Chapter XXIV: Part 24

[Footnote 715: John Jackson's Narrative, in Capt. J. E. Erskine's _Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific_ (London, 1853), pp. 464 _sq._, 472 _sq._ The genital members of the men over whom the canoe was dragged were cut off and hung on a sacred tree (_akau-tambu_), "which was already artificially prolific in fruit, both of the masculine and feminine gender." The tree which bore such remarkable fruit was commonly an ironweed tree standing in a conspicuous situation. As to these sacrifices compare Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 97; Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, pp. xvi. _sq._]

[Footnote 716: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i, 112.]

[Footnote 717: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 55.]

[Footnote 718: Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, pp. xx., xxi. _sq._; Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 247; B. Seeman, _Viti_ (Cambridge, 1862), p. 401.]

[Footnote 719: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 55 _sq._ The writer witnessed what he calls the ceremony of consecration in the case of a young man of the highest rank in Somosomo and he has described what he saw. In this case a special hut was not built for the manslayer, and he was allowed to pass the nights in the temple of the war god.]

[Footnote 720: See above, pp. 205 _sq._, 229 _sq._, 258, 279 _sq._, 323, 396, 415.]

[Footnote 721: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 55.]

[Footnote 722: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 98, 99 _sq._ Compare Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, p. 163: "A person who has defiled himself by touching a corpse is called _yambo_, and is not allowed to touch food with his hands for several days." The custom as to a surviving widow is mentioned by Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 198.]

[Footnote 723: Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, p. 167.]

[Footnote 724: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 101; Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 197 _sq._; Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, p. 168; Basil Thomson, _The Fijian_, p. 375.]

[Footnote 725: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 197, 198.]

[Footnote 726: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 99.]

[Footnote 727: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 198 _sq._]

[Footnote 728: Ch. Wilkes, _l.c._]

[Footnote 729: Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 197.]

[Footnote 730: K. Weinhold, _Altnordisches Leben_ (Berlin, 1856), p. 476.]

[Footnote 731: _The Zend-Avesta_, Part i. _The Vendidâd,_ translated by James Darmesteter (Oxford, 1880), p. 95 (Fargard, viii. 2. 10) (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv.).]

[Footnote 732: W. R. S. Ralston, _The Songs of the Russian People_, Second Edition (London, 1872), p. 318.]

[Footnote 733: Sonnerat, _Voyage aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine_ (Paris, 1782), i. 86.]

[Footnote 734: J. A. Dubois, _Moeurs, Institutions et Cérémonies des Peuples de l'Inde_ (Paris, 1825), ii. 225; E. Thurston, _Ethnographic Notes in Southern India_ (Madras, 1906), pp. 226 _sq._]

[Footnote 735: J. Grimm, _Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer_ 3rd ed. (Göttingen, 1881), pp. 726 _sqq._]

[Footnote 736: Rev. J. G. Campbell, _Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1900), p. 242.]

[Footnote 737: _The Sacred Books of China_, translated by James Legge, Part iii. _The Lî-Kî_, i.-x. (Oxford, 1885) pp. 144 _sq._ (Bk. ii. Sect. i. Pt. II. 33) (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xxvii.); J. F. Lafitau, _Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains_ (Paris, 1724), ii. 401 _sq._, citing Le Comte, _Nouv. Mémoires de la Chine_, vol. ii. p. 187.]

[Footnote 738: _Relations des Jésuites_, 1633, p. 11; _id._, 1634, p. 23 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858); J. G. Kohl, _Kitschi-Gami_ (Bremen, 1859), p. 149 note.]

[Footnote 739: E. W. Nelson, "The Eskimo about Bering Strait," _Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1899), p. 311.]

[Footnote 740: David Crantz, _History of Greenland_ (London, 1767), i. 237. Compare Hans Egede, _Description of Greenland_, Second Edition (London, 1818), pp. 152 _sq._; Captain G. F. Lyon, _Private Journal_ (London, 1824), p. 370; C. F. Hall, _Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition_ (Washington, 1879), p. 265 (Esquimaux).]

[Footnote 741: P. Kolben, _The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope_ (London, 1731-1738), i. 316; C. P. Thunberg, "An Account of the Cape of Good Hope," in Pinkerton's _Voyages and Travels_, xvi. (London, 1814) p. 142; _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), ii, Série, ii. (1834) p. 196 (Bechuanas); _id._, vii. Série, vii. (1886) p. 587 (Fernando Po); T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, _Relation d'un Voyage d'Exploration au Nord-est de la Colonie du Cap de Bonne-Espérance_ (Paris, 1842), pp. 502 _sq._; C. J. Andersson, _Lake Ngami_, Second Edition (London, 1856), p. 466; G. Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika's_ (Breslau, 1872), pp. 210, 335; R. Moffat, _Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa_ (London, 1842), p. 307; E. Casalis, _The Basutos_ (London, 1861), p. 202; Ladislaus Magyar, _Reisen in Süd-Afrika_ (Buda-Pesth and Leipsic, 1859), p. 350; Rev. J. Macdonald, _Light in Africa_, Second Edition (London, 1890), p. 166; E. Béguin, _Les Ma-Rotse_ (Lausanne and Fontaines, 1903), p. 115; Henri A. Junod, _Les Ba-Ronga_ (Neuchâtel, 1898), p. 48; _id._, _The Life of a South African Tribe_, i. (Neuchâtel, 1912) p. 138; Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_ (London, 1904), p. 247; A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, _British Nigeria_ (London, 1902), p. 234; Ramseyer and Kühne, _Four Years in Ashantee_ (London, 1875), p. 50; A. B. Ellis, _The Land of Fetish_ (London, 1883), p. 13; _id._, _The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast_ (London, 1887), p. 239; E. Perregaud, _Chez les Achanti_ (Neuchâtel, 1906), p. 127; J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_ (Berlin, 1906), p. 756; H. R. Palmer, "Notes on the Korôrofawa and Jukoñ," _Journal of the African Society_, No. 44 (July, 1912), p. 414. The custom is also observed by some tribes of Central Africa. See Miss A. Werner, _The Natives of British Central Africa_ (London, 1906), p. 161; B. Gutmann, "Trauer und Begräbnisssitten der Wadschagga," _Globus_, lxxxix. (1906) p. 200; Rev. N. Stam, "Religious Conceptions of the Kavirondo," _Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 361.]

[Footnote 742: C. Snouck Hurgronje, _Het Gajoland en zijne Bewoners_ (Batavia, 1903), p. 313.]

[Footnote 743: Aurel Krause, _Die Tlinkit-Indianer_ (Jena, 1885), p. 225; Franz Boas, in _Sixth Report of the Committee on the North-western Tribes of Canada_, p. 23 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Leeds Meeting, 1890); J. R. Swanton, _Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida_ (Leyden and New York, 1905), pp. 52, 54 (_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History_).]

[Footnote 744: J. A. H. Louis, _The Gates of Thibet_ (Calcutta, 1894), p. 114.]

[Footnote 745: H. von Wlislocki, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner_ (Münster i. W., 1891), p. 99.]

[Footnote 746: W. Jochelson, _The Koryak_ (New York and Leyden, 1908), pp. 110 _sq._ (_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History_).]

[Footnote 747: W. H. Dall, _Alaska and its Resources_ (London, 1870), p. 382.]

[Footnote 748: Lucien M. Turner, "Ethnology of the Ungava District, Hudson Bay Territory," _Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1894), p. 191.]

[Footnote 749: Mgr. Bruguière, in _Annales de l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi_, v. (Lyons and Paris, 1831) p. 180. Compare Mgr. Pallegoix, _Description du royaume Thai ou Siam_ (Paris, 1854), i. 245; Adolf Bastian, _Die Volker des östlichen Asien_, iii. (Jena, 1867) p. 258; E. Young, _The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe_ (Westminster, 1898), p. 246.]

[Footnote 750: S. Mateer, _Native Life in Travancore_ (London, 1883), p. 137. Compare A. Butterworth, "Royal Funerals in Travancore," _Indian Antiquary_, xxxi. (1902) p. 251.]

[Footnote 751: Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, _The Pagan Tribes of Borneo_ (London, 1912), ii. 35.]

[Footnote 752: S. K. Kusnezow, "Über den Glauben vom Jenseits und den Todtencultus der Tscheremissen," _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, ix. (1896) p. 157.]

[Footnote 753: P. S. Pallas, _Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs_ (St. Petersburg, 1771-1776), iii. 75; Middendorff, _Reise in den äussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens_, iv. 1464.]

[Footnote 754: _Exploraciones y Noticias hidrograficas de los Rios del Norte de Bolivia_, publicados por Manuel V. Ballivian, Segunda Parte, _Diario del Viage al Madre de Dios hecho por el P. Fr. Nicolas Armentia, en los años de 1884 y 1885_ (La Paz, 1890), p. 20: _"Cuando muere alguno, apénas sacan el cadáver de la casa, cambian la puerta al lado opuesto, para que no dé con ella el difunto."_]

[Footnote 755: Karl Bartsch, _Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Meklenburg_ (Vienna, 1879-1880), ii. 100, § 358.]

[Footnote 756: For some evidence on this subject, see R. Lasch, "Die Behandlung der Leiche des Selbstmörders," _Globus_, lxxxvi. (1899) pp. 63-66; Rev. J. Roscoe, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), pp. 20 _sq._; A. Karasek, "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Waschamba," _Baessler-Archiv_, i. (1911) pp. 190 _sq._]

[Footnote 757: Rev. N. Stam, "The Religious Conceptions of the Kavirondo," _Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 361.]

[Footnote 758: Alfred de Nore, _Coutumes, Mythes, et Traditions des Provinces de France_ (Paris and Lyons, 1846), p. 198.]

[Footnote 759: Félix Chapiseau, _Le Folk-lore de la Beauce et du Perche_ (Paris, 1902), ii. 164.]

[Footnote 760: For some evidence on this subject see _Psyche's Task_, pp. 64 _sq._]

[Footnote 761: Carl Bock, _Temples and Elephants_ (London, 1884), p. 262.]

[Footnote 762: Ch. Gilhodes, "Naissance et Enfance chez les Katchins (Birmanie)," _Anthropos_, vi. (1911) pp. 872 _sq._]

[Footnote 763: A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_ (Leyden, 1901-1907), i. 91.]

[Footnote 764: Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, _The Pagan Tribes of Borneo_ (London, 1912), ii. 155.]

[Footnote 765: Franz Boas, in _Sixth Report of the Committee on the North-western Tribes of Canada_, p. 23 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Leeds Meeting, 1890).]

[Footnote 766: Prevost, quoted by John Crawford, _History of the Indian Archipelago_ (Edinburgh, 1820), ii. 245. Compare Adolf Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, v. (Jena, 1869) p. 83.]

[Footnote 767: Mrs. Bishop (Isabella L. Bird), _Korea and her Neighbours_ (London, 1898), i. 239 _sq._]

[Footnote 768: Arnold van Gennep, _Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar_ (Paris, 1904), p. 65, quoting Dr. Catat.]

[Footnote 769: B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_ (The Hague, 1875), p. 139; _id._, "Over de âdá's of gewoonten der Makassaren en Boegineezen," _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Derde Reeks, ii. (Amsterdam, 1885) p. 142.]

[Footnote 770: W. M. Donselaar "Aanteekeningen over het eiland Saleijer," _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, i. (1857) p. 291.]

[Footnote 771: See above, p. 426.]

[Footnote 772: Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, Second Edition (London, 1860), i. 167.]

[Footnote 773: Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition_, New Edition (New York, 1851), iii. 83; Basil Thomson, _The Fijians_, p. 117.]

[Footnote 774: Basil Thomson, _op. cit._ p. 121.]

[Footnote 775: Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, p. 163.]

[Footnote 776: Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 239.]

[Footnote 777: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 243 _sq._ Compare Berthold Seeman, _Viti, an Account of a Government Mission to the Vitian of Fijian Islands in the years 1860-1861_ (Cambridge, 1862), p. 399; Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, p. 163; Basil Thomson, _The Fijians_, pp. 120 _sq._, 121 _sq._]

[Footnote 778: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i, 244 _sq._]

[Footnote 779: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 83.]

[Footnote 780: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 245 _sq._]

[Footnote 781: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 246 _sq._]

[Footnote 782: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 247.]

[Footnote 783: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 85 _sq._]

[Footnote 784: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 248.]

NOTE

MYTH OF THE CONTINUANCE OF DEATH[785]

The following story is told by the Balolo of the Upper Congo to explain the continuance, if not the origin, of death in the world. One day, while a man was working in the forest, a little man with two bundles, one large and one small, went up to him and said, "Which of these bundles will you have? The large one contains knives, looking-glasses, cloth and so forth; and the small one contains immortal life." "I cannot choose by myself," answered the man; "I must go and ask the other people in the town." While he was gone to ask the others, some women arrived and the choice was left to them. They tried the edges of the knives, decked themselves in the cloth, admired themselves in the looking-glasses, and, without more ado, chose the big bundle. The little man, picking up the small bundle, vanished. So when the man came back from the town, the little man and his bundles were gone. The women exhibited and shared the things, but death continued on the earth. Hence the people often say, "Oh, if those women had only chosen the small bundle, we should not be dying like this!"[786]

[Footnote 785: See above, p. 77.]

[Footnote 786: Rev. John H. Weeks, "Stories and other Notes from the Upper Congo," _Folk-lore_, xii. (1901) p. 461; _id._, _Among Congo Cannibals_ (London, 1913), p. 218. The country of the Balolo lies five miles south of the Equator, on Longitude 18° East.]

INDEX

Abinal, Father, 49

Abipones, their belief in sorcery as a cause of death, 35

Abnormal mental states explained by inspiration, 15

Aborigines, magical powers attributed by immigrants to, 193

Abstinence from certain food in mourning, 198, 208, 209, 230, 314, 360, 452

Abundance of food and water favourable to social progress, 90 _sq._

Action as a clue to belief, 143

Actors personating ghosts and spirits, 176, 179 _sq._, 180 _sqq._, 185 _sqq._

Adiri, the land of the dead, 211, 212, 213, 214

Admiralty Islands, 393, 400, 401

---- Islanders, their myths of the origin of death, 71, 76 _sq._

Advance of culture among the aborigines of South-Eastern Australia, 141 _sq._, 148 _sq._

Africa, aborigines of, their ideas as to the cause of death, 49 _sqq._;
use of poison ordeal in, 50 _sqq._

----, British Central, 162

----, British East, 61, 66, 254

Agriculture, rise of, favourable to astronomy, 140 _sq._;
Fijian, 408

Akamba, their story of the origin of death, 61 _sq._

Akikuyu, resurrection and circumcision among the, 254

_Alcheringa_ or dream times, 96, 103, 114

---- ancestors, their marvellous powers, 103

---- home of the dead, 167

Alfoors of Celebes, 166

Alligators, ghosts in, 380

_Alols_, bachelors' houses, 221, 222

Altars, stones used as, 379

Amputation of fingers in mourning, 199, 426 _sq._, 451

Amulets consisting of relics of the dead, 332, 370

Ancestor, totemic, developing into a god, 113

Ancestor-worship possibly evolved from totemism, 114 _sq._

Ancestors, reincarnation of, 92 _sqq._;
marvellous powers ascribed to remote, 103, 114 _sq._;
totemic, traditions concerning, 115 _sqq._;
dramatic ceremonies to commemorate the doings of, 118 _sqq._;
possible evolution of worship of, in Central Australia, 125 _sq._;
worshipped, 221, 297 _sq._, 328 _sqq._, 338, 340;
ghosts of, appealed to for help, 258 _sq._;
offerings to, 298;
prayers to, 329 _sq._, 332 _sqq._
_See also_ Dead

Ancestral gods, foreskins of circumcised lads offered to, 427;
libations to, 430, 438

---- images, 307 _sqq._, 315, 316 _sq._, 321, 322

---- spirits help hunters and fishers, 226;
shrines for, 316, 317;
worshipped as gods, 369;
worshipped in the _Nanga_, 428 _sq._;
first-fruits offered to, 429;
cloth and weapons offered to, 430 _sq._;
novices presented to, at initiation, 432 _sq._, 434.

Angola, the poison ordeal in, 51 _sq._

Angoni, their burial customs, 162

Animals, souls of sorcerers in, 39;
spirits of, go to the spirit land, 210;
sacrifices to the souls of, 239;
transmigration of dead into, 242, 245;
ghosts in the form of, 282;
ghosts turn into, 287;
ghosts incarnate in, 379 _sq._

Animistic views of the Papuans, 264

Anjea, a mythical being, 128

Annam, 67, 69

Anointing manslayers, 448

Ant-hills, ghosts turn into, 287

Ant totem, dramatic ceremony concerned with, 120 _sq._

Ants' nests, ghosts turn into, 351

Anthropology, comparative and descriptive, 230 _sq._

Antimerina of Madagascar, burial custom of the, 461

Anuto, a creator, 296

Apparitions, 396;
fear of, 414

Appearance of the dead in dreams, 229

Araucanians of Chili, their disbelief in natural death, 35, 53 _sq._

Arawaks of Guiana, 36;
their myth of the origin of death, 70

Arm-bone, final burial ceremony performed with the, 167 _sq._;
lower, of dead preserved, 274

---- -bones, special treatment of the, 199;
of dead preserved, 225, 249

Aroma district of British New Guinea, 201, 202

Arrow-heads made of bones of the dead, 352

Art, primitive religious, 114;
Papuan, 220

_Arugo_, soul of dead, 207

_Arumburinga_, spiritual double, 164

Arunta, the, of Central Australia, 94;
ceremonies connected with totems, 119 _sqq._;
their magical ceremonies for the multiplication of the totems, 122
_sq._;
their customs as to the hair of the dead, 138;
their cuttings for the dead, 155 _sq._, 159;
burial customs of the, 164 _sq._, 166

Aryan burial custom, 453

_Asa_, Secret Society, 233

Ashantee story of the origin of death, 63 _sq._

Ashes smeared on mourners, 184, 361

Astrolabe Bay in German New Guinea, 218, 230, 235, 237

Astronomy, rise of, favoured by agriculture, 140 _sq._

Asylums, 243

_Asyrèn_, dead man, 457

_Ataro_, a powerful ghost, 377

Atonement for sick chief, 427

Aukem, a mythical being, 181

Aurora, one of the New Hebrides, 360, 382

Australia, causes which retarded progress in, 89 _sq._;
germs of a worship of the dead in, 168 _sq._
_See also_ Central Australia, Western Australia

----, the aborigines of, their ideas as to death from natural causes,
40 _sqq._;
their primitive character, 88, 91;
the belief in immortality among, 127 _sqq._;
thought to be reborn in white people, 130, 131 _sqq._;
their burial customs, 144 _sqq._;
their primitive condition, 217

----, South, beliefs as to the dead in, 134 _sqq._

Australia, South-Eastern, beliefs as to the dead in, 133 _sq._, 139;
burial customs among the aborigines of, 145 _sqq._

----, Western, burial customs in, 147, 150, 151

Authority of chiefs based on their claim to magical powers, 395

Avenging a death, pretence of, 282, 328

Bachelor ghosts, hard fate of, 464

Bachelors' houses, 221

Bad and good, different fate of the, after death, 354

Baganda, the, their ideas as to the causes of death, 56 _n._ 2;
their myth of the origin of death, 78 _sqq._
_See also_ Uganda

Bahaus, the, of Borneo, 459

Bahnars of Cochinchina, 74

Bakaïri, the, of Brazil, 35

Bakerewe, the, of the Victoria Nyanza, 50

Bali, burial custom in, 460

Balking ghosts, 455 _sqq._

Balolo, of the Upper Congo, their myth of the continuance of death, 472

_Balum_, ghost or spirit of dead, 244;
name for bull-roarer, 250;
name for a ghost or monster who swallows lads at initiation, 251, 255,
260, 261;
soul of a dead man, 257, 261

Bamler, G., 291, 297 _sq._

Bananas in myths of the origin of death, 60, 70, 72 _sq._

Bandages to prevent entrance of ghosts, 396

Bandaging eyes of corpse, 459

Banks' Islands, 343, 353, 386;
myths of the origin of death in, 71, 83 _sq._

---- Islanders, funeral customs of the, 355 _sqq._

Bantu family, 60

Baronga, the, 61;
burial custom of the, 454

Bartle Bay, 206, 208

Basutos, the, 61;
burial custom of the, 454

Bat in myth of origin of death, 75

Bathing in sea after funeral, 207 _sq._;
as purification after a death, 314, 319

Battel, Andrew, 51 _sq._

Bechuanas, the, 61;
burial custom of the, 454

Beetles in myth of the origin of death, 70

Belep tribe of New Caledonia, 325

Belief, acts as a clue to, 143

Belief in immortality, origin of belief in, 25 _sqq._;
almost universal among races of mankind, 33;
among the aborigines of Central Australia, 87 _sqq._;
among the islanders of Torres Straits, 170 _sqq._;
among the natives of British New Guinea, 190 _sqq._;
among the natives of German New Guinea, 216 _sqq._;
among the natives of Dutch New Guinea, 303 _sqq._;
among the natives of Southern Melanesia, 324 _sqq._;
among the natives of Central Melanesia, 343 _sqq._;
its practical effect on the life of the Central Melanesians, 391
_sq._;
among the natives of Northern Melanesia, 393 _sqq._;
among the Fijians, 406 _sqq._;
strongly held by savages, 468;
destruction of life and property entailed by the, 468 _sq._;
the question of its truth, 469 _sqq._

Belief in sorcery a cause of keeping down the population, 38, 40

Berkeley, his theory of knowledge, 11 _sq._

Berlin Harbour in German New Guinea, 218

Bernau, Rev. J. H., 38

Beryl-stone in _Rose Mary_, 130

Betindalo, the land of the dead, 350

Bhotias, the, of the Himalayas, 163

Biak or Wiak, island, 303

Bilking a ghost, 416

Bird in divination as to cause of death, 45

Birds, souls of sorcerers in, 39

Birth, new, at initiation, pretence of, 254

Birthplaces, the dead buried in their, 160

Birth-stones and birth-sticks (_churinga_) of the Central Australians, 96 _sqq._

Bismarck Archipelago, 70, 394, 402

Black, mourners painted, 178, 241, 293;
gravediggers painted, 451

---- -snake people, 94

Blackened, faces of mourners, 403

Blood of mourners dropped on corpse or into grave, 158 _sq._, 183, 185;
and hair of mourners offered to the dead, 183;
of pigs smeared on skulls and bones of the dead, 200;
soul thought to reside in the, 307;
of sacrificial victim not allowed to fall on the ground, 365

---- revenge, duty of, 274, 276 _sq._;
discharged by sham fight, 136 _sq._

Bogadyim, in German New Guinea, 230, 231

Boigu, the island of the dead, 175, 184, 213

Bolafagina, the lord of the dead, 350

Bolotoo, the land of souls, 411

Bones of the dead, second burial of the, 166 _sq._;
kept in house, 203;
worn by survivors, 225;
disinterred and kept in house, 225, 294;
making rain by means of the, 341

---- and skulls of dead smeared with
blood of pigs, 200

Bonitos, ghosts in, 380

_Boollia_, magic, 41 _sq._

"Born of an oak or a rock," 128

Bougainville, island of, 393

Boulia district of Queensland, 147, 155

Bow, divination by, 241

Bread-fruit trees, stones to make them bear fruit, 335 _sq._

Breaking things offered to the dead, 276

Breath, vital principle associated with the, 129 _sq._

Brett, Rev. W. H., 35 _sqq._

Brewin, an evil spirit, 45

Brittany, burial custom in, 458

Brothers-in-law in funeral rites, 177

Brown, Rev. Dr. George, 48, 395

Buandik, the, 138

Buckley, the convict, 131

Buginese, burial custom of the, 461

Bugotu, 350, 352;
in Ysabel, 372, 379

Building king's house, men sacrificed at, 446

Bukaua, the, of German New Guinea, 242, 256 _sqq._

Bull-roarers, 243;
used in divination, 249;
described, 250;
used at initiation of young men among the Yabim, 250 _sqq._;
among the Kaya-Kaya, 255;
at initiation among the Bukaua, 260 _sq._;
associated with the spirits of the dead, 261;
at initiation among the Kai, 263, 291;
at initiation of young men among the Tami, 301, 302

Bulotu or Bulu, the land of the dead, 462, 463

Bundle, the fatal, 472;
story of, 77 _sq._

_Bures_, Fijian temples, 439

Burial different for old and young, married and unmarried, etc., 161
_sqq._;
and burning of the dead, 162 _sq._;
special modes of, intended to prevent or facilitate the return of the
spirit, 163 _sqq._;
second, custom of, 166 _sq._;
in trees, 203;
in island, 319;
in the sea, 347 _sq._

---- customs of the Australian aborigines, 144 _sqq._;
in Tumleo, 223;
of the Kai, 274;
of the New Caledonians, 326 _sq._, 339 _sq._;
in New Ireland, 397 _sq._;
in the Duke of York Island, 403.
_See also_ Corpse, Grave

---- -grounds, sacred, 378

Buried alive, old people, 359 _sq._

Burma, 75

Burning and burial of the dead, 162 _sq._

---- bodies of women who died in childbed, 459

Burns inflicted on themselves by mourners, 154, 155, 157, 327, 451

Burnt offerings to the dead, 294

---- sacrifices, reasons for, 348 _sq._;
to ghosts, 366, 367 _sq._, 373

Burying alive the sick and old, Fijian custom of, 420 _sqq._

---- people in their birthplaces, 160

Bushmen, 65

_Buwun_, deities, 296

Caffres of South Africa, their beliefs as to the causes of death, 55 _sq._

Calabar, poison ordeal in, 52

California, Indians of, 68

Calling back a lost soul, 312

Calm and wind produced by weather-doctors, 385 _sq._

Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, 171, 191

Canaanites, the heathen, 154

Canadian Indians, burial custom of the, 454

Canarium nuts, first-fruits of, offered to ghosts, 368 _sq._

Cannibal feasts in Fiji, 446

Cannibals fear the ghosts of their victims, 396

Canoe, men sacrificed at launching a new, 446 _sq._

Canoes, Papuan, 220

Cape Bedford in Queensland, 129, 130, 131

---- King William in German New Guinea, 218, 238

Carnac in Brittany, 438

Catching soul in a scarf, 412 _sq._

Cause, Hume's analysis of, 18 _sq._

Causes, the propensity to search for, 17 _sq._;
two classes of, 22

Caves used as burial-places or charnel-houses, 330 _sqq._

Celebes, Central, 72

Central Australia, aborigines of, their ideas as to natural death, 46
_sq._;
their ideas as to resurrection, 68;
their belief in immortality, 87 _sqq._;
their belief in reincarnation of the dead, 92 _sqq._;
their attitude towards the dead, 124 _sqq._

Cereals unknown to Melanesians and Polynesians, 408

Ceremonial impurity of manslayer, 229 _sq._

Ceremonies performed in honour of the Wollunqua, a mythical water-snake,
108 _sqq._;
dramatic, to commemorate the doings of ancestors, 118 _sqq._;
funeral, of the Torres Straits Islanders, 176 _sqq._
_See also_ Dramatic Ceremonies, Dramatic Representations, Funeral
Ceremonies, Totems

Chameleon in myths of the origin of death, 60 _sqq._

Chams of Annam, 67

Charms imparted by dead in dreams, 139

Charnel-houses, 221 _sq._, 225, 328

Cheating the devil, 460

Chepara, the, 139

Cheremiss of Russia, burial custom of the, 457

Cherokee Indians, 77

Chief, spirit of dead, a worshipful ghost, 352

Chief's power in Central Melanesia based on a fear of ghosts, 391

Chiefs deified after death, 369

Chiefs' authority based on their claim to magical powers, 395

Chieftainship, rise of, 141

Childbed, treatment of ghosts of women dying in, 358;
special fear of ghosts of women dying in, 458 _sqq._

Childless women, burial of, 458

Children, Central Australian theory of the birth of, 93 _sq._;
belief of Queensland natives as to the birth of, 128

Children buried in trees, 161, 312 _sq._;
stillborn, burial of, 458

Child-stones, 93 _sq._

Chingpaws of Burma, 75

_Choi_, disembodied human spirits, 128

Chukchansi Indians, 163

_Churinga_, sacred sticks or stones, 96 _sqq._

Circumcision as initiatory rite of young men, 233;
among the Yabim, 250 _sqq._;
among the Akikuyu, 254;
among the Bukaua, 260 _sq._;
among the Kai, 290 _sq._;
among the Tami, 301 _sq._;
as a propitiatory sacrifice, 426 _sqq._

Clans, totemic, 104

Clay, widow's body smeared with, 223

Cleanliness due to fear of sorcery, 386 _sq._, 414

Cleft stick used in cure, 271

Clercq, F. S. A. de, 316

Cloth and weapons offered to ancestral spirits, 430 _sq._

Clubhouses for men, 221, 225, 226, 243, 256 _sq._, 355

Cochinchina, 74

Coco-nut trees of dead cut down, 208, 209, 327;
stones to blight, 335

---- -nuts tabooed, 297

Codrington, Dr. R. H., 54 _sq._, 344, 345 _sq._, 353, 355, 359, 362 _sq._, 368, 380 _sq._

Collins, David, 133

Commemorative and magical ceremonies combined, 122, 126

Commercial habits of the North Melanesians, 394

Communal houses, 304

Communism, temporary revival of primitive, 436 _sq._

Comparative and descriptive anthropology, their relation, 230 _sq._

Comparative method applied to the study of religion, 5 _sq._;
in anthropology, 30

Compartments in land of the dead, 244, 354, 404

Competition as a cause of progress, 89 _sq._

Conception in women, Central Australian theory of, 93 _sq._;
belief of Queensland natives concerning, 128

Conception of death, the savage, 31 _sqq._

Concert of spirits, 340 _sq._

Confession of sins, 201

Congo, natives of the, their ideas as to natural death, 50;
worship of the moon on the, 68

Consecration of manslayers in Fiji, 448 _sq._

Consultation of ancestral images, 308 _sqq._

Continence, required in training yam vines, 371

Continuance of death, myth of the, 472

Contradictions and inconsistencies in reasoning not peculiar to savages, 111 _sq._

Convulsions as evidence of inspiration, 443, 444

Co-operative system of piety, 333

Coorgs, the, 163

Cord worn round neck by mourners, 241, 242, 249, 259, 361

Corpse inspected to discover sorcerer, 37, 38, 53 _sq._;
dried on fire, 135, 184, 249, 313, 355;
tied to prevent ghost from walking, 144;
mauled and mutilated in order to disable the ghost, 153;
putrefying juices of, received by mourners on their bodies, 167, 205;
carried out feet foremost, 174;
decked with ornaments and flowers, 232;
painted white and red, 233;
crowned with red roses, 233, 234;
stript of ornaments before burial, 234, 241;
kept in house, 355;
property displayed beside the, 397;
persons who have handled a corpse forbidden to touch food with their
hands, 450 _sq._;
carried out of house by special opening, 452 _sqq._

Corpses mummified, 313;
of women dying in childbed burnt, 459

Costume of mourners, 184, 198, 241 _sq._;
of widow and widower, 204

Costumes of actors in dramatic ceremonies concerned with totems, 119 _sqq._

Crabs in myth of the origin of death, 70

Cracking joints of fingers at incantation, 223

Creator, the, and the origin of death, 73

Crocodiles, transmigration of dead into, 245

Cromlechs, 438

Crops, ghosts expected to make the crops thrive, 259, 284, 288 _sq._

Cross-questioning a ghost by means of fire, 278

Cultivation of the ground, spirits of ancestors supposed to help in the, 259

Culture, advance of, among the aborigines of South-Eastern Australia,
141 _sq._, 148 _sq._;
advanced, of the Fijians, 407

Cursing enemies, 370, 403, 404

Cutting down trees of the dead, 208, 209

Cuttings of the flesh in honour of the dead, 154 _sqq._, 183, 184 _sq._, 196, 272, 327, 359

Dance of death, 185 _sqq._

Dances as funeral rites, 179 _sqq._, 200;
masked, of the Monumbo, 228;
masked, of a Secret Society, 233;
at deaths, 293 _sq._;
of masked men in imitation of spirits, 297;
at festivals, 316;
at festivals of the dead, 321;
at funeral feasts, 399

---- and games at festivals, 226

Dark, ghosts dreaded in the, 197, 283, 306, 467;
female mourners remain in the, 360

Daula, a ghost associated with the frigate-bird, 376

Dawson, James, 42, 142, 143

Dazing a ghost, 416

Dead, worship of the, 23 _sqq._, 31, 328 _sqq._, 338;
seen in dreams, 27;
belief in the reincarnation of the, 92 _sqq._, 107;
spirits of, associated with conspicuous features of the landscape,
115 _sqq._;
reincarnation of the, 124 _sq._, 127 _sqq._;
souls of the, supposed to go to the sky, 133 _sq._, 135, 138 _sq._,
141, 142;
souls of the, supposed to be in stars, 134, 140;
names of the, not mentioned, 135;
magical virtue attributed to the hair of the, 137 _sq._;
appear to the living in dreams, 139, 195, 213, 229;
attentions paid to the, in regard to food, fire, property, etc.,
144 _sqq._;
property of, deposited in grave, 145 _sqq._;
motive for destroying the property of the, 147 _sq._;
economic loss entailed by sacrifices to the, 149;
incipient worship of the, in Australia, 149, 150;
feared, 152 _sq._, 173 _sqq._, 196 _sq._, 201, 203, 244, 248;
cuttings of the flesh in honour of the, 154 _sqq._, 183, 184 _sq._,
196, 327, 359;
thought to be strengthened by blood, 159;
disposed of in different ways according to their age, manner of death,
etc., 161 _sqq._;
fear of the, 168;
germs of a worship of the, in Australia, 168 _sq._;
destruction of the property of the, 174;
land of the, 175 _sq._, 192, 193, 194 _sq._, 202, 203, 207, 209 _sq._,
211 _sqq._, 224, 228 _sq._, 244, 260, 286 _sq._, 292, 299, 305 _sq._,
307, 322, 326, 345, 350 _sq._, 353 _sq._, 404 _sqq._, 462 _sqq._;
personated by masked men, 176, 179 _sq._, 182 _sq._, 185 _sqq._;
food offered to the, 183, 211, 214, 232, 241, 332, 338, 348 _sq._,
364 _sq._, 367 _sq._, 372 _sq._, 396 _sq._, 429, 442, 467;
elements of a worship of the, in Torres Straits, 189;
laid on platforms, 199, 203, 205;
worshipped in British New Guinea, 201 _sq._;
prayers to the, 201 _sq._, 214, 259, 288, 307, 329 _sq._, 332 _sqq._,
340, 376 _sq._, 401, 403 _sq._, 427, 441;
names of, not mentioned, 210, 246;
monuments of the, 225;
offerings of hunters and fishers to the, 226;
oracles of the, 235;
buried in the house, 236, 347, 352, 397, 398, 399;
offerings to the, 239, 276, 292, 298;
transmigrate into animals, 242, 245;
spirits of the, give good crops, 247 _sq._;
elements of a worship of the dead among the Yabim, 255;
spirits of the, believed to be mischievous, 257;
ancestors supposed to help in the cultivation of the ground, 259;
first-fruits offered to the, 259;
buried under houses, 259;
envious of the living, 267, 381;
burnt offerings to the, 294;
predominance of the worship of the, 297 _sq._;
power of the, over the living, 298, 306 _sq._, 307;
sacrifices to the, 307, 338;
wooden images (_korwar_) of the, 307 _sqq._, 315, 316 _sq._, 321, 322;
buried in island, 319;
festival of the, 320 _sq._;
medicine-men, inspired by spirits of the, 322;
spirits of the, embodied in their skulls, 338;
spirits of the, identified with white men, 342;
buried in the sea, 347 _sq._, 397;
relics of the, preserved, 348;
bodies of the, preserved for a time in the house, 351;
represented by wooden stocks, 374, 386;
burned in New Ireland, 397;
carried out of house by special opening, 452 _sqq._
_See also_ Ghost

Dead kings of Uganda consulted as oracles, 151

Death, the problem of, 31 _sqq._;
the savage conception of, 31 _sqq._;
thought to be an effect of sorcery, 33 _sqq._;
by natural causes, recognised by some savages, 55 _sq._;
myths of the origin of, 59 _sqq._;
personified in tales, 79 _sqq._;
not regarded as a natural necessity, 84 _sqq._;
the second, of the dead, 195, 286, 299, 345, 350, 351, 354;
attributed to sorcery, 249;
violent, ascribed to sorcery, 268 _sq._;
myth of the continuance of, 472

Death and resurrection at initiation, ceremony of, 431, 434 _sq._;
pretence of, at initiation, 254 _sq._, 261, 302

Death-dances, 293 _sq._;
of the Torres Straits Islanders, 179 _sqq._

Deaths from natural causes, disbelief of savages in, 33 _sqq._;
attributed to sorcery, 136, 203;
set down to sorcery or ghosts, 203, 268, 270

Deceiving the ghost, 237, 273, 280 _sqq._, 328

Deceiving the spirits, 298

Deification of the dead, 24, 25;
of parents, 439

Deity consumes soul of offering, 297

Demon carries off soul of sick, 194

Demons as causes of disease and death, 36 _sq._

Demonstrations, extravagant, of grief at a death, dictated by fear of the ghost, 271 _sqq._

Déné or Tinneh Indians, their ideas as to death, 39 _sq._

Departure of ghost thought to coincide with disappearance of flesh from bones, 165 _sq._

Descent of the living into the nether world, 300, 355

Descriptive and comparative anthropology, their relation, 230 _sq._

Descriptive method in anthropology, 30

Desertion of house after a death, 195, 196 _n._ 1, 210, 248, 275, 349,
400;
of village after a death, 275

Deserts as impediments to progress, 89, 90

Design emblematic of totem, 168

Destruction of house after a death, 210

---- of life and property entailed by the belief in immortality, 468
_sq._

---- of property of the dead, 174, 459;
motive for, 147 _sq._, 327

Development arrested or retarded in savagery, 88 _sqq._

Dieri, the, 138;
their burial customs, 144

Differentiation of function in prayer, 332 _sq._

Disbelief of savages in death from natural causes, 34 _sqq._

Disease supposed to be caused by sorcery, 35 _sqq._;
demons regarded as causes of, 36 _sq._;
recognised by some savages as due to natural causes, 55 _sq._;
special modes of disposing of bodies of persons who die of, 162, 163.
_See also_ Sickness

Diseases ascribed to ghosts, 257

Disinterment of the bones of the dead, 225, 294

Dissection of corpse to discover cause of death, 53 _sq._

Divination to discover cause of death, 35, 36, 37 _sq._, 38, 39 _sq._,
44, 45 _sq._, 50 _sqq._, 53 _sq._, 136;
by liver, 54;
by dreams, 136, 383;
by the skulls of the dead, 179;
to discover sorcerer who caused death, 240 _sq._, 249 _sq._, 257, 402;
by bow, 241;
by hair to discover cause of death, 319;
by means of ghosts, 389 _sq._;
to discover ghost who has caused sickness, 382

Divinity of kings, 16;
of Fijian kings, 407 _sq._;
Fijian notion of, 440 _sq._

Dog, in myth of the origin of death, 66;
the Heavenly, 460

Dogs sacrificed to the dead, 232, 234;
sacrificed in epidemics, 296

Doreh Bay in Dutch New Guinea, 303, 306

Dragon supposed to swallow lads at initiation, 301.
_See also_ Monster

Drama of death and resurrection at initiation, 431, 434 _sq._

----, evolution of, 189

Dramatic ceremonies in Central Australia, magical intention of, 122 _sq._, 126

---- concerned with totems, 119 _sqq._

---- to commemorate the doings of ancestors, 118 _sqq._

Dramatic representation of ghosts and spirits by masked men, 176, 179 _sq._, 180 _sqq._, 185 _sqq._

Drawings on ground in religious or magical ceremony, 112 _sq._

---- on rocks, 318

Dread of witchcraft, 413 _sq._

Dreamer, professional, 383

Dreams as a source of the belief in immortality and of the worship of
the dead, 27 _sq._, 214;
divination by, 136;
appearance of the dead to the living in, 139, 195, 213, 229;
savage faith in the truth of, 139 _sq._;
consultation of the dead in, 179;
danger of, 194;
the dead communicate with the living in, 248

Driving away the ghost, 178, 197, 248, 305, 306, 323, 356 _sqq._, 396, 399, 415

Drowning of ghosts, 224

Duke of York Island, 393, 397, 403, 404

Dying, threats of the, 273

Ears of corpse stopped with hot coals, 152;
of mourners cut, 183, 272, 327

Earth-burial and tree-burial, 161, 166 _sq._

Earthquakes ascribed to ghosts, 286, 288;
caused by deities, 296

Eating totemic animals or plants, 120 _sq._

Economic loss entailed by sacrifices to the dead, 149;
entailed by the belief in immortality, 468 _sq._

Eel, ghost in, 379

Eels offered to the dead, 429

Egypt, custom at embalming a corpse in ancient, 178

Elysium, the Fijian, 466 _sq._

Embryology of religion, 88

Emu totem, dramatic ceremonies concerned with, 122, 123

Encounter Bay tribe of South Australia, 42

Epilepsy ascribed to anger of ghosts, 257, 283

---- and inspiration, 15

Erdweg, Father Josef, 218, 219, 227

Erskine, Capt. J. E., 409

_Ertnatulunga_, sacred store-house, 99

_Erythrophloeum guiniense_, in poison ordeal, 50

Esquimaux, burial custom of the, 454, 456

Essence, immaterial, of sacrifice absorbed by ghosts and spirits, 285, 287, 374

Euhemerism, 24 _sq._

Euhemerus, 24

European teaching, influence of, on native beliefs, 142 _sq._

Evil spirits regarded as causes of death, 36 _sq._

Excitement as mark of inspiration, 14

Exogamy with female descent, 416, 418

Exorcism as cure for sickness, 222 _sq._

Experience defined, 12;
two sorts of, 13 _sq._

---- and intuition, 11

External world, question of the reality of, 13 _sq._;
an illusion, 21

Eye, soul resides in the, 267

Eyes of corpse bandaged, 459

Faints ascribed to action of ghosts, 257, 283

Faith, weakening of religious, 4

Falling stars the souls of the dead, 229, 399

Family prayers of the New Caledonians, 332 _sq._, 340

---- priests, 332, 340

Famine, the stone of, 334 _sq._

Fasting in mourning for a king, 451 _sq._

Father-in-law, mourning for a, 155

Favourable natural conditions, their influence in stimulating social progress, 141 _sq._, 148 _sq._

Fear of ghosts, 134, 135, 147, 151 _sqq._, 158, 173 _sqq._, 195, 196
_sq._, 201, 203, 229 _sq._, 232, 237, 276, 282 _sq._, 305, 321, 327,
347, 396, 414 _sq._, 449, 455, 467;
a moral restraint, 175;
the source of extravagant demonstrations of grief at death, 271
_sqq._;
taboo based on, 390 _sq._;
a bulwark of morality, 392;
funeral customs based on, 450 _sqq._;
of women dying in childbed, 458 _sqq._

Fear of the dead, 152 _sq._, 168, 173 _sqq._, 195, 196 _sq._, 201, 203, 244, 248

---- of witchcraft, 244

---- the only principle of religious observances in Fiji, 443

Feasts provided for ghosts, 247 _sq._
_See also_ Funeral Feasts

Feather-money offered to ghosts, 374, 375

Feet foremost, corpse carried out, 174

Ferry for ghosts, 224, 244 _sq._, 350, 412, 462

Festival of the dead, 320 _sq._

Fig-trees, sacred, 199

Fighting or warrior ghosts, 370

Fiji and the Fijians, 406 _sqq._

----, human sacrifices in, 446 _sq._

Fijian islands, scenery of, 409 _sq._

---- myths of origin of death, 66 _sq._, 75 _sq._

Fijians, belief in immortality among the, 406 _sqq._;
their advanced culture, 407

Fingers amputated in mourning, 199, 451

---- of living sacrificed in honour of the dead, 426 _sq._

Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, 218, 242, 262

Fire as a means of keeping off ghosts, 131

---- -flies, ghosts as, 352

---- kindled on grave, to warm ghost, 144 _sq._, 196 _sq._, 209, 211, 223, 275, 359

---- supplied to ghost, 246 _sq._;
used to keep off ghosts, 258, 283;
used in cross-questioning a ghost, 278

Firstborn children, skull-topped images made of dead, 312

First-fruits offered to the dead, 259;
of canarium nuts offered to ghosts, 368 _sq._;
offered to deified spirits of dead chiefs, 369;
offered to ghosts, 373 _sq._;
of yams offered to the ancestral spirits, 429

Fish offered by fishermen to the dead, 226;
prayers for, 329;
ghost in, 379

---- totem, dramatic ceremony concerned with, 119 _sq._, 121

Fishermen pray to ghosts, 289

----, stones to help, 337

Fison, Lorimer, 407, 412, 416, 418, 428 _n._ 1, 434, 435 _sqq._, 438 _n._ 1, 445, 448

Fits ascribed to contact with ghosts, 283.
_See also_ Epilepsy

Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, 346, 347, 348, 349, 367, 368, 376, 377, 379, 380

Flutes, sacred, 221, 226, 233, 252

Flying-foxes, souls of the dead in, 405

Food placed on grave, 144;
offered to the dead, 183, 201, 208, 211, 214, 232, 241, 332, 338, 364
_sq._, 367 _sq._, 372 _sq._, 396 _sq._, 429, 442, 467;
abstinence from certain, in mourning, 198, 208, 209, 230, 314, 360,
452;
supply promoted by ghosts, 283;
offered to ancestral spirits, 316;
offered to the skulls of the dead, 339 _sq._, 352;
offered to ghosts, 348 _sq._;
of ghosts, the living not to partake of the, 355

---- not to be touched with the hands by gravediggers, 327;
not to be touched with hands by persons who have handled a corpse,
450 _sq._

---- and water, abundance of, favourable to social progress, 90 _sq._;
offered to the dead, 174

Fool and Death, 83

Footprints, magic of, 45

Foundation-sacrifice of men, 446

Fowlers pray to ghosts, 289

Frenzy a symptom of inspiration, 443, 444 _sq._

Frigate-bird, mark of the, 350;
ghost associated with the, 376

Frigate-birds, ghosts in, 380

Frog in stories of the origin of death, 61, 62 _sq._

Fruit-trees cut down for ghost, 246

---- of the dead cut down, 399

Funeral ceremonies intended to dismiss the ghost from the land of the living, 174 _sq._

---- ceremonies of the Torres Straits Islanders, 176 _sqq._

---- customs of the Tami, 293 _sq._;
of the Central Melanesians, 347 _sqq._, 355 _sqq._;
based on fear of ghosts, 450 _sqq._

---- feasts, 348, 351, 358 _sq._, 360, 396;
orations, 355 _sq._

Forces, impersonal, the world conceived as a complex of, 21

Foreskins sacrificed in honour of the dead, 426 _sq._;
of circumcised lads presented to ancestral gods, 427

Gaboon, the, 54

Gajos of Sumatra, burial custom of the, 455

Gall used in divination, 54

Game offered by hunters to the dead, 226

Ganindo, a warrior ghost, 363 _sq._

Gardens, ghosts of, 371

Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, 48, 69, 398, 405

Geelvink Bay, in Dutch New Guinea, 303, 307

Genital members of human victims hung on tree, 447 _n._ 1

German burial custom, 453, 458

Ghost appeased by sham fight, 137;
hunted into the grave, 164 _sq._;
thought to linger near body till flesh is decayed, 165 _sq._;
elaborate funeral ceremonies designed to get rid of, 174 _sq._;
driven away, 178, 197, 248;
extracted from body of patient, 271;
calls for vengeance, 278;
cursed and ill-treated, 285;
who causes sunshine and rain, 375

---- -posts, 375

---- -seer, 204 _sq._, 214, 229

---- -shooter, 387 _sq._

Ghostly ferry, 350, 412.
_See also_ Ferry

Ghosts, mischievous nature of, 28;
as causes of sickness, 54 _sqq._, 195, 197, 222, 300, 305, 322, 389;
feared, 134, 135, 147, 151 _sqq._, 158, 173 _sqq._, 195, 196 _sq._,
201, 203, 229 _sq._, 232, 237, 271 _sqq._, 276, 282 _sq._, 305, 321,
327, 347, 396, 414 _sq._, 449, 457, 467;
attentions paid to, in regard to food, fire, property, etc., 144
_sqq._;
feared only of recently departed, 151 _sq._;
of nearest relations most feared, 153;
represented dramatically by masked men, 176, 179 _sq._, 182 _sq._,
185 _sqq._;
should have their noses bored, 192, 194 _sq._;
return of the, 195, 198, 246, 300;
carry off the souls of the living, 197;
cause bad luck in hunting and fishing, 197;
identified with phosphorescent lights, 198, 258;
appear to seer, 204 _sq._;
of slain enemies especially dreaded, 205;
of the hanged specially feared, 212;
certain classes of ghosts specially feared, 212;
malignity of, 212, 381;
drowned, 224;
village of, 231 _sq._, 234;
give information, 240;
provided with fire, 246 _sq._;
feasts provided for, 247 _sq._;
thought to give good crops, 247 _sq._;
communicate with the living in dreams, 248;
diseases ascribed to action of, 257;
of the slain, special fear of, 258, 279, 306, 323;
of ancestors appealed to for help, 258 _sq._;
precautions taken against, 258;
expected to make the crops thrive, 259, 284, 288 _sq._;
natural death ascribed to action of, 268;
sickness ascribed to action of, 269 _sq._, 271, 279, 372, 375, 381
_sqq._;
deceived, 273, 280 _sqq._, 328;
thought to help hunters, 274, 284 _sq._;
in the form of animals, 282;
help the living by promoting supply of food, 283;
cause earthquakes, 286, 288;
as patrons of hunting and other departments, 287;
die the second death, 287;
turn into animals, 287;
turn into ant-hills, 287;
of warriors invoked by warriors, 288;
invoked by warriors, farmers, fowlers, fishermen, etc., 288 _sqq._;
of men may grow into gods, 289 _sq._;
of the dead in the form of serpents, 300;
driven away, 305, 306, 323, 356 _sqq._, 396, 399, 415;
cause all sorts of misfortunes, 306 _sq._;
call for vengeance, 310, 468;
sacrifices to, 328;
of power and ghosts of no account, distinction between, 345 _sq._;
of the recent dead most powerful, 346;
prayers to, 348;
of land and sea, 348;
food offered to, 348 _sq._;
live in islands, 350, 353;
live underground, 353 _sq._;
worshipful, 362 _sq._;
public and private, 367, 369 _sq._;
first-fruits offered to, 368 _sq._, 373 _sq._;
warlike, 370;
of gardens, 371;
human sacrifices to, 371 _sq._;
incarnate in sharks, 373;
sacrifices to, at planting, 375;
sanctuaries of, 377 _sq._;
incarnate in animals, 379 _sq._;
envious of the living, 381;
carry off souls, 383;
in stones, 383 _sq._;
inspiration by means of, 389 _sq._;
killed, 415 _sq._;
dazed, 416;
prevented from returning to the house, 455 _sq._;
unmarried, hard fate of, 464

Ghosts and spirits, distinction between, in Central Melanesia, 343, 363;
regulate the weather, 384 _sq._

---- of women dying in childbed, special fear of, 458 _sqq._;
special treatment of, 358.
_See also_ Dead _and_ Spirits

Giant, mythical, thought to appear annually with the south-east monsoon, 255

Gifford, Lord, 2, 3

Girdle made from hair of dead, 138

Gnanji, the, of Central Australia, 92

Goat in story of the origin of death, 64

God, the question of his existence, 2;
defined, 9 _sq._;
knowledge of, how acquired, 11 _sqq._;
inferred as a cause, 22 _sq._;
and the origin of death, 61 _sqq._;
in form of serpent, 445, 462

Gods created by man in his own likeness, 19 _sq._;
of nature, 20;
human, 20, 23 _sqq._;
unknown among aborigines of Australia, 91;
often developed out of ghosts, 289 _sq._;
ancestors worshipped as, 340, 369;
ancestral, sacrifice of foreskins to, 427;
ancestral, libations to, 438;
two classes of, in Fiji, 440

---- and spirits, no certain demarcation between, 441

Goldie, Rev. Hugh, 52

Good crops given by ghosts, 247 _sq._

---- spirit, 143

---- and bad, different fate of the, after death, 354

Gran Chaco, in Argentina, 165

Grandfather, soul of, reborn in grandchild, 417;
his ghost dazed, 416

Grandfather and grandchild, their relation under exogamy and female kinship, 416, 418

Grandidier, A., 49

Grass for graves, euphemism for human victims buried with the dead, 425 _sq._

---- -seed, magical ceremony for increasing, 102

Grave, food placed on, 144, 145;
property of dead deposited in, 145 _sqq._;
hut erected on, 203;
of worshipful dead a sanctuary, 347;
stones heaped on, 360;
sacrifices to ghost on, 382

Gravediggers, purification of, 314;
secluded, 327;
secluded and painted black, 451

Graves, huts built on, for use of ghosts, 150 _sq._;
under the houses, 274.
_See also_ Huts

Great Woman, the, 464

Greek tragedy, W. Ridgeway on the origin of, 189

Greeks, purificatory rites of ancient, 206

Greenlanders, burial custom of the, 454

Grey, Sir George, 41;
taken for an Australian aboriginal, 131 _sqq._

Grief, extravagant demonstrations of grief in mourning, their motives, 135 _sq._

---- at a death, extravagant demonstrations of, dictated by fear of the ghost, 271 _sqq._

_Grihya-Sutras_, 163

Ground drawings in magical or religious ceremony, 112 _sq._

Groves, sacred, the dead buried in, 326

Guadalcanar, one of the Solomon Islands, 350, 372

Guardian spirits, 227

Guiana, Indians of, their ideas as to the cause of death, 35 _sqq._;
their offerings to the dead, 165

Gullet of pig sacrificed, 368

Gulu, king of heaven, 78

Gypsies, European, burial custom of, 455

Haddon, Dr. A. C., 171, 172 _sq._, 175, 176, 180

Hagen, Dr. B., 230, 231

Haida, burial custom of the, 455

Hair burnt as charm, 43;
cut in mourning, 135, 320, 451;
of widow unshorn, 184;
of dead child worn by mother, 315;
of gravediggers not cut, 327;
used as amulet, 332

---- of the dead, magical virtue attributed to, 137 _sq._;
worn by relatives, 249;
divination by means of, 319

---- of mourners offered to the dead, 183;
cut off, 183, 204

Hakea flower totem, dramatic ceremony concerned with, 119, 121

Hands, gravediggers and persons who have handled a corpse not to touch food with their, 327, 450 _sq._

Hanged, ghosts of the, specially feared, 212

Hare in myth of the origin of death, 65

Harumae, a warrior ghost, 365 _sq._

Hasselt, J. L. van, 305

Hauri, a worshipful ghost, 372

Head-dress of gravediggers, 327

Head-hunters, 352

Head of corpse cut off in order to disable the ghost, 153;
removed and preserved, 178.
_See also_ Skulls

Heads of mourners shaved, 208

----, human, cut off in honour of the dead, 352

Heaps of stones on grave, 360

Heart supposed to be the seat of human spirit, 129

---- of pig sacrificed, 368

Heavenly Dog, 460

Hebrew prophets, 14

Hen in myth of the origin of death, 79

Highlands of Scotland, burial custom in the, 453, 458

Hindoos, burial custom of the, 453, 458

Historical method of treating natural theology, 2 _sq._

History of religion, its importance, 3

Hiyoyoa, the land of the dead, 207

Hole in the wall, dead carried out through a, 452 _sqq._

Holy of Holies, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438

Homer on blood-drinking ghosts, 159

Homicides, precautions taken by, against the ghosts of their victims,
205 _sq._;
purification of, 206;
honours bestowed on, in Fiji, 447 _sq._
_See also_ Manslayers

Homoeopathic magic, 288, 376

---- or imitative magic, 335, 336, 338

Honorary titles of homicides in Fiji, 447 _sq._

Hood Peninsula of British New Guinea, 47, 202, 203

Hos of Togoland, their myth of the origin of death, 81 _sqq._

Hose, Ch., and McDougall, W., quoted, 265 _n._, 417

Hottentots, their myth of the origin of death, 65;
burial custom of the, 454

House deserted after a death, 195, 196 _n._ 1, 248, 275, 349, 400;
deserted or destroyed after a death, 210;
dead buried in the, 236, 347, 352, 397, 398, 399;
dead carried out of, by special opening, 452 _sqq._

Houses, native, at Kalo, 202;
communal, 304

Howitt, Dr. A. W., 44 _sq._, 139, 141

Human gods, 20, 23 _sqq._

---- nature, two different views of, 469 _sqq._

---- sacrifices to ghosts, 371 _sq._;
in Fiji, 446 _sq._

Hume's analysis of cause, 18 _sq._

Hunt, Mr., his experience in Fiji, 423 _sq._

Hunters supposed to be helped by ghosts, 274, 284 _sq._

Huon Gulf, in German New Guinea, 242, 256

Hut built to represent mythical monster at initiation, 251, 290, 301 _sq._

Huts erected on graves for use of ghosts, 150 _sq._;
erected on graves, 203, 223, 248, 259, 275, 293, 294

Hypocritical lamentations at a death, 273

---- indignation of accomplice at a murder, 280 _sqq._

Idu, mountain of the dead, 193, 194 _sq._

Iguana in myth of origin of death, 70

Ilene, a worshipful ghost, 373

Ill-treatment of ghost who gives no help, 285

Illusion of the external world, 21

Images of the dead, wooden (_korwar_ or _karwar_), 307 _sqq._, 311, 315,
316 _sq._, 321, 322;
of sharks, 373;
in temples, 442

Imitation of totems by disguised actors, 119 _sqq._;
of totemic animals, 177

Imitative magic, 335, 336, 338, 376

Immortality, belief in, among the aborigines of Central Australia, 87
_sqq._;
among the islanders of Torres Straits, 170 _sqq._;
among the natives of British New Guinea, 190 _sqq._;
among the natives of German New Guinea, 216 _sqq._;
among the natives of Dutch New Guinea, 303 _sqq._;
among the natives of Southern Melanesia, 324 _sqq._;
among the natives of Central Melanesia, 343 _sqq._;
among the natives of Northern Melanesia, 393 _sqq._;
among the Fijians, 406 _sqq._;
strongly held by savages, 468

Immortality, limited sense of, 25;
origin of belief in, 25 _sqq._;
belief in human, almost universal among races of mankind, 33;
rivalry between men and animals for gift of, 74 _sq._;
question of the truth of the belief in, 469 _sqq._;
destruction of life and property entailed by the belief in, 468 _sq._

---- in a bundle, 77 _sq._

Impecunious ghosts, hard fate of, 406

Impurity, ceremonial, of manslayer, 229 _sq._

Im Thurn, Sir Everard F., 38 _sq._