Chapter X: Appendix: I

During the course of this essay an attempt was made to estimate roughly the total number of auxiliary troops in existence during the first century, but the evidence for this period was too scanty to permit of discussing further the size and composition of the various provincial garrisons.[446] In the second century, however, the evidence of ‘diplomata’ and dated inscriptions becomes relatively copious, and it has seemed possible to draw up something like an ‘army list’, giving the names of the regiments stationed in every province during this period so far as they are known. Such a list cannot, of course, make any pretensions to completeness, but it is hoped that the main conclusions which it suggests will not be found incorrect, and that it may be of service to future workers in the same field. The period to which the list is intended to apply extends from the death of Trajan, in 117, to the accession of Marcus, in 161, during which no hostilities on a large scale took place, so that in view of the general character of the military system we may safely assume that few regiments were transferred from one province to another. In drawing up the list the following principles have been observed. In the first place, all regiments have been included which are assigned to a particular province by a ‘diploma’ or inscription dated within the limits of the period. Secondly, those regiments are included which can be shown to have existed before and after the period, since they must obviously also have been in existence during it, although their allocation to a particular province is of course not so certain. To this category belong those regiments which, while only mentioned in later inscriptions or the _Notitia Dignitatum_, bear evidence in the titles ‘Claudia’, ‘Flavia’, ‘Ulpia’, or ‘Aelia’ that they were created at an earlier date.

These canons have not, however, been rigidly adhered to in every case. In estimating the garrison of Mauretania Caesariensis; for example, where evidence is particularly scanty, it seemed foolish to exclude that afforded by the diploma of 107, the only one yet found in the province. In this and other doubtful cases a summary of the evidence used is appended to the name of the regiment, so that the reader may judge of its value for himself. When the facts seem certain the epigraphical evidence is not cited in full, although to illustrate certain arguments used in the text a reference is given to every ‘diploma’ in which each regiment is mentioned and also to the _Notitia Dignitatum_.[447] In calculating the strength of the various provincial garrisons the cohorts and alae are reckoned at 500 or 1,000 men each, the mounted infantry of a _cohors equitata_ being estimated at 25 per cent. of the total establishment. For the _numeri_, which probably varied in size, an average strength of 200 men has been taken.

I. BRITAIN.[448]

Diplomata xxix (98), xxxii (103), xxxiv (105), xliii (124), lv (_ante_ 138), lvii (146).

_Alae._

I Asturum 98 (?), 124, 146. _Not.
Dign. Occ._ xl. 35.
II Asturum Several inscriptions. _Eph. Ep._
ix. 1171 dates from _c._ 180.
(Cf. Dio, lxxii. 8). _Not. Dign.
Occ._ xl. 38.
Augusta Gallorum 98 (?), 124. Not. Dign.
Petriana M. C. R. Occ. xl. 45.
Augusta Gallorum 98 (?), _ante_ 138, 146.
Proculeiana
II Gallorum Sebosiana 103, inscription of the third
century (vii. 287).
Picentiana 124.
I Qu//ru (? Cugernorum) 124.
Sabiniana vii. 571. _Not. Dign. Occ._
xl. 37.[449]
Tungrorum 98, 105, 145-80 (vii. 1090).[450]
Hispanorum Vettonum C. R. 103, 197 (vii. 273).
Augusta Vocontiorum 145-80 (vii. 1080).[451]

_Cohorts._

I Aquitanorum 124, 158 (_Eph. Ep._ ix. 1108).
I Asturum 260 (viii. 9047).[452]
II Asturum 105 (?), 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._
xl. 42.[453]
I Baetasiorum C. R. 103, 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._
xxviii. 18.
I Batavorum 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 39.
III Bracaraugustanorum 103, 124, 146. _Eph. Ep._
ix. 1277.
IV Breucorum vii. 458, 1231. _Eph. Ep._ vii.
1127. The only one of these
which can be dated belongs to
the third century, but the
cohort doubtless formed part of
the early series, which can be
traced in several provinces.
I Celtiberorum 105, 146.
I Aelia Classica 146. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 51.
I Ulpia Traiana Cugernorum C. R. 103, 124.
I Aelia Dacorum M. 146. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 44.
I Dalmatarum 124.
II Dalmatarum 105 (?). _Not. Dign. Occ._
xl. 43.
II Dongonum 124.
I Frisiavonum 105, 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl.
36.[454]
II Gallorum E. 146.
IV Gallorum E. 146. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 41.
V Gallorum 145-80 (vii. 1083). 222 (_Eph.
Ep._ ix. 1140).
I Nervana Germanorum M. E. Second-century inscriptions
(vii. 1063, 1066).[455]
I Hamiorum S. 124, 136-8 (vii. 748).
I Aelia Hispanorum M. E. 222 (vii. 965).
I Hispanorum E. 98, 103, 105, 124, 146. _Not.
Dign. Occ._ xl. 49.
I Lingonum E. 105, c. 142 (vii. 1041).
II Lingonum E. 98, 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._
xl. 48.
IV Lingonum E. 103, 146. _Not. Dign. Occ._
xl. 33.
I Menapiorum 124.
I Morinorum 103. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 52.
II Nerviorum 98, 124, 146.
III Nerviorum C. R. 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 53.
VI Nerviorum C. R. 124, 146. _Not. Dign. Occ._
xl. 56.
II Pannoniorum 105 (?). Still existing in the
reign of Hadrian (ix. 1619).
III Pannoniorum _ante_ 138.[456]
I Sunucorum 124.
I Thracum 117-38 (vii. 275),[457] 193-7
(vii. 273).
II Thracum E. 103, 145-80 (vii. 1091). _Not.
Dign. Occ._ xl. 50.
I Tungrorum M. 103, 124. _Not. Dign._ xl. 40.
II Tungrorum M. E. C. L.[458] 158. _Eph. Ep._ ix. 1230.
I Vangionum M. E. 103, 124.
I Fida Vardullorum M. E. C. R. 98, 105, 124, 146.

6,000 cavalry, 2,125 mounted infantry, 20,875 infantry.
Total 29,000.

Legions in the province: II Augusta, VI Victrix, XX Valeria Victrix.

II. GERMANIA INFERIOR.

Diploma 78. _I Bericht über die Fortschritte der römisch-germanischen Forschung_, p. 99.

_Alae._

Afrorum 78. One inscription, which is
apparently second century
(xiii. 8806).[459]
Noricorum 78, 138-61 (xiii. 8517).
Sulpicia 78, 187 (xiii. 8185).

_Cohorts._

I Flavia E. 205 (xiii. 7797), 250 (xiii. 7786).
II Hispanorum P. F. E. 158 (xiii. 7796).
VI Ingenuorum C. R. xiii. 8315. Still existing in
third century. _A. E._
1911. 107.
XV Voluntariorum C. R. Early third-century inscriptions
(xiii. 8824, 8826).[460]

1,500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 1,750 infantry. Total 3,500.

Legions in the province: I Minervia, XXX Ulpia Victrix.

III. GERMANIA SUPERIOR.[461]

Diplomata xi (74), xiv (82), xxi (90), xl (116), l (134).

_Alae._

I Flavia Gemina 74, 82, 90, 116.
Indiana Gallorum 134.
Scubulorum 74, 82, 90, 116.

_Cohorts._

I Aquitanorum Veterana E. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.
I Aquitanorum Biturigum 74, 90, 116 (?), 134.
III Aquitanorum E. C. R. 74, 82, 90, 134.
IV Aquitanorum E. C. R. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.
I Asturum E. 82, 90, 134.
II Augusta Cyrenaica E. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.
I Flavia Damascenorum M. E. S. 90, 116, 134.
III Dalmatarum 90, 116, 134.
V Dalmatarum 74, 90, 116, 134.
I Germanorum C. R. 82, 116, 134.
I Helvetiorum 148 (xiii. 6472).
I Ligurum et Hispanorum C. R. 116, 134.
II Raetorum C. R. 82, 90, 116, 134.
VII Raetorum E. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.
I Sequanorum et Rauracorum E. 191 (xiii. 6604).[462]
IV Vindelicorum 74, 90, 116 (?), 134.
I C. R. 116, 134.
XXIV Voluntariorum C. R. Inscriptions at Murrhardt on
outer limes (xiii. 6530-33).
XXX Voluntariorum C. R. Placed in the province by a late
second-century C. H.(iii. 6758).

_Numeri._

Brittonum Elantiensium 145-61 (xiii. 6490).
Brittonum Triputiensium 145 (xiii. 6517).[463]

1,500 cavalry, 1,125 mounted infantry, 9,275 infantry. Total 11,900.

Legions in the province: VIII Augusta, XXII Primigenia.

IV. RAETIA.

Diplomata iii (64), xxxv (107), lxxix (_post_ 145), lxiv (153), cxi (162), lxxiii (166).

_Alae._

Hispanorum Auriana 107, 166 (?), 153 (iii. 11911)
I Flavia Singularium C. R. P. F. 107, 162 (?), 166.
I Flavia Fidelis M. P. F. 162.
I Flavia Gemelliana 64,[464] 166.
II Flavia P. F. M. 153.

_Cohorts._

II Aquitanorum E. 162, 166.[465]
IX Batavorum M. E. 166. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xxxv. 24.
III Bracaraugustanorum 107, 166.
V Bracaraugustanorum 107, 166.
I Breucorum E. 107, 166, 138-61 (iii. 11930,
11931).
III Britannorum 107, _post_ 145, 166.[465] _Not.
Dign. Occ._ xxxv. 25.
I Flavia Canathenorum M. 162, 166.
IV Gallorum 107, 166.
I C. R. Ingenuorum[466] First-century Raetian inscription
(v. 3936). Post-Hadrianic C. H.
(ix. 5362).
VI Lusitanorum Placed in Raetia by a C. H. which
is probably second century
(_I. G. R. R._ iii. 56).
VII Lusitanorum 107 (?), 166.
I Raetorum 107, 166.[467]
II Raetorum 107, _post_ 145, 162,[468]
166.[469]
VI Raetorum Cf. iii. 5202 with _Not. Dign.
Occ._ xxxv. 27.
III Thracum Veterana 107, 145, 166 (secondary title
only in last).
III Thracum C. R. 107, 166.

3,500 cavalry, 500 mounted infantry, 8,500 infantry. Total 12,500.

No legion in the province before the end of the reign of Marcus.

V. NORICUM.

Diploma civ (106).

_Alae._

I Commagenorum 106. _Not. Dign. Occ._
xxxiv. 36.[470]
I Augusta Thracum 140-4 (iii. 5654).

_Cohorts._

I Asturum 106. Several inscriptions
(iii. 4839, 5330, 5539, 11508,
11708; vi. 3588).
V Breucorum Inscriptions in Noricum
(iii. 5086, 5472). Probably
second century C.H. (x. 6102).
I Aelia Brittonum M. 238 (iii. 4812).
I Flavia Brittonum M. 267 (cf. iii. 4811 with 11504).

1,000 cavalry, 3,000 infantry. Total 4,000.

No legion in the province before the end of the reign of Marcus.

VI. PANNONIA SUPERIOR.

Diplomata for the undivided provinces, ci (_ante_ 60), ii (60), xiii (80), xvi (84), xvii (85), xxvii (98), xcviii (105).

Diplomata for Pannonia Superior, cv (116), xlvii (133), li (138), lix (138-48), lx (148), lxi (149), c (150), lxv (154).

_Alae._

Canninefatium 116, 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.
I Ulpia Contariorum M. C. R. 133, 148, 154.
I Hispanorum Aravacorum 80, 84, 85, 133, 138, 148,
149, 150.
Pannoniorum Several inscriptions; iii. 3252,
4372 are certainly second
century.
I Thracum Victrix C. R. 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.
III Augusta Thracum S. 148, 149, 150, 154.

_Cohorts._

II Alpinorum E. 60, 84, 133, 148, 149, 154.
I Bosporiana 116.
V Lucensium et Callaecoram E. 60, 84, 85, 133, 138-48, 148,
149, 154.
I Ulpia Pannoniorum M. E. 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.
I Aelia Sagittariorum M. E. 133 (?), 148, 149.
I Thracum C. R. E. 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.
_Not. Dign. Occ._ xxxii. 59.
IV Voluntariorum C. R. 148, 149.
XVIII Voluntariorum C. R. 138, 148, 149, 154.

3,500 cavalry, 875 mounted infantry, 4,125 infantry. Total 8,500.

Legions in the province: I Adiutrix, X Gemina, XIV Gemina Martia Victrix.

VII. PANNONIA INFERIOR.

Diplomata xxxix (114), lviii (138-46), c (150), lxviii (145-60), lxxiv (167).

_Alae._

Augusta C. R. 145-60.
Flavia Augusta Britannica 150, 145-60, 167.
M. C. R.
I C. R. Veterana 80, 84, 85, 145-60.
I Flavia Gaetulorum 114, 145-60 (?).[471]
I Augusta Ituraeorum S. 98, 150, 167.
I Thracum Veterana S. 150, 145-60, 167.

_Cohorts._

I Alpinorum Peditata 80, 85, 114, 167.
I Alpinorum E. 80, 85, 114, 154-60.[472]
II Asturum et Callaecorum 80, 85, 145-60, 167.
III Batavorum M. E. 138-46, 145-60.
VII Breucorum C. R. E. 85, 167.
II Augusta Nervia Pacensis 114, 145-60.[473]
Brittonum M.
II Augusta Dacorum P. F. M. E. iii. 10255 probably dates from
the second century.
I Hemesenorum M. E. C. R. S. 138-46.
I Lusitanorum 60, 80, 84, 85, 98, 114,
145-60, 167.
III Lusitanorum E. 114, 145-60, 167.
Maurorum M. E. Several inscriptions; iii. 3545
probably second century.
I Montanorum C. R. 80, 84, 85, 98, 114, 167.
I Noricorum E. 80, 84, 85, 138-46 (?), 167.
Cohors I Thracum E. 145-60.
Cohors I Augusta Thracum E. 167.
Cohors II Augusta Thracum E. 167.
Cohors I Campanorum Voluntariorum Third-century inscription
(iii. 3237).

3,500 cavalry, 1,875 mounted infantry, 9,125 infantry. Total 14,500.

Legion in the province: II Adiutrix.

VIII. DALMATIA.

Diploma xxiii (93).

_Cohorts._

III Alpinorum E. 93. Numerous inscriptions;
third-century C. H. (_A. E._
1911. 107); placed by
_Not. Dign. Occ._ xxxii. 53
in Pannonia.
I Belgarum E. Numerous inscriptions, one of
173 (iii. 8484).
VIII Voluntariorum C. R. 93, 197 (iii. 8336).

250 mounted infantry, 1,250 infantry. Total 1,500.

IX. MOESIA SUPERIOR.

Diplomata, ciii (93); _A. E._ 1912. 128 (103).[474]

_Alae._

Claudia Nova 93, 103.

_Cohorts._

I Antiochensium 93, 103.
I Cisipadensium 93, 103, 235-8 (iii. 14429).
I Cretum 93, 103. Mentioned in a Dacian
C. H. (iii. 1163).[475]
V Gallorum 93, 103. Second-century inscription
(iii. 14216⁴).
V Hispanorum E. 93, 103. Inscription probably of
second or early third century
(viii. 4416).[476]
IV Raetorum 93, 103. Existing at time of
Marcomannian War (viii. 17900).
I Thracum Syriaca E. 93, 103. Several inscriptions at
Timacum minus (iii. 8261, 8262,
14575, 14579).

500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 3,250 infantry. Total 4,000.

Legions in the province: IV Flavia, VII Claudia.

X. MOESIA INFERIOR.

Diplomata xiv (82), xxx (99a), xxxi (99b), xxxiii (105), xxxviii (98-114), xlviii (134), cviii (138).[477]

_Alae._

Atectorigiana A second-century inscription
places the ala in Moesia
Inferior (_Notigia degli Scavi_,
1889. 340). Inscription from
Tomi of 222-35 (iii-6154).[478]
Gallorum Flaviana 99b, 105. Second-century C. H.
(_Eph. Ep._ v. 994).
II Hispanorum et Aravacorum 99b, 138.
Augusta Early inscription at Arlec (iii.
12347), which is still a cavalry
station with the name Augusta in
_Not. Dign. Or._ xiii. 7.
I Vespasiana Dardanorum 99a, 105, 98-114, 134.

_Cohorts._

I Bracaraugustanorum 99b, 98-114, 134.
II Flavia Brittonum E. 99a, 230 (iii. 7473).
II Chalcidenorum 99a, 134.
I Cilicum M. 134.
IV Gallorum 105. _Not. Dign. Or._ xl. 46.
II Lucensium 105, 98-114, 199 (iii. 12337).
I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica E. 99a, 105, 138.
II Mattiacorum 99b, 134, 138.

2,500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 4,250 infantry. Total 7,000.

Legions in the province: I Italica, V Macedonica, XI Claudia.

XI. DACIA.[479]

Diplomata, xxxvii (110);[480] for Dacia Inferior xlvi (129); for Dacia Superior lxvi (157?), lxvii (158); uncertain lxx (145-61).

_Alae._

I Asturum 200 (iii. 1393). Tiles iii.
8074¹ᵃ⋅ᵇ.
I Batavorum M. 158.
Bosporanorum[481] iii. 1197, 1344, 7888. Tiles
8074³.
Gallorum et Bosporanorum 158.
Gallorum et Pannoniorum 145-61.
I Hispanorum 129.
I Hispanorum Campagonum 157, 158.
II Pannoniorum 144 (_A. E._ 1906. 112).
Siliana C. R. torquata iii. 845, 847, 7651.
I Tungrorum Frontoniana In Pannonia Inferior till 114.
In Dacia probably in 145-61,[482]
213 (iii. 795).
Vexillatio equitum Illyricorum 129. (Afterwards became an ala,
and is reckoned as such.)

_Cohorts._

I Alpinorum E. 205 (iii. 1343). Also iii. 1183,
and on tiles 1633²³, 8074⁸.
I Batavorum M. iii. 839, 13760.
II Flavia Bessorum 129.
I Britannica M. C. R.[483] 110. iii. 7634 is not earlier than
Marcus and Verus.
I Brittonum M. E. In Pannonia in 85. In Dacia in 191
(iii. 1193).
I Augusta Nervia Pacensis 145-61.
Brittonum M.[484]
I Ulpia Brittonum M. 145-61.
II Brittonum M. C. R. P. F.[485] In Moesia Superior in 103.
Tiles iii. 8074¹¹.
III Brittonum[485] In Moesia Superior in 103.
Tiles iii. 8074¹².
III Campestris C. R. 110. Inscriptions at Drobetae, iii.
14216⁸, 14216¹⁰.
I Flavia Commagenorum 157. iii. 14216²⁶.
II Flavia Commagenorum E. 119-38 (iii. 1371).
III Commagenorum iii. 7221, 13767.
I Gallorum Dacica 157.
II Gallorum Macedonica E. 110. Described as being in Dacia in
ii. 3230.
III Gallorum 129.
I Flavia Ulpia Hispanorum 110, 145-61.
M. E. C. R.
I Hispanorum Veterana 145-61. (Probably is the Cohors I
Hispanorum of this diploma.)
II Hispanorum Scutata 145-61.
Cyrenaica E.
IV Hispanorum E. 158.
I Augusta Ituraeorum S. 110, 158.
V Lingonum 215 (iii. 7638). But the cohort
existed earlier; _A. E._
1890. 151.
II Flavia Numidarum 129.
I Aelia Gaesatorum M. 145-61.[486]
I Thracum S. 157, 158.
VI Thracum 145-61.
I Ubiorum 157.
I Vindelicorum M. 157.

_Numeri._

Burgariorum et veredariorum 138 (iii. 13795).
Pedites singulares Britannici 110, 157.
Palmyrenorum[487] Some inscriptions (iii. 907,
14216) are probably as early
as this period.

6,000 cavalry, 1,125 mounted infantry, 18,175 infantry. Total 25,300.

Legion in the province: XIII Gemina.

XII. MACEDONIA.

A new diploma (_A. E._ 1909. 105) shows that the Cohors I Flavia Bessorum was stationed in the province in 120. Total 500 infantry.

XIII. CAPPADOCIA.

No diplomata: the basis of this section is Arrian’s ‘Order of battle against the Alani’, which gives the state of the garrison at the end of the reign of Hadrian.[488]

_Alae._

II Ulpia Auriana Arrian, 1. Full title,
iii. 6743. _Not. Dign. Or._
xxxviii. 23.
I Augusta Gemina Colonorum Arrian, 1. Full title, viii.
8934. _Not. Dign. Or._
xxxviii. 21.
II Gallorum Arrian, 9. Cf. _I. G. R. R._ iii.
272; _Not. Dign. Or._
xxxviii. 24.
I Ulpia Dacorum Arrian, 8. _Not. Dign. Or._
xxxviii. 23.
_Cohorts._

Apuleia C. R. Arrian, 7 and 14. _Not. Dign.
Or._ xxxviii. 34.
Bosporiana M. S. Arrian, 3 and 18. _Not. Dign. Or._
xxxviii. 29.
I Claudia E. _Not. Dign. Or._ xxxviii. 36.
Cyrenaica S. E. Arrian, 1 and 14.
I Germanorum M. E. Arrian, 2. Cf. _I. G. R. R._ i.
623; _Not. Dign. Or._
xxxviii. 30.
II Hispanorum E. Cf. iii. 6760, ix. 2649; _A. E._
1911. 161.[489]
II Italica C. R. S. M. E. Arrian, 3, 9, and 13. Cf. xi.
6117.[490]
Ituraeorum E. Arrian, 1.
I Lepidiana E. C. R. In Moesia Inferior in 98-114.[491]
_Not. Dign. Or._ xxxviii. 35.
I Flavia Numidarum M. E. S.[492] Arrian, 3 and 18. Cf. D. lxxvi
(178) for Lycia-Pamphylia.
III Ulpia Petraeorum M. E. S. Arrian, 1. _Not. Dign. Or._
xxxviii. 27.
I Raetorum E. Arrian, 1.
IV Raetorum E. Arrian, 1.

2,000 cavalry, 1,875 mounted infantry, 7,125 infantry. Total 11,000.

Legions in the province: XII Fulminata, XV Apollinaris.

XIV. SYRIA.

Diploma cx (157). The cavalry vexillatio described in iii. 600 seems to have been drawn almost entirely from regiments stationed in the Eastern provinces.[493] This inscription, therefore, which probably dates from the end of Trajan’s reign, may be reckoned as a diploma, and the regiments mentioned in it placed in Syria if they cannot be traced elsewhere.

_Alae._

II Flavia Agrippiana iii. 600. Cf. _C. I. G._ iii.
3497 for full titles.
Augusta Syriaca iii. 600 (from Egypt).
I Ulpia Dromedariorum M. 157.
I Praetoria C. R. iii. 600. _Not. Dign. Or._
xxxviii. 26 (in Armenia).
III Thracum Cf. ii. 4251 (_praefectus alae
III Thracum in Syria_) with vi.
1449, which shows that the
regiment was existing in the
middle of the second century.
Thracum Herculania M. iii. 600, 157.
I Ulpia Singularium iii. 600, 157.

_Cohorts._

I Ascalonitanorum S. E. iii. 600, 157.
I Flavia Chalcidenorum S. E. 157.
V Chalcidenorum E. iii. 600.
II Classica S. 157.
I Ulpia Dacorum 157. _Not. Dign. Or._ xxxiii.
33 (Syria).
III Dacorum E. iii. 600.
II Equitum[494] iii. 600.
VII Gallorum 157.
I Lucensium E. iii. 600 (from Dalmatia).
IV Lucensium E. iii. 600.
II Ulpia Paflagonum E. iii. 600, 157.
III Ulpia Paflagonum E. iii. 600, 157.
I Ulpia Petraeorum M. E.[495] iii. 600, 157.
V Ulpia Petraeorum M. E.[495] iii. 600, 157.
I Ulpia Sagittariorum E. iii. 600.
I Claudia Sugambrorum 157.
I Sugambrorum E.[496] iii. 600 (from Moesia).
II Thracum Syriaca E. 157.
III Augusta Thracum E. 157.
III Thracum Syriaca E.[497] _A. E._ 1911. 161.
IV Thracum Syriaca E.[497] Mentioned on a C. H. of the second
century (ii. 1970).
II Ulpia E. C. R. iii. 600, 157.

4,500 cavalry, 2,375 mounted infantry, 9,625 infantry. Total 16,500.

Legions in the province: III Gallica, IV Scythica, XVI Flavia.

XV. SYRIA PALAESTINA.

Diplomata, xix (86), cix (139).

_Alae._

Gallorum et Thracum 139.
Anton … Gallorum 139. Probably the εἴλη
Ἀντωνινιανὴ Γαλική of
_B. G. U._ 614 (dated 217).
VII Phrygum 139.

_Cohorts._

III Bracarum 139.
IV Breucorum 139.
I Damascenorum 139.
I Flavia C. R. E. iii. 600, 139. _Not. Dign. Or._
xxxiv. 45.
I Ulpia Galatarum 139.
II Ulpia Galatarum 139. _Not. Dign. Or._ xxxiv. 44.
V Gemina C. R. 139.
I Montanorum 139.
IV Ulpia Petraeorum[498] 139.
VI Ulpia Petraeorum[498] 139.
I Sebastenorum M. 139.
I Thracum M. 139. _Not. Dign. Or._
xxxvii. 31 (Arabia).

1,500 cavalry, 125 mounted infantry, 6,875 infantry. Total 8,500.

Legions in the province: VI Ferrata, X Fretensis.

XVI. ARABIA.

Auxilia as yet unknown. Legio III Cyrenaica was stationed in the province.

XVII. EGYPT.

Diploma xv (83).

_Alae._

Apriana 83, 170 (iii. 49). _Not. Dign. Or._
xxviii. 32.
II Ulpia Afrorum[499] _Not. Dign. Or._ xxviii. 38.
Gallorum Veterana 199 (iii. 6581). Unlikely to be a
late creation. _Not. Dign. Or._
xxviii. 28.
I Thracum Mauretana 154-5 (_B. G. U._ 447), 156
(_Eph. Ep._ vii. p. 457).[500]
Vocontiorum 134 (_B. G. U._ 114).

_Cohorts._

I Ulpia Afrorum E. 177 (_B. G. U._ 241).
I Apamenorum S. E. 145 (_Brit. Mus. Pap._ 178).
_Not. Dign. Or._ xxxi. 60.
I Flavia Cilicum E. 140 (iii. 6025).
III Cilicum 217-18 (_A. E._ 1905. 54), but
it belonged presumably to the
early series.
III Galatarum _Not. Dign. Or._ xxviii. 35, but
belonging probably to the
series raised by Trajan.
II Hispanorum 134 (_B. G. U._ 114).
II Ituraeorum Felix E. 147 (_I. G. R. R._ i. 1348).
_Not. Dign. Or._ xxviii. 44.
III Ituraeorum 103 (_Pap. Ox._ vii. 1022). A
second-century C. H.
(viii. 17904).
Augusta Praetoria Lusitanorum E. 156 (_Eph. Ep._ vii. p. 456).
_Not. Dign. Or._ xxxi. 58.
I Augusta Pannoniorum 83. _Not. Dign. Or._ xxviii. 41.
Scutata C. R. 143 (_B. G. U._ 141). Cf. iii.
12069 and _Not. Dign. Or._
xxxi. 59.
I Thebaeorum E. 114 (_B. G. U._ 114).
II Thracum 167 (Wilcken, _Ostraka_, 927).

_Numeri._

Palmyreni Hadriani Sagittarii 216 (_I. G. R. R._ i. 1169).

2,500 cavalry, 750 mounted infantry, 5,950 infantry. Total 9,200.

Legion in the province: II Traiana Fortis.

XVIII. CYRENAICA.

Garrison unknown.

XIX. AFRICA.

_Alae._

Flavia 174 (viii. 21567).
I Augusta Pannoniorum 128. Addressed by Hadrian
(_A. E._ 1900. 33).
_Cohorts._

II Flavia Afrorum 198 (_A. E._ 1909. 104).
I Chalcidenorum E. 164 (viii. 17587).
VI Commagenorum E. 128. Addressed by Hadrian
(viii. 18042).
I Flavia E. 128. Addressed by Hadrian
(viii. 18042).
II Hispanorum E. 128. Addressed by Hadrian
(viii. 18042).
II Maurorum 208 (viii. 4323).

_Numeri._

Palmyrenorum 211-17 (viii. 18007).[501]

1,000 cavalry, 500 mounted infantry, 2,700 infantry. Total 4,200.

Legion in the province: III Augusta.

XX. MAURETANIA CAESARIENSIS

Diploma xxxvi (107).

_Alae._

Brittonum V. Second-century inscription (viii.
9764). Cf. 5936.
Miliaria Several inscriptions (viii. 9389,
21029, 21036, 21568, 21618).
Existed in second century (xii.
672).
I Nerviana Augusta Fidelis M. 107.
I Augusta Parthorum 107, 201 (viii. 9827).
Flavia Gemina Sebastenorum 234 (viii. 21039). A _praefectus_
of the reign of Marcus
(_Eph. Ep._ 699).
II Augusta Thracum P. F. 107, 209-11 (viii. 9370).

_Cohorts._

II Breucorum E. 107, 243 (viii. 21560).
II Brittonum 107.
I Corsorum C. R. 107. Post-Hadrianic C. H.
(ix. 2853).
II Gallorum 107.
I Flavia Hispanorum 107, 201 (viii. 9360).
I Flavia Musulamiorum 107.
I Augusta Nerviana Velox 107.
I Nurritanorum 107. Later inscriptions (xi. 6010;
viii. 4292).
I Pannoniorum E. 107, 201 (viii. 22602).
II Sardorum 208 (viii. 21721). Also
first-century inscriptions.
I Aelia Singularium 260 (viii. 9047). Cf. 20753.
IV Sugambrorum 107, 255 (viii. 9045).

_Numeri._

Gaesatorum 150 (viii. 2728).

4,000 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 5,950 infantry. Total 10,200.

Third-century inscriptions also show the existence of a large force of Moorish irregular cavalry, perhaps a sort of territorial militia. It is impossible, however, to estimate their number, or to ascertain whether they were already in existence in the second century. Cf. Cagnat, _L’armée romaine d’Afrique_, pp. 261-73.

XXI. MAURETANIA TINGITANA.

_Alae._

Hamiorum A second-century inscription
(viii. 21814 a). Cf. _A. E._
1906. 119.
_Cohorts._

I Asturum et Callaecorum M.[502] C. H. of reign of Trajan
(ii. 4211). Cf. viii. 21820;
vi. 3654.
III Asturum C. R. E. Late second-century C. H. (xi.
4371). Placed in Mauretania by
a Greek inscription (Waddington,
104) and _Not. Dign. Occ._ xxvi.
19.

500 cavalry, 125 mounted infantry, 1,375 infantry. Total 2,000.

XXII. HISPANIA TARRACONENSIS.

_Alae._

II Flavia Hispanorum C. R. 184 (cf. _A. E._ 1910. 5;
ii. 2600).
I Lemavorum 161-7 or later (ii. 2103).[503]

_Cohorts._

I Celtiberorum Baetica E. 163 (ii. 2552; cf. _A. E._
1910. 3).
III Celtiberorum 167 (_A. E._ 1910. 4).
I Gallica E. _A. E._ 1910. 4. _Not. Dign.
Occ._ xlii. 32.
II Gallica _Not. Dign. Occ._ xlii. 28. It
is stationed at ‘Cohors
Gallica.’
III Lucensium Inscriptions ii. 2584, 4132.
Cf. _Not. Dign. Occ._
xlii. 29.

1,000 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 2,250 infantry. Total 3,500.

Legion in the province: VII Gemina.

To this list we may add the following regiments, which can be shown to have existed in the second century, although they cannot be assigned to any particular province:

_Alae._

III Asturum xi. 3007 (the name Ulpius occurs).
I Flavia Gallorum Tauriana viii. 2394, 2395 (Trajan at
earliest).
_Cohorts._

Aelia Expedita viii. 9358.
II Bracarum vi. 1838 (Trajan).
III Breucorum ix. 4753 (Trajan); x. 3847
(probably middle of second
century).
VI Brittonum ii. 2424 (Trajan).
III Augusta Cyrenaica _Römische Mitteilungen_, iii.
77 (Marcus).
VI Gallorum vi. 1449. The career of the
Praefectus Praetorio Macrinius
Vindex, who was killed in 172.
He probably commanded this
cohort about 150.
VI Hispanorum xi. 4376 (Trajan).
III Lingonum E. xi. 5959 (Trajan or later).
Pannoniorum et Dalmatarum x. 5829 (Trajan).
II Ulpia Petraeorum M. E. xi. 5669 (Trajan or Hadrian).
V Raetorum viii. 8934 (Trajan to Hadrian).

1,000 cavalry, 375 mounted infantry, 5,125 infantry. Total 6,500.

These calculations show that during the period in question the auxiliary troops amounted to 47,500 cavalry, 15,375 mounted infantry, and 129,925 infantry, giving a total establishment of 191,800 men. It is probable, however, that this puts the proportion of mounted men too low. Arrian’s _Ectaxis_ shows that nearly every cohort of the Cappadocian garrison was _equitata_, and although the proportion of mounted men was doubtless higher on the eastern frontier than on the Rhine or in Britain, it is probable that if we possessed more documents similar to the _Ectaxis_ dealing with the other garrisons we should find a higher proportion of _cohortes equitatae_ than our present evidence suggests. It is equally probable that the total figure arrived at falls below the reality. For no province is it likely that the list is complete; in some cases, such as Mauretania Tingitana and Africa, the garrison is obviously put far below its real establishment, while for Arabia and Cyrenaica we have no evidence at all. The deficiency is certainly too great to be made good by the few regiments of uncertain habitation which conclude the list. Probably we may reckon on a total figure of about 220,000 men, of whom at least 80,000 would be mounted. The twenty-eight legions in existence at this time, if we follow Suetonius in assigning 5,600 men to a legion,[504] would only have a total establishment of 156,800, so that clearly in dealing with the army at this period we must disregard Tacitus’s statement that the auxilia were approximately equal in number to the legionaries.

The total military establishment of the Empire at the accession of Marcus including the Household Troops, that is to say the ten Praetorian and six Urban[505] cohorts and the Equites Singulares, and the complement of the fleets in the Mediterranean and the Channel and on the Rhine, Danube, and Euphrates, must thus have amounted to some 420,000 men. This total, however, was to be still further increased before the decline began. At the beginning of the third century when additions had been made to the Household Troops, when the legions had been increased to thirty-three[506] and scores of _numeri_ added to the frontier guards, there may have been nearly half a million men serving with the colours, a larger disciplined force than was at the disposal of any one state before the nineteenth century, and the largest professional army which the world has ever seen.

Footnotes:

[446] See above, pp. 53-5.

[447] Any one desirous of further information on any particular regiment will find a summary of the evidence, in so far as it was then available, in Cichorius’s articles in Pauly-Wissowa., s.v. _ala_ and _cohors_, to which I am deeply indebted.

[448] A date without an epigraphical reference refers to a ‘diploma’. The following abbreviations have been used: E(quitata), M(iliaria), C(ivium) R(omanorum), V(eteranorum), S(agittariorum), P(ia) F(idelis). C. H. means that the inscription referred to gives the _cursus honorum_ of an officer.

[449] The inscription cannot be accurately dated, but the regiment was presumably raised at an early date like others with similar titles.

[450] Inscriptions thus referred to come from the area in Scotland only effectively occupied between these dates.

[451] The inscription comes from Newstead, which was probably also occupied from 80 to 100, but the soldier’s name, Aelius, suggests a later date.

[452] A C. H. mentioning a _praefectus cohortis I Astyrum provinciae Britanniae_. The regiment is hardly likely to be a third-century creation.

[453] The _Notitia_ mentions the first cohort, but inscriptions suggest that it was the second which apparently garrisoned the station referred to. The reference shows, at any rate, that one of the two survived.

[454] Epigraphical evidence suggests that the Cohors I Frixagorum of the _Notitia_ is identical with this regiment.

[455] The inscriptions come from Birrens, which was apparently occupied in the Antonine period. See Professor Haverfield’s note in _Ephemeris Epigraphica_, ix. p. 613.

[456] Assuming that this is the title represented by the III P … of the ‘diploma’.

[457] The name of the cohort on this inscription is, however, only due to an emendation of Cichorius, s.v.

[458] Presumably C(ivium) L(atinorum), a unique distinction.

[459] The name is M. Traianius.

[460] Both this and the preceding cohort belong, of course, to early series.

[461] Regiments which are last mentioned in the diploma of 116 are included if they cannot be traced in another province.

[462] The regiment is hardly likely to have been raised between 167 and 191.

[463] It can hardly be doubted, however, that several more of the Numeri Brittonum mentioned on later inscriptions belong to the same series. See above, p. 86.

[464] In this diploma, of course, the ala has not yet acquired the title ‘Flavia’. The titles of the Raetian alae are somewhat puzzling, but it seems possible to distinguish four alae Flaviae.

[465] The name of the regiment is given, but the number has been restored.

[466] Possibly, however, this is identical with the Cohors I C. R., stationed in Germania Superior.

[467] The number of the regiment is given, but the name has been restored.

[468] The name of the regiment is given, but the number has been restored.

[469] The number of the regiment is given, but the name has been restored.

[470] The regiment is not mentioned, but there is a cavalry station ‘Commagena’ in Pannonia Prima.

[471] Included by an emendation of Cichorius.

[472] One of these two cohorts is also mentioned on the D. for 60, 84, 138-46.

[473] The ‘Cohors II Aug….’ of the diploma is either this or II Augusta Thracum.

[474] Most of the regiments mentioned in this diploma can be traced in other provinces during the second century, the others probably remained in Moesia.

[475] There is some evidence for placing this cohort in Dacia.

[476] ‘Aurelio Marco dec(urioni) [coh(ortis)] V Hisp(anorum) provinciae Moesiae sup(erioris), desiderato in acie, Aur(elio) Suruelio dup(licario) fratri bene merenti.’ The names suggest the date.

[477] Several regiments (i.e. Cohorts I Claudia Sugambrorum, I Chalcidenorum, IV Gallorum, VII Gallorum) appear in Syria in 157 after appearing in the second-century Moesian diplomata. Probably they were transferred during the Jewish rebellion at the end of Hadrian’s reign. All are reckoned under Syria except IV Gallorum, which seems to have returned.

[478] For an early inscription of this regiment see Mommsen in _Hermes_, xxii. 547.

[479] Any regiment which has left several inscriptions in the province, and does not appear to be a late formation, is included.

[480] This ‘diploma’ contains several regiments which were only temporarily in the province.

[481] Was possibly incorporated later in the succeeding.

[482] The name is probably to be restored from ONT of the ‘diploma’.

[483] The British regiments are very confusing, but it appears possible to distinguish the following. The titles ‘Britannica’ and ‘Brittonum’ seem to be used indifferently.

[484] Restored from the ‘Cohors I Augusta Nervia’ … of the diploma on the analogy of the Cohors II Augusta Nervia Pacensis M. Brittonum on the diploma of 114 for Pannonia Inferior.

[485] As these cohorts are only mentioned on tiles it is possible that they returned to Moesia soon after the war.

[486] So Cichorius, comparing AESA∞ of the diploma with tiles from Sebesvaralja marked CꟼGST and ⅁ƎAIHↃ (iii. 8074¹⁶, 8074²⁶.)

[487] The distribution of these and other inscriptions suggests that there were at least two numeri in the province.

[488] In identifying the various regiments mentioned by Arrian I have made use of the excellent article by Ritterling in _Wiener Studien_, xxiv. Cf. also ‘Arrian as Legate of Cappadocia’ in Pelham’s _Essays on Roman History_.

[489] The second inscription mentions a Spanish cohort in Cappadocia, which is probably identical with the Cohors II Hispanorum E. commanded by the _praefectus_ mentioned in the third, whose career seems to have lain entirely in the Eastern provinces. He would have commanded it about 120.

[490] Mentions the regiment as stationed in Syria, whither it had been transferred before 157. Cf. D. cx.

[491] D. xxxviii.

[492] Arrian certainly mentions a Numidian cohort; it is, however, merely a conjecture to identify it with the regiment stationed later in Lycia-Pamphylia.

[493] Of the nineteen regiments mentioned (taking ‘Augusta Syriaca’ as the title of one ala, not two), eight are mentioned on the Syrian diploma of 157, two on the Palestine diplomata of 86 and 139, and one on the Egyptian diploma of 83. Of the remainder two have left inscriptions in the East, two seem to have come from the Danube, and only four are otherwise unknown.

[494] Should probably be _equestris_, the regiment belonging to the same series as the Cohors VI Equestris which formed part of the garrison of Bithynia when Pliny was governor. Cf. Pliny, _Ep._ x. 106. The meaning of the title is obscure, unless _equestris_ simply = _equitata_.

[495] Numbers II and III in this series were certainly _miliariae_, as probably all were.

[496] I agree with Cichorius in distinguishing the Cohors I Sugambrorum V. E. from the Cohors I Claudia Sugambrorum. The first is probably identical with the regiment mentioned by Tacitus as being in Moesia in A.D. 26 (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 47), the second a later creation distinguished as such by its secondary title.

[497] Mentioned in the _cursus honorum_ of a _praefectus_ whose service lay almost entirely in the Eastern provinces. On this ground and because Cohorts I and II of this series were certainly in the East the regiment has been assigned to Syria. This second argument applies to Cohort IV. Both regiments were in any case in existence at this period.

[498] The title Ulpia is not given in these cases but presumably belonged to the whole series.

[499] Or is this a cohort converted into an ala with the increase of cavalry in the fourth century? In this case it may be identical with the Cohors II Ulpia Equitata mentioned below.

[500] Curiously enough the regiment appears in the Syrian diploma for 157.

[501] Cagnat, however, considers that the regiment was in the province as early as 150, relying on viii. 3917, p. 955.

[502] In the first inscription the regiment is commanded by a _tribunus_.

[503] This inscription does not, however, prove conclusively that the regiment was stationed in Spain.

[504] Suet. Fr. 278 (_Reiffer._) ‘Legio dicitur virorum electio fortium vel certus militum numerus, id est V̅ DC.’

[505] Four were at Rome, one at Lugudunum, and one at Carthage.

[506] Marcus added II and III Italica to garrison Raetia and Noricum; Septimius Severus the three legiones Parthicae, of which I and III were stationed in Mesopotamia and II at Alba in Italy.