Chapter 47: An approved receite for the gowte (1)

With this Chapter he closes ‘the third booke of Husbandry.’

The fourth book has an introductory chapter, not in Fitzherbert, subdivided into sections with the following headings. The office of a Steward of a houshold. For prouiding of victuals. The Steward and Garniter.[43] The Steward and Miller. The Steward and Baker. The Pantry. The Butler. The Seller.[44] The Ewrie.[45] Of the Cooke. Of the Scullery. Of the Vsher of the Hall. Of the Yeoman of the Wardrop [Wardrobe]. The Slaughter-man. The Cater [caterer]. The Clarke of the Kitchin.

After this, I. R. condescends to return to his original.

=141.= 36. _sherde_] breach (which is a gloss).

49. _tyne_] shut (a gloss). _traile_] tale (probably a misprint).

59. _put it_] blot them.

72. _loked uppon_] attended vnto.

=142.= This is a most singular section, since it presupposes that a gentleman’s servant would be able to recognise the rhythm of an English hexameter. As an early experiment in hexameters, it is very curious. In the original, it is printed as _prose_, but each line ends with a full stop, and the next begins with a capital letter. I have therefore printed it as verse. It is, however, of a rather rude character; _horne boget_ hardly comes up to our idea of a dactyl, nor _and shoes_ to that of a spondee. For the reader’s assistance, I may remark that the _dactyls_ are as follows: _Purse dagger, -chef shoyng-, horne boget, -ter sadel-, hatte with thy, Bowe arrowes, stringe and thy, Penne paper, -waxe pommes, bokes thou re-, -ble nedle, leste that thy, -gel gyue thy, se he be, Make mery, synge and thou, hede to thy, gere that thou_. The rest are spondees.

I. R., not perceiving the law of rhythm, makes wild work of it. He calls it “An excellent rude Lesson in rude ryme.” He divides the lines rightly, and leaves the first three verses untouched. But the rest assume the following fearful forms.

Penne, paper, incke, parchment, redde waxe, punisse (_sic_),
and bookes doe thou remember,
Penknife, combe, thymble, needle, thred, and poynt,
least that by chaunce thy garth breake.
Bodkin, knyfe, rubber, giue thy horse meate,
See he be shodde well, make merry, sing if thou can,
And take heede to thy needments, that thou loose none.

I think we may fairly put these down as being the worst verses extant in the English language; though this is saying a good deal.

=143.= 7. The saying doubtless represents a rude couplet in verse. The dative case _wyfe_ (governed by _of_) was formerly spelt _wyue_, and rimed with _thryue_.

=144.= _Salomon_, Solomon. But where to find, in his writings, this remarkable sentence, I do not know.

*** After this section I. R. inserts a quantity of additional matter, which he tells us (at p. 174) is drawn from his ‘owne experience in byrds and foules.’ The additional chapters treat of choice of cocks, hens for brood, number of eggs to each hen, chickens, diseases of poultry (especially of the pip), choice of poultry, how to fat poultry, how to make capons, where to keep poultry, how to choose, keep, and fatten geese, how to keep ducks, peacocks, ‘ginny or turkie-cocks,’ pigeons, pheasants, turtles, partridges, and swans; after which digression he returns to his text. I may remark that he considers it essential that a hen should sit upon _an odd number_ of eggs, say 19, and that matters should be so arranged as to provide for the hatching of chickens ‘in the increase of the Moone.’ The leaves of a bay-tree, ‘or els some Bents or Grasse,’ will preserve eggs ‘from the hurt of thunder.’ Chickens ought not ‘to be breathed vpon by any Snake, Toade, or other venomous thing’; if they are, you must quickly burn amongst them some ‘_Galbanum_, or womans hayre.’ Those that have the pip should be dieted on Hearbgrace [rue] or garlic. Geese ‘are more watchfull then Doggs.’ ‘You must vse in the time of brooding, to lay vnder your egges [of geese] the rootes of Nettles, to the end the Gosling may escape stinging of Nettles, which otherwise many times killeth them.’ If geese are to have fat livers, feed them on dry figs mingled with water. Ducks chiefly delight in acorns. If you praise a peacock, ‘he will presently sette vp his taile.’ A turkey-cock ‘is very highly esteemed of, both for his rarenesse and greatnes of body;’ and we are told that he changes the colour of the wrinkled skin about his head at pleasure, either to white, red, blue, yellow, ‘or what other colour els hee list; which thing maketh him seeme wonderfull st[r]ange to them that behold it.’ ... ‘Their greatest diseases is the Pip and the Squecke.’ As to pigeons, ‘I haue knowne some that haue builded their Doue-houses vpon high pillars ouer the midst of some Pond or great water, both because they delight much in water, and also to keepe them the safer from vermine.’ Swans ‘will, when they waxe olde, declare the time of their own death to be neere approching, by a sweete and lamentable note which they then sing.’

=145.= 15. I. R. has--‘Wherefore it is conuenient (I say) that they loue each other as effectually as loue can in the best sence comprehend: and this worke especiallie, a woman is bound both by law and nature to performe.’ Why so?

=146.= I. R. omits ll. 2-7; he was certainly a Protestant.

8. _redy._ This is the old word for _dressed_, as might be shewn by many examples. It may suffice to say that I. R. explains _araye theym_ in l. 11 by _make them ready_.

10. _socle_] suckle. I. R. omits _sye vp thy mylke_, which he probably did not understand.

13. I. R. omits _and take thy parte with theym_; and, for _serue thy swyne_ (l. 20) he puts _looke to the seruing of thy Swine_. Customs were probably changing.

31. _the gleyd_] Kites. And _fullymartes_ is omitted.

35. After _eate_, I. R. adds--in Sallets, or otherwise.

42. _hecheled_] heckled.

43. _wrapped_] warped.

51. _ripeled_, i.e. rippled; I. R. has _repled_. In l. 41 above, I. R. has _repealed_; yet this is, I suppose, the same word.

53. _loken_] Locken. It means locked or tightly closed up; for _lock_ was once a strong verb.

57. _pulled_] culled (which is an ingenious alteration and perhaps right).

104. The Knight of the Tour-Landry is the book here referred to, and was one of the books printed by Caxton. The edition printed by the Early English Text Society, and edited by T. Wright, is so easily accessible that it is needless to say more here than that Fitzherbert’s description of it is perfectly correct.

=147.= 12. _rendit_] tendit. This correction may be right, but I am not sure of it. The Leonine (or riming) verses quoted cannot be of any great antiquity, and it is quite possible that _rendit_ is intended as a Low-Latin translation of the French _rend_, pr. s. of _rendre_. The true Latin word is, of course _reddit_; which, however, gives no rime. Fitzherbert’s translation is intended to be in verse.

=148.= 3. _brynke_] brim. “Better spare at brim than at bottom”; Hazlitt’s Proverbs. And see note to Tusser, 10. 35.

12. _tedure_] teathure (not a good spelling.)

15. _lees_] ground. _flytte_] shift.

17. _tyed_] stakt.

26. _putteth hym in the pynfolde_] impoundes him.

38. _ren ryot_] runne.

43. _it is meruayle_] gracious were th_e_ stars of thy natiuitie (a fine phrase!).

=150, 151, 152, 153.= I. R. omits these four sections.

=153.= 3. This quotation, from Dionysii Catonis Disticha, iii. 7, appears also in P. Plowman, B. xii. 23.

28. I do not know where to find this quotation.

=155.= 10. _behouable_] behoouefull (which is a better form).

=156.= In the rubric, I. R. has--‘what riches are’; but in l. 1, he has--‘It is now requisite to know what riches is.’ Already _riches_ was becoming a plural substantive. It may be remarked that I. R. omits the _Latin_ forms of all the quotations.

=157.= 19. _duetie_] debt (which is what is meant). So also in ll. 22, 24.

=160.= 2. After _declare_, I. R. inserts--and euery booke of Common prayer dooth containe them. A pertinent remark.

=161.= 3. I. R. omits the reference to the Athanasian Creed, and says we must ‘beleeue stedfastly the Catholick fayth.’

25. I. R. omits from _The fulfyllynge_ to the end of the section. For a description of the seven works of mercy, see Spenser, F. Q. 1. 10. 36.

=163.= 3. I. R. has--and hast a stedfast fayth in Christ. He has almost wholly rewritten this section, and says we are bound ‘to come to common prayer;’ and omits the quotation from St. Ambrose.

=164.= 7. It is remarkable that the author should refer us to the 3rd chapter of Proverbs instead of the 15th. Our forefathers seem to have had no idea either of giving a correct reference or of verifying one.

10. _Qui a_ is printed, in Fitzherbert, as _Quia_, in one word. The correction being obvious, I have made it.

18. _Isodorus_] Osorius. Why this alteration is made, I cannot tell. In l. 29 of the next section, I. R. has _Isidore_, and in l. 37, _Isidorus_.

=165.= 39. _Hampole_] Hanapole (wrongly). Richard Rolle, of Hampole, was the author of the Pricke of Conscience, edited by Dr. Morris for the Philological Society, and of numerous other works, including some Religious Treatises edited by Mr. Perry for the Early English Text Society.

47. I. R. omits this line; he probably did not like the word _oratory_.

52. The first book of Samuel was formerly called the first book of Kings.

=166.= I. R. rewrites this section, and avoids any reference to _Latin_ or to the _Ave Maria_.

=167.= 19, 20. I. R. gives the Latin lines, and his own translation, as follows.

The ghostly enemy doth not stay
Till tempted persons doe obey:
For yeelding, hee a Lyon is,
Gainestood, a flie: his pray doth misse.

His syntax is as bad as his translation.

34. _steke_] shutte.

35. _styfly_] manfully. We have here an idea which is frequently met with in our literature. It may suffice to refer to Grosseteste’s Chastel d’Amour, the sermon called Soules Warde printed in Dr. Morris’s Specimens of English, part i., the extract from the Ayenbite of Inwyt printed in Morris and Skeat’s Specimens, part ii., the Tower of Truth and Castle of Caro described in Piers the Plowman, &c. We are also reminded of Bunyan’s Holy War.

=168.= 31. Here again Fitzherbert gives us the wrong reference to the Proverbs, viz. to Chap. xiv. instead of Chap. xix. His reading _Veneratur dominus_] is extraordinary.

=169.= 11. _vnable to be foughten agaynst_] inuinsible.

13, 14. _slecketh_] slacketh. _slake_] quench.

35. I. R. copies Fitzherbert’s reference to Chap. 35; but read 34.

=172.= 14. _conuerted_] conuarted (a peculiar pronunciation).

21. This quotation from St. Augustine appears also in Piers Plowman, B. v. 291.

50. This last paragraph is called by I. R. ‘Fitzherberts protestation;’ yet he actually alters his author’s words, substituting ‘the holy scriptures’ for ‘al holy churche,’ with various other smaller ‘corrections.’

To crown his effrontery, he gives the address of ‘The Authour to his Booke’ in the following extraordinary (amended) form!

Goe grosse fram’d image of a holy saint,
present my loue, though rude my pensill paint;
If any blame thee for deformitie,
say Nature calld thee, and not Oratorie;
If on thy browes be starres of ignorance,
say Fortunes pype did neuer teach thee dance.
Wish them amend which best can iudge thine ill,
so shall both thou and I bee happy still.

FOOTNOTES:

[36] Such is the general rule; but in Lowland Scotch, we have _Dalziel_, _Menzies_, pronounced as _Dalyell_, _Menyies_, _i.e._ with _z_ for _y_ in the _middle_ of a word, where it usually has the force of _gh_.

[37] I shall in future drop the initials “I. R.” in these collations. It will be understood that these various readings are all from the same source.

[38] Cf. the name _pod-ware_, as applied to beans and peas. See Halliwell.

[39] Printed--“Vernall. When.” This cuts the sentence in half, and makes nonsense.

[40] A singular mistake; he means _Aries_.

[41] I.e. mortified. “_Mortify_, to change the outward form of a mixt body, as when quicksilver ... is dissolved in an acid menstruum”; Phillips.

[42] _Sic_; but we commonly find _viues_ or _vives_. And in fact, Fitzherbert treats of it below, in section 91.

[43] I.e. the servant who had charge of the _garners_ or granaries, and whose business it was to send corn to the mill, the stable, and the poultry-yard.

[44] Cellar.

[45] Ewery; where were kept ‘Napery, Basons, Ewers, sweete waters, Perfumes, Torches, Supper-lights, Prickets, sises of Waxe, and such like;’ also ‘tallow Candles, Candle-sticks, Snuffers, and such other.’

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

The references are to the _sections_ and _lines_, as numbered.
Besides the usual contractions, note that _v._ = verb in the
infinitive mood, _pr. s._ = present tense, _third_ person
singular, unless 1 _p._ or 2 _p._ is added. Proper names are
included in this index.

Able, _adj._ fit, suitable, 121/16.

Abrode, _adv._ abroad, 10/30.

Abused, _pp._ ill-suited, 151/13.

Accompte, _s._ account, inventory, 151/1; A-compte, account, 146/92.

A-cloyde, _s._ accloyed; a hurt caused by running a nail into a
horse’s foot, 115/1. From O. F. _cloyer_, same as _clouer_, to
nail.

Acre, _s._ acre, 12/4.

A-crosse, _adv._ on the cross, crosswise, 61/8.

Affreyd, _s._ a disease in horses caused by hard riding, 104/1. Cf. E.
_fray_; and see _frayer_ in Cotgrave.

After, _prep._ according to, 15/22, 121/12; close to, 25/22.

Aftermath, _s._ a second crop of grass, 70/32.

All-onely, _adv._ only, 37/23, 65/4. Cf. Lowl. Sc. _al-anerly_, only.

Almes, _s._ alms, 168/3.

Almes-dedes, _s._ alms-deeds, 168/1.

Al-onely, _adv._ alone, 141/9. See All-onely.

Ambrose, St., 156/23, 163/9, 167/11.

Amended, _pp._ mended, 141/32.

Amerced, _pp._ fined, 148/22.

An, _num. adj._ one, 133/11.

Anastasius, 164/14.

And, _conj._ if, 6/12, 24/21, 25/16, 68/62, 70/34, 142/7.

Anis, _s. pl._ awns, 34/25, 29.

Anna, Hannah, 165/53.

Apparell, _s._ apparel, 151/3.

Appeyre, _v._ injure, 18/31; appeyreth, _pr. s._ impairs, injures,
18/17.

Aray, _s._ array, 151/13.

Araye, _imp. s._ dress, 146/11.

A-slope, _adv._ slanting, 2/24.

Assaut, _s._ assault, 167/37.

At-after, _prep._ after, 22/10. (Not uncommon.) It occurs in Chaucer,
C.T. 11531.

Athanasii, _gen. s._ of Athanasius, 161/4.

Attempte, _v._ to tempt, 167/4.

Atteynt, _s._ attaint, a disease caused by overstepping, 113/1. “Of
an upper _attaint_, or nether _attaint_, or any hurt by
over-reaching.”--G. Markham, Husbandry, b. i. c. 54.

Auctorytie, _s._ authority, 141/19; auctorytes, _pl._ powers, _prol._
21.

Aue, Ave Maria, 166/12.

Augur, _s._ auger, tool for boring holes, 41/8; _gen._ augurs, i.e.
made by an auger, 3/57.

Auoyde, _v._ depart, 167/36.

Austyn, St. Augustine, 156/19, 157/3, 158/1, 164/26, 168/25.

Auyse, _pr. s._ advise, 141/1.

Awry, _adv._ awry, 50/5.

Axil-pynnes, _s. pl._ axle-pins, 5/20.

Axiltre, _s._ axle-tree, 5/18.

Backe-syde, _s._ back side, back, 127/9.

Badger, _s._ badger, 71/7.

Bagges, _s. pl._ bags, 141/69.

Bakbandes, _s. pl._ back-bands for a horse in a cart, 5/28.

Baken, _s._ bacon, 121/18.

Balkes, _s. pl._ divisions of land (covered with grass) in an open
field, 6/17.

Ball, _s._ a white streak, 73/1. See _Bald_ in my Etym. Dict.

Band, _s._ band for barley, 28/8. See below.

Bandes, _s. pl._ bands, the bands that tie bundles of faggots
together, 131/8.

Bargeins, _s. pl._ transactions, 36/20.

Barbes, _s. pl._ the barbles, small excrescences of flesh in a horse’s
mouth, 82/1. _See_ Lampas.

Baste, _s._ piece of bast, 138/30; bastes, _pl._ 136/22.

Bate, _v._ to lower, abate, 153/16.

Bauson, _s._ badger, 71/7.

Bayly, _or_ Baylye, _s._ bailiff, 134/3, 141/57, 148/40.

Bayting. See _note_ to sect. 8 (ch. 8, ll. 9 and 13); p. 131.

Beate, _v._ improve [_not_ beat], 8/20. Lowl. Sc. _beet_, A. S.
_bétan_, to better. “_Beet-axe_, the instrument used in
_beeting_ ground in denshering.”--Wright.

Beetle-browed, having projecting brows, _note_ to 56/9; p. 139.

Begonne, prob. an error for _be gone_, i.e. are dropped, 18/10. See
the note.

Begotten, _pp._ obtained, 169/30, 42.

Behouable, _adj._ fitting, 155/10.

Belte, _v._ to shear the buttocks and tails of sheep, 40/24. _Burl_
is used in the same sense; see _belt_ and _burl_ in Old Country
Words, ed. Britten, pp. 134, 136.

Belybandes, _s. pl._ belly-bands for a horse in a cart, 5/28.

Bende, _adj._ bent, 3/49; _as s._ bent piece, 4/33.

Bendfoder, _s._ fodder of straw and hay mingled, _note_ to 6/27; p.
131.

Be-pysse hym-selfe, give out moisture, 25/27.

Bere-barleye, _s._ a kind of barley, 13/26. A reduplicated word.
_Bere_ is the same as _bar-_ in _bar-ley_. A.S. _bere_, barley.

Bernard, St., 156/25, 164/10.

Best lykinge, _adj. superl._ goodliest, best in appearance, 48/13.

Besyde, _prep._ on the one side, sideways out of, 139/17.

Better, _adj. compar._ 5/12.

Beyked, _pp._ warmed, dried, 24/23. M.E. _beken_, answering to an
A.S. form _bécan_* (not found), formed as a secondary verb,
by vowel-change, from A.S. _bóc_, pt. t. of _bacan_, to bake.
So also _lay_ from _lie_, _set_ from _sit_, etc. See _beken_
in Stratmann, who refers to Le Bone Florence, l. 99, Iwain and
Gawain, l. 1459, O.E. Homilies, i. 269, and Test. of Creseyde,
26.

Beykyng, _s._ warming, drying, 24/12. See above.

Beytynge, _pres. pt._ feeding, lit. baiting, 22/12.

Bier, _s._ buyer, 134/30.

Bigge, _adj._ big, large (with reference to clods), 10/4.

Blacke-thorne, _s._ blackthorn, 124/14.

Blankettes, _s. pl._ blankets, 146/79.

Blend-corn, _s._ wheat mixed with rye, 34/19. (_Blend_ = blended.)

Blesse, _v._ to bless, 146/2.

Blome, _pr. pl._ bloom, 24/16.

Bloude, _s._ blood, 145/8; also the name of a sickness among sheep,
48/2.

Bloud-yren, _s._ bleeding-iron, lancet, 58/29.

Blyssomme, _v._ to copulate, said of sheep, 37/14. A ewe is said to be
_blissom_, i.e. blithe-some, eager. Cf. _lissom_ = lithe-some.

Bobbed, _pt. pl._, struck, 166/29.

Bodkyn, _s._ bodkin, 142/6.

Boget, _s._ a budget, wallet, 142/1.

Boke, book, 3/2, etc.; bokes, _pl._ 142/4.

Bolles, _s. pl._ pods, 146/50. Lit. “swellings;” see below. Cf. Du.
_bol_, swollen.

Bolne, _v._ to swell, 128/29; bolneth, _pr. s._ swells, 128/21. Cf.
Swed. _bulna_, Dan. _bulne_, to swell.

Bolster, _s._ place of support, 4/51. The bed of a timber carriage is
called a _bolster_ (Wright).

Bord-clothes, _s. pl._ table-cloths, 146/45.

Borde, _s._ board, 122/27.

Bores, _s. pl._ boars, 121/9.

Bottelles, _s. pl._ bottles, 141/69.

Bottes, _s. pl._ bots, a kind of worms troublesome to horses, 102/1.

Bowes, _s. pl._ boughs, 122/21.

Bowes, _s. pl._ the bent pieces of wood (beneath the yoke) which pass
round the necks of yoked oxen, 5/3. Usually called _oxbows_, as
in Tusser.

Bracer, _s._ bracer, armour for the arms, 142/3. See Chaucer, C.T.
111.

Braked, _pp._ bruised in a brake or machine for crushing flax, 146/42.

Breade-come, _s._ corn to be ground to _bread meal_, for making brown
bread, 20/16. See note to P. Plowman, C. ix. 61.

Breake thy faste, _phr._ breakfast, 149/8.

Breaketh, _pr. s._ breaks in, 120/3.

Brede, _s._ breadth, 110/3, 132/18. A.S. _brǽdu_.

Brekefaste, _s._ breakfast, 146/12.

Bren, _v._ burn, 27/10; brenne, 131/2.

Brode, _adj._ broad, 2/14.

Brodye, _adj._ ready to lay (as hens), lit. brood-y, 146/24.

Broken-wynded, _s._ a being broken in the wind (said of a horse),
85/1.

Brome, _s._ the plant broom, 44/4.

Brouse, _s._ small sprigs which the cattle eat, 132/3; and see _notes_
to 38/3, 126/9. O. F. _broust_, a sprig.

Brouse, _v._ to browze, eat off, 131/3. Derived from the sb. above.

Broyse, _imp. s._ bruise, 59/12; broysed, _pp._ 6/30.

Brue, _v._ to brew, 146/15.

Brumentes, _s. pl._ inventories, 152/5. Roquefort gives: ‘_Brevememt_
[obviously an error for _Brevement_], état de dépense, mémoire,
agenda, bordereau.’ He also notes _breumen_, used for
_brevement_, briefly. Hence _brument_ is for _brevement_, i.e.
short list, abstract.

Brused, _pp._ bruised, 129/4.

Bryckle, _adj._ brittle, 100/8.

Bryne, _s._ brine, 44/8.

Brynke, _s._ brink, brim, top, 148/3.

Bryse, _imp. s._ bruise, 129/3. _See_ Broyse.

Buddes, _s. pl._ buds, shoots, 126/11.

Bukler, _s._ buckler, 142/3.

Bulder-stones, _s. pl._ smooth large round stones, 15/28.

Bull, _s._ harrow-bull, 15/9. _See_ Harowe-bulles.

Bulleys, _s. pl._ bullaces, 136/4, 140/1.

Bunnes, _s. pl._ dry stalks, 70/9. “_Bun_, a dry stalk;” Wright. Cf.
Gael. _bun_, a root, stock, stump; _bunan_, stubble.

Burges, _pr. s._ buds, burgeons, 135/8.

Burthen, _s._ crop, 12/21.

Bussheles, _s. pl._ bushels, 12/8.

Busshell-pokes, _s. pl._ bags or sacks holding a bushel, 141/69.

Bustardes, _s. pl._ bustards, 146/29.

But, _prep._ except, 122/1; but and, _conj._ if, 44/2.

By, _v._ buy, 56/5; bye, 148/36.

By and by, _phr._ exactly, distinctly, in order one after the other,
126/15; immediately, 42/8. See Wright’s Gloss.

Byd, _v._ to bid, invite, 152/18.

Byer, _s._ buyer, 118/6.

Bygge, _s._ bigg, the name of a kind of barley, 13/27. _Bigg_ occurs
as the name of a kind of barley A.D. 1474-5; see Rogers, Hist.
Agric. vol. iii. Icel. _bygg_, Dan. _byg_, barley.

Byghte, _s._ (bight), bend, 132/6.

Byrdes, _s. pl._ birds, chickens, 146/30.

Caluary, Calvary, 166/32.

Cambrydge-shyre, 2/27.

Camborell, _s._ the hock of an animal, 107/3. Usually _cambrel_ or
_gambrel_.

Can, _pr. s._ knows, 52/7; _pr. pl._ 147/26.

Candell-lyghte, _s._ candle-light, 149/5.

Candelmas, _s._ the day of the purification of the Virgin, Feb. 2,
134/22.

Canker, cancer, a disease of horses, _note_ to 83/1; p. 141.

Cannes, _s. pl._ cans, 141/68.

Capitayne, _s._ captain, 167/28.

Carte-ladder, _s._ a frame-work behind a cart, 5/27. See
_carte-ladders_, 5/30.

Cart-sadel, _s._ the small saddle placed on a horse in the shafts,
5/27.

Caryage, _s._ traffic of carts, 128/12.

Caryen, _s._ carrion, 6/34, 58/10.

Casses, _s. pl._ the name of a kind of apple, 130/4. Roquefort gives
_casse_, as meaning an oak. Cf. Low Lat. _casnus_, F. _chêne_,
an oak.

Caste, _v._ to swarm, as bees, 122/6; caste, _pp._ thrown over, as
ploughed earth, 33/4.

Castynge, _s._ casting, 13/16. See 13/13.

Cattell, _s._ cattle, 37/2.

Cayphas, Caiphas, 166/27.

Chafed, _pp._ heated, over-ridden, 85/5.

Chafynge, _pres. pt._ growing warm, 88/2.

Chall-bones, _s. pl._ jawbones, 86/3.

Challes, _s. pl._ jaws, 75/3. _Chall_ = _jowl_; see _jowl_ in my Etym.
Dict.

Champyon, _s._ flat, open, said of country, 66/15. (The same as
_champaign_.) See Tusser’s Husbandry.

Chapmannes, _s. gen._ merchants, purchasers, 118/4.

Chapyter, _s._ chapter, 141/13; _pl._ chapyters, 141/3.

Charte, _s._ cart, 19/5.

Cheape, _adj._ cheap; _better cheape_, cheaper (where _cheap_ was
orig. a sb.), 5/13.

Chekyns, _s. pl._ chickens, 146/89.

Chepeth, _pr. s._ bargains for, 157/27.

Cheryes, _s. pl._ cherries, 136/3, 140/1.

Chesse, _s._ chess, _prol._ 15.

Chesses, _s. pl._ rows, _note_ to 125/4. A _chase_ is “a row”; see
Old Country Words, ed. Britten, p. 59.

Chowe, _v._ chew, 23/11; chowynge, _pr. pt._ 79/7.

Chrisostome, St. Chrysostom, 155/16; Crysostome, 156/30.

Churle hempe, _s._ male hemp (so called), 146/58.

Chylturne, _s._ the name of a kind of soil, 2/5. See note. We find
_Ciltern_ as a place-name in the A. S. Chron. an. 1009. And
see Old Country Words, ed. Britten, p. 11.

Chyne, _s._ the chine, back, 87/1, 119/4.

Chynynge, _s._ cracking, 138/30. A. S. _cínan_, to crack. Cf. E.
_chine_, _chink_.

Clarkes, _s. pl._ clerks, scholars, 7/15.

Clayenge, _s._ putting on the clay, 138/33.

Cleauynge, _s._ cleft, 138/29.

Cleese, _s. pl._ claws, 64/2; clese, 47/3, 9. (Properly _clees_.)

Clerkes, _s. pl._ scholars, 166/39.

Cley, _s._ clay, 2/4.

Close, _s._ an inclosure, 66/17; closes, _pl._ 123/2.

Clothes, _s. pl._ cloths, 146/79.

Clothe-makers, _s. pl._ cloth-makers, 146/81.

Clot, _s._ clod, 15/47; clottes, _pl._ 15/14.

Clotty, _adj._ lumpy, full of clods, 15/45.

Clouen, _pp._ cloven, divided, 136/20.

Clouen-footed, _adj._ cloven-footed, 146/27.

Clout, _pp._ clouted, strengthened with nails or pieces of iron, 5/18.

Cloute, _s._ rag, 64/9.

Cockole, _s._ corn-cockle, 20/13.

Cocledrake, _an error for_ cocle, drake, _two distinct words_; cocle
= corn-cockle, 20/3. _See_ Drake; and see above.

Codde, _s._ cod, 57/5; a pod, 29/11 (where _coddes_, pl. would be
better); coddes, _pl._ pods, 20/11.

Codde, _v._ bear fruit (said of peas), 12/38. Cf. _peascod_ = pea-pod;
see above.

Coffyns, _s. pl._ baskets, 166/21.

Cogges, _s. pl._ cogs, 134/9. “But the _cogge-whele_ in a corne-mylne
is a great helper, if it be well pycked [clean cut], well
_cogged_, and well ronged; sixe ronges and xlviii. _cogges_
are best for a great ryuer;” On Surveying, c. 39. Thus the
_rungs_ are the divisions of the smaller, and the _cogs_ of the
larger wheel, at the circumference.

Coke, _s._ another name for the plough-ear, 3/5. Perhaps connected
with _Cokers_, iron rims round clogs, and _calkins_, _cawkins_,
the parts of a horse-shoe turned up and sharpened to prevent
slipping (Wright; Gloss.)

Coke, _s._ a piece of iron used instead of a plough-foot, 4/46. See
above.

Cole, _s._ coal, 19/3.

Coltes euyll, _s._ a disease in colts, 101/1. See G. Markham;
Husbandry, b. i. c. 32.

Combe, _s._ comb, 142/5.

Commons, _s. pl._ common pasture-grounds, 6/10.

Common weale, _s._ general advantage, 151/22.

Compasse, _adj._ circular, encompassing, 136/11.

Conclusion, in, finally, at last, 132/18.

Connynge, _s._ knowledge, 141/22.

Content, _adj._ pleased, 120/17.

Conuenyente, _adj._ fitting, _prol._ 14, 145/15, 146/75.

Conuocation, _s._ gathering, 155/3.

Copyoke, _s._ part of the harness for a waggon, 5/5. Wright gives
_cop_, (1) top ... (7) the part of a waggon which hangs over
the thiller-horse, (8) the beam placed between a pair of drawing
oxen. _See_ Yoke.

Cordes, _s. pl._ cords, a disease in front of a horse’s fore-legs,
92/1. “_Cords_, or string-halt, is an unnaturall binding of the
sinews;” G. Markham, Husbandry, b. i. c. 64.

Corne, _s._ kind of corn, 32/2; cornes, _pl._ grains, 15/4.

Corser, _s._ a horse-dealer, 119/15, 120/4. We also find _scorser_ in
the same sense.

Cotes, _s. pl._ coats, 151/13.

Couer, _v._ cover, a term applied to collecting sheaves by tens, two
of them covering the other eight by being laid across, 31/2.

Couerlettes, _s. pl._ coverlets, 146/80.

Countre, _s._ county, 3/7; countreys, _s. pl._ counties, 2/2, 35/6;
countreyes, 2/28, 3/8.

Courbe, _s._ a curb, a kind of lameness in horses, 107/l.

Cowpers, _s. pl._ coopers, 134/7.

Crabtree, _s._ crabtree, 124/5; crabbe-tree, 137/11.

Cranes, _s. pl._ cranes, 146/29.

Cratches, _s. pl._ racks, mangers, 70/44. F. _crèche_.

Cratches, _s. pl._ scratches, a disease in a horse’s pasterns, 112/1.

Credence, _s._ credit, belief, 141/18.

Crofote, s. crowfoot, 15/22. A _crowfoot_ is a _Ranunculus_; see Dict.
of E. Plant-names.

Croke, _pr. pl._ crook, bend, 27/12.

Croked, _adj._ crooked, 3/39.

Cromely, _adj._ liable to crumble, 100/6.

Croper, _s._ the crupper, 105/2.

Croppe, _v._ to crop, to cut off the top-most shoots or the sprigs,
131/1.

Croppes, _s. pl._ shoots, sprigs, 44/4.

Crosse, _adj._ going across, 5/22.

Crume, _s._ crumb, 11/23.

Cudde, _s._ cud, 17/33.

Culture, _s._ coulter, 3/6, 34, 48; 63/4.

Cure, _s._ endeavour, 146/2.

Currante, _adj._ running, moving, 128/4; sloping downwards, 128/8.

Customers, _s. pl._ customers, 119/13.

Damme, _s._ dam, mother (said of a mare), 68/75.

Dampsons, _s. pl._ damsons, 136/4, 140/1.

Darbyshyre, 17/21.

Darnolde, _s._ darnel, 20/4; dernolde, 20/21.

Dauyd, David, 156/34, 168/17.

Deceypt, _s._ deceit, 146/102.

Declared, _pp._ explained, 147/28.

Dee-nettylles, _s. pl._ purple dead-nettles, 20/47.

Defautes, _s. pl._ defects, faults, 141/54.

Departe, _v._ to part, separate, 145/15.

Dernolde, _s._ darnel, 20/21.

Detters, _s. pl._ debtors, 170/11.

Dettes, _s. pl._ debts, 170/10.

Deuyded, _pp._ divided, _prol._ 18, 11/15.

Dewbolne, _s._ a disease; lit. “swollen with dew,” 60/1. _Bollen_
= swollen. “_Dewboln_, a swelling, beginning at the neather part
of the dewlap;” G. Markham, Husbandry, c. 37 (bk. ii.).

Dewlappe, _s._ dewlap, 59/10.

Discretion, _s._ discernment, wisdom, 11/1; discreation, 146/122.

Displeasure, _s._ displeasure, offence, 153/22.

Disport, _s._ sport, 153/11.

Dockes, _s. pl._ docks, 20/3, 12.

Dodder, _s._ a kind of weed, 20/47. See Dict. of E. Plant-names,
p. 154; and _doder_ in Turner’s Names of Herbes.

Dogfenell, _s._ stinking chamomile, _Anthemis Cotula_, 20/4, 32. See
Dict. of E. Plant-names.

Domynation, _s._ dominion, power, 54/22, 152/30.

Dongynge, _s._ manuring, 13/4.

Dounged, _pp._ manured, 13/2.

Dout, _imp. s._ doubt, 151/27.

Douues, _s. pl._ doves, 17/34.

Dowles, _s. pl._ tholes, pegs, 5/9. “_Doul_, a nail or pin sharpened
at each end;” Wright. “_Tholle_, a cart-pynne;” Palsgrave.

Dradde, _pp._ dreaded, 167/8.

Drake, _s._ a kind of darnel, 20/17. Also called _drawk_ (Wright);
and see E. Plant-names, p. 159.

Draughte, _s._ a team of horse or oxen, 22/10; a manner of drawing,
15/22.

Dresse, _v._ to prepare, by cutting off all small twigs, 132/5.

Drone, _s._ a drone, 122/49.

Duetie, _s._ debt, 157/19.

Dunne, _adj._ dun, brown, 34/40.

Dychynge, _s._ ditching, 124/2.

Dysheryte, _v._ to disinherit, 153/24.

Dyssheborde, _s._ dish-board, dresser, 146/9.

Dystaffe, _s._ distaff, 146/46.

Ebbe, _adj._ shallow, 33/4.

Ecclesiastici, _gen. s._ of Ecclesiasticus, 169/35.

Eddered, _pp._ bound at the top of the stakes, 126/7. See _yeather_
in Ray, Gloss. B. 15, p. 75.

Edderynge, _s._ the binding at the top of stakes used in making
hedges, also called _ether_, 126/6; edderynges, _pl._ 126/14.

Eest, _s._ east, 133/20.

Effectually, _adv._ sincerely, 145/16.

Ellore, _s._ the elder tree, 126/2. Usually _eller_, which also means
the alder; see E. Plant-names, p. 168.

Elne, _s._ an ell, 15/23.

Encreace, _v._ increase, 17/18.

Endent, _v._ indent, 23/15.

Endure, _v._ to last, 148/36.

Enfecte, _adj._ infected, 58/12.

Enforme, _v._ inform, 11/29, 155/8; enfourme, teach, tell, 134/26.

Englysshe, English, 166/8.

Ensample, _s._ example, 36/9.

Entente, _s._ purpose, 7/11.

Enterfyre, _s._ interference of the feet, the knocking of one foot
against the other, 109/1. See the note. “_Enterfayring_ is
hewing one leg on another, and striking off the skin;” G.
Markham, Husbandry, c. 58.

Ere, _conj._ before, 15/35; er, 36/2.

Eschewe, _v._ to eschew, 146/107.

Estate, _s._ state, condition, 70/28; estates, _pl._ wealthy persons,
153/9.

Euery, _adj._ every, 127/40.

Ewerie, _s._ ewery, place for pitchers, etc.; _note_ to 140/8.

Exaltation of the holye crosse, i.e. Sept. 14, 37/16.

Expende, _v._ to spend, 147/13.

Extende, _v._ to extend, reach to, 147/14.

Eyen, _s. pl._ eyes, 48/6; eien, 48/8.

Faculty, _s._ ability, wealth, 147/18.

Facyons, _s. pl._ fashions, kinds, 2/3.

Faldynge, _s._ a kind of frieze, or rough cloth, 44/14. See Chaucer,
C. T. 393.

Falowe, _v._ to plough, 16/3. See below.

Falowynge, _s._ ploughing land for the first time (for wheat), 4/42.
See 16/3.

Fan, _v._ to winnow corn, 35/6; fande, _pp._ 35/10.

Farcyon, _s._ the farcy, a disease of horses, in which swellings
appear on his body, 93/1. Cf. F. _farcer_, to stuff.

Faste, _adv._ very near, close, 25/32.

Fayne, _adj._ obliged, compelled, 151/14.

Feitergrasse, _s._ the name of a kind of grass (spelt _fettergrass_
in ed. 1598), 59/11.

Felle, _v._ to fell, 131/1.

Felow, _s._ fellow, _i.e._ neighbouring furrow, 9/9.

Fellyes, _s. pl._ pieces of wood joined together to make the circle
of a wheel, 5/9.

Felly-fole, _s._ filly-foal, filly, 68/52.

Female hempe, _s._ wild hemp, 146/57.

Fenbrede, _s._ mud-board, or mould-board, 3/4, 27. See note to 3/1.
_Fen_ = mud; as commonly in M. E.

Fence, _v._ to form a fence, 125/5.

Fenel-sedes, _s. pl._ fennel seeds, 20/18.

Ferny, _adj._ covered with ferns, 50/10.

Ferre, _adv._ far, 48/11, 150/6, 164/8.

Ferthermore, _adv._ furthermore, besides, 151/17.

Fetelockes, _s. pl._ fetlocks, 99/3.

Fette, _pt. s._ brought, 166/34.

Fettred, _pp._ fastened together, bound, 5/10.

Filberdes, _s. pl._ filberts, 136/3.

Flaine, _pp._ flayed, 58/21. See Fley.

Flanke, _s._ flank, 85/4.

Flasshes, _s. pl._ marshy places, 70/8. The usual sense is “pool.”

Flaxen wheate, _s._ flaxen wheat, a kind of wheat, 34/23, 25.

Flayle, _s._ flail, 5/33.

Fley, _imp. s._ flay, 38/11; _spelt_ flee, 58/8.

Flokes, _s. pl._ flukes, 56/16.

Floures, _s. pl._ flowers, 156/6.

Flyntered, _pp._ said of “small corn wrinkled and dried,” 34/43. Cf.
_flinders_, fragments; and cf. _splintered_.

Flytte, _imp. s._ remove, 148/15; flyte, _v._ 18/3; flytteth,
_pr. s._ 18/28. Lit. “flit.”

Fodered, _pp._ foddered, fed, 70/40.

Folden, _pp._ folded, 52/6.

Foled, _pp._ foaled, 118/10.

Foole, _s._ foal, 68/7, 11; fools, _pl._ 56/4.

Fooled, _pp._ foaled, 68/13.

Foolynge-tyme, _s._ foaling time, 68/40.

For, _prep._ against, to prevent, 18/33, 32/8, 35/8, 44/15, 51/9,
52/1, 70/46, 139/19. (Observe this use.)

For nothynge, _phr._ on no account, 124/14, 138/10.

Forecroppe, _s._ fore-crop, a part of a cow or bullock, 57/2. I learn
that the _fore-crop_ is the upper part of the fore quarter of
an ox, and lies between the neck and the sirloin. “... it shews
he is wel tallowed, and so doth the _crop_ behind the
shoulders;” Markham, Husbandry, Of Oxen.

Fore-wedge, _s._ fore-wedge (before the coulter), 4/23.

Forowe, _s._ a furrow, 4/6.

Forther, _adj._ front, foremost, 92/2. “_Forther-fete_, the
forefeet;” Wright.

Fortune, _v._ to chance, happen, 3/1, 120/17, 124/38, 153/24.

Fote, plough-foot, 4/12. _See_ Plough-fote.

Fote-teame, _s._ (apparently) the end of the drawing-gear which is
fastened to a plough or harrow, 4/37, 15/12. _See_
Wrethyng-temes.

Foughten, _pp._ fought, 169/11.

Foule, _s._ an ulcer in a cow’s foot, 64/1.

Freeholders, _s. pl._ freeholders, 130/22.

Freteth, _pr. s._ eats away, 20/7.

Fretter, _s._ a corrosive, 43/5.

Fullymartes, _s. pl._ polecats, 146/31. M.E. _fulmart_.

Fyfte, _adj. num._ fifth, 75/3.

Fylberdes, _s. pl._ filberts, 140/4.

Fyled, _pp._ defiled, dirtied, 41/1, 45/4.

Fyllettes, _s. pl._ fillets, 76/6. “_Filet_, the fillet of a beast;”
Cotgrave. “_Fillets_, in a horse, are the foreparts of the
shoulder next the breast;” Bailey’s Dict. vol. i. ed. 1735.

Fynde, _v._ to provide with, furnish, 153/20.

Fyre-wodde, _s._ fire-wood, 132/2.

Fysking, _s._ fidgeting, roaming about, 45/2. See examples in my note
to P. Plowman, C. 10/153.

Fytches, _s. pl._ vetches, 20/40, 70/8.

Garches, _s. pl. an error for_ garthes, i.e. hoops, 134/7. _See_
Garthe-webbe.

Garniter, the officer who had care of the granary, _note_ to 140/8.

Garthe-webbe, _s._ webbing for a girth, 10/23. “_Garth_, a hoop or
band;” Wright. _See_ Garches. A _girth-web_ is mentioned A.D.
1502; see Rogers, Hist. Agric. vol. iii.

Geare, _s._ gear, implements, 5/2; gere, 142/7.

Geld, _pr. pl._ cut too high (said of beans), 29/9.

Gelly, _s._ jelly, 44/7.

Gete, _pp._ gotten, taken up, 129/11; gette, gotten from, taken from,
137/7. A.S. _geten_, pp.

Gethereth, _pr. s._ gathers, 28/5.

Gise, _s._ guise, fashion, way, 35/8.

Glaunder, _s._ glander, usually in the plural, 87/2. See below.

Glaunders, _s._ glanders, a disease in the glands, 86/1.

Gleyd, _s._ kite, 146/31. A S. _glida_.

Glose, _s._ gloss, comment, 168/34.

Glotony, _s._ gluttony, 152/23.

Gloues, _s. pl._ gloves, 142/3.

Gnappe, _v._ to bite slightly; gnappe of, rub off with their teeth
(said of horses), 93/6. The same as _kneppe_, to bite slightly,
in Best’s Rural Economy in Yorkshire (Surtees Society); mod.
E. _nip_.

Golds, _s. pl._ corn marigold, 20/25; gouldes, 20/4. See Ray, Gloss.
B. 16, p. 83; Tusser, note to 39/21.

Gore, _v._ to gore, 70/43.

Gostely, _adj._ spiritual, 167/38.

Goten, _pp._ gotten, 154/9.

Gouldes, _s. pl._ corn marigolds, 20/4; golds, 20/25.

Goute, _s._ gout, 65/1.

Gowty, _adj._ gouty, 56/6.

Goyng vppon, walking about upon the ground, 18/23.

Graffe, _v._ to graft, 136/6.

Graffe, _s._ a graft, slip, 136/17.

Graffynge-sawe, saw for grafting, 136/7.

Grammer-schole, _s._ grammar-school, 147/11.

Grasier, _s._ grazier, 40/1.

Grauelynge, _s._ graveling, caused by gravel in a horse’s foot, 114/1.

Grayned, _pp._ forked at the top, 41/9. “_Grain_, a prong of a fork;”
Wright. (Common). “_Grain-staff_, a quarter-staff with a pair
of short tines at the end, which they call _grains_;” Ray,
Gloss. B. 16, p. 84.

Greatte; a greatte, by wholesale, 134/18.

Gregorye, St. Gregory, 162/12; Gregory, 155/24, 161/15, 165/26, 167/6.

Grese, _v._ to grease, 40/24.

Greued, _pp._ grieved, 147/15.

Gristell, _s._ gristle, 89/2.

Grombalde-brydge, Grimbald Bridge, near Knaresborough, 79/10.

Grosse sale, wholesale, 36/25.

Grote, _s._ groat, 20/15.

Gurthe, _s._ girth, 142/5.

Gyrre, _s._ a disease of cattle, probably giddiness, 70/33. Cf. F.
_girer_, to turn.

Gyse, _s._ guise, way, custom, 133/1.

Hachet, _s._ hatchet, 127/2.

Hades, _s. pl._ strips of greensward, 6/17. “_Hade_, a ridge of land,
a small piece of greensward at the end of arable land;” Wright.

Half-throne, _v._ to cover sheaves in some particular manner, 31/3.
It is believed to be the same as the Shropshire _hackle_, which
is to put four sheaves of wheat into a shock, and then to place
another sheaf (upright) with the ears downwards, on the top.
This agrees with _covering_ except in the use of 4 sheaves
for 8.

Halomshyre, Hallamshire (in which is Sheffield), 17/21.

Halte, _v._ to go lamely, 98/5.

Halter, _s._ halter, 142/2.

Halue, _s._ half, 127/4.

Hamper, _s._ hamper, basket, 11/23.

Hampole, Richardus de, 165/39.

Handbyll, s. small bill-hook, 127/2.

Handel, _v._ to handle, 40/24.

Handsome, _adj._ handy, convenient, 24/22.

Harde, _pp._ heard, 164/30.

Harde by, _phr._ close, 129/4.

Harowe-bulles, _s. pl._ chief pieces of timber composing an ox-harrow,
15/6.

Harowed, _pp._ harrowed, 15/2.

Harowe-tyndes, _s. pl._ tines or prongs of a harrow, 15/10.

Hasell, _s._ hazel, 24/16, 124/5.

Hassell, _adj._ stiff, said of a soil; see it partially defined in
_note_ to 2/6. “_Hazle_, stiff, as clay; Essex.”--Wright.
“A _haisel_ mould, which I count to be one of the best wealdish
moulds, being a compound mould, and very good for marle.”--G.
Markham, Inrichment of the Weald, 1649, p. 9.

Hasty, _adj._ early, 12/39.

Hatched, _put for_ hatchet, _note_ to 46/3. “Brains of a hatchet,” a
term for the oily substance obtained by burning linen on the
head of a hatchet.

Hatte, _s._ hat, 142/2.

Haue, _v._ take, 58/12.

Hawdod, _s._ corn bluebottle, _Centaurea Cyanus_, 20/28; haudoddes,
_pl._ 20/4. Cf. _hardewes_, a name for the wild succory
(_Cichorium Intybus_) in Turner’s Names of Herbes.

Hawe, _s._ an excrescence in the eye of a horse, 89/1.

Hearbgrace, _s._ herb-grace, rue, _note_ to 144.

Heare, _s._ hair, 64/5, 98/4; heares, _pl._ 47/5, 11.

Hearynges, _s. pl._ herrings, 36/10.

Hecheled, _pp._ heckled, combed, 146/42.

Hedge-rote, _s._ hedge-root, stump, 132/12.

Hedgyngebyll, _s._ bill for hedging, 5/32.

Heed, _s._ head, 47/4, 102/3.

Heed, _pr. s. subj._ 2 _p._ behead, cut off the top, crop, 132/9;
heeded, _pp._ 132/15.

Heeth-grounde, _s._ ground covered with heather, 2/7.

Helewedge, _s._ heel-wedge (behind the coulter), 4/23.

Helpe, _v._ mend, cure, 58/2.

Herdman, _s._ herdsman, 6/10; herdeman, 123/15.

Heringes, _s. pl._ herrings, 36/12.

Herode, Herod, 166/27.

Hert, _s._ heart, middle, 100/4; herte, 114/3.

Hey, _s._ hay, 23/4, 66/14; heye, 146/85.

Hey-cockes, _s. pl._ haycocks, 25/15.

Hey-rope, _s._ hay rope, 64/5.

His, _pr. gen._ its, 9/8.

Hode, _s._ hood, 142/2.

Hogges, _s. pl._ hogs, 121/9.

Hole, _adj._ whole, healthy, 149/13.

Hole-footed, _adj._ whole-footed, web-footed, 146/26.

Holer, _adj. compar._ more whole; healthier, 149/13.

Hole-straw wheat, wheat with a whole or solid straw, _note_ to 34/43.

Holmes, _s. pl._ put for _homes_ = hames, 5/25, 15/41. _See_ Hombers.

Holpen, _pp._ helped, cured, 61/6, 82/2.

Holsome, _adj._ wholesome, 25/18.

Holy bread, _s._ ordinary leavened bread cut into small pieces,
blessed, and given to the people, 11/18. See note to P.
Plowman, C. xvi. 210.

Holye, _s._ holly, 124/5.

Holyrode-day, the day of the holy cross, Sept. 14 (see 17/16), 134/21.
See Phillips’ Dict. ed. 1706.

Hombers, _s. pl._ horse-collars, 5/24, 15/41. Also called _hamberwes_,
_hamboroughs_; from _hame_, one of the bent pieces of wood to
which the trace is fastened, and A.S. _beorgan_, to protect.
Lit. ‘hame-protectors.’

Honger, _s._ hunger, 30/14.

Hopper, _s._ a seed-basket, 10/22, 25; 34/10. M.E. _hoper_ (P.
Plowman).

Horne, _s._ horn, 142/3.

Horse, _s. gen._ horse’s, 82/1, 91/1.

Horse-harowes, _s. pl._ harrows drawn by horses, 15/15.

Horse-leche, _s._ horse-doctor, 120/6.

Horse-mayster, _s._ horse-master, 120/1.

Houe, _s._ hoof, 78/6, 98/2.

Hoystynge, _s._ coughing, 59/3. ‘_Hoist_, a cough; East.’--Wright.

Hucbone, _s._ hip-bone, 57/3. More commonly _huckle_.

Hurdes, _s. pl._ hards, coarse flax, 146/39.

Hurdels, _s. pl._ hurdles, 18/35.

Husbandes, _s. pl._ husbandmen, 3/1.

Huske, _s._ husk, 14/12.

Huswife, _s._ housewife, 148/1.

Hyer, higher, _prol._ 33.

Hynder, _adj._ latter, 148/11.

Iagged, _adj._ jagged, 20/26.

James, St., 169/12.

Ielly, _s._ jelly, 58/23.

Ieoperdy, _s._ jeopardy, peril, 5/13, 139/2.

Iherome, St. Jerome, 155/1, 161/20; Jerome, 168/7.

In lyke, alike, 25/6.

In regarde, _phr._ for his part, lit. according to his estimation,
153/6.

Inam, _applied to_ wheat, _note to_ 9/13. Cf. “_Innom barley_, barley
sown the second crop after the ground is fallowed; _North_.”
--Ray, Gloss. B. 15, p. 50.

Infecte, infected, 164/29.

Infydeles, _s. pl._ infidels, 166/45.

Inke, _s._ ink, 142/4.

Intend, _pr. pl._ intend, 148/1.

Inuentorys, _s. pl._ inventories, 151/2.

Iob, Job, 156/7.

Iohan, John, 165/34.

Isodorus, St. Isidore, 164/18; 165/37, 49; 169/33; Isodore, 165/29.

Judas, 166/25.

Iudges, _s. pl._ castles (in chess), _prol._ 20.

Kedlokes, _s. pl._ charlock, _Sinapis arvensis_, 10/13, 20/3, 9. Also
called _cadlock, cadlick, chadlock, chedlock, carlock, charlock,
callock, etc._

Kelles, _s. pl._ cases of maggots, 18/10; gossamer-threads, 54/22.
“_Kells_, cones of silkworms; _kell_, a film over the eyes;”
Wright. The usual sense is ‘caul.’

Kente, Kent, 2/15.

Kerchef, _s._ kerchief, handkerchief, 142/1.

Keys, _s. pl._ part of a cart, 5/22.

Knolles, _s. pl._ knolls, mounds, lumps, 128/29.

Knowen, _pp._ known, 8/2.

Knyfe, _s._ knife, 142/6.

Knytte, _pp._ joined together as a swarm of bees, 122/9, 22; knytte,
_v._ to join, 122/10.

Kydde, _v._ to bind up faggots in bundles, 131/7, 132/7. See below.

Kyddes, _s. pl._ faggots, 5/29. “_Kydde_, a fagotte;” Palsgrave.

Kyd-wodde, _s._ faggot-wood, 134/20.

Kye, _s. pl._ cows, 56/7, 146/10. A. S. _cý_, pl. of _cú_.

Kylde, _pp._ killed, 103/6.

Kynde, _s._ nature, 128/23.

Kyrfe, _s._ incision, 136/10. “_Kerf_, an incision;” Wright. Derived
from A.S. _ceorfan_, to carve, to cut. Spelt _kerfe_ in Ray,
Gloss. B. 16, p. 85.

Kyrtels, _s. pl._ kirtles, skirts, 151/16.

Lampas, _s._ an excrescence of flesh above the teeth in horses, which
often prevents their eating, 81/1. “_Hava de bestias_, the
_lampas_, a disease in the mouth of beasts, when such long
barbles grow in their mouthes, that they cannot well feed;”
Minsheu, Spanish Dict.

Landes, _s. pl._ 5/4. Evidently some part of the gear for ploughing,
but I can find no such word. Perhaps an error for _bandes_,
i.e. bands. Mr. Peacock, in his Glossary of Manley Words, has
--“_Lanes_, _Lains_, an iron ring at the end of the beam of a
plough to which the horses are yoked.” Perhaps this is it.

Landes, _s. gen._ field’s, 2/17; landes, _s. pl._ ridges, 13/7.

Lankesshyre, Lancashire, 2/26.

Lanses, _s. pl._ shoots, 138/1.

Lathe-legged, _pp._ slender-legged, 78/4.

Lathes, _s. pl._ laths, 15/9.

Laude, _s._ praise, 163/1, 167/17.

Lazare, Lazarus, 166/22.

Ledde, _pp._ carried, 28/12.

Ledder, _s._ leather, 10/23.

Lees, _s. pl._ leas, pastures, 148/18.

Leisshe, _s._ leash, 142/3.

Lene, _v._ to lean, 124/35.

Lenger, _adj. compar._ longer, 3/38, 3/55, 70/13; _adv._ 67/4, 128/32.

Lente-corne, _s._ Lent corn, spring corn, 148/7.

Let hym blode, bleed him, 48/7.

Let, _v._ hinder, 24/19: lette, _pr. pl._ 82/2, 164/1.

Lette, _s._ hindrance, 135/6.

Leue, _v._ leave off, 41/15.

Leue, _s._ leave, 143/7.

Leuse, _v._ to loosen, 126/16, 129/10.

Ley, _v._ to lay, lay eggs, 146/23.

Leycestershyre, 2/26.

Leye-hey, _s._ meadow hay, 25/34.

Leys, _s. pl._ pasture-grounds, 6/17, 8/5.

Leysshe, _s._ leash, 10/25.

Like, _pr. pl._ thrive, 53/9.

Linsede, _s._ linseed, 146/53.

Lockes, _s. pl._ pieces torn off a fleece, 146/79.

Lode, _v._ load, carry, 32/2.

Lodynge, _s._ loading, 22/11.

Loken, _pp._ locked or closed up, 146/53. See note.

Lollers, _s. pl._ lollards, 166/45.

Long-eare, _s._ long-ear, a kind of barley, 13/22.

Longe-rained, _pp._ long in the reins, 78/2.

Longe-soughte, _s._ lung disease, 59/2. A.S. _suht_, disease (Grein).

Loode, _v._ to carte, 146/87.

Loppe, _v._ to lop, 132/1.

Lose, _adj._ loose, 27/4.

Louyngely, _adv._ lovingly, kindly, 152/16.

Lowe-brawned, _pp._ strong in the lower muscles, 75/2.

Lower, _adj. compar._ lower, 125/5.

Lowsy, _adj._ full of lice, 117/1.

Luke-warme, _adj._ lukewarm, tepid, 44/12.

Lye, _s._ urine, _note_ to 44/8. Cf. 1 Hen. IV. ii. 1. 23. O.F. _lie_,
lees.

Lyfte, _adj._ left, 28/4.

Lyke, _v._ to thrive, 57/10, 123/14, 140/8.

Lyncoln, 2/27.

Lyne, _s._ measuring line, 124/28.

Lyngel, _s._ a shoemaker’s thread, 142/6. “_Lyngell_, that souters
sowe with, _lignier_;” Palsgrave.

Lyn-pinnes, _s. pl._ linch-pins, 5/19. See _Linchpin_ in my Etym.
Dict.

Lytter, _s._ litter, straw for a horse’s bed, 100/3.

Lyuer, _s._ liver, 55/15.

Malander, _s._ a sore place on the inside of the fore-leg of a horse,
94/1. “_Malandres_, the malanders, a horses disease;” Cotgrave.
“_Malendre_,” the same.

Male, _s._ bag, pack, portmanteau, 142/2.

Mall, _s._ a mallet or club, 126/14; malles, _pl._ 15/46.

Mallet, _s._ mallet, wooden hammer, 136/15.

Malte, _s._ malt, 146/14.

Mane, _s._ a piece of grass left unmown, 23/17.

Maple, _s._ maple, 126/3.

Marke, St. Mark, 170/3.

Marle, _s._ rich earth used as manure, 2/6; a blue marble-like earth,
_note_ to 16/29-35.

Marley, _s._ marl, 138/26. See above.

Marre, _v._ mar, spoil, 70/50.

Marreis, _adj._ marsh, 5/15; marreys, 124/20.

Marreys, _s._ marsh, 54/13.

Martok, Martock (Somersetshire), 27/17.

Martilmas, Martinmas, St. Martin’s day, Nov. 11, 134/21.

Mathes, _s. pl._ maggots, 18/8, 45/1. “Cimex, _maðu_;” Wright’s
Vocab. i. 24.

Mathes, _s. pl._ stinking chamomile, corn chamomile, _Anthemis
Cotula_, 20/4. Called _stynkynge maydweede_ in Turner’s Names
of Herbes.

Matter, _s._ pus in a sore, 87/3.

Mattockes, _s. pl._ mattocks, tools to dig up roots and weeds, 8/20.
_See_ Beate.

Mawe, _s._ the stomach, 102/2.

May, _pr. s._ can, is able, 66/20.

Mayn whyte, principally white, 68/70.

Meane, _adj._ middling, ordinary, 2/6, 124/19; neither very moist
nor very dry, 70/27.

Meane, _s._ means, way, 166, _rubric_; 167, _rubric_.

Measure, _s._ measure, moderation, 147/10.

Meete, _imp. s._ measure, 146/16.

Medle, _v._ to mix, 17/16; medled, _pp._ 2/6, 34/21, 43/1.

Melch kye, _s. pl._ milch cows, 70/21.

Mete, _adj._ even, 138/23.

Metelye, _adv._ meetly, 12/7.

Middes, _s._ midst, 48/7.

Mo, _adj. compar._ more (in number), 58/34; 141/50. A.S. _má_. _See_
Moo.

Moche, _adj._ large, 47/3, 15.

Moderate, _v._ lessen, 44/26.

Molde, _s._ mould, 9/6; moldes, _pl._ pieces of earth, 45/7.

Molten, _pp._ melted, 43/4, 45/7.

Moneth, _s._ month, 93/8.

Moo, _adj. compar._ more (in number), 40/8, 121/20. _See_ Mo.

Moralytes, _s. pl._ moral principles, _prol._ 15.

More, _adj. compar._ greater, 127/4.

More harder, _adj. compar._ harder, 137/13.

More hyer, _adj. compar._ higher, 67/3.

Morfounde, _s._ a disease in a horse’s feet, occasioned by its taking
cold, 100/1. “_Se morfondre_, to take cold, catch cold;”
Cotgrave.

Morteys, _s._ mortise, 3/13, 20, 39. (It is a hole in a piece of wood
made to receive something that can be tightly wedged up in it.)

Mosse, _s._ moss, 131/3.

Mouldywarpe-hilles, _s. pl._ mole-hills, 23/20.

Mountenance, _s._ amount, 58/31.

Mournynge, _s._ a disease appearing either in the tongue or back of a
horse, apparently cancer, 83/1, 87/1, 119/4. See _mourrues_,
_mourue_ in Cotgrave.

Mowen, _adj._ mown, 70/32.

Mowes, _s. pl._ stacks, heaps, 32/3.

Mucke, _s._ manure, 17/2.

Mucke, _v._ to manure, 17/5.

Muck-wayne, _s._ manure-cart, 146/86.

Muldes, _s. pl._ pieces of mould or earth, 41/3, 45/8, 124/23.

Murren, _s._ murrain, 57/13.

Murtheryng, _s._ murdering, killing, 51/6.

Musell, _s._ muzzle, _note_ to 39/9.

Myldewe-grass, _s._ mildew-grass, 54/17.

Myldewes, _s. pl._ mildews, 44/24.

Myllettes, _s. pl._ a disease behind the fetlocks of horses, 110/1.

Mynystratours, _s. pl._ ministers, 165/5.

Nache, _s._ the point of the rump, 57/3. See Old Country Words, ed.
Britten, p. 105. “A big _nach_, round and knotty,” said of an
ox; G. Markham, Husbandry, Of Oxen.

Narowe, _adj._ narrow, close, difficult, 4/26.

Nathes, _s. pl._ naves of a wheel, 5/9.

Nauyll, _s._ navel, 57/6.

Nauylgall, _s._ navel-gall, described as a kind of sore on a horse’s
back, 105/1.

Necessaryest, _adj. superl._ most necessary, 1/4. (Used with _most_
preceding).

Nede, _s._ need, necessity, 44/16.

Nedle, _s._ needle, 142/5.

Nether, _adj. compar._ lower, 5/22, 31/7.

Norfolke, 2/27.

Nose-thrilles, _s. pl._ nostrils, 84/2; nosethrylles, 75/3; _sing._
nosethryll, 85/3.

Nother, _for_ other; an nother, another, 2/19.

Nourysshe, _v._ nourish, 130/24.

Nowe-a-dayes, _adv._ nowadays, 153/5.

Nycked, _pp._ notched, 21/4.

Nyckes, _s. pl._ notches, 4/38, 122/41.

Occupy, _v._ use, 1/5; occupie, 148/10; occupied, _pp._ used, 15/36.

Of, _adv._ off, away from it, 136/12; off, 27/7, 139/19.

Of, _prep._ during, 6/13.

Oke, _s._ oak, 15/7, 24/10.

Oke-settes, _s. pl._ young plants or cuttings of oak, 124/8.

Oke-water, _s._ oak-water, apparently water in which oak-galls have
been steeped, 87/2.

Olde, _adj._ old; the olde of the mone, at full moon, 12/37.

Ones, _adv._ once, 147/28.

Or, _adv._ ere, before, 5/1, 119/8.

Oratory, 165/47.

Orchyarde, _s._ orchard, 122/3.

Order, _v._ determine, 3/41.

Ordeyne, _v._ to order, send, 146/14.

Osyerde, _s._ osier, 130/12.

Otemele, _s._ oatmeal, 14/10.

Otes, _s. pl._ oats, 13/26, 14/1.

Other whyle, _adv._ sometimes, occasionally, 4/16, 48/4, 60/5.

Ouer, _adj._ upper, 5/22, 91/2, 133/14.

Ouerlay, _v._ cover by laying over, 127/41.

Ouermoste, _adj. superl._ uppermost, 131/16.

Ouerplus, _s._ overplus, surplus, 148/8.

Ouer-rechynge, _s._ overstepping, 113/1.

Ouerthwarte, _adv._ across, sideways, 7/21, 112/3, 131/14.

Oughte, _pt. s._ owed, 146/106.

Outragious, _adj._ extravagant, 150/6.

Oxe-bowes, _s. pl._ bent pieces of wood passing round the necks of
oxen, and fastened to the yoke, 5/44.

Oygrane wheate, white wheat, _note_ to 34/23.

Oyse, _v._ to ooze, 111/2.

Pale, _s._ paling, 40/3.

Paper, _s._ paper, 142/4.

Parcels, _s. pl._ parts, divisions, 68/63.

Parchment, _s._ parchment, 142/4.

Pare, _v._ to pare, cut, 124/30, 136/16; pared, _pp._ 136/21.

Partener, _s._ partner, 134/27, 30.

Paryng, _s._ paring, 100/12.

Paste, _adv._ past, over, 13/15.

Pasturnes, _s. pl._ pasterns, 112/3.

Pastyme, _s._ pastime, something to pass or fill up leisure time,
146/47.

Pater-noster, 166/12.

Paule, St. Paul, 153/28, 158/6, 161/8, 169/29.

Payle, _s._ pail, 56/7.

Payre, _v._ to impair, make worse, 97/3; payreth, _pr. s._ spoils,
4/26.

Pease, peas, 10/3, 8. Properly a singular form.

Peeke countreye, country round the Peak, in Derbyshire, 39/16.

Peeke-wheate, _s._ peek-wheat, a kind of poor wheat, 34/41. Cf.
_peeked_, thin.

Pees, _s._ pease, 10/14. _See_ Pease.

Pees-stubble, _s._ pea-stubble, 34/5.

Pelte-rotte, _s._ rot in the fleece, 54/33.

Penknyfe, _s._ penknife, 142/5.

Penne, _s._ pen, 142/4.

Pens, _s. pl._ pence, 54/10.

Peny, _s._ penny, 36/11.

Peny-grasse, _s._ a kind of grasse that never bears a flower, 54/8.
It must therefore be distinct from _Rhinanthus Crista-galli_,
also called _penny-grass_ by some; see Old Country Words, ed.
Britten, p. 37.

Perche, _s._ perch, 30¼ sq. yards, 12/5.

Perfyte, _adj._ perfect, 141/5.

Perseth, _pr. s._ pierceth, 141/8.

Peruse, _v._ to go through with, continue, 131/15; _imp. s._ 124/35;
examine, 40/23; survey, 30/7.

Perysshynge, _s._ piercing, 62/17. See the note.

Peter, St., 155/13.

Peyhenne, _s._ peahen, 146/28.

Peynes, _s._ pains; a disease in a horse’s fetlocks, 111/1.

Pikstaues, _s. pl._ pikestaves (but here used, apparently, of a part
of a cart, possibly the supports of the shafts), 5/23.

Pill, _v._ to peel, _note_ to 55/16.

Plasshed, _pp._ plashed, 127/19. See below.

Plasshynge, _s._ plashing, 124/2. To plash is to lower and close up
a broad-spread hedge, by partially cutting off the branches,
and entwining them with those left upright.

Playster, _s._ plaister, 164/22.

Pleched, _pp._ pleached, plashed, 127/22. _See_ Plasshynge.

Pleytes, _s. pl._ plaits, folds, 151/17.

Ploughe-beame, _s._ plough-beam, 3/2, 9. See note to 3/1.

Ploughe-eare, _s._ plough-ear, 3/5, 42; 4/34. See note to 3/1.

Ploughe-fote, _s._ plough-foot, 3/5, 38. See note to 3/1.

Plough-geare, _s._ instruments requisite for ploughing, 5/45.

Ploughehedde, _s._ the same as the share-beam, 2/10. _See_ Sharbeame.

Ploughe-mal, _s._ plough-hammer or mallet, 3/6. See note to 3/1.

Ploughe-shethe, _s._ plough-sheath, 2/3. See note to 3/1.

Plough-stylte, _s._ the right-hand handle of a plough, 3/21. See note
to 3/1.

Ploughetayle, _s._ the left-hand and longer handle of the plough,
2/23; 3/15, 19.

Ploughe-yren, _s._ plough-iron, iron part of a plough (share and
coulter), 5/2; ploughe-yrons, _pl._ 2/19.

Plowe, _v._ plough, 6/14.

Plowes, _s. pl._ ploughs, 2/1.

Plummes, _s. pl._ plums, 136/4, 140/1.

Plyenge, _pres. pt._ bending, 24/14.

Pockes, _s. pl._ pocks, pustules, a disease in sheep, 49/1.

Pole, 12/5. _See_ Perche.

Polerd wheat, _s._ coarse wheat, pollard wheat, 34/23. So called
because it has _no awns_: to _poll_ is to clip, etc. _See_
Pollard.

Poleyn, _s. pl._ poultry, fowls, 146/21.

Pollard, short-horned, said of a ram, _note_ to 37/6. _See_ Polerd.

Pommes, pumice, 142/4; pomis, 100/6.

Ponch, _s._ punch, 139/9.

Pondre, _v._ to ponder, consider, 153/28.

Poores, _s. pl._ pores, 70/26.

Popeler, _s._ poplar, 130/5.

Potte, _s._ pot; good for the potte, good for boiling, 146/35.

Pottell, _s._ a pottle, two quarts, 44/8.

Potycarye, _s._ an apothecary, 120/8.

Pouertee, _s._ poverty, 147/15.

Pourpose, _v._ purpose, intend, 27/19.

Poynte, _s._ a tagged lace, 142/5.

Practyue, _s._ practice, 4/29; practiue, 141/21.

Predication, _s._ preaching, 154/19.

Prefixe, _v._ to fix beforehand, 157/7.

Processe, _s._ relation, story, tale, 2/29, 120/13; in processe, in
course of time, 127/8.

Profe, _s._ proof, 161/24.

Proferre, _v._ to put into, insert, 138/13.

Profytablest, _adj. superl._ most profitable, 37/5.

Promesse, _s._ promise, 157/16, 21.

Propertie, _s._ method, 12/17.

Prouander, _s._ provender, 23/11.

Proued, _pp._ tried, 141/22, 23.

Prycke-eared, _pp._ with sharply pointed erect ears, 77/1. Cf. the
phr. ‘to _prick up_ one’s ears.’

Pulled, _pp._ gathered, 146/41.

Pursy, _s._ short-windedness (in a horse), 84/1. See _Pursy_ in my
Etym. Dict.

Pursynes, _s._ short-windedness, 87/4.

Put, _v._ push, 70/42.

Pygges, _s. pl._ pigs, 146/89.

Pyke, _v._ pick, 35/3.

Pykforke, _s._ pitchfork, 5/6, 25/4.

Pyl, _v._ to peel, 134/23; _imp. s._ 134/11. _See_ Pill.

Pylate, Pilate, 166/26.

Pyllynge, _s._ strip of bark, 136/22.

Pymples, _s. pl._ pimples, 49/2, 93/3.

Pyn-awgur, _s._ a boring-tool for making holes for pins or pegs,
probably a gimlet as distinguished from a _rest-awgur_, 5/32.

Pynder, _s._ the petty officer of a manor, whose duty it was to
impound all strange cattle straying on the common, 148/25, 39.

Pynfolde, _s._ pound, 148/26.

Pynte, _s._ pint, 58/31.

Pypes, _s. pl._ hollow stalks, 70/9.

Pyrre-stocke, _s._ a pear-stock, 137/10.

Pysell, _s._ pizzle, 56/7.

Pytchers, _s. pl._ pitchers, 141/68.

Quicke, _adj._ alive; waxe quicke, become alive, 91/5.

Quikens, _s. pl._ live things, 55/16.

Quiteth, _pr. s._ requites, repays, 14/13.

Quyche, _s._ couch-grass, 14/17.

Quyche-hey, _s._ hay of couch-grass, 25/21.

Quycke, _adj._ alive, 102/4.

Quycke, _s._ quicke, sensitive part, 115/2.

Quycke-sande, _s._ quicksand, 128/24.

Quyckeset, _v._ make quickset hedges, 123/8.

Quycksettes, _s. pl._ quickset hedges, 124/3.

Rache, _s._ a streak or mark on a horse’s forehead (misprinted _rathe_
in ed. 1534), 68/64. See the spelling _ratch_ in the note to
the line. ‘_Raitch_, a white line in a horse’s face; _Yorksh._’
--Wright. _See_ Rase.

Radel-marke, _s._ a mark made on sheep with ruddle, or red ochre,
52/5.

Raine, _s._ gutter, water-course, furrow between ridges, 13/7; rayne,
7/20. See _Rean_ in Wright, and below.

Ranke, _adj._ rank, strong, 10/10, 12/20; fertile, 17/29.

Ranknes, _s._ abundance, repletion, 101/1.

Rapes, _s. pl._ turnips, 20/9. O. F. _rabe_, _rave_, ‘a rape or
turnep’; Cotgrave.

Rase, _s._ streak, mark, 73/1. _See_ Rache.

Ratch. _See_ Rache.

Rate, _s._ rate, 121/12.

Rathe, _s._ an error, (in ed. 1534) for _rache_, 68/64. _See_ Rache.

Rather, _adv. compar._ sooner, quicker, easier, 46/3, 66/22, 133/5.

Rathes, _s. pl._ frames of wood placed on a cart to make it broader,
for carrying hay, 5/22. (Also called _raves_.)

Raunsome, _s._ ransom, 148/28.