Chapter II

Effects of Failure of Assault on Health--General order of Lord
Raglan--Death of Lord Raglan--His Character--Orders of General
Simpson, successor to Lord Raglan--Personal Qualifications of
General Simpson to command the Army--Confirmation as
Commander-in-chief by the Queen--Other Appointments.

Immediately after the failure of the assault, Sir George Brown, Generals Pennefather, Codrington, Buller, and Estcourt, were obliged to take to their beds, to seek change of air, or to sail for England. Lord Raglan was affected. It was observed by his staff that the failure had "affected his health;" and an officer, writing home to his friends, on the 23rd of June, remarked, "he (Lord Raglan) looks far from well, and has grown very much aged latterly."

General Estcourt, Adjutant-General of the Army, died on the morning of the 24th of June, after three days' illness.

On the 28th Lord Raglan published the following order:--

"The Field-Marshal has the satisfaction of publishing to the army
the following extract from a telegraphic despatch from Lord
Panmure, dated the 22nd of June.

"'I have Her Majesty's commands to express her grief that so much
bravery should not have been rewarded with merited success, and to
assure her brave troops that Her Majesty's confidence in them is
entire.'"

Within a very few hours after the appearance of this order, the electric telegraph brought the startling intelligence to the head-quarters of the various divisions that the Field-Marshal was dead.

On Tuesday evening, after his usual devotion to the desk, he was seized with symptoms of a choleraic character, and took to his bed, where he died on the night of the following Thursday. Lord Raglan possessed qualities which, if not those of a great general, were calculated to obtain for the English army more consideration than that to which it was entitled by its numerical strength. Although he was frequently obliged to give way to their councils, in opposition to his declared convictions, his calmness in the field--his dignity of manner--his imperturbable equanimity--exercised their legitimate influence over the generals of the French army.

That Lord Raglan was an accomplished gentleman, as brave a soldier as ever drew a sword, an amiable, honourable man, zealous for the public service, of the most unswerving truth, devoted to his duty and to his profession, cannot be denied; but he appears to me to have been a man of strong prejudices and of weak resolution, cold to those whom, like Omar Pasha, he considered "vulgar," coerced without difficulty by the influence of a stronger will, and apt to depend upon those around him where he should have used his own eyes. There was something of the old heroic type in his character, which would have compensated for even graver defects, if their results had not been, in many instances, so unfortunate for our arms; his death on a foreign soil whilst in command of an English army touched the hearts of his countrymen.

The following General Orders were issued next day:--

"HEAD-QUARTERS BEFORE SEBASTOPOL, _June 29_.

"No. 1. It becomes my most painful duty to announce to the army the
death of its beloved commander, Field-Marshal Lord Raglan, G.C.B.,
which melancholy event took place last night about nine o'clock.

"No. 2. In the absence of Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, the
command of the troops devolves on me, as the next senior officer
present, until further orders are received from England.

"No. 3. Generals of Divisions and heads of departments will be
pleased to conduct their respective duties as heretofore.

"J. SIMPSON, Lieutenant-General."

[Sidenote: QUEEN APPOINTS GENERAL SIMPSON COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.]

General Simpson was destitute of those acquirements and personal characteristics which in Lord Raglan compensated for a certain apathy and marble calmness. He was a veteran who had seen a year's service in the Peninsula in 1812-13, and in the campaign of 1815, and who thirty years afterwards held the post of Quartermaster-General to Sir C. Napier, in his Indian war of 1845. Lord Raglan had, at all events, by the dignity of his personal character, secured a position for the troops he commanded to which they were not numerically entitled; but no one can say by what sacrifices that position was maintained till the battle of Inkerman forced us to abandon it. It was believed at the time, and it is now notorious, that General Simpson opposed his own appointment, and bore testimony to his own incapacity; but the Government--or Lord Hardinge and Lord Panmure--insisted, and General Simpson became Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. Writing at the time respecting our future General I said:--

"Rumours prevail that a new Commander-in-Chief is to come out from
England. Whether this be true I have not yet learnt, but it is to
be hoped that the Peninsula and Waterloo, at twenty-three or
twenty-four years of age, will not be the only qualification. It
seems to all here that the best school for Sebastopol is Sebastopol
itself, and that a man who has been six months in the Crimea is
more likely to be an efficient general than any one who may be sent
out in reliance upon vague reminiscences of campaigns in the field
forty years ago. It takes some little time to gain an acquaintance
even with the ground, and as autumn is drawing on there is no need
for delay. The only reason that can be conceived for sending out a
general from England is that some man of European reputation may be
appointed, who may give a _status_ to the British army beyond what
its present numbers are calculated to obtain for it in the eyes of
the world. There is no doubt that Lord Raglan did this. His rank,
his high character, his manners, his superiority to petty
jealousies, and his abstinence from petty intrigues, commanded the
respect of even those who were disposed to question his capacity
and energy. If this war be prosecuted for any length of time, and
England is not prepared to embark more fully in the struggle with
men as well as money, there is some danger that the British Army
will be looked upon as a mere contingent. A general of established
reputation may add a lustre to the British name, but, after all,
the best reliance is upon skill and energy, and there are many men
at present before Sebastopol upon whom the command might devolve
with satisfaction to the army, and with a reasonable hope of a
creditable performance of the duties of the post."

On the 21st of July, General Simpson published the following order:--

"General Simpson announces to the army that he has had the honour
to receive from her Majesty the Queen the appointment of
Commander-in-Chief of the Army in the Crimea.

"The Lieutenant-General, though deeply impressed with the
responsibility of the position in which he is placed, is most proud
of the high and distinguished honour, and of the confidence thus
reposed in him by his Sovereign.

"It will be the Lieutenant-General's duty to endeavour to follow in
the steps of his great predecessor, and he feels confident of the
support of the generals, and of the officers and soldiers, in
maintaining unimpaired the honour and discipline of this noble
army.

(Signed) "JAMES SIMPSON, "Lieutenant-General Commanding."

The personal Staff of his Excellency consisted of Captain Colville, Rifle Brigade; Captain Lindsay, Scots Fusileer Guards; Major Dowbiggen, 4th Foot (appointed by electric telegraph). Lieut.-Colonel Stephenson was appointed Military Secretary, although Colonel Steele remained at head-quarters; and Colonel Pakenham was confirmed as Adjutant-General, at the request of Lord Raglan, in the last despatch he ever penned.

On the 21st, Captain Lushington, who had been promoted to the rank of Admiral, was relieved in the command of the Naval Brigade by Captain the Hon. H. Keppel. Commissary-General Filder, at the same date, returned home on the recommendation of a Medical Board.

[Sidenote: RELINQUISHMENT OF A FAVOURABLE POSITION.]