwrights, and the various trades connected with
engineering and building. The new modernised edition is worth its
weight in gold."--_Building News._ (Second Notice.)

"This well-known and largely-used book contains information,
brought up to date, of the sort so useful to the foreman and
draughtsman. So much fresh information has been introduced as to
constitute it practically a new book. It will be largely used in
the office and workshop."--_Mechanical World._

"The publishers wisely entrusted the task of revision of this
popular, valuable, and useful book to Mr. Hutton, than whom a
more competent man they could not have found."--_Iron._

_=Templeton's Engineer's and Machinist's Assistant.=_

_THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINIST'S PRACTICAL
ASSISTANT._ A collection of Useful Tables, Rules and Data. By
WILLIAM TEMPLETON. 7th Edition, with Additions. 18mo, 2_s._ 6_d._
cloth.

*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

"Occupies a foremost place among books of this kind. A more
suitable present to an apprentice to any of the mechanical trades
could not possibly be made."--_Building News._

"A deservedly popular work. It should be in the 'drawer' of every
mechanic."--_English Mechanic._

_=Foley's Office Reference Book for Mechanical Engineers.=_

_THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK_, for Machine and
Boiler Construction. In Two Parts. Part I. GENERAL ENGINEERING
DATA. Part II. BOILER CONSTRUCTION. With 51 Plates and numerous
Illustrations. By NELSON FOLEY, M.I.N.A. Folio, £5 5_s._
half-bound.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.