Chapter XI: The Reed Era 264 (9)

=BEARINGS.=--This word properly belongs to the art of navigation, in which it signifies the direction (by compass) in which an object is seen.

=BEFORE.=--Forward or in front of; the opposite to abaft.

=BERTHON BOAT.=--A collapsible boat used in destroyers and small craft.

=BETWEEN DECKS.=--In a vessel of more than one deck, to be between the upper and the lower.

=BINNACLE.=--The fixed case and stand in which the compass in any vessel is placed.

=BLOCKADE.=--So to besiege a port that no communication can take place from seaward.

=BLUE PETER.=--A square blue flag with a square white centre, hoisted to denote that a vessel is about to sail and that all persons concerned must repair on board immediately (the letter “P” in the international flag signal code.)

=BOOM.=--A boom is a pole extending outboard--i.e., away from the sides of a vessel.

=Lower and Quarter Booms.=--Booms, conveniently placed, to
which boats can make fast.

=BORE.=--The interior diameter of a gun at the muzzle; also the name given to the interior of a gun. Also a word used to express a sudden rise of the tide in certain estuaries as in the Severn.

=To bore.=--When down by the head a ship is said to “bore.”

=BOTTOMRY.=--The hull of a ship pledged as security for a loan.

=BOWS.=--A term indicating those portions of a vessel immediately on either side of her stem (q.v.). Differentiated in association with the terms “Port” or “Starboard.”

=BOWSPRIT.=--A pole of “sprit” projecting forward from the stem of the ship.

=BOX THE COMPASS.=--To name the points of the compass in regular order, i.e., in the direction taken by the hands of the clock.

=BREAKWATER.=--An artificial wall or bank, set up either outside a harbour or along the coast, to break the violence of the sea and so create a smooth shelter.

=BREECH.=--The end of the gun into which the projectile and cartridge are inserted when loading.

=BREECH-BLOCK.=--A heavy steel block which seals the breech when the gun is loaded.

=BREECH-LOADER= (=B.L.=)--Formerly a gun which was loaded at the breech end as opposed to a muzzle-loader. Now used to denote a gun the cartridge of which is not contained in a metal cylinder.

=BROADSIDE.=--The number of guns which can be brought to bear on one side of, or the total weight of metal which can be fired at once from either side of a ship.

=BULKHEAD.=--A structure, transverse or longitudinal, dividing the interior of a ship into compartments.

=BURDEN.=--The capacity of a vessel, as 100 tons burden, etc.

=BURGEE.=--Properly a flag ending in a swallow-tail. Yacht clubs’ burgees are frequently “pennants” which are flags ending in a point.

=CADET, NAVAL.=--A youth who is under training to become a commissioned officer in the Navy.

=CAISSON.=--A hollow, watertight vessel which can be raised or sunk by compressed air or water, and which is used when building foundations under water; or, specifically a lock gate used for closing the entrance to dry docks.

=CAISSON DISEASE.=--A disease to which divers are subject.

=CALIBRE.=--The calibre of a gun is the diameter of the bore (q.v.). This diameter is used as a unit of measurement. Thus, a 50-calibre 12-in. gun is a 12-in. gun which is 50 ft. long, etc.

=CAMEL.=--A hollow tank or vessel filled with water and placed under the hull of a stranded ship. When well secured, the water it contains is pumped out, and the buoyancy thus created helps to lift the ship to which it is attached.

=CAPITAL-SHIP.=--A general term for all warships of such high standard in fighting capacity as would enable them to take part in a Fleet action.

=CAREEN.=--To heel a ship or make her lie over on one side.

=CASEMATE.=--An armoured gun-emplacement in the side of a ship.

=CATAMARAN.=--Properly a species of sailing craft used in the Indies. The heavy wooden rafts which are used to protect the ship’s side when she is lying alongside a dockyard wall.

=CAULKING.=--The operation performed in making the sides or wooden decks of a ship watertight.

=CLASS.=--A ship is said to belong to a certain “class” when there are others identical in appearance or design.

=CLEARING.=--The passing of a vessel through the Customs after she has visited a foreign port.

=COAMING.=--A raised edge of iron or wood placed round a hatchway to prevent water from washing below.

=COASTAL-DESTROYER.=--A large torpedo-boat not considered sufficiently strong structurally to do more than coastal work.

=COASTGUARD.=--A semi-naval organisation of seamen, mostly living along the shores of the United Kingdom intended originally for the prevention of smuggling, but now converted into a force for the defence of the coast or to assist wrecks.

=COMMISSION.=-A ship is said to be commissioned when she is manned for service in the fleet.

A =commission=, the length of time the crew remain in a
ship; the order by which a person becomes an officer.

=COMMODORE.=--A Naval Captain specially appointed to take command as such of a squadron of war vessels, or perform some special duty not assigned to an officer of flag rank.

=COMPLEMENT.=--The total number of officers and men forming the crew of a ship.

=COMPOSITE BATTERY.=--A battery consisting of more than one type of gun.

=CON.=--To direct the steering of a vessel.

=CONNING-TOWER.=--An armoured compartment in a ship from which she can be steered, or the gun-fire in an action controlled if necessary. A ship may have more than one conning-tower.

=CONTINUOUS VOYAGE, DOCTRINE OF.=--The doctrine or principle which enables contraband of war to be captured when consigned to a neutral port, but intended for a belligerent.

=CONTRABAND.=--Munitions of war or other goods which are prohibited entry into a belligerent State.

(_a_) Absolute Contraband, material which is always contraband.

(_b_) Conditional Contraband, material which may be declared
contraband.

=CONTROL STATION.=--A platform whence range-finding instruments are managed, or from which the gunnery officers of a ship control gun-fire in an action.

=CONVERSION OF MERCHANTMEN.= The right or practice of converting merchant vessels into warships on the high seas or in neutral ports.

=CONVOY.=--A number of merchant steamers crossing the ocean under the protection of warships.

=CORDITE.=--The explosive used in guns for discharging projectiles.

=COUNTER.=--That portion of a vessel which overhangs the keel towards the stern (q.v.).

=COUNTER MINING.=--To lay out and explode mines in the vicinity of hostile ones, in order to destroy them by percussion.

=CRANK.=--A vessel is said to be crank when she lists over easily.

=CRUISER.=--A warship of high speed, usually employed in scouting, commerce protection, and special service. They fall into various categories:--

(_a_) Armoured Cruiser, a vessel having vertical external
armour. See also “Battle-Cruiser.”

(_b_) Light Cruiser, a vessel with deck protection only; or, if
armoured, of but small size and with a thin belt.

(_c_) Unprotected Cruiser, a cruising vessel having no armour;
included in the Light Cruiser class.

=CRUISING SPEED.=--The most economical speed from the point of view of fuel consumption at which a ship can travel.

=DEMURRAGE.=--Compensation paid to the owner of a vessel when she has been detained longer than her time for unloading.

=DERELICT.=--A ship whose crew have abandoned her when at sea.

=DESTROYER.=--A large type of torpedo-boat originally intended to destroy such craft by gun-fire--now, with submarines, the chief medium for torpedo-attack.

=DEVIATION OF THE COMPASS.=--The amount of the variation of a ship’s compass from the true magnetic meridian, caused by the proximity of iron.

=DIRECTOR TOWER.=--An armoured compartment in a ship whence torpedoes are fired.

=DISPLACEMENT.=--The weight of water a ship displaces when floating.

=Normal Displacement.=--The weight of water a ship displaces
when she has her normal amount of stores, etc., on board.

=DOCK.=--A place in which a ship may be placed for repair or loading and unloading. See “Floating Dock” and “Graving Dock.”

=DOCKYARD.=--The works, etc., where ships are built or repairs can be carried out. In the Government dockyards ships are commissioned and supplied with stores, ammunition, coal, etc.

=DRAUGHT.=--The vertical distance between the lowest portion of the keel and the water line.

“=DREADNOUGHT.=”--Battleships and cruisers evoked by H.M.S. =Dreadnought=, which was the first ship to be armed with one type of big gun. “A.B.G. ships”--All-big-gun-ships.

=“DREADNOUGHT” CRUISERS.=--Cruisers derived from the principle of design of H.M.S. _Dreadnought_, now called Battle Cruisers (q.v.).

=ECHELON.=--Guns are said to be mounted =en echelon= when they are not mounted symmetrically but are placed diagonally athwart-ship.

=ENGINES.=--The reciprocating, turbine, or internal-combustion machinery for propelling vessels.

=ENSIGN.=--(Usually pronounced “ens’n.”) The flag carried by a ship as the insignia of her nationality or the nature of her duties.

=ESTIMATES.=--The annual estimate or expenditure on the Royal Navy for its administration, personnel, and for the upkeep or building of new vessels.

=FIRST LORD OF THE ADMIRALTY=--The Cabinet Minister who presides over the Board of Admiralty. See “Admiralty.”

=FIRST SEA LORD.=--The Senior =Naval Officer= serving on the Board of Admiralty.

=FLARE.=--The over-hang of the upper part of a ship’s sides beneath the forecastle. The peculiar outward and upward curve in the form of a vessel’s bow. When it hangs over she is said to have a “Flaring Bow.”

=FLEET.=--A number of vessels in company, be they war or other vessels.

=FLEET IN BEING.=--An inferior naval force, capable of action and influencing or impeding the operations of an enemy.

=FLEET RESERVE.=--Short-service men who have left continuous service, but are liable to be called upon in case of war.

=FLEET-UNIT.=--A vessel fit to form a unit in a fleet.

=FLOATING DOCK.=--An oblong floating structure in which a ship may be placed, and out of which the water may be pumped, bringing her above water-level, so that the bottom of the ship can be repaired, etc.; they have usually no motive power.

=FLOTTENVEREIN.=--The German Navy League.

=FLUSH DECK.=--A deck having neither raised nor sunken part, so that it runs continuously from stem to stern.

=FORE AND AFT.=--In the direction of a line drawn from stem to stern of a vessel--at right angles to athwartships.

=FORWARD.=--In front of--the forepart, in the vicinity of the bows of a vessel.

=GRAVING DOCK.=--A dock excavated out of the land into which entry is made from seaward.

=GUN.=--A weapon used for firing shot or shell. See “Breech-loader” and “Q.F. Gun.”

=GUNBOAT.=--A small type of slow cruiser armed with light guns, specially adapted for harbour or river service.

=GUN-COTTON.=--A high explosive used in torpedoes and submarine mines, etc.

=Wet Gun-Cotton.=--Gun-Cotton with a certain percentage of
moisture in it; it is useless as an explosive unless dry
gun-cotton is present to detonate it.

=GUNLAYER.=--A man specially qualified to train (lay) and fire a gun.

=Gunlayers’ Test.=--An annual practice carried out in
every ship to test the efficiency of the gun-layers
individually.

=GUN-POWER.=--The fighting efficiency of a ship expressed in the total weight of metal capable of being discharged in a single broadside or a specified period of time.

=HALYARD.=--A rope with which a sail, flag, or yard is hoisted.

=HARVEYISED.=--Armour made by the “Harvey” process. Now obsolete.

=HATCH, HATCHWAY.=--An opening in the deck of a ship through which persons or cargo may descend or be lowered.

=HEAVY GUN.=--Any gun greater than and including a 4-in. Q.F. or B.L.

=HOG.=--When a vessel has a tendency to droop at her ends she is said to hog.

=HORNPIPE.=--The dance once popular among the sailors of the British Navy and still sometimes performed at festive times.

=HOSPITAL SHIP.=--An auxiliary vessel specially designed for the reception of sick and wounded men; by nature of her duties and under rules of International Law she is immune from attack.

=HULL.=--The body, framework, and plating of a vessel.

=HURRICANE DECK.=--In large steamships a light upper deck extending across the vessel amidships.

=HYDRO-AEROPLANE.=--A seaplane. (q.v.)

=HYDROPLANE.=--A type of boat the flattened keel of which is so constructed that, after a certain speed has been attained, the hull rises in the water and skims lightly over the surface, thus driving forward _above_ rather than _through_ the water. The hydroplane =cannot= rise into the air and fly.

=IDLERS.=--Those, being liable to constant duty by day, who are not required to keep the night watches, such as carpenters, sail-makers, etc., also called “Daymen.”

=JACK-STAFF.=--A flagpole for flying the Union Jack, invariably at the bows of the ship.

=KEEL.=--That portion of a ship running fore and aft in the middle of a ship’s bottom.

=KEEL-PLATE.=--The lowest plate of all in the keel; this plate is the first to be laid down when building is commenced.

=KNOT.=--The unit of speed for ships. A ship is said to be going =x= knots, when she is going =x= sea (or nautical) miles in one hour. One sea mile = 6,080 ft.

N.B.--The word =knot= should never be used to indicate distance.

=KRUPP STEEL.=--Steel hardened by a special process discovered and applied at Essen.

=LABOUR.=--When a vessel pitches or strains in a heavy sea she is said to “labour.”

=LANDLOCKED.=--Sheltered on all sides by the land.

=LARBOARD.=--The old term for port. (q.v.)

=LATITUDE.=--Distance north or south of the equator, expressed in degrees.

=LAUNCH.=--To place a ship in the water for the first time.

=LAY DOWN.=--To commence building a ship.

=LEE.=--Or Leeward (pronounced Loo’ard). The side of a vessel opposite to that upon which the wind blows.

=LIGHTER.=--A powerful hull or barge with a flat bottom, used for transporting heavy goods, such as coal, ammunition, etc.

=LIST.=--A vessel is said to have a list if she heeled temporarily or permanently to one side.

=LOG.=--The instrument used to measure a vessel’s speed through the water. Also the ship’s daily journal.

=LONGITUDE.=--Distance east or west of a first meridian, expressed in degrees.

=MAGAZINE.=--The place on board ship or on shore where ammunition is stored.

=MAN.=--To place the right complement of men in a ship or boat to work her.

=MARINE.=--A soldier specially trained for sea service. “Soldier and sailor too.”

=MAST.=--The tall structure in a ship formerly for the carrying of sail, but now carrying control stations, fighting tops, and wireless telegraphy apparatus.

=MASTER.=--The Captain of a merchant vessel who holds a master’s or extra master’s certificate.

=MINE.=--A weapon of war which is placed in the sea by the enemy, and explodes on a ship striking it; or can be fired from the shore or ship by means of an electric current.

=MINEFIELD.=--A space near a harbour specially devoted to mining operations.

=MINE-LAYER.=--A ship specially fitted to lay mines out.

=MINE-SWEEPER.=--A ship whose duty it is to discover and destroy the enemy’s mines in order to leave a clear passage for friendly craft.

=MOLE.=--A stone break-water or sea-wall.

=MOOR.=--To anchor a ship with two anchors.

=MOTHER-SHIP.=--A depot ship for torpedo craft, submarines, etc., victualling and issuing stores to the crews of the vessels under her command controlled by her officers.

=MUZZLE ENERGY.=--The force which is propelling the projectile when it leaves the gun.

=MUZZLE VELOCITY.=--The speed at which a projectile is travelling when it leaves the gun.

=NAUTICAL MILE.=--One sixtieth of a degree of latitude. It varies from 6,046 ft. at the equator to 6,092 ft. in lat. 60° N. or S. The nautical mile for speed trials, generally called the Admiralty Measured Mile, = 6,080 ft., 1.151 statute miles, 1,833 metres.

=NAVIGATION.=--That branch of science which teaches the sailor to conduct his ship from place to place.

=NAVY LEAGUE, THE.=--A strictly non-party organisation formed in January, 1895, with Admiral of the Fleet, Sir G. Phipps Hornby, G.C.B., etc., as its first President, for the purpose of urging upon the Government and the electorate the paramount importance of a supreme Fleet as the best guarantee of peace.

Its agencies are employed in all parts of the Empire spreading information on matters affecting the Royal Navy.

=NUCLEUS CREW.=--The essential part of a crew of a ship such as the gun-layers, petty officers, etc. Some ships are manned by nucleus crews only, being completed to full strength in case of mobilisation. Such ships are sometimes colloquially known as “Nucoloid.”

=OAKUM.=--The substance to which old ropes are reduced when unpicked.

=OCEAN GOING DESTROYER.=--A large type of torpedo boat destroyer, specially designed for service in any wind or weather.

=ORDNANCE.=--A general term applied to guns collectively, and to the Department concerned with them.

=ORLOP DECK.=--The lowest deck in the ship.

=PAY OFF.=--To end a “Commission.”

=PENDANT OR PENNANT.=--A long, pointed flag.

=Paying-off Pennant.=--A long streamer hoisted at the mainmast
of a war vessel to denote she is “paying off.”

=POOP.=--An extra deck on the after part of a vessel.

=PORT.=--The left-hand side of the ship as you stand looking forward.

=PRIMARY (or main) ARMAMENT.=--The largest guns mounted in a ship.

=PRIZE.=--In war time, any vessel taken at sea from an enemy.

=PROJECTED.=--A ship is said to be “projected” before keel plate is actually laid.

=PROTECTIVE DECK.=--See “Armoured Deck.”

=PROW.=--The beak or pointed cutwater of a ship.

=Q.F. GUN.=--Quick-firing gun. A gun the cartridge of which is contained in a metal cylinder, as opposed to the B.L. gun.

=QUARTERS.=--A term indicating those portions of a vessel immediately on either side of her stern (q.v.). Differentiated in association with the terms “Port” or “Starboard.” “Quarters” also designates the living space for the personnel and the stations of the crew when in action.

=RAKE.=--The inclination of the mast (or funnels) from the perpendicular; the “rake” is very nearly always in a direction aft, but when the mast slants forward it is said to have a “Forward rake.”

=RAKISH.=--Having a smart or fast appearance. (Applied to ships.)

=RANGE.=--The distance in yards of the object fired at. The extreme range is the longest distance to which a projectile can be fired by any particular gun.

=RANGE-FINDER.=--An instrument used for determining ranges.

=RATE.=--The classification of a vessel for certain purposes.

=RATLINES.=--Small lines crossing the shrouds of a ship and thus forming ladders.

=REFIT.=--To place a ship in dockyard hands for overhauling her machinery, etc.

=REPAIR SHOP.=--A Fleet auxiliary (q.v.) which is fitted with a foundry, etc. on board, and can carry out minor repair work.

=RIBS.=--The timbers which form the skeleton of a ship or boat.

=RICOCHET.=--A leap or bound such as a flat piece of stone makes when thrown obliquely along the surface of the water. Generally spoken of with reference to projectiles. A “_ricochet hit_” is made when a projectile hits the enemy or target after it has first struck the water.

=RIG.=--The rig of a vessel is the manner in which her masts and sails are fitted to her hull.

=RIGGING.=--The system of ropes in a vessel whereby the masts are supported and the sails hoisted. There are two kinds of rigging, viz., standing rigging and running rigging, the latter term including all movable ropes.

=ROLL.=--The oscillation of a vessel in a heavy sea.

=SAG.=--A drooping or depression. A ship is said to sag when her centre tends to droop below the line joining her stem and stern; the opposite to hogging.

=SALVO.=--A discharge of fire from several guns simultaneously.

=SCOUT.=--A light, swift, protected cruiser specially adapted for scouting work.

=SCREENING CRUISERS.=--Cruisers separated from the battle fleet to deceive the enemy as to the Fleet’s position.

=SEAPLANE.=--The official naval designation of the Hydro-aeroplane which is a man-carrying apparatus equally capable of flight in the air and navigation on water. Also called Navyplane, Waterplane, Flying-Boat, Airboat.

=SEARCH, RIGHT OF.=--The right to search neutral vessels for the discovery of contraband.

=SECONDARY ARMAMENT.=--The guns which support the primary armament.

=SHEET.=--The rope attached to a sail so that it can be “worked” as occasion demands.

=SHROUDS.=--Strong ropes (generally wire) which support the mast laterally.

=SLIP.=--The wooden “way” on which a ship is built.

=SPEED TRIALS.=--Trials carried out periodically to test a vessel’s speed.

=SQUADRON.=--A number of ships under command of a single officer.

=STANCHION.=--An upright post supporting the deck above in a ship.

=STARBOARD.=--The right-hand side of the ship as you stand looking forward.

=STAYS.=--Strong ropes supporting spars and masts in a ship.

=STEM.=--The “nose” or “cutwater” of any ship.

=STERN.=--The aftermost part of a vessel.

=STRAKE.=--A line of planking extending the length of a vessel.

=STRATEGY.=--The disposition and handling of Squadrons or Fleets to dominate the forces of an enemy or control the time or place of an engagement. The broad disposition of naval forces.

=SUBMARINE.=--A war-vessel the chief work of which is to operate below the surface.

=SUBMERGED SPEED.=--The speed at which a submersible or submarine can travel under water.

=SUBMERSIBLE.=--A vessel which can be made to dive but which generally navigates on the surface.

=SUPERIMPOSED BARBETTES.=--Barbettes or turrets mounted behind and above other barbettes or turrets so that the guns in the first are enabled to fire over those in the second.

=SURFACE SPEED.=--The speed at which a submersible or submarine can travel when navigating on the surface.

=TACTICS.=--The handling and conduct of ships or squadrons in actual contact with an antagonist, or exercises for training for such engagements.

=TENDER.=--A vessel attached to a parent ship.

=TOP.=--A position or platform on the mast of a vessel. A fighting top in a top armed with light guns.

=TOPHAMPER.=--The upper works of the ship, such as masts, funnels, bridges, cowls, etc.

=TORPEDO.=--An engine of war which is discharged from a tube (submerged or above water) and which travels under water; it is loaded with a charge of gun-cotton which explodes on impact.

=TORPEDO-BOAT.=--A vessel specially designed for attack on larger ships by means of torpedoes.

=TORPEDO BOAT DESTROYER= (=T.B.D.=)--See “Destroyer.”

=TORPEDO-NET.=--A steel wire net which is thrown over the side of a ship and held extended by means of booms; it hangs down about 20 to 30 ft. below the surface, and acts as a defence against torpedoes.

=TORPEDO TUBE.=--A tube from which torpedoes are ejected either by means of a small charge of gunpowder or compressed air.

=TRAJECTORY.=--The line of flight of a projectile after leaving the gun.

=TROUGH.=--The hollow between two waves.

=TRUCK.=--The cap at the head of the mast or a flagstaff. It generally contains one or more holes for the reception of signal halyards.

=TURRET.=--The revolving armoured structure in which big guns are mounted, including the turn-table, ammunition hoists, etc. See “Barbette.”

=TWO-KEELS-TO-ONE-STANDARD.= The standard under which the British Fleet should be maintained at a strength, as against the next strongest Power, of two completed capital-ships to one.

=TWO-POWER STANDARD.=--The standard which indicated that the British Fleet was equal in strength to the fleets of the two next strongest Powers. This standard has been abandoned.

=WAIST.=--That portion of a ship on the upper deck between the forecastle and quarter deck.

=WATER-TUBE BOILER.=--A boiler in which the water is contained in tubes round which the hot gases circulate.

=WAY (Momentum).=--It is important to note the difference between this and the term “_weigh_,” the two being very often confounded. A vessel in motion is said to have “way” on her; and when she ceases to move to have “no way.” But a vessel under weigh in one not at anchor or secured to the shore.

=WEATHER-SIDE.=--The side on which the wind blows.

=WEEPING (or Sweating).=--Drops of water oozing through the sides of a vessel or caused by condensation on the surface of the beams, etc.

=WEIGH.=--To lift the anchor from the ground.

=WIRE-WOUND.=--All big British guns are made by winding miles of steel wire or ribbon round a tube over which the exterior tubes are afterwards shrunk.

=YARD.=--A spar suspended to a mast for the purpose of hoisting or extending a sail, or to which signal halyards can be taken.

From “The Navy League Annual,” by the courtesy of
Alan H. Burgoyne, Esq., M.P.

Netherwood, Dalton & Co., Rashcliffe, Huddersfield.

FOOTNOTES

[1] All statements as to King Alfred’s navy are taken directly from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Asser, and Florence of Worcester.

[2] An interpolated passage

[3] Wace.

[4] Guyot de Provins _ex_ Nicholas.

[5] _ex_ Nicolas.

[6] Henry VIII introduced a new form of warship in the “pinnaces,” which were, to a certain extent, analogous to the torpedo craft of to-day.

[7] Records of the Drake family.

[8] The italics are mine.--F.T.J.

[9] So far as I am aware nothing about this appears in any official account. I have no Japanese confirmation, but accounts gleaned at the time from the Russian auxiliaries--who, being foreigners had no object in lying--make it perfectly clear to my mind that the Russian admirals believed that the Japanese were astern of them till they met them at Tsushima. It is the only logical explanation of why Rodjestvensky essayed the narrow passage with his best ships, when he could equally well have gone round Japan with them unopposed, and so secured at Vladivostok that refit of which he was so much in need.

[10] It was badly weather-beaten, of course, and in sore straits on account of its lengthy voyage.

[11] In 1620 the first submarine appeared. It was invented by a Dutch physician, C. Van Drebel; and James I went for a lengthy underwater trip in a larger replica.--See _Submarine Navigation_, by Alan H. Burgoyne.

[12] In this connection, _see_ The First Dutch War, a few pages further on.

[13] It is interesting to note that this particular argument, seemingly rather hyperbolical to-day on account of railways, is so _only if the hostile ships can be kept under observation_.

[14] This practice appears to have been allowed to die out. At any rate it was re-introduced in the time of Queen Anne.

[15] Admiral Colomb (_Naval Warfare_) traced the Dutch defeat--or perhaps one should write, “lack of advantage”--mainly to the fact that the Dutch had a larger mercantile marine to protect, and merely mentions incidentally the constant complaints of Van Tromp and others to the inferiority of Dutch warships compared to English ones. But since so many of the Dutch merchantmen carried very fair armaments, and as “tactics” played no part in this war, I prefer to accept the explanation of the Dutch Admirals, none of whom assigned failures to the more obvious excuse of being hampered by convoys. Dutch contemporary accounts of this and following wars appear generally to be nearer the actual truth than English ones.

[16] Churnock, _ex_ Fincham.

[17] Charles II always had an eye for and interest in improvements in detail, and himself invented new forms of hull, which, however, did not come up to his expectations. Both he and James wore devoted to yachting and steered their own boats.

A singular defect of all the Stuarts in naval matters was their inability to appreciate the importance of the human as well as the material element. In the Cromwell régime, all the old abuses in connection with food, clothing and delayed pay, wore done away with; to re-appear, however, almost as bad as ever soon after the Restoration.

[18] ENGLISH.

Ships 62
Men 27,725
Guns 4,500
Frigates, etc. 23

DUTCH.

Ships 36
Men 12,950
Guns 2,494
Frigates, etc. 14

[19] See Crimean War in a later chapter for a revival of this.

[20] Fincham.

[21] He was Master of the fleet at Beachy Head and also at Cape La Hogue.

[22] The _Pembroke_ (sixty-four) captured by the French in 1710, in this war, had her armament reduced to fifty guns by them.

[23] This extraordinary story of a soldier saving the fleet is made all the stranger by the fact that Sir Hovenden Walker, the Admiral, was a teetotaller and a vegetarian, an almost unheard of thing in those days.

[24] Fincham.

[25] See later references to Sir William White and Sir Philip Watts.

[26] Their recklessness was such that Peter had to give orders that no Swedish ship was to be boarded unless the superior officers were killed. Swedish captains, attacked by superior forces, made a regular practice of allowing themselves to be boarded and then blowing up their ships!

[27] Colomb.

[28] For a very full and detailed account see Chapter XV. of Colomb’s _Naval Warfare_.

[29] The treasure ship was well armed and did not hesitate to engage him. Anson’s success was in some considerable measure attributable to the fact that not having enough men for the broadside firing of the period, he ordered independent firing. It was the Spanish custom to lie down as the enemy fired a broadside, then jump up and fire back. Anson’s independent firing caused much unexpected slaughter on them. This rule of “broadsides” compares interestingly with the salvo firing of the present day.

[30] See earlier reference to the same thing in Raleigh’s time.

[31] Is the well-known _Royal George_, which capsized at Spithead, in 1782.

[32] Admiral Mahan (_Influence of Sea Power upon History_, p. 286) shows how Byng’s dread of anything unconventional in the way of tactics led to the action being indecisive.

[33] Time after time, hostile ships, having had enough of it, passed away ahead and escaped, because to have pressed them would have “disorganised the line.”

[34] Our own naval manœuvres in recent years have seen more than one disaster from the change of a rendezvous.

[35] While this battle of Quiberon was in progress, people in England were burning Hawke in effigy for having allowed the French fleet to escape!

[36] This appears to be the solitary instance in French history in which a use of the fleet on English lines was ever contemplated.

[37] Admiral Mahan (_Influence of Sea Power upon History_) has quoted at length (p. 380) from French authorities to show that only the action of the captain of the _Destin_ (74), in hurrying to block the gap, prevented Rodney from getting through the line on this occasion.

[38] I draw this from Mahan (_Influence of Sea Power upon History_) (page 494). Fincham specifically mentions (p. 107) the introduction of carronades _ten_ years later.

[39] Fincham _ex_ Campbell.

[40] The fire-ship grew to be less and less of a menace owing to the improved handiness of warships.

[41] Here again see Raleigh on Elizabethan Customs.

[42] By the burning of the bulk of the ships in Toulon, the French Toulon fleet was rendered non-existent; but the state of affairs with that fleet was such that its fighting value had long been a cypher.

[43] In order to bring the enemy to action, Howe formed a detached squadron of his faster ships. Hannay (_Ships and Men_) extols him because, in this and certain other movements in the battle, he reverted to the tactics of Monk and other Commonwealth admirals, and threw aside the conventional practice of his own day.

[44] For two opposite views of this particular incident, see Admiral Mahan’s _Influence of Sea Power on the French Revolution_, and Chapter X. of Brassey, 1894.

[45] The preservation of an orderly line throughout the battle.

[46] The story of this ship going down firing, her crew crying _Vive la Republique_, is pure fiction. She surrendered after a very gallant fight, and sank with an English flag flying.

[47] Seeing that, had Howe sunk the grain convoy and then been totally destroyed himself, the Revolution would still have come to nothing from starvation, this French view of the matter is intelligible enough and also very reasonable.

[48] It was in connection with this engagement that Nelson wrote, “Had I commanded our fleet on the 14th, either the whole of the French fleet would have graced my triumph, or I should have been in a confounded scrape.” Also, commenting on Hotham’s, “We must be contented, we have done very well”--“Now, had we taken ten sail and allowed the eleventh to escape, when it had been possible to have got at her, I could never have called it well done.”

[49] _Nelson_, by J. K. Laughton.

[50] _The British Tar in Fact and Fiction._

[51] The title of “delegates” seems quaintly enough to have led Parker and his friends into trouble. The men got hold of the word as “_delicates_,” and interpreted it more or less literally as a claim to superiority.

[52] For a very interesting detailed account, see _Ships and Men_, by David Hannay.

[53] Fincham.

[54] Troude.

[55] He, at the same time, sent a private message to Nelson that if he wished to continue, he was at liberty to do so. The telescope to his blind eye was merely a little jest on Nelson’s part, and in no way disobedience of orders. Parker’s whole object in making the signal to withdraw was to intimate to Nelson that if he deemed himself defeated, he (Parker) would accept responsibility.

[56] Paul had just been murdered, and Alexander changed his policy.

[57] Compare with the similar delay of the Spanish Armada.

[58] Actually never exceeded 93,000.--_Campaign of Trafalgar._--Corbett.

[59] Six was sometimes twelve, sometimes longer periods still. The most reasonable explanation is that Napoleon’s _real_ intentions were to use the army to invade England, if luck and chance threw the opportunity in his way; but otherwise to use it only as a threat.

[60] It was here that he recorded in his diary that he went on shore on July 20th--the first time for close on two years!

[61] His orders were to go to Brest; but having been frightened by some purely mythical news of a British fleet of twenty-five sail (sent him _via_ a neutral ship), he went to Cadiz. As, had he got to Brest, he would have found Cornwallis with thirty-five ships of the line, this piece of precaution (which incidentally led to Trafalgar) saved him for a while.

[62] Rodjestvensky, seeking to inspire the Baltic fleet on its way to Tsushima, is a close modern parallel.

[63] _The British Tar in Fact and Fiction_, Commander Robinson, R.N.

[64] _Vide_ Anson’s boat’s crew in his trip up to Canton. Some captains spent a good deal of money in providing white shirts for their boat’s crews. Others indulged in purely fanciful attires.

[65] A year or two ago a famous Royal Academy picture showed a fleet of Dreadnoughts cruising at sea with the steam trial water tanks on board!

[66] To wear the smartest possible clothes on coming up for punishment was invariable routine. It was hoped that a smart appearance would mitigate the captain’s wrath.--_Vide_, _Sea Life in Nelson’s Time_, John Masefield.

[67] To this day the British bluejacket calls himself a “matlo”--a corruption of the French matelot; so this pigtail introduction theory may be correct enough.

[68] See Food, a page or so further on.

[69] The curious, who wander into the by-lanes off Queen Street, Portsea, will still find heavy iron gates in places. Inside these gates those anxious to escape the press-gangs used to take refuge.

[70] The “bounty” offered, however, was a decided inducement. Cases of bounties as high as £70 can be found.

[71] _The British Tar in Fact and Fiction._

[72] There are West Country villages to-day in which, to my own knowledge, one pound of meat a week is an outside estimate of what is eaten per head.

[73] There were those who accepted weevils in ship’s biscuits as mites in Gorgonzola cheese are accepted to-day! Unpalatable as ship’s biscuit is, there is a certain acquired taste about it. In the later nineties I have frequently seen it handed round as a species of dessert in the wardroom, every senior officer taking some and enjoying it. In the 1890 manœuvres the wardroom officers of “C fleet” did three weeks on “ships” only, in quite a casual way, though the quality even then left something to be desired.

[74] They began at 4s. a day, working up to 11s. a day after six years, and 18s. a day at twenty years’ service, which few ever reached.

[75] For extremely detailed accounts of surgery in action see _Sea Life in Nelson’s Times_, John Masefield.

[76] A form of this rule exists to-day. A man wounded in action is not now mulcted; but a man who tumbles down a hatchway and breaks his leg has to suffer “hospital stoppages,” and “pay for his own cure,” to a certain extent.

[77] Commander Robinson, R.N., in _The British Tar in Fact and Fiction_, seems to have got nearer the true picture than those who have painted things in darker and more lurid colours. He is practically the only writer upon the subject who has realised that many old yarns are capable of being discounted.

[78] It is only fair to the Hebrew race to say that “Jew” was a generic term for a special type of person who grew rich on advancing money to sailors and selling them shoddy articles at ridiculously enhanced prices. Quite a large number of them were not of the Jewish race.

[79] To-day this is flown at the bow only when a ship is at anchor.

[80] At Trafalgar, the _Victory_, as she bore down, suffered heavily from the shot that penetrated her thin forward bulkhead.

[81] _Ex_ Fincham, where the report is given in full.

[82] The mail packet service was under the Admiralty in those days.

[83] The seventy-three ton iron steamboat _Ruby_.

[84] The Lord Armstrong, founder of Elswick, etc.

[85] The italics are mine.--F.T.J.

[86] My italics. In the Germany of to-day (May, 1915), exactly the same style of argument is being advanced.

[87] c.f. the Dardanelles in May, 1915.

[88] Subsequently Sir E. J. Reed, Chief Constructor.

[89] c.f. Views expressed about Dreadnoughts, for another reason in the present year (1915).

[90] From _Naval Development of the Century_, by Sir N. Barnaby, K.C.B.

[91] The _Warrior_ now forms part of the _Vernon_ Establishment at Portsmouth.

[92] _Our Ironclad Ships_, by (Sir) E. J. Reed. Sir N. Barnaby in _Naval Development of the Century_ gives 5,470 = 14.36 knots.

[93] Apparently the first instance of the putting forward of a principle which later on profoundly affected construction.

[94] In 1863, three ironclads, the _Lord Clyde_ and _Lord Warden_, of 7,840 tons, and a small ship, the _Pallas_, 3,660 tons, were constructed with wooden hulls, in order to use up the stores of timber which had been accumulated.--See p. 70, _Our Ironclad Ships_, by Sir E. J. Reed.

[95] _Our Ironclad Ships_, by Sir E. J. Reed.

[96] The American monitors all had conning towers; but British masted battleships were without them.

[97] At a subsequent date, after he had left the Admiralty, he designed the _Independencia_ for Brazil. This ship, afterwards bought into the British Navy as the _Neptune_, was simply an enlarged _Monarch_. Probably, however, the general features of the ship were specified by the Brazilians.

[98] The _Scorpion_ and _Wivern_, built for the Confederate States and bought in 1865. The Peruvian _Huascar_ also ante-dated the _Captain_ in design. All of these were low freeboard ships. Coles had something to do with the designs of all.

[99] All the above ships had one or more tripod masts.

[100] For two of these, 12½ ton M.L.R. were afterwards substituted.

[101] Coles had projected 1,000 tons; but 500 was all that she could take.

[102] She was then rolling from 12½ to 14 degrees.

[103] The _Audacious_ herself was “modernised” in the later eighties. Her sailing rig was removed and a “military rig” substituted. Some minor changes in her lesser guns were also made.

[104] _Our Ironclad Ships_, by Sir E. J. Reed.

[105] _Ironclads in Action_, by H. W. Wilson.

[106] The _Sultan_ was built as a ship-rigged ship. In 1894–96 she was “reconstructed,” two military masts being substituted for her original rig. She was also re-engined and re-boilered by Messrs. Thompson, of Clydebank. Beyond going out for the naval manœuvres one year she did not, however, perform any service in her altered condition, and is now used as a hulk.

[107] Later on this was removed and an ordinary revolving turret, carrying _two_ 25 ton guns, substituted.

[108] About the year 1890–2 _Devastation_ and _Thunderer_ were re-boilered and re-armed with 10-inch B.L.R.

[109] c.f. Frontispiece to _Our Ironclad Ships_, E. J. Reed.

[110] _Naval and Military Gazette._

[111] She was about nine years from laying down to completion!

Index.

Aboukir, Battle of, 152, v. i

Abuses, Naval, 65, v. i

Acquitaine, 11, v. i

Admiral Bacon’s Theory, 204, v. ii

Admiral Hopkins--Earliest Advocate of Centre-Line in England, 179, v.
ii

Aerial Bombs First Provided Against, 173, v. ii

Aerial Dreadnoughts, 171, v. ii

Aerial Experiments in Austria, 228, v. ii

Aerial Guns, 226, v. ii

Aeroplanes for Naval Purposes, 226, v. ii

Agreement with the Colonies, Naval, 237, v. ii

Aircraft, Possibilities of, 95, v. i

Aircraft, Potentialities in, 228, v. i

Alexander, 162, v. i

Alexandria, 163, v. i

Alfred the Great, 1, 14, v. i

Alfred, King, 60, 73, v. i

Algiers, 59, v. i

All-Big-Gun Ship Arguments, 143, v. ii

Alterations to “Lion,” 185, v. ii

Alternative “Dreadnought” Ideal, 165, v. ii

Alva, Duke of, 48, v. i

American Colonies Revolution, 124, v. i

American Frigates, 189, v. i

Americanising of British Naval Designs, 176, v. ii

American Monitors and Conning Towers, 272, v. i

American Monitors, limitations of, 292, v. i

American Navy, 189, v. i

American War, 189, v. i

Amiens, Peace of, 163, v. i

Anson, Commodore, 109, v. i

“Answer” British, to frégates blindées, 249, v. i

Antigua, 172, v. i

Antwerp, 183, v. i

Appreciation of Barnaby, 49, v. ii

Arch Duke Charles, 98, v. i

Archers, English, 27, v. i

Armada, Defeat of, 57, v. i

Armada, Delayed, 48, v. i

Armada, Force of, 49, v. i

Armada, Indifferent Gunnery of, 50, v. i

Armada, Real History of, 57, v. i

Armament, Ratio of Size, 95, v. i

Armed Neutrality, The, 161, v. i

Armour, 204, v. ii

Armoured Cruisers Re-appear, 101, v. ii

Armour Experiments at Woolwich, 219, v. i

Armoured Forecastles, 284, v. i

Armoured Scouts, 197, v. ii

Armstrong and Percussion Shell, 227, v. i

“Army of Invasion,” 170, v. i

Articles of War, 11, v. i

Artificial Ventilation, 225, v. i

Armstrong, Guns of, 241, v. i

Artillery, Superior, 229, v. i

Assize of Arms, The, 10, v. i

Athelston, 7, v. i

Australia, Navy of, 233, v. ii

Auxiliary Navies, 231, v. ii

Battle of Trafalgar, 177, v. i

Belle Island Captured, 122, v. i

Berwick Captured by French (1795), 138, v. i

Blockade, Scientific, First Instituted, 120, v. i

Blockade Work, 165, v. i

Bomb Dropping, 226, 228, v. ii

Bombs from Airships, 228, v. ii

Bomb Vessels Introduced, 87, v. i

Bonaparte (see Napoleon), 230, v. i

Bordelais Captured, 158, v. i

Boscawen, 120, v. i

Boswell, Invention of, 107, v. i

Bounty, 200, v. i

Bounty, Given by Henry VII, 36, v. i

Bounty to Seamen, 234, v. i

Bourbon, Isle of, Captured, 185, v. i

Box-Battery Ironclads, 318, v. i

Brading, Battle of, 5, v. i

Breaking the Line, First Attempt at, 128, v. i

Breaking the Line by Rodney, 129, v. i

Breastwork Monitors, 292, 307, 308, v. i

Breech Blocks, Elementary, 320, v. i

Breechloaders, Armstrongs, 320, v. i

Brest, 157, v. i

Brest, Cornwallis off, 172, v. i

Bridport, 139, v. i

Brig Sloop of 18 Guns, 178, v. i

British Battle Fleet, 257, v. i

British Defects in the Crimean War, 234, v. i

British Empire, an English-Speaking Confederation, 241, v. ii

British Flag, 75, v. i

British and French Ideals, 249, v. i

British v. French Ships Discussed in Parliament, 37, v. i

British Guns, 232, v. i

British Merchant Ships Trade with Russia During War, 186, v. i

British Methods of Warfare, 41, v. i

British Navy, Birth of, 34, v. i

British Squadron, Defeat of, 186, v. i

British Tactics, 231, v. i

Broadside Ironclads, 257, v. i

Broke, Captain, 189, v. i

Brown, Samuel, Invents a Propeller (1825), 216, v. i

Bruat, 234, v. i

Brueys, 152, v. i

Bruix, 154, v. i

Buckingham, Duke of, 65, v. i

Bullivant Torpedo Defence, 53, v. ii

Burchett, 92, v. i

Burgoyne, Alan H., 59, v. i

Burgoyne, Captain, 288, v. i

Bushnell, David, and his Submarine, 124, v. i

Busk, Hans, 237, v. i

Busses, 11, v. i

Byng, 99, v. i

Byng, Shot, 116, v. i

Cadiz, 171, v. i

Cadiz, Collingwood off, 175, v. i

Calais, 27, 30, 33, v. i

Colder, 172, v. i

Calcutta, Recapture of (1757), 119, v. i

Calypso, 237, v. ii

Campaign of Trafalgar (Corbett), 170, v. i

Camperdown, Battle of, 150, v. i

Canada Acquired by England, 123, v. i

Canadian Dockyards, 237, v. ii

Canadian Navy, 237, v. ii

Cannon, Early, 38, v. i

Cannon, First use of, 29, v. i

Canute, 8, v. i

Cape St. Vincent, Battle of (1759), 121, v. i

“Capital Ship” Adjusts Itself, 218, v. ii

Capital Ship, Galley Replaced by Galleon, 27, v. i

Cape La Hogue, Battle of, 90, v. i

Capraja, “Queen Charlotte” blown up off (1880), 160, v. i

“Captain,” Nelson in, 142, v. i

Carronades, 129, v. i

Carronades, Part of Armament, 201, v. i

Cartagena, Vernon Fails at, 109, v. i

Catapults, 15, 30, 38, v. i

Catherine the Great, 154, v. i

Cayenne Captured, 184, v. i

Cellular Construction, 267, v. i

Central Africa, 232, v. ii

Central Battery Ironclads, 292, v. i

Centre-line, System, 179, v. ii

Cerberus, 232, v. ii

Cette, 103, v. i

Chads, Captain and Gunnery Experiments, 220, v. i

Chads, Captain, 223, v. i

Chagres Bombarded, 109, v. i

Channel Policed, 10, v. i

Channel Protected by Merchants, 33, v. i

Chappel, Captain, 215, v. i

Charles I, 65, v. i

Charles II, 81, v. i

Charles, Prince, 73, v. i

Charring, 107, v. i

Charter of Ethelred, 8, v. i

Chartres, Duke of, 126, v. i

Chateau, Renault, 96, v. i

Chatham, Earl of, 183, v. i

Christian VII, 180, v. i

Cinque Ports, 22, 29, 35, v. i

Cinque Ports Established, 10, v. i

Civil War, 75, v. i

Claxton, Captain, 215, v. i

Clive, 119, v. i

Clothing, 65, v. i

Clydebank, 188, v. ii

Coal, Larger Store of, Affects

Construction, 263, v. i

Coal Stores, 185, v. ii

“Coastals,” 199, v. ii

“Coastal Destroyers,” 199, v. ii

Coast Defence Ironclads, 199, v. ii

Coat of Mail Idea, 249, v. i

Cockpit, Horrors of, 204, v. i

Cochrane, Lord, and Fire Ships, 183, v. i

Cochrane Opposes Vote of Thanks to Lord Gambier, 183, v. i

Code of Naval Discipline, 12, v. i

Colonials and Local Defence, 237, v. ii

Colour Experiments, 89, v. ii

Command of the Sea (First Appearance of), 75, v. i

Commerce Defence, 75, v. i

Commission, Report of (1806), 187, v. i

Compass, 12, v. i

Coles, Captain Cowper, 272, v. i

Coles, Captain, 280, v. i

Coles, 275, v. i

Coles, Captain, 284, v. i

Collingwood Incompetent, 202, v. i

Collingwood, Resignation of, 148, v. i

Colomb, Admiral, Quoted, 53, v. i

Communication Tube, First for

Conning Tower, 318, v. i

Conflict Between Steam and Gas Engines, 201, v. ii

Congreve Rocket, 236, v. i

Conning Towers in American Monitors, 272, v. i

Constantinople Bombarded, 179, v. i

Continuous Service, 251, v. ii

Contractors, Unscrupulous, 65, v. i

Contemporary Art, 195, v. i

Contraband of War, 161, v. i

Contract-Built Ships First Advocated, 280, v. i

Controller of the Navy and Constructor, Disputes Between, 258, v. i

Converted Ironclads, 257, 258, v. i

Convoys, 92, v. i

Cook, Captain, 115, v. i

Copper Bottoms, 123, v. i

Copper Bottoms, Rapid Deterioration of, 129, v. i

Copenhagen, 161, v. i

Cornwall, Captain, 108, v. i

Cornwallis off Brest, 172, v. i

Cornwallis, 139, v. i

Corsairs, 91, 102, v. i

Cost per Gun for Sailing Man-of-War, 238, v. i

Cost per Gun for Steamers, 238, v. i

Cotton, Sir Charles, 184, v. i

Crimean War, British Defects in, 237, v. i

Crimean War, the British Navy in: Little Better than a Paper Force,
228, v. i

Cromwell, 73, v. i

Cronstadt, 226, v. i

Cross Raiding, 75, v. i

Cruisers of the Super-Dreadnought Era, 188, v. ii

Crusaders, 10, v. i

“Conditional” Ships, 174, v. ii

Cost of Oak, 132, v. i

Cost per Gun for Early Ironclads, 238, v. i

Cumberland, Inventor of Stoving, 107, v. i

Cuniberti, 179, v. ii

Cuniberti’s Conception of All Big-Gun ships, 139, v. ii

Curtis, Captain of the Fleet, 136, v. i

Curtiss Aeroplane, 226, v. ii

Curtiss Turbines, 196, v. ii

Cutting Out Expeditions Instituted, 41, v. i

Daedalus, 221, v. ii

“Dandy” Captains, 195, v. i

“Dandy” Sailors, 195, v. i

Danes, 1, v. i

Danish Fleet Surrendered, 162, v. i

Danish Ships Hired, 5, v. i

Darien, 108, v. i

Dawkins, Captain, 299, v. i

Dean, Sir Anthony, 94, v. i

Dean, Sir John, 94, v. i

Decline of the Navy, 43, v. i

De Conflans, 121, v. i

Defects of the échelon System, 179, v. ii

Defects of the “Royal Sovereigns,” 69, v. ii

De la Clue, 120, v. i

Delegates of Mutineers, 147, v. i

“Democracy on the Quarter Deck,” 257, v. ii

De Pontis, 102, v. i

De Witt, 79, v. i

Deptford Yard, 107, v. i

De Ruyter, 85, v. i

D’Estaing, 126, v. i

D’Estrees, 85, v. i

Descharges, Inventor of Portholes, 38, v. i

Destroyer Attack Bound to Succeed, 195, v. ii

Destroyers in the Dreadnought Era, 199, v. ii

De Tourville, 90, v. i

Devastation idea evolved, 232, v. ii

Devonport Yard, 191, v. ii

Dibden (ref.), 34, v. i

Diesel Engine, 201, v. ii

Dirigibles, 222, v. ii

Discipline, 20, v. i; 258, v. ii

Discipline, Jervis Idea of, 141, v. i

Discipline, Lack of, in time of Charles I, 66, v. i

Disputes Between the Controller of the Navy and Constructor, 258, v. i

Doctors, Naval, 256, v. ii

Dominion of Canada, 234, v. ii

D’Orvilliers, 125, v. i

Double Bottoms, 267, v. i

Dover, 219, v. i

Downs, Battle in (1639), 76, v. i

Drake, Character of, 48, v. i

Drake, Sir Francis, 47, v. i

Drake, Methods of, 48, v. i; 259, v. ii

Dreadnought (analogy), 69, v. i

Dreadnought, first idea of, 164, v. ii

Dromons, 33, v. i

Dropping Bombs, 226, v. ii

Dry Dock, First, 35, v. i

Dubourdieu, 186, v. i

Du Casse, 97, v. i

Ducas, 234, v. i

Duchess of Bedford and Uniform, 194, v. i

Ducking, 12, v. i

Duckworth, Sir John, 179, v. i

Duguay-Trouin, 92, 177, v. i

Dumanoir, 177, v. i

Duncan, 147, v. i

Dundonald, Earl of (Cochrane), 216, v. i

Dutch Fleet Captured by Anglo-Russian Force, 159, v. i

Dutch War, First, 75, v. i

Dutch War, Second, 81, v. i

Dutch War, Third, 83, v. i

Eagle attacked by Submarine, 124, v. i

Earliest Advocate of the centre-line in England, Admiral Hopkins,
179, v. ii

Early Aerial Ideas, 218, v. ii

Early Wire Guns, 247, v. i

Economists Limit Lint and Sponges, 207, v. i

Economists on Shore, 201, v. i

Economy, 36, 114, v. i

Economy in Construction, 97, v. i

Edgar, 7, v. i

Edmund, 7, v. i

Edward I, 22, v. i

Edward II, 23, v. i

Edward III, 23, v. i

Edward IV, 33, v. i

Edward the Confessor, 8, v. i

Effects of Shell Fire, 219, v. i

Egyptian Government, 232, v. ii

Electro, 219, v. i

Elementary Quickfirers, 243, v. i

Elizabeth, 73, v. i

Elizabeth, First Acts of, 44, v. i

Elizabethan Fleet, 73, v. i

Elphinstone, Captain in Russian Navy, 154, v. i

Elswick, 227, v. i; 232, v. ii

End-on Fire, 176, v. ii

End-on Idea, 179, v. ii

End of the White Era, 116, v. ii

Engineer Agitation, 247, v. ii

Engines of “Glatton” built in Royal Dockyard, 311, v. i

England, Austria, and Sweden at war, 180, v. i

“Equal Efficiency,” 215, v. ii

Ericsson, 272, v. i

Ericsson Patents Propeller (1836), 216, v. i

Espagnols-sur-Mer, Les, 29, v. i

Ethelred’s Navy, 8, v. i

Excellence of the “Warrior” Class, 121, v. ii

Experiments, Gunnery, 219, v. i

Experiments to Improve Sailing Ships, 211, v. i

“Explosion” Vessels, 182, v. i

Eustace the Monk, 21, v. i

Feeding of Men During Great War, 200, v. i

Ferrol, 96, 172, v. i

Fight--Shannon (British) v. Chesapeake (U.S.), 189, v. i

Finisterre, 172, v. i

Finisterre, Rodney off, 127, v. i

Fire, Raking, 211, v. i

Fire Ships, 54, 84, 182, v. i

Fire Ships, Decline of, 131, v. i

Fireworks, Use of, 69, v. i

First English Over-Sea Voyage, 11, v. i

First of June, Battle of, 135, v. i

First Ship of Royal Navy, 35, v. i

Fisher, Admiral Lord, 247, v. ii

Flag, Neutral, 161, v. i

Fleet Decoyed Away, 172, v. i

Fleet Saved by a Military Officer, 103, v. i

Fleet of Richard I, 10, v. i

Floating Batteries, First Use of, 130, v. i

Florida Acquired by England, 123, v. i

Flotilla, 163, v. i

Flotilla Invasion, 166, v. i

Flushing Blockaded, 183, v. i

Food, 65, v. i; 254, v. ii

Forecastle, Armoured, 284, v. i

Forecastles on Turret Ships, 284, v. i

Fort, S. Phillip, 116, v. i

Frames, Trussed, Introduced, 210, v. i

France, Why Beaten in Great War, 233, v. i

France, War with, 37, 113, v. i

Frégates Blindées, 247, 250, v. i

French Fleet in Crimean War, 230, v. i

French and British Ideals, 253, v. i

French Warships, Superb Qualities of, 92, v. i

French Fleet Superior to British, 193, v. i

French Floating Batteries, 225, v. i

French Revolution, 132, v. i

Freya, Danish Frigate, Captured, 159, v. i

Frisians, 5, v. i

“Fulton” Driven by steam Paddle, 193, v. i

Future Fights, 215, v. ii

“Galatea” Fitted with Paddles, 213, v. i

Galleon as Dreadnought of the 14th Century, 27, v. i

Galley, Replaced as Capital Ship, 27, v. i

Gambier, Admiral, 179, v. i

Gambier, Lack of Energy of, 182, v. i

Gambier, Lord, Acquitted, 183, v. i

Gambier, Lord, Vote of Thanks to Opposed by Cochrane, 183, v. i

Gambling, Punishment for, 12, v. i

Ganteaume, 163, v. i

Ganteaume, Admiral Escapes from Rochefort, 181, v. i

Garay, Inventor of Steamship, (1543), 214, v. i

Genereux Captured by Nelson, 160, v. i

Genius of Famous Admirals, 216, v. ii

Genoa, Hotham’s Battle of, 138, v. i

Gentlemen Adventurers, 45, v. i

George I, 104, v. i

George II, 107, v. i