Chapter 3 (8)

Although kayaking as a sport first became popular in the 1860's, it was not until the 1920's that the value of learning to roll began to be fully realized by the recreational kayaker. Interest has grown steadily since that time, and rolling instruction has been included as a regular part of many club training courses. A preliminary step in mastering the roll consists of using the paddle to prevent a capsize, by turning the blade parallel to the water surface and pressing down sharply on the side toward which the kayak is capsizing, while exerting an upward pressure with the other hand. This produces a rotary movement which restores the kayak to an even keel. Recreational canoeists call this maneuver a "paddle brace."

Most kayak rolls are based upon one or more of three basic movements. These are the paddle brace, the "sculling" stroke, from which lift is obtained by moving the paddle back and forth through a small arc with the leading edge of the blade at a slight planing angle, and the "sweep," from which lift is obtained by sweeping the blade through a large arc at a slight planing angle. The method of rolling shown in the sketches is the standard Greenland roll, so called because it is the most common roll encountered in Greenland. A slightly modified version of this roll is called by recreational canoeists the Pawlata roll in honor of the European who introduced it to them. Many skillful kayakers could not roll, and sometimes a highly skilled roller would fail to recover. Such men could be rescued by their companions by either of two common methods. One method was executed by placing the bow of the rescue craft within reach of the capsized paddler's hand, so that he could pull himself up by a one-handed chinning motion. The other method was executed by bringing the rescue kayak alongside the capsized kayak so that the two craft were parallel and about two feet apart. The rescuer then laid his paddle across both craft and holding it with one hand, reached down and grabbed the capsized paddler's arm. He then pulled him up between the two kayaks. This method enabled an enfeebled or unconscious kayaker to be rescued.

Hand positions used with the standard roll:

(1) The extended paddle position is the common method, and it gives maximum leverage. It is similar to the "Pawlata Roll" position used by recreational kayakers.

(2) The normal paddling position is more convenient, but gives less leverage. This is called the "Screw Stroke" position.

(3-6) Difficult trick positions demonstrated by Enoch Nielsen of Igdlorssuit, West Greenland, to Kenneth Taylor, a Scottish canoeist, in 1959.]

Kayak rescue, bow-grab method]

Kayak rescue, paddle-grab method]

Both of the above methods of rescue were completed with the capsized victim still in his craft. This prevented his kayak from swamping and also protected him from exposure, since his waterproof kayak jacket remained tied to the cockpit hoop. Little detailed information has been recorded on the methods of rolling known outside of Greenland, but there are many photographs of Bering Strait kayakers rolling with the single bladed paddle. A study of Alaskan rolling methods is now in progress, and it is hoped that much information can be recovered and preserved.

PREPARING FOR DEMONSTRATION. Jonas Malakiasen puts on his tuvilik (a waterproof kayak jacket, pronounced in English "tooey-leek"). When it is fastened tightly about his face, wrists, and the cockpit hoop, he can capsize without getting water in the kayak. Igdlorssuit, West Greenland, summer 1959. (_Photo by Kenneth Taylor._)]

GETTING ABOARD. Enoch Nielsen, best kayak roller in the village of Igdlorssuit, West Greenland, wriggles into his kayak on the beach before embarking on a kayak rolling exhibition. Note that he is leaving the harpoon line stand and gun bag in place. (_Photo by Kenneth Taylor._)]

PAUSING ON SURFACE. Kayaker supports himself on the surface of the water by a sculling stroke before starting the roll. Note that Enoch Nielsen's body is twisted so that his shoulders are parallel with the surface, thus submerging as much of the body as possible in order to gain buoyancy. (_Photo by Kenneth Taylor._)]

FULLY CAPSIZED, view from forward quarter, looking aft. Enoch Nielsen prepares to roll up by the standard method. Note the planing angle of his paddle blade as he prepares for the next step, the planing sweep of the blade across the surface. (_Photo by Kenneth Taylor._)]

EMERGING FROM ROLL, view from forward quarter, looking aft. From the position of Enoch Nielsen's hands, this appears to be the standard roll. He has just completed the planing sweep and is halfway up. The inboard hand is a pivot point for the sweep and a fulcrum for the lift. (_Photo by Kenneth Taylor._)]

RIGHTING THE KAYAK. Enoch Nielsen emerges from roll with a final downward thrust of the paddle blade. (_Photo by Kenneth Taylor._)]

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Index

Abitibi, Lake, Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151

Abitibi River, 132

Abnaki (Indians), 12
canoe, 88-89;
dimensions, 89, 114-115

Admiralty Collection of Draughts, 12, 13

Adney, Edwin Tappan, 4-5, 57, 100;
papers, 4, 5, 6;
parents, 4;
wife, 4;
work and career, 4-5

Adney, Glenn (son of E. T. A.), 4

Adney, H. H. (father of E. T. A.), 4

Adney, Minnie Bell Sharp (wife of E. T. A.), 4

Adney, Ruth Shaw (mother of E. T. A.), 4

Adney papers, 4, 5, 6

Alaska, 5, 181, 182

Alaskan canoe, 55

Alaskan kayak, 154, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196

Alaskan umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.

Albany boat, 13

Alberta, 132

Aleutian Islands, 181, 183, 194 ff.

Aleutian kayak, 195 ff.

Algonkian Family, 99

Algonkin (Indians), 99, 107, 113;
canoe, 113-122

_America_ (44-gun ship, RN), 65

_American Neptune_ (periodical), 74

American Museum of Natural History, 89, 195, 204

Androscoggin (Indians), 88

Anson, Lord, 12

Art Students' League of New York, 4

ash, white, 17;
black, 17;
splitting qualities, 17

Asiatic kayak, 192, 195

Assiniboine (Indian tribe), 132

Athabaska, Lake, 132, 155

Athabascan Indians, 154, 156

awl, bone, 19;
steel (canoe), 21

axe, steel, 20, 21;
cedar, 21

Baffin Island, 82, 189, 191, 192, 204, 206, 208;
umiak, 189, 190;
kayak, 204 ff.

baidarka (Russian kayak), 175

bang plate, 208

bark, basswood, 15
birch, 9, 55, 60, 63, 96, 120, 132, 147, 148, 154;
description, 14-15;
selection and preparation, 24-26;
handling, 29-31;
use in building canoes, 41-51
butternut, 213
chestnut, 15, 213
cottonwood, 15
elm, 15, 212 ff.
hickory, 15, 213, 217
spruce, 15, 17, 24, 132, 158, 212, 213, 216
white pine, 213

bark cover, piecing, 42, 43, 45, 55;
Micmac, 63;
Beothuk, 98;
Algonkin, 120;
Western Cree, 132, 133;
fur-trade, 147, 148;
kayak-form, 162

Barrière, Lake, 107, 146

basket (pack), in fur trade, 143

basswood, bark, 15

bateau, 13

bateau-shape canoe, 159-161

batten (in skin boat construction), 186, 188 ff., 195 ff., 199,
204 ff., 208

Beard, Daniel, 4

Beaver (Indians), 154;
kayak-form canoe, 159

Beothuk (Indian tribe), 6, 94-98
canoe, 94, 95;
dimensions, 94, 98;
form, 96;
keel, 96, 97, 98;
reconstruction of, 96 ff.

Bering Sea, 195

Bering Strait, 182, 189, 199

bifid bow, 196, 197

big river canoe, 58, 65

birch bark, 9, 55, 60, 63, 96, 120, 132, 147, 148, 154;
description, 14-15;
selection and preparation, 24-26;
handling, 29-31;
use in building canoes, 41-51

bladder, skin (float), 194

Boas, Franz, 189, 204

boat, Arctic skin, 174-212;
Viking, 187;
temporary skin, 219-220;
bull, 220

Bogoras, Vladimir, 183

bola (hunting), 194

bone fittings, kayak, 193, 204, 208, 211

Bonshere River, Ontario, 113

bottom-frame, kayak-form canoe, 160 ff.

bow drill, 19, 20

breakwater, canoe, 162, 166, 167;
kayak, 196

British Columbia, 5;
kayak-form canoe, 165;
sturgeon-nose canoe, 168

bucksaw, 23

building bed, locating, 37;
preparation of, 37;
stakes, 40, 41, 45 ff., 146, 148;
repair to, 41;
of plank, 56, 146, 147;
Micmac, 62, 63;
Malecite, 72, 73, 74;
St. Francis, 91, 92;
Beothuk, 96, 97;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Algonkin, 116;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 146, 147;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 161;
sturgeon-nose, 173;
temporary canoe, 216, 219

building frame, 26, 37, 54 ff.;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Algonkin, 115, 116;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 140, 141, 146, 147;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 161;
sturgeon-nose, 173

bull-boat, 220

butternut bark, 213

camber (rocker of bottom), 28, 37, 38, 41 (see also rocker)

canoe, birch bark, Adney on, 4 ff.;
scale models of, 4, 5;
plans of, 5, 6;
speed of, 7, 29, 137;
origin of name, 13;
requirements for, 27;
types, 27;
forms discussed, 27-36 ff., 59 (see also under tribal types);
tribal classification, 27 ff. (see under tribal names);
effects of bark characteristics on, 29 ff.;
construction discussed, 36-57 (see also under tribal types);
compared with Eskimo skin boat, 193
elm bark, 212, 219
hickory bark, 213, 217
skin, 219-221;
moosehide, 72, 219;
temporary, 219-221
spruce bark, 132, 158, 212, 213, 216
temporary, 219-221

canoe awl, 21

canoe birch (see under bark)

canoe brigade, 152

canoe building, Trois Rivières factory, 13, 135, 136;
for fur trade, 135, 136, 146 ff., 148 ff.;
at Hudson's Bay Company Posts, 151

canoe ends, details of construction, 34, 35, 36;
Micmac, 58, 59;
Malecite, 70, 76, 77, 155, 156;
Chipewyan, 156, 157;
Dogrib, 156, 157;
slave, 157, 158;
kayak-form, 158, 159;
sturgeon-nose, 168

canoe loading, fur-trade, 144, 145, 152, 153

canoe portaging, 122, 151, 152

canoe roads, 138

canoe sails (see sails)

canoe shoes, Malecite, 79, 80

canoe types,
Abnaki, 88-89
Alaskan, 55
Algonkin, 113-122
Beaver, 159
Beothuk, 94-98
Big River, 58, 65
bateau-shape, 159-161
British Columbia, 165, 168
Chipewyan, 155-158
Cree, Central, 34;
Eastern, 101-106;
Western, 132-134, 155
crooked, 99, 100, 106
Dogrib, 155-158
express, 137, 141
fur-trade (see under fur-trade)
hunting (Micmac), 58, 65, 70
kayak-form (see under kayak-form)
light, 137, 141
long nose, 125, 130, 132
Loucheux, 161, 166
Mackenzie Basin, 159, 161, 162
Montagnais, 34, 99, 100, 106
Malecite, 34, 36-57, 70-93, 114, 115, 219, 221
Micmac, 12, 27, 34, 58-69
Nahane, 159
narrow-bottom, 113, 114, 135, 154-158
Northwest, 154, 155-157 (narrow-bottom);
158-168 (kayak-form)
Ojibway, 122-131
one-piece, 212
open-water, 58, 64, 65
Passamaquoddy, 74, 75, 82, 83
Peterborough, 65
porpoise hunting, 74, 75
portage, 58, 65, 123
Restigouche, 65
river (Malecite), 70-79
St. Francis, 88-93, 114, 115
skiff-canoe, 65
Slave, 155-158
straight-bottom, 100, 101, 106, 155
sturgeon-nose, 154, 168-173
temporary, 212-219
Têtes de Boule, 34, 107-112, 116, 122
~V~-bottom, 74 ff., 89, 96, 98, 100, 107, 113
war, 10, 58, 65, 70
wide-bottom, 54
woods, 58, 65
Western Cree, 72, 132-134, 155
Yukon River, 159, 164, 165, 166, 190

_canot_ (canoe), 13;
_du maître_ (see fur-trade canoe), 99, 106, 135;
_du nord_ (see fur-trade canoe), 151, 153;
_léger_ (see light canoe), 137

Cape York, 208

Carib Indians, 13

Caribou Eskimo kayak, 204

caribou-skin boat, 220

Cartier, Jacques, 7, 68

Cartwright, Lieut. John, 94, 95

cedar, northern white, roots, 16;
splitting qualities, 17, 18

Celts, 176

Champlain, Samuel de, 7, 10, 213

Champlain, Lake, 7

Chatham dockyard, 12

chestnut bark, 15, 213

chine, 164, 166, 184, 187, 188, 195, 202, 204, 205, 206

Chippewa (Chippeway; Indian tribe), 122

Chipewyan (Indian tribe), 154, 155
canoe, 155-158;
ends, 156, 157;
spreading gunwales, 158;
dimensions, 158;
kayak-form, 166, 167

chisel, 23

Christopherson, L. A. (Hudson's Bay Company Factor), 145, 146;
on fur-trade canoe construction, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151

Chukchi umiak, 182, 183, 188;
kayak, 195

cockpit, kayak, 175, 176, 192, 195 ff., 197, 199, 200, 204, 205, 208, 211

Coffin, Samuel, 95

Collins, Henry B. (Bureau of American Ethnology), 174

_Colliers_ (magazine), 4

construction methods, Malecite, 36-57, 72-74;
Micmac, 58, 59-64;
St. Francis, 90-93;
Beothuk, 96-98;
Eastern Cree, 104-106;
Têtes de Boule, 108-112;
Algonkin, 115-122;
Ojibway, 125, 127 ff.;
Western Cree, 132, 133;
fur-trade, 146-151;
narrow-bottom, 155 ff.;
kayak-form, 160 ff.;
sturgeon-nose, 168-172;
umiak, 176 ff., 182, 184-187;
kayak, 192-194;
temporary canoes, 212-218;
temporary skin boats, 218-220

Copper Eskimo kayak, 204

Coppermine River, 155

coracle, 176

Coronation Gulf, 193, 204

Coronation Gulf kayak, 204

cottonwood bark, 15

Cowassek (Coosuc; Indian tribe), 88

Crantz, David (missionary), 190, 223

Cree Indians, central, 34;
eastern, 99, 101-106;
western, 132-134, 155

crew, fur-trade canoe, 145

crimping bark (in canoe building), 29, 30, 212, 214, 216, 217

crooked canoe, 99, 100, 106

crooked knife (tool), 21, 23

curragh, 176, 178;
waterproofing skins for, 176;
compared with umiak and kayak, 178

Coosuc (Indian tribe), 88

dart (for hunting), 194

deck, kayak-form canoe, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167;
kayak, 176, 195 ff., 199, 202, 204, 211

decorations, 53;
Micmac, 67, 68;
Malecite, 82 ff.;
St. Francis, 90, 91;
Têtes de Boule, 112;
Algonkin, 122;
fur-trade, 146, 150, 151;
kayak-form, 163;
kayak, 197, 199

Dènè (Indian tribe), 162

Denys, Nicolas, 57, 68, 69

Dibble, Lt. Col. Herbert, 75

dimensions, canoe (see under tribal type); old canoes, 7 ff.

Dogrib Indians, 154, 155;
canoe, 155-158

drill (tool), 19

dugout, 10, 213

eastern canoe construction, 54

Eastern Cree Indians, 99, 100, 101-106
canoe, 101-106;
dimensions, 106

Eastport (Maine), 75

Egede, Hans (missionary), 190

elm bark, 8, 15, 212, 213, 214, 215

_Encyclopedia Arctica_, 6

ends (canoe), 31, 32, 55, 56, 70, 72, 76, 77, 155 ff., 168, 217

engine, outboard gasoline, 175, 187

Eskimo, 154, 159, 175, 176, 182, 190, 191, 195

Eskimo roll, 194, 223-227

Eskimo skin boat (see kayak, umiak)

Espenberg, Cape, kayak, 200

express canoe, 137, 141

Fort Chimo, 99, 100

Foxe Basin, 182, 204

frames (ribs), 19, 32;
number of, 51;
making and bending, 51;
fitting, 51, 52, 56;
temporary, 51, 52;
Micmac, 60, 62;
Malecite, 73, 77;
St. Francis, 90, 91, 92;
Eastern Cree, 104, 105, 106;
Têtes de Boule, 110, 112;
Algonkin, 122;
Ojibway, 130;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 148, 149;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 160, 162 ff.;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 172;
umiak, 184 ff., 189, 190;
kayak, 192, 194 ff., 202, 204 ff., 211;
rough construction of, 213;
for temporary bark canoe, 218;
for temporary skin canoe, 219

Franquet, Colonel (French military engineer-in-chief), 13

froe (steel tool), 20, 21

"frog" (headboard support), 35, 61

fur trade, canoe cargoes in, 142, 145, 147, 152, 153;
handling furs, 142;
pack loads, 142 ff.;
bundles and boxes, 142, 143;
brigades, 152, 153

fur-trade canoe, 5, 10 ff., 36, 37, 99, 112, 113, 118, 119, 122, 130,
135-153, 156;
described, 135, 153;
names applied to, 135, 147, 150;
forms and categories, 136;
dimensions of, 138, 141, 142;
construction methods, 146 ff.;
gunwales, 136, 148, 150;
sheathing, 149;
stem-pieces, 150;
headboards, 150;
paint, 150, 151

Fury Strait, 204

Gay, John, 94, 96

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 94

gimlet (tool), 21

Golden Lake Algonkin Reserve (Canada), 113

gores (bark canoes), 30, 31, 41, 42, 48, 50;
spacing, 57;
Micmac, 60;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 108;
Algonkin, 117;
fur-trade, 148;
in umiak, skin cover, 186

Grand Victoria Lake, 107, 146

great canoe (see fur-trade canoe), 135

Great Lakes, 5, 8, 10, 12

Great Slave Lake, 155

Greenland, 176, 181, 187, 191, 194

Greenland kayak, 190 ff., 195, 202, 205;
206 (northern coast, Polar coast), 208 (southern coast), 211 (modern)

Greenland roll, 223 ff.

Greenland umiak, 182, 190

Gulf of Boothia, 204

gum, 17;
spruce, 17, 24, 25;
tempering, 24, 25;
repairs with, 25, 26;
paying seams with, 50, 53

gunwale, making, 19, 38;
profile of, 28, 29;
plan view of, 29;
forms of, 31;
ends of, 31, 38;
inner, 31;
outer, 31, 47 ff., 55, 60, 72, 73, 118, 119, 150, 155, 156, 169;
lashing, 31 ff., 44, 45, 48, 60, 108, 109, 120, 149, 155, 156, 159,
169 (see also under lashing);
securing bark to, 31, 33;
setting up, 37;
use as building frame, 37, 38, 40, 41;
size of, 38;
variations in construction of, 55;
Micmac, 60, 61;
hogged, 55, 59, 62, 63;
Malecite, 72 ff.;
St. Francis, 89;
Beothuk, 97, 98;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 112;
spreading, 117, 118, 127, 148, 158;
Algonkin, 116, 117, 118, 119;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 136, 148, 150;
narrow-bottom, 155, 156;
kayak-form, 159, 160, 164 ff.;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 169, 172;
umiak, 182, 184 ff., 190;
kayak, 192 ff., 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 211;
temporary canoe, 212, 213, 216, 219, 220

gunwale cap, making and fitting, 52, 53;
Micmac, 60, 61;
Malecite, 73;
Eastern Cree, 104;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
Algonkin, 118, 119;
fur-trade, 136, 150;
narrow-bottom, 155;
sturgeon-nose, 172

handgrip, 197, 199, 200

Hare (Indian tribe), 154

_Harper's Weekly_, 4

_Harper's Young People Magazine_, 4

harpoon (hunting weapon), 194

headboard, 35, 36;
support, 35, 61;
making and fitting, 52;
Micmac, 61;
Malecite, 74, 78, 79;
St. Francis, 89;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 109, 110;
Algonkin, 113, 119;
Ojibway, 123, 125, 127;
fur-trade, 150;
narrow-bottom, 155, 157;
umiak, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190;
post used as, 217

Hearne, Samuel (explorer), 155, 164

Heath, John, 174, 175, 194, 199, 223

Hecla Strait, 204

Henry, Jr., Alexander, 13

hickory bark, 15, 213

Hill, Frederick (Director, Mariners' Museum), 4

hogged bottom (center upcurved lengthwise), 30, 161, 162, 164, 165, 168

hogged gunwale, 55, 59, 62, 63

hogging brace, umiak, 188

hot water, use of in bending wood, 20, 117

Howley, James Patrick, 95, 96

Hudson Bay, 5, 181, 182, 189, 191

Hudson Strait, 182, 191, 202, 205

Hudson's Bay Company, 4, 13, 99, 107, 136, 144, 151

hunting canoe, Micmac, 58, 65, 70;
kayak-form, 165

hunting screen, kayak, 195

Huron Indians, 132

Huron, Lake, 113

Indian migrations, 5, 27 (see also under tribal names)

ice, skin-boats in, 180

Illinois Indians, 132

Irish, 176;
curragh, 176, 178

"Iroquois canoe," in fur trade, 136 (see fur-trade canoe)

Iroquois Indians, 7, 10, 99, 114
canoe (temporary), 213-219

jack pine roots (for canoe lashings), 16

jacket, watertight, 199, 211

James Bay, 99, 132

Japanese sampan, 191, 192, 205, 211

Jochelson, Waldemar, 182

Joliet, Louis, 8

kayak, 174, 176, 190-211;
multi-chine hull, 175, 191, 199;
cockpit, 175, 176, 192, 195 ff., 199, 200, 205, 208, 211;
deck, 176, 192, 195 ff., 199, 204, 211;
structure, 178, 180;
keelson, 178, 192, 195, 200, 204, 206, 211;
gunwales, 178, 192 ff., 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 211;
geographic distribution, 190, 191;
v-bottom, 190 ff., 195, 202, 206, 208, 211;
risers, 190;
flat bottom, 190 ff., 204 ff.;
Alaskan, 190 ff., 195, 196;
distribution, 190, 191;
design, 191, 192;
handling and use, 191, 194, 195, 199;
portaging, 191, 199;
construction, 192-194;
keel, 192;
frames, 192, 194 ff., 202, 204 ff., 211;
bone fittings, 193, 204, 208, 211;
seat, 194;
skin cover, 194;
paddle, 194, 195, 197, 202, 204, 205;
as catamaran, 194;
righting, 194, 223-227;
hunting screen, 195;
thwarts, 195 ff., 199, 208;
Koryak, 195;
Kodiak Island, 195, 196;
breakwater, 196;
decorations, 197, 199;
Aleutian, 196, 197;
Unalaska, 196, 197;
two-passenger, 197;
three-passenger, 197;
Nunivak Island, 197, 199;
King Island, 199, 200;
Cape Krusenstern, 200;
Cape Espenberg, 200;
Point Barrow, 200;
Norton Sound, 200;
Mackenzie Delta, 200, 202;
Kotzebue Sound, 200;
sheer, 200, 204 ff., 208, 211;
Copper Eskimo, 204;
Coronation Gulf, 204;
Caribou, 204;
Netsilik, 204;
Baffin Island, 204, 205;
Labrador, 205, 206;
rocker (camber) of bottom, 205, 206, 211;
Greenland, 206, 208, 211;
flare, 206;
rake of ends, 208

kayak-form canoe, 154, 158-168;
Sekani, 159;
Nahane, 159;
bateau-shaped, 159;
rake of ends, 159, 164;
Loucheux, 161, 166;
bottom frame of, 160 ff.;
paddler's seat, 163;
hunting, 165;
British Columbia, 165;
family, 165, 166;
keel, 166;
Chipewyan, 166, 167

keel, Beothuk canoe, 96, 97, 98;
kayak-form canoe, 166;
kayak, 192

keelson, umiak, 184, 186, 188;
kayak, 192, 195, 200, 202, 204, 206, 211

keg (in fur trade), 142

Kennebec Indians, 70

King Island kayak, 194, 199, 200

King Island umiak, 187

Kipewa Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151

knife, stone, 19;
crooked, 21, 23

Kodiak Island, 181, 192

Kodiak Island kayak, 195, 196, 197, 199

Koryak umiak, 182, 189

Koryak kayak, 192, 195

Kotzebue Sound, 188, 200;
kayak, 200

Krusenstern, Cape, 200, 204

Krusenstern kayak, 200, 204

Kutenai (Kootenay) Indians, 168, 172

Labrador, 99, 191, 192, 205, 206

Labrador kayak, 205, 206

Laet, Joann de, 94

LaFiteau, 12, 215

LaHontan, Baron de, 8, 10, 215

larch, splitting qualities, 17

La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, 8

lashing, canoe gunwale, 31 ff., 44, 45, 48;
Micmac, 60;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
Algonkin, 120;
fur-trade, 149;
narrow-bottom, 155, 156;
kayak-form, 159, 160-166;
sturgeon-nose, 169

lashing skin cover, 186, 188, 190 (see also sewing, stitching)

lathing (see sheathing)

light (express) canoe, 137, 141

_London Chronicle_, 4

long-nose canoe, 125, 130, 132

longitudinal strength (see gunwale, keelson chine, keel, stringers, etc.)

Loucheux Indians, 154;
kayak-form canoe, 161, 166

MacKenzie, Alexander, 13

MacKenzie Basin canoe, 159, 161, 162

Mackenzie River, 154, 181, 191

Mackenzie River kayak, 202, 204

_maître canot_ (see fur-trade canoe), 99, 106, 122, 135, 138, 151, 153

Malecite Indians, 4, 10;
composition of tribe, 70;
canoe, 114, 115;
sheathing, 34;
construction, 36-57;
bark covers over gunwale ends, 48;
described, 70-88;
ends, 70, 76, 77;
of spruce bark, 72;
temporary (skin), 219, 221;
dimensions of, 73 ff., 78, 79

Manitoba, 99, 132

maple, hard, splitting qualities, 17

Marquette, Father Jacques, 8

Mariners' Museum (Newport News, Va.), 4, 5, 187

mast, Micmac, 65, 66, 67;
tripod, 182

Matachewan Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151

Matagama Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151

maul, 19, 23

McGill University Museum, 4

measurement, of canoes, early, 7, 8, 9;
units of (French), 8, 36;
Indian, 36, 37, 50, 51, 92, 93

Melville Peninsula, 204

Memphremagog, Lake, 88

Menominee Indians, 122, 123

Micmac Indians, 10, 12, 58
canoe, 12, 27;
sheathing, 34;
described, 58-69;
ends, 58, 59;
form, 59;
construction, 62, 63;
range, 65

migrations, Indian, 5;
effect on canoes, 27

Missinaibi River, 132

Missinaibi Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151

Mohigan Indians, 88

Montagnais Indian canoe, 34, 99, 100, 106

Montreal, 8, 10, 13

Moose Factory (Hudson's Bay Company Post), 132

moosehide canoe, 72, 219

multi-chine hull, kayak, 154, 175, 191, 199

nabiska (rabeska; see fur-trade canoe), 122, 135

_nadowé chiman_ (see fur-trade canoe), 136

Nahane Indian kayak-form canoe, 159

nail, in canoe construction, 66, 69, 117

narrow-bottom canoe, 113, 114, 135, 154-158;
Northwest, 155, 157;
spruce bark, 158

Nascapee Indians, 99, 100

National Maritime Museum (Greenwich, England), 12

Netsilik kayak, 204

New Bedford whaleboat, 187

Nipigon, Lake, 123

North Alaskan whaling umiak, 187, 188

North Bay (Ontario), 125

north canoe (see fur-trade canoe), 135

North West Company, 136, 138, 143, 152

North West narrow-bottom canoe (see narrow-bottom), 155-157

Norton Sound kayak, 200

Nunivak Island kayak, 192, 197, 199, 200

Oar, umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.

Ojibway Indians, 122
canoe, sheathing, 34;
construction, 122-131, 171

Oka, Lake, 113

one-piece bark canoe, 212

open-water canoe, 58;
sails, 64;
dimensions, 65

Ossipee Indians, 88

Ottawa River, 12, 113

_Outing Magazine_, 4

outwale (see gunwale)

owner's mark, 83, 84, 85

overhang, in ends of kayak-form canoe, 159

paddle, material and manufacture, 53;
Micmac, 66, 67, 69;
Malecite, 80, 81, 82;
Beothuk, 96;
Eastern Cree, 116;
Têtes de Boules, 112;
Algonkin, 122;
Ojibway, 130;
Western Cree, 133;
fur-trade, 152;
kayak-form, 163;
umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
kayak, 195

paddle guard, Micmac, 64

paddler's seat, kayak-form canoe, 163;
kayak, 194

paint (on canoes), Malecite, 77;
fur-trade, 150, 151

Passamaquoddy Indians, 70
canoe, 74, 75, 82, 83

Peabody Museum (Salem, Mass.), 5, 74, 168

peg, outwale, 48, 117;
keel, 96

Peterborough canoe, 65

Pennacook Indians, 88

Penobscot Bay, 7

Penobscot Indians, 70

Pepysian Library, 176

Pequawket Indians, 88

Perrot, Nicholas, 215

Pillagers (Indian tribe), 122

pine, white, bark, 213

plane, smoothing (tool), 21

planking (see sheathing)

Plains Indians, 220

Point Barrow (village), 187

Point Barrow kayak, 200, 204

Point Hope (village), 188

Pond Inlet, 206

porpoise-hunting canoe, 74, 75

portage canoe, 58, 65, 123 (Ojibway)

portaging, canoe, 122, 151, 152;
Umiak, 188;
kayak, 191, 199

Poterie, Bacqueville de la, 12, 215

prah, Malay, 189

Pribilof Islands, 196

Prince William Sound, 196

quill decoration, Micmac, 68

rabeska (see fur-trade canoe), 122, 135

rake of ends, kayak-form canoe, 159, 164;
umiak, 182, 187, 190;
kayak, 208

ram-form, 34, 168

Ramezay, chateau de, 78

rawhide, sewing with, 132, 158 (see sewing; stitching; lashing)

Red Paint People (Indian tribe), 94

Repulse Bay, 204

Restigouche canoe, 65

ribs (see frames)

risers, umiak, 182, 187 ff.,
kayak, 190

river canoe, Malecite, 70-79

Rivière du Loup, 78

rocker (camber; convex lengthwise curve of keel), 28, 37, 38, 41;
effect of gores on, 57;
Micmac, 59, 63:
Labrador, 99, 100;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Algonkin, 113;
Ojibway, 125;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 136;
Northwest, 155;
kayak-form, 159, 164;
umiak, 182, 184, 188, 189;
kayak, 205, 206, 211;
elm-bark canoe, 214

roots, for sewing, 15, 16;
varieties used, 16;
splitting and peeling, 20

Ross, Sir James Clark, 208

rudder, umiak, 187, 189

Russian influence on skin boat design, 175, 189, 192, 197

Saginaw (Michigan), 123

Saguenay River, 99

sails, canoe, Micmac, 65, 66, 67;
Passamaquoddy, 75;
Malecite, 75;
Eastern Cree, 106;
fur-trade, 152;
narrow-bottom, 158;
blanket (Iroquois), 219;
umiak, 175, 182, 183, 187, 189
kayak, 195
umiak, 175, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190

St. Croix River, 70

St. Francis Abnaki Indians, 88
canoe, 88-93;
dimensions, 89, 114, 115

St. John Lake, 99

St. John River, 70

St. Joseph Lake, 132

St. Lawrence Island, 197

St. Lawrence River, 5, 13, 70, 78

St. Matthew (Alaska), 196

St. Maurice River, 107

St. Michaels kayak, 200

Salish Indians, 168, 172

Saltreaux (Indian tribe), 122

sampan, 191, 192, 205, 211

scale-model canoe, 4, 5

Schenectady boat, 13

scow, 13

scraper (tool), 19

sea otter hunting, 197

seal, bearded, 188, 195

Sekani Indians, kayak-form canoe, 159

setting up canoe (on building bed), 37, 38, 40, 44, 45

Seton, Ernest Thompson, 4

sewing (stitching, lashing), 15, 29, 30;
on building bed, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50;
Micmac, 63;
Malecite, 79;
St. Francis Abnaki, 91;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
Algonkin, 120;
rawhide, 132, 158;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 162;
sturgeon-nose, 168;
skin cover, 186, 188, 190;
kayak, 193, 194, 196;
temporary canoe, 220

Sharp, Minnie Bell (Mrs. Edwin Tappan Adney), 4

Sharpie (boat type), 191, 206, 208

shaving horse (tool), 22

sheathing, 19, 73, 77;
fitting of, 32 ff., 51, 52;
Malecite, 50, 51, 75;
Micmac, 63, 64;
St. Francis, 90;
Eastern Cree, 105;
Têtes de Boule, 110;
Algonkin, 121, 122;
fur-trade, 149;
narrow-bottom, 158;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 172;
temporary canoe, 218, 220

sheer (rise in lengthwise line of gunwale), 47, 52, 56;
hogged, 55, 62, 63;
Micmac, 59;
Malecite, 70;
Beothuk, 94, 96 ff.;
Algonkin, 114, 117;
fur-trade, 136, 148;
Northwest, 155, 156;
kayak-form, 159, 164, 165, 166, 167;
umiak, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190;
kayak, 200, 204 ff., 208, 211

shelter, Malecite canoe as, 71, 72

Sioux (Dakotas), 122, 130, 133

skiff-canoe (3-board), 65

skin boat arctic, 174-211;
seagoing, 174, 175;
voyages, 176;
shape and size, 176;
in ice, 180;
loading, 180, 181;
umiak, 181-189;
kayak, 190-211;
compared with bark canoe, 193, 221;
temporary, 219, 221;
caribou skin, 220

skin cover, umiak, 176, 178, 186, 188;
kayak, 192 ff., 197, 199, 200, 204;
for temporary canoe, 219

skin canoe, temporary, construction of, 219-221

Siberia, 181

Slave Indians, 154, 155;
canoe, 155-158

sledge, for transporting umiak, 188;
for transporting Nunivak Island kayak, 199

Sokoki Indians, 88

Southampton Island, 191, 204

Spars, Micmac, 65, 66, 67

Spruce, black, bark, 15, 17, 24, 212, 213;
roots for sewing, 15, 16;
splitting qualities, 17, 19;
in kayaks, 192
red, 17

spruce-bark canoe, Malecite, 72;
Western Cree, 132;
narrow-bottom, 158

spruce gum, 17;
preparation, 24;
tempering, 24, 25

stakes, building bed, 40, 41, 45 ff., 146, 148

stanchion, 195

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, v, 174

stem-piece, 34, 35, 36;
construction, 48, 49;
root as, 55, 132;
Micmac, 60;
Eastern Cree, 101, 104;
Têtes de Boule, 109;
Algonkin, 113, 114, 119
Ojibway, 123, 125, 127;
plank, 125, 155, 156, 160, 164;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 150;
narrow-bottom, 156, 157;
kayak-form, 164;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 169;
temporary skin canoe, 218

stitching bark cover, 43, 44;
temporary canoe, 220 (see also sewing, lashing)

stone tools, 17-20;
use of, 18;
cutting edge, 18

straight-bottom canoe, 100, 101, 106, 155

Strut (headboard brace), 123, 150

sturgeon-nose canoe, 154, 168-173;
British Columbia, 168;
ends, 168;
size, 172, 173

Superior, Lake, 113, 122, 123, 125

Taconnet Indians, 88

tamarack (hackmatack), in canoe construction, 16

Tanana Indians, 154

tapering wooden members, 19, 118

tarpaulin (in fur trade), 142, 143

Temiscaming, Lake, 147

temporary canoe, 212-219

Têtes de Boule Indians, 107
canoe, 107-112, 116, 122;
sheathing, 34;
described, 107-112;
dimensions, 107;
construction, 108 ff., 112

Teton Indians, 133

thong braces, umiak, 186, 187, 190

throwing stick, 194

thwarts, 19, 38, 40;
fitting of ends, 32, 56;
location, 32, 37, 40;
supporting on building bed, 46, 47;
Micmac, 61, 62;
St. Francis, 90;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 110;
Algonkin, 117, 121;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 147, 150;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 160, 162, 166, 167;
sturgeon-nose, 169;
umiak, 182, 187;
kayak, 195 ff., 199, 208;
rough construction of, 213, 216;
temporary skin canoe, 219

Timagami (Ontario), Lake, 125, 131, 151

tomahawk, 21

tongs, wooden, 20

topsail, umiak, 183

Tonti, Chevalier Henri de, 8

tools, primitive, 17-20;
modern, 20-24

tree felling, 18

treenail, 190, 192

Trois Rivières, 13

tumble-home (incurving of upper sides of canoe), Micmac, 60;
Malecite, 73, 75, 78

tump line, 122, 143

Two Mountains, Lake of, 113

Umiak, Eskimo, 174, 181-190;
qualities, 175, 176, 178;
use, 175, 176;
design, 176, 178, 182-183;
compared with curragh, 176, 178;
skin cover, 176, 178, 186, 188;
construction, 176, 178, 180, 182, 183-187, 188;
oars and paddles, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
headboards, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190;
flare of sides, 182, 183, 188;
sheer, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190;
rake of ends, 182, 187, 190;
rocker of bottom (camber), 182, 184, 188, 189;
thwarts, 182, 187;
risers, 182, 187 ff.;
v-bottom, 182, 184, 189;
gunwales, 182, 184 ff., 190;
Alaskan, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
Chukchi (Asiatic), 182, 183, 188;
Koryak, 182, 189;
Greenland, 182, 189;
frames (ribs), 184 ff., 189, 190;
keelson, 184, 186, 188;
thong brace, 186, 187, 190;
rudder, 187, 189;
whaling, 187, 188;
King Island, 187;
hogging brace, 188;
portaging, 188;
Baffin Island, 189, 190

Unalaska kayak, 196

United States Fish Commission, 202

United States National Museum, 183, 188, 189, 197, 199, 204

~V~-bottom canoe, Malecite, 74, 75, 76, 77;
St. Francis, 89;
Beothuk, 96, 98, 100;
Têtes de Boule, 107;
Algonkin, 113
kayak, 190 ff., 195, 202, 206, 208, 211
umiak, 182, 184, 189

~V~-Form (see ~V~-bottom)

Viking boat, 187

voyageur, 143;
loads carried by, 143, 144;
number required for a canoe, 145;
paddle requirement, 152

wabinaki chiman (Algonkin canoe), 114, 119, 131

walrus skin, for umiak, 183;
for kayak, 194

war canoe, 10;
Micmac, 58, 65;
Malecite, 70

war party, Malecite, 71;
traveling, 212;
Iroquois, 214

Waswanipi, Lake, Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151

water, Indian methods of boiling, 20

weapons, for kayaks, 194, 211

weather cloth, 183

wedge, 38, 156

Western Cree Indians, 132, 155;
canoe, 72, 132-134, 155

Wewenoc Indians, 88

Weymouth, Captain George, 7

whaleboat, 187

whaling umiak, 187, 188

Whitbourne, Captain Richard, 94

White Fish People (Indian tribe), 107

wide-bottom canoe, 54

willow, 17

Winnipeg, Lake, 132

wood (for kayaks), 192, 200, 204

wood bending, by hot water, 20;
over a fire, 69

wood splitting, 17, 18, 19

woods canoe, 58, 65

Woodstock, New Brunswick, 4, 75

wulegessis, 72, 73, 77, 82, 90, 120, 121

York boat, 220

Yukon Indians, 190

Yukon River canoe, 159;
kayak-form, 164, 165, 166, 190

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 O--491-230

* * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical
errors.

Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.