Chapter XXV: Part 25

Incantations or spells, 385

Inconsistencies and contradictions in reasoning not peculiar to savages, 111 _sq._

Inconsistency of savage thought, 143

Indians of Guiana, their ideas about death, 35 _sqq._;
their beliefs as to the dead, 165

---- of North-West America, burial custom of the, 455, 460

Indifference to death, 419;
a consequence of belief in immortality, 422 _sq._

Indo-European burial custom, 453

Infanticide as cause of diminished population, 40

Influence of European teaching on native beliefs, 142 _sq._

Initiation at puberty regarded as a process of death and resurrection, 254, 261

---- of young men, 233;
in Central Australia, 100;
among the Yabim, 250 _sqq._;
among the Bukaua, 260 _sq._;
among the Kai, 290 _sq._;
in Fiji, 429 _sqq._

Insanity, influence of, in history, 15 _sq._

---- and inspiration not clearly distinguished, 388

Insect in divination as to cause of death, 44, 46

Inspiration, theory of, 14 _sq._;
of medium by ancestral spirits, 308 _sqq._;
by spirits of the dead, 322;
by ghosts in Central Melanesia, 388 _sq._;
attested by frenzy, 443, 444 _sq._

---- and insanity not clearly distinguished, 388

Insufflations, magical, to heal the sick, 329

_Intichiuma_, magical ceremonies for the multiplication of totems, 122 _sq._

Intuition and experience, 11

Invocation of ghosts, 288 _sq._;
of the dead, 329 _sq._, 332 _sqq._, 377, 378, 401, 441

Island, dead buried in, 319

---- of the dead, fabulous, 175

Islands, ghosts live in, 350, 353

Isle of Pines, 325, 330, 337

Israelites forbidden to cut themselves for the dead, 154

Ivory Coast, 52

Jackson, John, quoted, 419 _sqq._, 447

Jappen or Jobi, island, 303

Jawbone of husband worn by widow, 204;
lower, of corpse preserved, 234 _sq._, 236, 274;
of dead king of Uganda preserved and consulted oracularly, 235

Jawbones of the dead preserved, 351 _sq._;
of dead worn by relatives, 404

Journey of ghosts to the land of the dead, 286 _sq._, 361 _sq._, 462 _sqq._

Juices of putrefaction received by mourners on their bodies, 167, 205, 403

---- of putrefying corpse drunk by widow, 313;
drunk by women, 355

Kachins of Burma, burial custom of the, 459

Kafirs, their beliefs as to the causes of death, 56

Kagoro, the, of Northern Nigeria, 28 _n._ 1, 49

Kai, the, of German New Guinea, 71, 262 _sqq._;
theory of the soul, 267

Kaikuzi, brother of Death, 80

Kaitish, the, 68, 158, 166

Kalo, in British New Guinea, 202 _sq._

_Kalou_, Fijian word for "god," 440

_Kalou vu_, "root gods," 440

_Kalou yalo_, "soul gods," 440

_Kami_, the souls of the dead, 297 _sq._

Kamilaroi tribe of New South Wales, 46, 155

_Kanaima_ (_kenaima_), 36, 38

_Kani_, name applied to ghosts, to bull-roarers, and to the monster who is thought to swallow lads at circumcision, 301

Kaniet islands, 401

_Kava_ offered to ancestral spirits, 440

Kavirondo, burial custom of the, 458

Kaya-Kaya or Tugeri, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 255

Kayans, the, of Borneo, 417;
burial custom of, 456 _sq._, 459

Kemp Welch River, 202

_Keramo_, a fighting ghost, 370

Keysser, Ch., 262, 263 _sq._, 267, 269 _n._ 3

Kibu, the land of the dead, 175

Kibuka, war-god of Uganda, 366

Kidd, Dudley, 55

Kidney-fat, extraction of, 43

Killer of Souls, the, 465 _sq._

Killing a ghost, 415 _sq._

King, mourning for a, 451 _sq._

King's corpse not carried out through the door, 452, 461

Kings, divinity of, 16;
sanctity of Fijian, 407 _sq._

Kintu and the origin of death, 78 _sqq._

Kiwai, beliefs and customs concerning the dead in island of, 211 _sqq._

Koita or Koitapu, of British New Guinea, 193

Kolosh Indians, 163

Komars, the, 163

_Koroi_, honorary title of homicides in Fiji, 447 _sq._

_Korwar_, or _karwar_, wooden images of the dead, 307 _sqq._, 315, 316 _sq._, 321, 322

Koryak, burial custom of the, 455

Kosi and the origin of death, 76 _sq._

Knowledge, natural, how acquired, 11

---- of God, how acquired, 11 _sqq._;
of ghosts essential to medical practitioners in Melanesia, 384

Kulin, the, 138

Kurnai tribe of Victoria, 44, 138

Kweariburra tribe, 153

_Kwod_, sacred or ceremonial ground, 179

Lambert, Father, 325, 327, 328, 332, 339

Lamboam, the land of the dead, 260, 292, 299

Lamentations, hypocritical, at a death, 271 _sqq._, 280 _sqq._

Land burial and sea burial, 347 _sq._

---- cleared for cultivation, 238, 242 _sq._, 256, 262 _sq._, 304

---- ghosts and sea ghosts, 348

---- of the dead, 175 _sq._, 192, 193, 194 _sq._, 202, 203, 207, 209
_sq._, 211 _sqq._, 224, 228 _sq._, 244, 260, 286 _sq._, 292, 299, 305
_sq._, 307, 322, 326, 345, 350 _sq._, 353 _sq._, 404 _sqq._, 462
_sqq._;
journeys of the living to the, 207, 355;
way to the, 212 _sq._, 462 _sqq._

Landtman, Dr. G., 214

Lang, Andrew, 216 _sq._

Laos, burial custom in, 459

Leaf as badge of a ghost, 391

Leaves thrown on scene of murder, 415

Leg bones of the dead preserved, 221, 249

Legs of corpse broken in order to disable the ghost, 153

Lehner, Stefan, 256

Lepchis of Sikhim, burial custom of the, 455

Le Souëf, A. A. C., 40 _sq._

Libations to ancestral gods, 430, 438

Licence, period of, following circumcision, 427 _sq._;
following initiation, 433, 434 _n._ 1, 436 _sq._

Licentious orgy following circumcision, 427 _sq._

Life in the other world like life in this, 286 _sq._

Lightning, savage theory of, 19

Lights, phosphorescent, thought to be ghosts, 198, 258

Lime, powdered, used to dust the trail of a ghost, 277 _sq._

_Lio'a_, a powerful ghost, 346

Liver extracted by magic, 50;
divination by, 54

Livers of pigs offered to the dead, 360 _sq._

Lizard in divination as to cause of death, 44;
in myths of the origin of death, 60 _sq._, 70, 74 _sq._

Lizards, ghosts in, 380

Local totem centres, 97, 99, 124

Long soul and short soul, 291 _sq._

Lost souls, recovery of, 270 _sq._, 300 _sq._

Luck, bad, in fishing and hunting, caused by ghosts, 197

Luck of a village dependent on ghosts, 198

_Lum_, men's clubhouse, 243, 250, 257

Mabuiag, island of, 174

Macassars, burial custom of the, 461

Macluer Gulf in Dutch New Guinea, 317, 318

Mad, stones to drive people, 335

Madagascar, ideas as to natural death in, 48 _sq._

Mafulu (Mambule), the, of British New Guinea, 198 _sqq._

Maggots, appearance of, sign of departure of soul, 292

Magic as a cause of death, 34 _sqq._;
Age of, 58;
attributed to aboriginal inhabitants of a country, 193;
homoeopathic or imitative, 288, 335, 336, 338, 376;
combined with religion, 111 _sq._, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 376;
Melanesian conception of, 380 _sq._;
working by means of personal refuse, 413 _sq._
_See also_ Sorcery _and_ Witchcraft

---- and religion compared in reference to their destruction of human life, 56 _sq._

Magical ceremonies for increasing the food supply, 102;
ceremonies for the multiplication of totems, 124 _sq._;
intention of dramatic ceremonies in Central Australia, 122 _sq._, 126;
virtues attributed to sacred stones in New Caledonia, 334 _sqq._

Magician or priest, 336, 338.
_See also_ Sorcerer

Magicians, their importance in history, 16;
but no priests at Doreh, 306

Malagasy, their ideas as to natural death, 48 _sq._

Malanta, one of the Solomon Islands, 350

Malayalis, the, of Malabar, 162

Malignity of ghosts, 212, 381

Malo, island of, 48

Man creates gods in his own likeness, 19 _sq._

----, grandeur and dignity of, 469 _sq._;
pettiness and insignificance of, 470 _sq._

_Mana_, supernatural or spiritual power, 346 _sq._, 352, 371, 380

_Manoam_, evil spirits, 321

Manoga, a worshipful ghost, 368

Manslayers, precautions taken by, against the ghosts of their victims,
205 _sq._, 258, 279, 323;
secluded, 279 _sq._,
consecration of, 448 _sq._;
restrictions imposed on, 449.
_See also_ Homicides

_Mari_ or _mar_, ghost, 173

_Mariget_, "ghost-hand," 177

Mariner, William, 411

Mariners, stones to help, 337

Markets, native, 394

Marotse, burial custom of the, 454

Marquesas Islands, 417

Married and unmarried, different modes of disposing of their corpses, 162

Masai, their myth of the origin of death, 65 _sq._

Masked men, dramatic representation of ghosts and spirits by, 176, 179 _sq._, 180 _sqq._, 185 _sqq._

---- dances, 297;
of the Monumbo, 228

Masks worn by actors in sacred ceremonies, 179;
used in dances, 233, 297

Masquerades, 297

Massim, the, of British New Guinea, 206

Master of Life, 163

Matacos Indians, 165

Mate, a worshipful spirit, 239

Material culture of the natives of New Guinea, 191;
of the natives of Tumleo, 219 _sq._;
of Papuans, 231;
of the Yabim, 242 _sq._;
of the Noofoor, 304 _sq._;
of the New Caledonians, 339;
of the North Melanesians, 393 _sqq._

Mawatta or Mowat, 47

_Mbete_, priest, 443, 445

Mea, a spiritual medium, 196

Mecklenburg, burial custom in, 457

Medicine-men, their importance in history, 16;
inspired by spirits of the dead, 322

Medium inspired by soul of dead, 308 _sq._

Mediums, spiritual, 196

Mediums who send their souls to deadland, 300

Megalithic monuments, 438

Melanesia, Central, belief in immortality among the natives of, 343
_sqq._

----, Northern, belief in immortality among the natives of, 393 _sqq._

----, Southern, belief in immortality among the natives of, 324 _sqq._

Melanesian myths of the origin of death, 69, 71 _sq._, 83 _sq._;
theory of the soul, 344 _sq._

Melanesians, their ideas as to natural deaths, 48, 54 _sq._;
Central, funeral customs of the, 347 _sqq._, 355 _sqq._;
and Papuans in New Guinea, 190 _sq._

Memorial trees, 225

Men sacrificed to support posts of new house, 446 _sq._;
whipped by women in mourning, 452

Men's clubhouses, 221, 225, 226, 243, 256 _sq._, 355

Mentras or Mantras of the Malay Peninsula, 73

Merivale on Dartmoor, 438

Messengers, the Two, myth of origin of death, 60 _sqq._

Messou, Indian magician, 78

Metals unknown in Northern Melanesia, 395

Metempsychosis, widespread belief in, 29

Methods of treating natural theology, 1 _sqq._

---- of natural knowledge, 11

Mexicans, the ancient, 163

Meyer, H. E. A., 42

Migration of villages, 339

Migratory cultivation, 243

Miklucho-Maclay, Baron N., 235

Milky Way, Central Australian belief as to the, 140;
souls of dead go to, 153

Milne Bay, 207

Mimika district in Dutch New Guinea, 318

Minnetaree Indians, 163

Misfortunes of all kinds caused by ghosts, 306 _sq._

Moanus, the, of the Admiralty Islands, 400

Monarchical government, rise of, 141 _sq._

Monsoon, south-east, festival at, 255

Monsoons, seasons determined by, 216

Monster supposed to swallow lads at initiation, 251 _sq._, 255, 260, 261, 290 _sq._, 301 _sq._

Monumbo, the, of German New Guinea, 227 _sq._

Monuments of the dead, 225

Moon, the waxing and waning, in myths of the origin of death, 60, 65 _sqq._

---- in relation to doctrine of resurrection, 67 _sq._;
worship of the, 68

Moral restraint afforded by a fear of ghosts, 175

---- depravity of the Fijians, 409

Morality, superstition a crutch to, 175

Mortuary dramas, 189

_Mos_, a disembodied soul, 224

Mota, island of, 387

Motlav, in the Banks' Islands, 357

Motu, the, of British New Guinea, 192

Mound erected in a totemic ceremony, 110 _sq._

Mounds on graves, 150, 164

Mourners, professional, 136

---- smeared with white clay, 158, 177;
painted black, 178, 293, 403;
garb of, 184, 198;
cut their hair, 183, 204, 320, 451;
abstain from certain foods, 198, 208, 209, 230, 314, 360, 452;
restrictions observed by, 313 _sq._;
tattooed, 314;
purified by bathing, 314, 319;
plastered with mud, 318;
cut or tear their ears, 183, 272, 327;
secluded, 360;
smeared with ashes, 361;
anoint themselves with juices of putrefying corpse, 403;
amputate their fingers, 199, 451;
burn their skin, 154, 155, 157, 327, 451.
_See also_ Cuttings _and_ Seclusion

Mourning, hair cut in, 135;
extravagant demonstrations of grief in, 135 _sq._;
for a father-in-law, 155;
amputation of fingers in, 199;
varying period of, 274, 293;
for a king, 451 _sq._

---- costume, 249, 274, 320;
a protection against ghosts, 241 _sq._;
of widower and widow, 259 _sq._

Mowat or Mawatta, 47

Mud, mourners plastered with, 318

Mukden, burial custom in, 460

Mukjarawaint tribe, 155

Mummies of dead preserved in houses, 188

Mummification of the dead, 184, 185, 313

_Mungai_, places associated with totems, 117, 124

Murder, leaves thrown on scene of, 415

---- highly esteemed in Fiji, 447 _sq._

Murdered man, ghost of, haunts murderer, 248

Murimuria, a second-rate heaven, 466

Murray Island, 174

Mutilations, bodily, at puberty, 303

Myth of the prelogical savage, 266

---- of the continuance of death, 472

Myths of the origin of death, 59 _sqq._

_Nai_, souls of the dead, 240

Nai Thombothombo, in Fiji, 463

Nails of dead detached, 145;
preserved, 339

Naindelinde in Fiji, 465

Naiteru-kop, a Masai god, 65

Namaquas, their myth of the origin of death, 65

Nambanaggatai, in Fiji, 465

Nambi and the origin of death, 78 _sqq._

Name of mythical water-snake not uttered, 105

Names of the dead not mentioned, 135, 210, 246

Nandi, their myth of the origin of death, 66

_Nanga_, sacred stone enclosure, 428 _sqq._;
description of, 437 _sq._

Nangganangga, the foe of unmarried ghosts, 464

_Nanja_ tree or stone, 98

---- spot, 164, 165

Narrinyeri tribe of South Australia, 43;
their beliefs as to the dead, 134 _sqq._

Nassau, Rev. R. H., 51

Native beliefs influenced by European teaching, 142 _sq._

Natural theology defined, 1, 8

---- death, disbelief of savages in, 33 _sqq._

---- causes of death recognised by some savages, 55 _sq._

---- features of landscape associated with traditions about the dead, 115 _sqq._

Nature, gods of, 20;
souls of the dead identified with spirits of, 130;
two different views of human, 469 _sqq._

Nayars, the, of Cochin, 162 _sq._

Ndengei, Fijian god in form of serpent, 445, 462, 464, 465, 466

Necklaces worn in mourning, 198

Negen Negorijen in Dutch New Guinea, 316, 317

Negrito admixture in New Guinea, 198

Nemunemu, a creator, 240

Nether world, the lord of the, 286;
abode of the dead in the, 292, 299, 322, 326, 353 _sq._;
descent of the living into the, 300;
_See also_ Land of the Dead

Nets worn by widows in mourning, 249, 260, 274, 293;
worn by women in mourning, 241

New birth at initiation, pretence of, 254

New Britain (New Pomerania), 48, 69, 393, 394, 402, 404

---- Caledonia, natives of, 324;
their beliefs and customs concerning the dead, 325 _sqq._;
their system of family prayers, 332 _sq._, 340;
material culture of the, 339

---- Georgia, 48

---- Guinea, aborigines of, their ideas as to natural death, 47;
the races of, 190 _sq._;
belief in immortality among the natives of British, 190 _sqq._;
belief in immortality among the natives of Dutch, 303 _sqq._;
belief in immortality among the natives of German, 216 _sqq._

New Hebrides, myth of the origin of death in, 71, 343, 353

---- Ireland (New Mecklenburg), 393, 397

---- South Wales, aborigines of, their ideas as to the causes of death,
45 _sq._;
as to the home of the dead, 133 _sq._

Newton, Alfred, 90 _n._ 1

Neyaux, the, of the Ivory Coast, 52

_Ngai_, human spirit, 129

Ngoc, the, of Annam, 69

Ngoni, the, 61

Nias, island of, 70

Nigeria, Northern, 28 _n._ 1, 49

Niggardly people punished in the other world, 405

Noblemen alone immortal, 33

Noofoor, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 303

Noomfor, island, 303

Norse burial custom, 453

Noses bored, ghosts should have their, 192, 194 _sq._

Novices presented to ancestral spirits at initiation, 432 _sq._, 434

Nukahiva, one of the Marquesas Islands, 417

Objects offered to the dead broken, 276

Offering, soul of, consumed by deity or spirit, 297, 298

Offerings of food and water to the dead, 174;
of food to the dead, 183, 201, 208, 211, 214, 232, 241, 332, 338,
364 _sq._, 367 _sq._, 372 _sq._, 396 _sq._, 429, 442, 467;
of blood and hair to the dead, 183;
of game and fish to the dead, 226;
to the dead, 239, 276, 292;
of first-fruits to the dead, 259;
to ancestors, 298;
of food to ghosts, 348 _sq._;
to ghosts, 364 _sq._;
of first-fruits to ancestral spirits, 429;
of cloth and weapons to ancestral spirits, 430 _sq._
_See also_ Sacrifices

----, burnt, to the dead, 294

_Oknanikilla_, local totem centre, 97, 99, 124

Old and young, difference between the modes of burying, 161, 162 _sq._

Old people buried alive, 359

Olympia, Pelops at, 159

Omens after a death, 319

Opening, special, for carrying dead out of house, 452 _sqq._

Oracles of dead kings, 151

---- of the dead, 151, 176, 179, 235

Oracular responses of Fijian priests, 443 _sqq._

Oranges, spirits of the dead play with, 326

Ordeal to detect sorcerer, 50 _sqq._

Orgy, licentious, following circumcision, 427 _sq._

Origin of belief in immortality, 26 _sqq._

---- of death, myths of the, 59 _sqq._

Orion's belt, 368

Ornaments of corpse removed before burial, 223, 234, 241

Pahouins, the, 54

Palsy, a Samoan god, 72

Pandanus, reason for planting, 362

---- and ghosts, 463

Panoi, Melanesian land of the dead, 83, 345, 353 _sq._, 355, 356

Papuan art, 220

Papuans, animistic views of the, 264

---- and Melanesians in New Guinea, 190 _sq._

_Paraks_, temples, 220

Parents deified, 439

Parkinson, R., 219, 221

Pelops, human blood offered on grave of, 159

Penates in New Guinea, 308, 317

Pennefather River, natives of the, their belief in reincarnation of the dead, 128

Perche, burial custom in, 458

Personal refuse, magic working through, 386, 413 _sq._

Personification of natural phenomena, 20;
of death, 81

Phosphorescent lights supposed to be ghosts, 198, 258

_Physostigma venenosum_ in poison ordeal, 52

Piety, two types of, 23;
co-operative system of, 333

Pigs, blood of, smeared on skulls and bones of the dead, 200;
sacrificed to the dead, 201;
sacrificed to monster who swallows lads at initiation, 251, 253, 260,
290, 301;
sacrificed at grave, 356;
sacrificed at burial, 359;
sacrificed to ghosts, 365 _sq._;
sacrificed vicariously for the sick, 373, 374, 375;
sacred, 433

----, livers of, offered to the dead, 360 _sq._

Pines, Isle of, 325, 330, 337

Pirnmeheel, good spirit, 143

Place of sacrifice to ghosts, 370

Planting, sacrifices to ghosts at, 375

Platforms, dead laid on, 199, 203, 205

Plato, on death, 33

Pleiades, the, 368

Plum-tree people, 94

---- totem, dramatic ceremony connected with, 120, 121

Poison ordeal to detect sorcerers, 50 _sqq._

Political constitution of the Fijians, 407

Pollution, ceremonial, of gravediggers, 327

Polynesian blood, infusion of, in New Guinea, 291

---- race, 406

Polytheism and monotheism, 11

Polytheism discarded, 20 _sq._

Population, belief in sorcery a cause of keeping down the, 38, 40, 46 _sq._, 51 _sqq._

Port Lincoln tribe of S. Australia, 42

---- Moresby, 193, 195

Poso in Celebes, 72

Posts of new house, men sacrificed to support, 446 _sq._

Potsdam Harbour, in German New Guinea, 218, 227

Pottery, native, 220;
in New Guinea, 305

----, Fijian, 407

---- unknown in Northern Melanesia, 395

Practical character of the savage, 274

Prayer-posts, 333 _sq._

Prayers to the dead, 201 _sq._, 214, 222 _sq._, 259, 288, 307, 329
_sq._, 332 _sqq._, 340, 376 _sq._, 401, 403 _sq._, 427, 441;
to ghosts, 348

Precautions taken against ghosts, 152 _sq._, 258;
against a wife's ghost, 197;
against ghosts of the slain, 205 _sq._

Predominance of the worship of the dead, 297 _sq._

Prelogical savage, myth of the, 266

Pretence of attacking persons engaged in attending to a corpse, 177, 178

---- of avenging the dead, 136 _sq._, 282, 328
_See also_ Sham fight

Priest, family, 332, 340

----, chief or high, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434

---- or magician, 336, 338

Priests, Fijian, 433 _sqq._

Private or tame ghosts, 369 _sq._, 381, 382, 386

---- property, rights of, consolidated by taboo, 390

Problem of death, 31 _sqq._

Progress partly determined by competition, 89 _sq._

----, social, stimulated by favourable natural conditions, 148 _sq._

Promiscuity, temporary, 427 _sq._, 433, 434 _n._ 1, 436 _sq._

Property displayed beside the corpse, 397

----, rights of private, consolidated by taboo, 390;
temporarily suspended, 427 _sq._

Property of dead deposited in grave, 145 _sqq._, 359, 397;
motive for destroying, 147 _sq._;
hung up on trees, 148;
destroyed, 327, 459;
burnt, 401 _sq._

Prophecy inspired by ghosts, 388

Prophets inspired by ghosts, 388 _sq._

----, Hebrew, 14

Propitiation of the dead, 201, 307, 338;
of ghosts and spirits, 226, 239, 348

Puberty, initiation at, 254 _sq._;
bodily mutilations at, 303

Public ghosts, 367, 369

Purification of homicides, 206, 229

---- by bathing and shaving, 208

---- of mourners by bathing, 314, 319

Queensland, belief in reincarnation of the dead among the aborigines of,
127 _sqq._;
burial customs in, 147

Rain sent by a mythical water-snake, 112, 114;
prayers for, 288;
stones to make, 336 _sq._

---- and sunshine caused by a ghost, 375

---- -ghost, 375

---- -making, 288;
by the bones of the dead, 341

Rat in myth of the origin of death, 67

Rationality of the savage, 264 _sqq._

Rebirth of the dead, 93 _sq._, 107, 127 _sq._
_See also_ Reincarnation

---- of parents in their children, 315

Recovery of lost souls, 194, 270 _sq._, 300 _sq._

Red, skulls painted, 178

Red bark in poison ordeals, 50, 52

---- paint, manslayers smeared with, 448, 449

---- roses, corpse crowned with, 233, 234

Reflection or shadow, soul associated with, 207, 267

Refuse, personal, magic working by means of, 413 _sq._

Reincarnation, widespread belief in, 29.
_See also_ Rebirth

---- doctrine of, unknown in Torres Straits, 172

---- of the dead, belief of Central Australians in, 92 _sqq._, 107

---- of the dead, 124 _sq._, 127 _sq._;
of Australian aborigines in white people, 130, 131 _sqq._;
of parents in their children, 315;
of grandfather in grandchild, 417, 418

Relics of the dead as amulets, 332, 370;
preserved, 348

Religion, importance of the history of, 3;
embryology of, 88

Religion and magic compared in reference to their destruction of human
life, 57 _sq._;
combined in ritual, 111 _sq._, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 376

---- and theology, how related, 9

Resemblance of children to the dead, a source of belief in the transmigration of souls, 28 _sq._

Restrictions observed by mourners, 313 _sq._;
ceremonial, laid on gravediggers, 327;
imposed on manslayers, 449

Resurrection, ceremony of, among the Akikuya, 254

---- from the dead after three days, 67 _sq._;
of the dead, steps taken to prevent the, 144;
as an initiatory rite at puberty, 254 _sq._, 261, 302, 431, 434 _sq._

Return of the ghosts, 195, 198, 246, 300

Revelation, the question of a supernatural, 8 _sq._

Revival, temporary, of primitive communism, 436 _sq._

Rheumatism attributed to sorcery, 45

Rhodesia, 77

Ribs of dead distributed among relatives, 400

Ridgeway, W., on the origin of Greek tragedy, 189

Rights of property temporarily suspended, 427 _sq._

Ritual combining elements of religion and magic, 111 _sq._

Rivalry between man and animals for gift of immortality, 74 _sq._

River crossed by souls of the dead, 299, 462

Rocking stone, 213

Roro-speaking tribes of British New Guinea, 47, 196, 198

Roth, W. E., 128

Run or Ron, island, 303, 311

Russia, burial custom in, 453

Saa, in Malanta, 350, 351, 372, 378

Sacrament of pork and water at initiation, 432 _sq._

Sacred stones in New Caledonia, magical virtues attributed to, 334 _sqq._

---- enclosure of stones (_Nanga_) in Fiji, 428 _sqq._, 437 _sq._

---- pigs, 433

Sacrifice, crude motives for, 298 _sq._;
place of, 332

---- of dogs in epidemics, 296;
of foreskins and fingers in honour of the dead, 426 _sq._

Sacrifices to the dead, economic loss entailed by, 149

---- to the dead, 239, 307, 338.
_See also_ Offerings

Sacrifices, burnt, reasons for, 348 _sq._;
burnt, to ghosts, 366, 367 _sq._, 373

---- to ghosts, 328; at planting, 375

----, human, to ghosts, 371 _sq._;
human, in Fiji, 446 _sq._

Sacrificial ritual in the Solomon Islands, 365 _sq._

Saddle Mountain in German New Guinea, 262

St. Joseph River in New Guinea, 196, 198

Sakalava, the, of Madagascar, 49;
burial custom of, 461

Saleijer, island of, burial custom in, 461

Samoa, 406

---- Harbour, in German New Guinea, 256

Samoan myth of the origin of death, 72

Samoyeds, burial custom of the, 457

Samu-yalo, the killer of souls, 465

San Cristoval, one of the Solomon Islands, 347, 376

Sanctuaries, primitive, 99

---- of ghosts, 377 _sq._

Sanctuary, grave of worshipful dead becomes a, 347

Sanitation based on fear of sorcery, 386 _sq._, 414

Santa Cruz Islands, 343

Santa Cruz, in the Solomon Islands, burial customs at, 352;
sacrifices to ghosts in, 374 _sq._

Savage, myth of the prelogical, 266

----, practical character of the, 274

----, rationality of the, 264 _sqq._

---- notions of causality, 19 _sq._;
conception of death, 31 _sqq._;
disbelief in death from natural causes, 33 _sqq._;
thought vague and inconsistent, 143

---- religion, the study of, 7

Savagery, importance of the study of, 6 _sq._;
a case of arrested or retarded development, 88 _sq._;
rise of monarchy essential to emergence from, 142

Savages pay little attention to the stars, 140;
strength and universality of belief in immortality among, 468

Savo, one of the Solomon Islands, 347

Scarf, soul caught in a, 412 _sq._

Scenery of Fiji, 409 _sq._

Schomburgk, Richard, 38

Schürmann, C. W., 42 _sq._

Scientific conception of the world as a system of impersonal forces, 20 _sq._

Scotland, burial custom in, 453, 458

Sea, land of the dead at the bottom of the, 307, 326

---- -burial, 397

---- -burial and land-burial, 347 _sq._

---- -ghosts and land-ghosts, 348

Seclusion of widow and widower, 204, 248 _sq._, 259, 275;
of relatives at grave, 209;
of mourners, 223 _sq._, 313 _sq._, 360;
of novices at circumcision, 251 _sq._, 260 _sq._, 302;
of manslayers, 279 _sq._;
of gravediggers, 327, 451;
of female mourners, 398

Seclusion and purification of manslayer, 229 _sq._

Second death of the dead, 195, 287, 299, 345, 350, 351, 354

Secret societies, 395

---- Society (_Asa_), 233

Seemann, Berthold, 439 _sq._

Seer describes ghosts, 204 _sq._

Seget Sélé, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 317

Seligmann, Dr. C. G., 47, 191, 197, 206

Selwyn, Bishop, 363

Serpent and his cast skin in myths of the origin of death, 60, 69 _sqq._, 74 _sq._, 83

----, god in form of, 445, 462

Serpents, souls of the dead in the form of, 300

Setting sun, ghosts attracted to the, 175 _sq._

Sexual licence following initiation, 433, 434 _n._ 1, 436 _sq._

Shadow or reflection, human soul associated with, 129, 130, 173, 207, 267, 395, 412

Shadows of people seized by ghosts, 378, 383

Shaking of medium a symptom of inspiration, 308, 309, 311

Sham attack on men engaged in attending to a corpse, 177, 178

---- burial, 356

---- fight to appease ghost, 136 _sq._;
as a funeral ceremony, 235 _sq._, 327 _sq._;
as a ceremony to promote the growth of yams, 330.
_See also_ Pretence

Sharks animated by ghosts, 348

----, ghosts incarnate in, 373, 380;
images of, 373

Shaving heads of mourners, 208

Sheep in story of the origin of death, 64

Shell-money, 394;
laid on corpse and buried with it, 398

Shortlands Islands, 71

Shrine of warrior ghost, 365

Shrines for ancestral spirits, 316, 317

Siamese, burial custom of the, 456

Siasi Islands, 244

Sick and old buried alive in Fiji, 420 _sqq._

Sickness caused by demons, 194;
caused by ghosts, 56 _sq._, 195, 197, 222, 269 _sq._, 271, 279, 300,
305, 322, 372, 381 _sqq._, 389

---- supposed to be an effect of witchcraft, 35 _sqq._

Sickness and death set down to sorcery, 240, 257

---- and disease recognised by some savages as due to natural causes,
55 _sq._
_See also_ Disease

Sido, his journey to the land of the dead, 211 _sq._

Sins, confession of, 201

Skin cast as a means of renewing youth, 69 _sqq._, 74 _sq._, 83

Skull-shaped stones in rain-making, 336 _sq._

Skulls, spirits of the dead embodied in their, 338

---- and arm-bones, special treatment of the, 199 _sq._;
carried by dancers at funeral dance, 200

---- of the dead preserved, 199 _sqq._, 209, 249, 318, 328, 339, 347,
351 _sq._, 398, 400 _sq._, 403;
preserved and consulted as oracles, 176, 178 _sq._, 179;
used in divination, 213;
kept in men's clubhouses, 221, 225;
inserted in wooden images, 311 _sq._, 321;
religious ceremonies performed with the, 329 _sq._;
food offered to the, 339 _sq._, 352;
used to fertilise plantations, 340;
used in conjurations, 402

Sky, souls of the dead thought to be in the, 133 _sq._, 135, 138 _sq._, 141, 142

Slain, ghosts of the, especially dreaded, 205, 258, 279, 306, 323

Sleep, soul thought to quit body in, 257, 291, 395, 412

Smith, E. R., 53

Smyth, R. Brough, 43 _sq._

Snakes, ghosts in, 380

Sneezing, omens from, 194

Social progress stimulated by favourable natural conditions, 141 _sq._, 148 _sq._

---- ranks, gradation of, in Fiji, 408

Solomon Islands, 343, 346 _sqq._;
sacrificial ritual in the, 365 _sq._

Somosomo, one of the Fijian islands, 425, 441, 442

Sorcerers, their importance in history, 16

---- catch and detain souls, 267, 268 _sq._, 270

---- put to death, 35, 35 _sq._, 37 _sq._, 40 _sq._, 44, 50, 136, 250,
269, 277, 278 _sq._, 341 _sq._
_See also_ Magician

Sorcery as the supposed cause of natural deaths, 33 _sqq._, 136, 268,
270, 402;
sickness and death ascribed to, 257

---- a cause of keeping down the population, belief in, 38, 40, 46
_sq._, 51 _sqq._

---- Fijian dread of, 413 _sq._;
_See also_ Magic _and_ Witchcraft

Sores ascribed to action of ghosts, 257

_Soro_, atonement, 427

Soul, world-wide belief in survival of soul after death, 24, 25, 33

Soul of sleeper detained by enemy, 49;
human, associated with shadow or reflection, 173, 267, 395, 412;
pretence of carrying away the, 181 _sq._;
detained by demon, 194;
recovery of a lost, 194, 270 _sq._;
thought to quit body in sleep, 257, 291, 395, 412;
resides in the eye, 267;
thought to pervade the body, 267;
two kinds of human, 267 _sq._;
caught and detained by sorcerer, 267, 268 _sq._, 270;
long soul and short soul, 291 _sq._;
of offering consumed by deity or spirit, 297, 298;
thought to reside in the blood, 307;
Melanesian theory of the, 344 _sq._;
of sick tied up by ghost, 374;
North Melanesian theory of the, 395 _sq._;
in form of animals, 396;
Fijian theory of the, 410 _sqq._;
caught in a scarf, 412 _sq._;
of grandfather reborn in grandchild, 417;
of offerings consumed by gods, 443

---- -stuff or spiritual essence, 267 _sq._, 270, 271, 279.
_See also_ Spirit

Souls, recovery of lost, 300 _sq._;
River of the, 462;
the killer of, 464 _sq._

---- of animals, sacrifices to the, 239;
of animals offered to ghosts, 246

---- attributed by the Fijians to animals, vegetables, and inanimate things, 410 _sq._

---- of the dead identified with spirits of nature, 130;
turned into animals, 229;
as falling stars, 229;
live in trees, 316

---- carried off by ghosts, 197, 383;
of sorcerers in animals, 39

---- of noblemen only saved, 33;
of those who died from home called back, 311

Spells or incantations, 385

Spencer and Gillen, 46 _sq._, 91 _sq._, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 116 _sqq._, 123 _sq._, 140, 148, 156, 157, 158

Spider and Death, 82 _sq._

Spirit, human, associated with the heart, 129;
associated with the shadow, 129, 130.
_See also_ Soul

Spirits, ancestral, help hunters and fishers, 226;
worshipped in the _Nanga_, 428 _sq._;
cloth and weapons offered to, 430 _sq._;
novices presented to, at initiation, 432 _sq._, 434

---- of animals go to the spirit land, 210

---- consume spiritual essence of sacrifices, 285, 287, 297, 298

---- of the dead thought to be strengthened by blood, 159;
reborn in women, 93 _sq._;
give information to the living, 240;
give good crops, 247 _sq._;
thought to be mischievous, 257

Spirits and ghosts, distinction between, in Central Melanesia, 343, 363

---- and gods, no certain demarcation between, 441

----, grand concert of, 340 _sq._;
represented by masked dancers, 297;
in tree-tops, 313

----, guardian, 227

---- of nature identified with souls of the dead, 130.
_See also_ Dead _and_ Ghost

Spiritual essence or soul-stuff, 267 _sq._, 279.
_See also_ Soul-stuff

Squatting posture of corpse in burial, 207

Stanbridge, W. E., 44

Stars associated with the souls of the dead, 134, 140;
little regarded by savages, 140;
falling, the souls of the dead, 229

Steinen, K. von den, 35

Sternberg, L., 15 _n._ 1

Stick, cleft, used in cure, 271

Stillborn children, burial of, 458

Stocks, wooden, as representatives of the dead, 374, 386

Stolz, Mr., 238, 239

Stomach, soul seated in, 291 _sq._

Stone, a rocking, 213

---- used in rain-making, 288

---- of Famine, 334

---- of the Sun, 336

Stonehenge, 438

Stones, sacred, in New Caledonia, magical virtues attributed to, 334
_sqq._;
sacred, in sanctuaries, 377 _sq._

---- used as altars, 379

Stones inhabited by ghosts, 383 _sq._

Store-houses, sacred, in Central Australia, 99, 101

Strangling the sick and aged in Fiji, 423 _sq._

_Sua_, human spirit or ghost, 193

Suicide to escape decrepitude of old age, 422 _sq._

Suicides, burial of, 164, 453, 458

Sulka, the, of New Britain, 398 _sq._

Sumatra, the Gajos of, 455

Sun and the origin of death, 77

----, ghosts attracted to the setting, 175 _sq._

----, Stone of the, 336

Sunshine, the making of, 336

---- and rain caused by a ghost, 375

Supernatural or spiritual power (_mana_) acquired from ghosts, 346 _sq._, 352, 371, 380

Superstition a crutch to morality, 175

Supreme Being unknown among aborigines of Central Australia, 91 _sq._;
among the Monumbo, 228

Survival of human soul after death, world-wide belief in, 24, 25, 33

Swallowed by monster, pretence that candidates at initiation are, 251 _sqq._, 260 _sq._, 290 _sq._, 301 _sq._

Swine sent to ravage fields by ghosts, 278

Symbolism of prayer-posts, 333 _sq._

Taboo, meaning of, 390;
in Central Melanesia based on a fear of ghosts, 390 _sq._;
a prop of monarchical power, 408

_Tabu_, demon, 194

Tago, spirits, 297

Tahiti, 439

Tamanachiers, an Indian tribe, 70 _sq._

Tami Islanders of German New Guinea, 291 _sqq._

Taming a ghost, 370

Tamos, the, of German New Guinea, 230

Tanna, one of the New Hebrides, 369, 439

Tanoa, king of Fiji, 425

Taplin, Rev. George, 43, 134 _sqq._

_Tapum_, guardian spirits, 227

Taro, prayer for good crop of, 289

Tasmanians, the, 89

Tattooing as sign of mourning, 314

Teeth of dead worn by relatives, 314 _sq._, 400, 404;
used as amulets, 332;
preserved as relics, 339;
used to fertilise plantations, 340

Temples (_paraks_) in Tumleo, 220 _sq._

----, Fijian, 439, 441 _sq._

Terer, a mythical being, 181

Thapauerlu, a pool, 105, 108

Theology, natural, defined, 1, 8

---- and religion, how related, 9

Thomson, Basil, 408, 414, 428 _n._ 1, 429 _n._ 1, 434 _n._ 1, 436

Threats of the dying, 273

Three days, resurrection after, 67 _sq._

Threshold, the dead carried out under the, 453, 457;
movable, 457

Thrush in story of the origin of death, 61 _sq._

Thunder the voice of a mythical being, 112, 114, 143

_Tindalo_, a powerful ghost, 346

Tinneh or Déné Indians, their ideas as to death, 39 _sq._

Tlaloc, Mexican rain-god, 163

Tlingit Indians, 163;
burial custom of the, 455

To Kambinana, 69

To Korvuvu, 69

Togoland, West Africa, 81

Toll exacted from ghosts, 224

Tollkeeper, ghostly, 224

Tonga, 406, 411

Tongans, their limited doctrine of immortality, 33

Torres Islands, 343, 353

---- Straits Islanders, their ideas as to sickness and death, 47;
their belief in immortality, 170 _sqq._;
their ethnological affinity and social culture, 170 _sqq._;
funeral ceremonies of the, 176 _sqq._

Totem, a dominant, 113;
design emblematic of, 168

Totemic ancestor developing into a god, 113;
ancestors, traditions concerning, 115 _sqq._

---- animals, imitation of, 177

---- clans, 104;
animals and plants eaten, 120 _sq._;
animals and plants dramatically represented by actors, 121 _sq._

Totemism, 95;
possibly developing into ancestor worship, 114 _sq._;
in Torres Straits, 172

Totems, dramatic ceremonies connected with, 119 _sqq._;
eaten, 120 _sqq._;
magical ceremonies for the multiplication of, 124 _sq._

Tracking a ghost, 277 _sq._

Traditions of the dead associated with conspicuous features of the landscape, 115 _sqq._

Transmigration, widespread belief in, 29;
of dead into animals, 242, 245;
of souls, 322;
Fijian doctrine of, 467

Travancore, burial custom in, 456

Tree of immortality, 74

Tree-burial, 161, 166, 167, 199, 203;
of young children, 312 _sq._

---- -tops, spirits in, 313

Trees, property of dead hung up on, 148;
as monuments of the dead, 225;
huts built in, 263;
souls of the dead live in, 316

Tremearne, Major A. J. N., 28 _n._ 1

Truth of the belief in immortality, question of the, 469 _sqq._

Tsiabiloum, the land of the dead, 326

Tube inserted in grave, 277

Tubes, magical, 269, 270

Tubetube, island of, 206, 209, 210

Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 255

Tully River in Queensland, 130

Tulmeng, lord of the nether world, 286

Tumleo, island of, 218 _sqq._

Tumudurere, a mythical being, 207

Tumupasa, burial custom of the Indians of, 457

Turner, Dr. George, 325, 339, 369

Turrbal tribe, 146

Tuski of Alaska, burial custom of the, 456

Two Messengers, the, myth of the origin of death, 60 _sqq._

Uganda, first man in, 78;
dead kings of, worshipped, 151;
jawbones of dead kings of, preserved, 235;
war-god of, 366.
_See also_ Baganda

Unburied dead, ghosts of the, 349

Unfruitful wife, mode of impregnating, 417

Unkulunkulu, 60

Unmarried ghosts, hard fate of, 464

Umatjera tribe, 68, 166

Urabunna, the, of Central Australia, 95

Vagueness and inconsistency of savage thought, 143

_Vale tambu_, the Sacred House, 438

Vanigela River, 202, 203

Vanua Lava, mountain, 355

---- -levu, one of the Fijian Islands, 416, 417, 418, 426

Vaté or Efat, one of the New Hebrides, 359, 376

Vengeance taken on enemies by means of a ghost, 258;
ghost calls for, 278, 310, 468

Vetter, Konrad, 242, 244, 245, 248, 255

Vicarious sacrifices of pigs for the sick, 372, 374, 375

Victoria, aborigines of, their ideas as to natural death, 40 _sq._, 42;
their beliefs as to the dead, 142;
their burial customs, 145, 145 _sq._;
cuttings for the dead among the, 154 _sq._

Views of human nature, two different, 469 _sqq._

Village of ghosts, 231 _sq._, 234

---- deserted after a death, 275

Viti Levu, one of the Fijian Islands, 419, 428, 435, 445

Vormann, Franz, 228 _sq._

Vuatom, island, 70

Wagawaga, in British New Guinea, 206 _sqq._

Wainimala in Fiji, 436

Wakelbura, the, 152

Wallace, Alfred Russel, on death, 85 _sq._

War, ancestral images taken to, 310, 315;
perpetual state of, 339

---- -god of Uganda, 366

Warramunga, the, of Central Australia, 94;
their totem the Wollunqua, 103 _sqq._, 108 _sqq._;
dramatic ceremonies connected with totems among the, 123 _sq._;
cuttings for the dead among the, 156 _sqq._;
burial customs of the, 167 _sq._

Warrior ghost, 363 _sq._

Warriors pray to ghosts, 288

Wars among savages undertaken to appease angry ghosts, 468

Wa-Sania, tribe of E. Africa, 66

Washing body a rain-charm, 375

Watch-an-die, tribe of W. Australia, 41

Watch at the grave, 293

---- of widow or widower on grave, 241

Water as a barrier against ghosts, 152;
poured as a rain-charm, 375 _sq._

---- great, to be crossed by ghosts, 224

---- -snake, great mythical (Wollunqua), 104 _sqq._, 108 _sqq._

Way to the land of the dead, 212 _sq._

Weakening of religious faith, 4

Weapons deposited with the dead, 145 _sqq._;
deposited at grave, 211;
of dead broken, 399

Weather regulated by ghosts and spirits, 384 _sq._

---- -doctors, 385 _sq._

Weaving in New Guinea, 305

Weismann, August, on death, 84 _sq._

Wemba, the, of Northern Rhodesia, 77

Western Australia, beliefs as to death among the natives of, 41 _sq._

Whale's teeth as offerings, 420, 421, 429, 443, 444

Whip of souls, 270

Whipping men in mourning, 452

White ants' nests, ghosts turn into, 351

---- clay smeared on mourners, 158, 177

---- men identified with the spirits of the dead, 342

---- people, souls of dead Australian aborigines thought to be reborn in, 130, 131 _sqq._

Whitened with chalk, bodies of lads after circumcision, 302

Widow, mourning costume of, 184, 204;
seclusion of, 204;
killed to accompany the ghost of her husband, 249, 275;
drinks juices of putrefying corpse, 313

Widower exposed to attacks of his wife's ghost, 197;
costume of, 204;
seclusion of, 204, 248 _sq._, 259

Widows cut and burn their bodies in mourning, 176

Wigs worn by Fijians, 451

Wiimbaio tribe, 145

Wilkes, Charles, 424 _sq._

Williams, Thomas, 408, 412, 413, 452, 467

Williamson, R. W., 201

Wind, ghosts float down the, 176

Windessi, in Dutch New Guinea, burial customs at, 318 _sq._

_Wingara_, early mythical times, 116

Witchcraft, fear of, 244;
death ascribed to, 277, 402;
Fijian terror of, 413 _sq._;
benefits derived from, 414

Witchcraft or black magic in Central Melanesia, 386 _sq._

---- as a cause of death, 34 _sqq._
_See also_ Sorcery

Witchetty grub totem, dramatic ceremonies concerned with, 121 _sq._, 123

Wives of the dead killed, 399;
strangled or buried alive at their husbands' funerals in Fiji, 424
_sq._

Woibu, the land of the dead, 211

Wolgal tribe, 146

Wollunqua, mythical water-snake, totem of the Warramunga, 103 _sqq._,
108 _sqq._, 125;
ceremonies in honour of the, 108 _sqq._

Woman, old, in myths of the origin of death, 64, 71 _sq._

----, the Great, 464

Women thought not to have immortal spirits, 92;
cut and burn their bodies in mourning, 154 _sqq._, 196, 203;
excluded from circumcision ground, 291, 301;
dance at deaths, 293;
drink juices of putrefying corpse, 355;
not allowed to be present at sacrifices, 367;
whip men in mourning, 452;
burial of childless, 458;
the cause of death, 472

---- dying in childbed, special treatment of their ghosts, 358;
their ghosts specially feared, 212, 458 _sqq._

Wordsworth on immortality, 26 _n._ 1

Worship of ancestors, 221, 328 _sqq._, 338;
predominance of the, 297 _sq._;
possibly evolved from totemism, 114 _sq._
_See also_ Worship of the dead.

---- of ancestors in Central Australia, possible evolution of, 125
_sq._;
of ancestral spirits in the _Nanga_, 428 _sq._

---- of the dead, 23 _sqq._, 328 _sqq._, 338;
in part based on a theory of dreams, 27 _sq._;
elements of it widespread, 31;
in British New Guinea, 201 _sq._;
predominance of the, 297 _sq._

---- of the dead, incipient, in Australia, 149, 150, 168 _sq._

---- of the dead in Torres Straits, elements of a, 189;
among the Yabim, elements of a, 255

Worshipful ghosts, 362 _sq._

Wotjobaluk, the, 67, 139

Wraiths, 396

Wurunjerri, the, 146

Yabim, the, of German New Guinea, 242 _sqq._;
their ideas as to death, 47

Yams, prayers for, 330;
stones to make yams grow, 337 _sq._

Young children buried on trees, 312 _sq._

Young and old, difference between the modes of burying, 161, 162 _sq._

Youth supposed to be renewed by casting skin, 69 _sqq._, 74 _sq._, 83

Ysabel, one of the Solomon Islands, 350, 372, 379, 380

Yule Island, 196 _n._ 2, 197

Zahn, Heinrich, 242, 244

Zend-Avesta, 453

Zulus, their story of the origin of death, 60 _sq._

END OF VOL. I

* * * * *

Works by J. G. FRAZER, D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D.

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