Chapter III: Part 3

(5) _Phyciodes camillus_ Edwards, Plate XXIII, Fig. 2, ♂, _under side_ (The Camillus Crescent).

Resembling _P. pratensis_, but the pale spots on fore wings paler, and on hind wings brighter fulvous. Below the dark markings not nearly so pronounced as in _P. pratensis_. Expanse 1.3-1.6 inch.

Ranges from British Columbia to Colorado and Kansas and south into Texas.

(6) _Phyciodes picta_ Edwards, Plate XXIII, Fig. 3, ♀, _under side_ (The Painted Crescent).

Below fore wings red on median area, with base, costa, apex, and outer margin pale yellow. The dark spots on this wing stand out prominently. Hind wings nearly uniformly bright yellow. Expanse 0.8-1.25 inch.

Ranges from Nebraska as far as Mexico. The larvæ feed on asters.

GENUS ERESIA DOUBLEDAY

Closely allied to _Phyciodes_, but distinguished from it by having the fore wing more or less deeply excavated on the outer margin about its middle, and the light spots on the hind wings arranged in regular bands. There are also differences in the form of the chrysalids and caterpillars. The genus is best represented in Central and South America, where there are many very beautiful species. Only three occur in our region. We have figured two of these.

(1) _Eresia frisia_ (Poey), Plate XXIII, Fig. 4, ♂ (Poey’s Crescent).

Our figure of the upper side will enable any one to recognize it. Below the wings are fulvous, mottled with dark brown and white, and the spots of the upper side reappear as white bands and markings. Expanse 1.4-1.5 inch.

Occurs in the extreme south of Florida about Key West, and is not uncommon in the Antilles, Mexico, and Central America.

(2) _Eresia texana_ (Edwards), Plate XXIV, Fig. 1, ♀ (The Texan Crescent).

Well represented in our illustration. Below the fore wings are fulvous at base, and broadly marked with dark brown beyond the middle. Hind wings at base marbled wood-brown, and dark externally like the fore wings. The light spots of upper side reappear on lower side, but not so distinctly. Expanse 1.25-1.75 inch.

Ranges through Texas into Mexico, and South America. The genus _Eresia_ is undoubtedly one of those which originated in the warm neotropical regions and which since the glacial epoch have spread northward. Many of our genera have come to us from the South.

GENUS SYNCHLOE BOISDUVAL (THE PATCH-SPOTS).

Medium-sized or small _butterflies_, often very gayly colored. Wings generally more produced than in the two foregoing genera, more excavated on outer margin of primaries, and third joint of palpus spindle-shaped, not sharp like the point of a needle, as in _Phyciodes_ and _Eresia_. The lower discocellular vein in the fore wing is straight and not angled, as in the two last-named genera. _Eggs_, which are laid in clusters upon sunflowers (_Helianthus_), like those of _Phyciodes_ in general appearance; the _caterpillars_ and _chrysalids_ like those of _Melitæa_. There are many species of the group found in the American tropics, and among them are many curious mimetic insects, which resemble miniature Heliconians and Ithomiids. Three species occur in our southland, one of which we figure.

(1) _Synchloë janais_ (Drury), Plate XXIV, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Crimson-patch).

The upper side of a small male specimen is well shown in our figure. Below the markings of the upper side are reproduced in the fore wings. Hind wings on this side black at base and on outer third. The basal area crossed by a yellow bar, on middle of wing a broad yellow band, washed externally with crimson, in which are numerous black spots. There is a marginal row of yellow, and a limbal row of white spots parallel to the outer border. Expanse 2.50-3.00 inches.

Ranges through southern Texas, Mexico, and Central America.

GENUS GRAPTA KIRBY (THE ANGLE-WINGS).

Medium-sized or small _butterflies_; fore wing strongly acuminate at end of upper radial, deeply excavated on outer and inner border; hind wing tailed at end of third median nervule; cells on both wings closed; palpi heavily scaled beneath. Upper side of wings tawny, spotted with darker, under side mimicking the color of bark and dead leaves, often with a silvery spot about middle of hind wing. The butterflies hibernate in winter. _Eggs_ taller than broad, tapering toward top, which is flat, adorned with a few longitudinal ribs, increasing in height upward, laid in clusters, or strung together, then looking like beads. _Larva_ with squarish head; body cylindrical, adorned with branching spines. _Chrysalids_ with head bifid; prominent tubercle on back of thorax; two rows of dorsal tubercles on abdomen; compressed laterally in thoracic region; color wood-brown or greenish. The caterpillars feed upon plants of the nettle tribe, including the elm and hops, though willows, azalea, and wild currants are affected by different species.

The genus is confined to the northern temperate zone. We have about a dozen species in America, of which five have been selected for illustration.

(1) _Grapta interrogationis_ (Fabricius), form _fabricii_ Edwards, Plate XXV, ♂ (The Question-sign).

The largest species of the genus in our fauna. Dimorphic, the upper sides of the hind wings in the form _fabricii_ being fulvous with dark markings, those of the form _umbrosa_ Lintner being uniformly dark, except at base. In the Middle States double-brooded. The second brood hibernates in the winged form. Expanse 2.50 inches.

Found throughout Canada and the United States, except on the Pacific Coast.

(2) _Grapta comma_ (Harris), form _dryas_ Edwards, Plate XXVI, ♂ (The Comma Butterfly).

Larvæ feed on nettles; some are almost snow-white. The species is dimorphic. In the form _dryas_ Edwards the hind wings are dark above, in the form _harrisi_ Edwards they are lighter in color. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches.

The range is much the same as that of the Question-mark.

(3) _Grapta faunus_ Edwards, Plate XXVII, ♀ (The Faun).

Readily recognized by the deep indentations of the hind wings, the heavy black border, and the dark tints of the under side mottled conspicuously with paler shades. Expanse 2.00-2.15 inches. The larva feeds on willows.

Ranges from New England and Ontario to the Carolinas, thence westward to the Pacific.

As I have remarked of the genus _Argynnis_ that it is difficult, so also I may say of the genus _Grapta_ that it provokes much discussion among those who have not had the opportunity to study full series of specimens of the various species. The resemblances are very great, and the differences are not accentuated, so that the superficial observer is easily led astray. The differences are, however, valid, even on the upper side of the specimens, which are more nearly alike than the lower side. Take the two species here presented to view on opposite pages. They resemble each other closely, but the student will soon see that there are differences, and these are constant. On the under side they are very great, _G. faunus_ being light in color below, while _G. silenus_ is very dark. In both species at the end of the cell of the hind wing there is on the under side a silvery spot which has the form of an inverted L (⅂), or is rudely comma-shaped.

(4) _Grapta silenus_ Edwards, Plate XXVIII, ♂, _Type_ (The Toper).

Wings in form very much like those of _G. faunus_, but the fore wing not as strongly produced at the ends of the upper radial, and the hind wing at the end of the first submedian. The wings are much darker below than in _faunus_, without large pale spots, at most sprinkled with white scales. Expanse 2.00-2.30 inches.

Occurs in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.

The life history of this species is not as yet known. It is highly probable that the insect has the same tastes as the other species of the genus, and lives upon much the same food-plants. The late W. G. Wright, who was a careful observer, states that the butterfly haunts partially wooded places upon hillsides in the region where it is found. It is to be hoped that some bright young person in Oregon or Washington may succeed in breeding the larvæ to maturity, giving us an account of his observations. It is a mistake to suppose that everything which is worth knowing is already known about our lepidoptera. There is much for the students of the future to find out.

(5) _Grapta progne_ (Cramer), Plate XXIX, ♂ (The Currant Angle-wing).

Somewhat smaller than any of the foregoing species. Fore wings light fulvous shading into yellow outwardly. The dark markings are smaller than in the other species, but pronounced and clearly defined. Wings below very dark, sprinkled with lighter scales. Expanse 1.85-2.00 inches.

The larva feeds upon all kinds of plants belonging to the currant family.

Ranges from Siberia to Nova Scotia, thence south to the latitude of Pennsylvania.

GENUS VANESSA FABRICIUS

(THE TORTOISE-SHELLS).

_Butterflies_ of medium size. Eyes hairy; palpi somewhat heavily scaled; cell of fore wings may or may not be closed, that of hind wing always open. Fore wings more or less excavated about middle and somewhat produced at ends of upper radial and first median, but not so strongly as in _Grapta_. Hind wings, with outer margin toothed at ends of veins and strongly produced at end of third median nervule. _Eggs_ short, ovoid, tapering above, and having a few narrow longitudinal ribs, which increase in depth upward; laid in large clusters. _Caterpillars_ when mature, cylindrical, with longitudinal rows of branching spines. Feeding upon elms, willows, and poplars. _Chrysalis_ not unlike that of _Grapta_.

The genus is restricted to the north temperate zone and the colder mountain regions of subtropical lands. The butterflies hibernate, and are among the first to be seen in the springtime.

(1) _Vanessa antiopa_ (Linnæus), Plate XXX, ♀ (The Mourning Cloak, The Camberwell Beauty).

This familiar insect needs no description. It occurs everywhere in the north temperate zone. Eggs laid in large masses on willows, poplars, and elms. There are two broods in the Middle States, the second hibernating under eaves and in hollow trees. Expanse 2.75-3.25 inches.

There is a rare variety of this insect in which the yellow border becomes broad, reaching the middle of the wings. Only two or three such “sports” are known, one in the possession of the author. There are some collectors who set great store by such “freaks” or “aberrations,” as they are called.

(2) _Vanessa j-album_ Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XXXI, ♂ (The Compton Tortoise).

No description is necessary as our figure will enable it to be immediately recognized. A close ally of the European _Vanessa vau-album_. Expanse 2.60-2.75 inches.

Larva feeds upon willows. Confined to the northern parts of the country, only occurring in Pennsylvania upon the summits of the higher mountains, and ranging thence to Labrador in the east and to Alaska in the northwest.

(3) _Vanessa milberti_ Godart, Plate XXXII, ♀ (Milbert’s Tortoise-shell).

Easily distinguished by the broad yellow submarginal band on both wings, shaded outwardly by red. Expanse 1.75 inch. The larva feeds upon nettles (_Urtica_).

Found at high elevations in the Appalachian highlands, ranging northward to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, thence westward to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast, its distribution being determined by temperature and the presence of its food-plant, though its distribution seems to be more dependent upon climate than upon food, as nettles abound in the Southern States, where the insect is never found.

In addition to the three species of _Vanessa_, which we have figured upon our plates, it should be mentioned that there is a very pretty species, known as _Vanessa californica_, which occurs upon the Pacific Coast. It somewhat closely resembles the European _Vanessa urticæ_. In southern California it is only found upon the mountains, but about Vancouver and elsewhere in British Columbia it occurs at sea-level. It is a pugnacious little thing, and fights at sight any other butterfly which comes near. The food-plant of the larva is _Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_. W. G. Wright informs us that the butterfly in the spring delights to feed upon the gum of _Abies concolor_, when it is still fluid.

GENUS PYRAMEIS DOUBLEDAY

(THE RED ADMIRAL AND PAINTED LADIES).

The _butterflies_ of this are like those of the last genus in the structure of their wings, except that the hind wings are not angulate, and below the hind wings are generally marked with eye-like spots. _Egg_ ovoid, closely resembling that of _Vanessa_. Larva like that of _Vanessa_, but spines relatively not so large and not so distinctly branching. Form of _chrysalis_ very like that of _Vanessa_. The genus includes comparatively few species, but most have a very wide range, _Pyrameis cardui_ being almost cosmopolitan in its distribution, having a wider range than that of any other butterfly.

(1) _Pyrameis atalanta_ (Linnæus), Plate XXXIII, ♀ (The Red Admiral).

This familiar butterfly is found throughout temperate North America, Europe, northern Africa, and temperate Asia. Expanse 2.00-2.50 inches.

Larva feeds on the leaves of hop vines, on nettles, and _Bœhmeria_.

(2) _Pyrameis huntera_ (Fabricius), Plate XXXIV, ♂ (Hunter’s Butterfly).

Marked much like _P. cardui_, but easily discriminated from it by the two large eye-like spots on the under side of the hind wings. Expanse 2.00 inches.

Caterpillar feeds on cud-weed (_Gnaphalium_) and _Antennaria_. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Mexico and Central America, being comparatively rare in California, but more abundant east of the Sierras.

We all know Hunter’s Butterfly. How many know that its name commemorates that of a most remarkable American, John Dunn Hunter? Captured by the Indians in his infancy, he never knew who his parents were. He was brought up among the savages. Because of his prowess in the chase they called him “The Hunter.” Later in life he took the name of John Dunn, a man who had been kind to him. He grew up as an Indian, but after he had taken his first scalp he forsook the red men, no longer able to join them in their bloody schemes. He went to Europe, amassed a competence, became the friend of artists, men of letters, and scientists. He was a prime favorite with the English nobility and with the King of England. He interested himself in securing natural history collections from America for certain of his acquaintances, and Fabricius named the beautiful insect shown on our plate in his honor. His _Memoirs of Captivity Among the Indians_ are well worth reading. In that charming book, _Coke of Norfolk and His Friends_, which recently has been published, there are some most interesting reminiscences of this American gentleman, for gentleman he was, although reared by savages. The presumption is established that his unknown progenitors were gentlefolk. “Blood will tell.”

(3) _Pyrameis cardui_ (Linnæus), Plate XXXV, ♀ (The Painted Lady; The Thistle Butterfly).

Easily distinguished from the preceding by the numerous and much smaller eye-spots forming a band on the under side of the hind wings. Expanse 2.00-2.25 inches.

Found all over the world, except in the tropical jungles of equatorial lands.

The caterpillars feed on various species of thistles, nettles, and marshmallows.

GENUS JUNONIA HÜBNER

(PEACOCK BUTTERFLIES).

Medium-sized _butterflies_ with eye-spots on upper side of wings. Neuration almost exactly like that of the genus _Pyrameis_, save for the fact that the cell of the fore wing is usually, and of the hind wing always, open. _Egg_ broader than high, flattened on top and adorned by ten very narrow and low vertical ribs. _Caterpillars_ cylindrical, longitudinally striped, and with several rows of branching spines. _Chrysalis_ arched on back, curved inwardly in front, and somewhat bifid at head, with the two projections rounded.

There are a score of species, most of which are found in the tropics of the Old World. Three occur in our region, two of which are found in the extreme south. The one which is common we have figured.

(1) _Junonia cœnia_ Hübner, Plate XXXVI, ♂ (The Buckeye).

The spots of the upper side reappear on the lower side, but are much smaller, especially on the hind wings. Expanse 2.00-2.25 inches.

The larva feeds most commonly on plantains (_Plantago_), snapdragons (_Antirrhinum_), and _Gerardia_.

Very common in the Southern States, ranging as far north as New England, west to the Pacific, and south into South America.

GENUS ANARTIA DOUBLEDAY.

Medium-sized butterflies, having a weak, hovering flight, and keeping near the ground. Palpi have the second joint thick, the third joint tapering, lightly clothed with scales. Fore wings rounded at apex, the outer and inner margins lightly excavated, cell closed by a feeble lower discocellular, which often is wanting, thus leaving the cell open. Outer margin of hind wings sinuous, produced at end of third median nervule, cell open. First and second subcostal nervules in fore wing fuse with costal.

There are four species of this genus, one of which occurs in the United States, the rest being found in tropical America.

(1) _Anartia jatrophæ_ (Linnæus), Plate XXXVII, ♂ (The White Peacock).

The figure we give will readily serve to identify this insect, which occurs in Florida and Texas, and ranges thence southward to Argentina. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches.

GENUS EUNICA HÜBNER

(THE VIOLET-WINGS).

Rather small butterflies. Antennæ long and slender, with enlarged club, having two grooves. Third joint of palpi of female longer than that of male. The fore wing has the costal and median vein enlarged and swollen at the base. The upper discocellular vein is wanting, the cell is lightly closed. The hind wing is rounded, with its outer margin entire.

The species of the genus have the upper side of the wings dark brown or black glossed with violet, blue, or purple. Below the wings are very beautifully marked. There are about seventy species which have been described, all of them from the American tropics, two of which, however, come within our borders, _Eunica tatila_, occurring in Florida, and the following:

(1) _Eunica monima_ (Cramer), Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (The Dingy Purple-wing).

This obscure little butterfly represents its genus in Texas and Florida, and gives but a faint idea of the beauty of many of its congeners. It ranges southward and is common in Mexico and the Greater Antilles. Expanse 1.35-1.50 inch.

GENUS CYSTINEURA BOISDUVAL

(THE BAG-VEINS).

Small, delicate butterflies with elongated fore wings, having the costal vein much swollen near the base, somewhat as in the _Satyrinæ_. The upper discocellular is lacking in the fore wing, and the cell is feebly closed. Outer margin of the hind wing feebly crenulate; cell open; the two radials spring from a common point.

A number of species and local races have been described.

(1) _Cystineura amymone_ Ménétries, Plate XXXIX, ♂ (The Texas Bag-vein).

On the under side the gray markings of the upper side are replaced by yellow, and on the hind wings there is a transverse white band near the base and an incomplete row of white spots on the limbal area. Expanse 1.50 inch.

Ranges from Kansas southward through Texas into Central America.

GENUS CALLICORE HÜBNER

(THE LEOPARD-SPOTS).

Small butterflies; the upper side of the wings dark in color marked with bands of metallic blue or silvery green, the lower side more or less brilliantly colored, the fore wings of some shade of crimson or yellow, banded near the apex, the hind wings silvery white or some pale tint, with circular bands of black enclosing round or pear-shaped black spots.

There are about thirty-five species of the genus thus far known, all of which are found south of our limits, except the one we figure.

(1) _Callicore clymena_ Hübner, Plate XL, Fig. 1, ♂, _upper side_; Fig. 2, ♀, _under side_ (The Leopard-spot).

Found in Florida, but though quite common farther south, appears to be rather local and rare in the peninsula. Expanse 1.75 inch.

GENUS TIMETES BOISDUVAL (THE DAGGER-WINGS).

Medium-sized butterflies. Palpi moderately long, thickly clothed with scales, the last joint pointed. Fore wing usually somewhat falcate at apex, deeply excavated on outer margin; hind wing greatly produced at the end of the third median nervule, the wings being tailed in such a way as to make them resemble some species of _Papilio_. There is also a prolongation of the outer margin of the wing between the extremity of the submedian vein and the first median nervule. On the upper side the wings are generally dark in color, often marked with transverse bands and lines; on the lower side they are light in color, with pronounced darker bands.

Of the thirty species thus far known four occur within our territory, all of them being found far south.

(1) _Timetes coresia_ (Godart), Plate XLI, ♂, _under side_ (The Waiter).

Easily recognized by the figure we give. As I stated in “The Butterfly Book” it deserves the trivial name I have given it, its black upper side and the white vest it wears suggesting the functionary who attends us at table. Expanse 2.50 inches.

Occasionally found in Texas.

GENUS HYPOLIMNAS HÜBNER

(THE TROPIC QUEENS).

Large butterflies, our species being one of the smallest of the genus. Palpi produced, heavily scaled, rising above the head. Fore wings excavated on the outer margin; costal and median veins stout; upper discocellular vein wanting, and lower discocellular feeble or lacking. Hind wings somewhat crenulate on the outer margin, the cell, which is relatively quite small, being feebly closed by an attenuated veinlet.

The genus, which is quite large, reaches its greatest development in the tropics of the Old World, and there is only one species in the western hemisphere, which may have been introduced in the old days of the slave trade. Most of the species are mimics and the strange thing is that the mimicking form is generally the female, which has the color and markings of some one or other of the milkweed butterflies of the African and oriental tropics. The female of our species patterns after the markings of _Danais chrysippus_, a common milkweed butterfly of Africa. This adaptation of species to the form and color of “protected” insects is of course not _conscious_. It is the result of a long evolution in past ages.

(1) _Hypolimnas misippus_ (Linnæus), Plate XLII, ♂; Plate XLIII, ♀ (The Mimic).

Occurs in Florida, the Antilles, and northern South America. While very abundant in Africa, it seems to be scarce in the New World. The female differs greatly from the male on the upper side of the wings, but resembles that sex on the lower side. Expanse ♂, 2.50 inches; ♀ 3.00 inches.

GENUS BASILARCHIA SCUDDER

(THE WHITE ADMIRALS).

Rather large _butterflies_. Fore wings subtriangular, rounded at the apex, and lightly excavated on the lower two thirds of the outer margin. Hind wings rounded, somewhat crenulate. _Egg_ nearly spherical (see Plate C, Fig. _f_) pitted with large hexagonal cells. The _caterpillar_ in its mature state cylindrical, with the second segment adorned with two prominent club-shaped tubercles, and the fifth, ninth, and tenth segments also having raised tubercles (see Plate C, Fig. _h_). They feed upon oaks, birches, willows, and lindens, preferably the two latter. The caterpillars after hatching hibernate in little winter quarters, which they make out of the fragment of a small leaf, which they tie together with silken threads, and also secure to the twig by a few strands. The _chrysalis_ has a projecting boss on the back; the head is either rounded or slightly bifid.

There are a number of species in the United States, several of which mimic other butterflies in a singular manner, _B. disippus_ closely resembling _Anosia plexippus_. The caterpillars do not pupate until summer has come; the butterflies take wing when the lindens bloom.

(1) _Basilarchia astyanax_ (Fabricius), Plate XLIV, ♀ (The Red-spotted Purple).

Our figure gives a good idea of the upper side of the wings. On the lower side the wings are brown, banded with black on the margins, the inner row of marginal spots being red, with two red spots at the base of the fore wings, and four such spots at the base of the hind wings. Palpi white below; a white stripe along the sides of the abdomen. Expanse 3.00-3.25 inches. The egg and caterpillar are shown on Plate C. The caterpillar is found on a variety of plants, but most commonly on lindens, willows, and wild cherry trees.

Found all over the United States and Canada, as far west as the Rocky Mountains, but not in the very hot lowlands of the Gulf region. Is said to occur on the uplands of Mexico.

Between _B. astyanax_ and the following species, _B. arthemis_, there is more or less affinity. They represent two lines of evolution from a common ancestry, and there are evidences of atavic reversion to type constantly occurring in both forms. They even occasionally interbreed with each other, and hybrids are not altogether uncommon. The whole genus in fact is in a more or less plastic state, and well deserves the careful attention of biologists.

(2) _Basilarchia arthemis_ (Drury), Plate XLV, ♂ (The Banded Purple).

Our figure shows the upper side of the form which is most usual. It will be seen that there are red spots on the hind wings behind the white band. There is a variety called _proserpina_ in which the white band becomes very narrow and the red spots almost or entirely disappear. When the white band and the red spots wholly disappear, as they sometimes do, it is almost impossible to distinguish this species from _B. astyanax_. Expanse 2.50-2.75 inches. The egg has “kite-shaped” cells. The caterpillar feeds on willows, hawthorns, and wild apple and plum trees.

Found in Canada, New England, and southward in Pennsylvania upon the higher ranges of the mountains. It is a northern form. It has not thus far been recorded from the western half of the continent, where it is replaced by a somewhat similarly marked, but larger, species, known as _B. Weidemeyeri_. The latter insect is found as far east as western Nebraska and Colorado. I have taken it very frequently in Wyoming about Laramie Peak, where it seems to be a common insect in the wooded canyons.

(3) _Basilarchia disippus_ (Godart), Plate XLVI, ♂; Plate C, Fig. _f_, egg; Fig. _h_, larva. (The Viceroy).

Mimics _Anosia plexippus_. Range from Canada to the Gulf.

This is one of the most striking cases of mimicry which occurs in our fauna.

(4) _Basilarchia lorquini_ (Boisduval), Plate XLVII, ♂ (Lorquin’s Admiral).

Easily distinguished by white bar at end of cell of fore wing and red spot at apex. Expanse 2.25-2.75 inches.

GENUS ADELPHA HÜBNER (THE SISTERS).

Cell of fore wing lightly closed, of hind wing open; outer margin of wings rarely excavated. The chrysalids have peculiar forms, having bifid heads and broad wing-cases; marked with metallic spots on a brown ground.

There are many species in tropical America, some of which are very showy; only one occurs within our limits.

(1) _Adelpha californica_ Butler, Plate XLVIII, ♂ (The Californian Sister).

The insect, well displayed in our figure, has an expanse of from 2.50-3.00 inches. The caterpillar feeds upon oaks. The range is through southern California, Nevada, southern Utah, Arizona, and Mexico.

GENUS CHLORIPPE BOISDUVAL

(THE EMPEROR BUTTERFLIES).

Small _butterflies_ generally of some shade of fulvous, with a submarginal row of eye-like spots on the hind wings, and in a few species with a similar spot on the fore wings. The apex of the fore wing is somewhat truncated and the lower two thirds is slightly excavated. Hind wings somewhat elongated posteriorly at the anal angle. Outer margins more or less crenulate. _Eggs_ nearly globular, broad on top, ornamented with eighteen to twenty broad, but low, vertical ribs, between which are delicate crosslines; laid in clusters. Head of _caterpillar_ squarish, crowned by two diverging spines on which are many little spinules. Back of the head there is a frill of spines. Body thickest at the middle, tapering fore and aft. Hind pair of pro-legs long and diverging. They feed upon hackberry trees (_Celtis_). The _chrysalis_ has a very remarkable arrangement of the cremaster, which is disk-like, studded with hooks; the whole so arranged that the pupa, when suspended, hangs with the ventral or belly side parallel to the supporting surface.

There are numerous species in the genus, many of them tropical and very brilliant, only two commonly occur in the northern portions of our territory, the others found within our limits being inhabitants of the Southern States.

(1) _Chlorippe celtis_ Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XLIX, Fig. 1, ♂ (The Hackberry Butterfly).

Under side grayish purple, with the spots and markings of the upper side reappearing. Female larger, and, as always is the case in the genus, with the fore wings not so pointed as in the male, and the ground-color paler. Expanse ♂, 1.80 inch; ♀, 2.10 inch.

Ranges from New Jersey west and south to the Gulf.

(2) _Chlorippe clyton_ Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XLIX, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Tawny Emperor).

A larger species than the preceding; tawnier on the upper side of the wings and lacking the red-ringed eye-spot on the fore wing. Female much larger than the male, paler in color, with the eye-spots on the hind wings black and conspicuous. Expanse ♂, 2.00 inches; ♀, 2.50-2.65 inches.

Occurs rather rarely in New England, and extends westward to Michigan, thence southward to the Gulf of Mexico.

(3) _Chlorippe flora_ Edwards, Plate L, Fig. 1, ♂, _Type_ (The Red Emperor).

Like _C. clyton_ this species has no red-ringed eye-spot on the fore wing. The ground-color on the upper side is bright reddish fulvous; the hind wings are not heavily obscured with brown, as is the case in _C. clyton_, and the black ocelli stand forth very prominently upon the lighter ground. The hind wings are more strongly angulated than in any other North American species, and are solidly bordered with black. Expanse ♂, 1.75; ♀, 2.35 inches. Ranges from Florida westward along the borders of the Gulf of Mexico to Texas.

(4) _Chlorippe alicia_ Edwards, Plate L, Fig. 2, ♂, _Type_ (The Buff Emperor).

Resembles _C. celtis_ in having an ocellus in the fore wing, but it may at once be distinguished by its larger size in both sexes, the paler color of the wings on the upper side, which shade from pale fulvous at the base into light buff outwardly, upon which the eye-spots on the hind wings show up very prominently. Expanse ♂, 2.00; ♀, 2.50 inches.

The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding.

GENUS HYPANARTIA HÜBNER (THE BANDED REDS).

Medium-sized butterflies. Palpi well clothed with scales, the second and third joints very nearly of the same size, the latter blunt. Fore wings square at the apex, slightly excavated about the middle, the cell being closed by a stout lower discocellular vein, more or less continuous with the third median nervule. Hind wing strongly produced at the end of the third median nervule, rounded at the outer angle, with two short tooth-like projections before the anal angle.

There are less than a dozen species of the genus, most of which are South American, but there are two in Africa and one in Madagascar. Only one occurs within the United States, and is confined to the extreme south.

(1) _Hypanartia lethe_ (Fabricius), Plate LI, ♂ (The Orange-banded Red).

Occurs as a straggler in our fauna in the extreme southern part of Texas, but is very abundant farther south. Expanse 2.00 inches.

GENUS SMYRNA HÜBNER

There are only two species of this genus and they closely resemble each other, so that it is hard to tell them apart. The one which occurs in our borders has the hind wing rounded at the anal angle, the other, _S. blomfildi_, has the anal angle of the hind wing squared, with a slight tail-like prolongation. On the under side both species are marked in much the same way.

(1) _Smyrna karwinskii_ Hübner, Plate LII, ♀ (Karwinski’s Beauty).

The insect may be at once recognized by the figure we give. Expanse 3.00-3.25 inches.

It occurs in southern Texas and ranges southward into Brazil.

GENUS CŒA HÜBNER

This is a monotypic genus, that is to say, it contains only one species. It is therefore not necessary to take up much space in describing it, because the figure we give will enable the reader at once to recognize it. It is a very powerful insect on the wing.

(1) _Cœa acheronta_ (Fabricius), Plate LIII, ♂ (The Dash-wing).

This lovely insect, which has a certain resemblance to the following species, is common in the Greater Antilles, Mexico, and Central America. It occurs about Brownsville, Texas, but is not common there. Expanse 3.00-3.25 inches.

GENUS AGANISTHOS BOISDUVAL

The genus, like the preceding, is monotypic, and contains but the one species _A. odius_ (Fabricius). It is so striking and so easily recognizable by the figure we give on Plate LIV that nothing more need be said, except that it has a wide range through the American tropics, being found in southern Florida and Texas, the Greater Antilles, and from Mexico to southern Brazil. Expanse 3.75-4.00 inches.

GENUS PYRRHANÆA SCHATZ

Medium-sized _butterflies_. Front wings falcate at apex; hind wings tailed at end of third median nervule. Costal margin of fore wing angulated at base, inner margin straight. Upper side of wings generally fulvous or red; lower side mottled and marked so as to resemble dried leaves. _Egg_ spheroid, flattened at base, depressed on top, marked with a few rows of raised points about summit. _Caterpillar_ with head globular, first segment behind it much smaller than head; body cylindrical tapering behind. _Chrysalis_ short, stout, keeled on sides; cremaster globular at tip, and so arranged as to cause the chrysalis to hang at a slant.

This is a large genus characteristic of the American tropics. The larvæ feed on euphorbiaceous and lauraceous plants, after the third moult making hiding-places for themselves by rolling up leaves and tying them with silk. There are three species in the United States, two of which we figure.

(1) _Pyrrhanæa andria_ (Scudder), Plate LV, ♂ (The Goatweed Butterfly).

Bright red above, margins dusky; on under side gray dusted with brown scales. Females marked by incomplete pale bands on the limbal area. Expanse ♂, 2.50; ♀, 3.00 inches. Larva feeds on _Croton capitatum_. Ranges from Illinois and Nebraska to Texas.

(2) _Pyrrhanæa morrisoni_ (Edwards), Plate LVI, ♀ (Morrison’s Goatweed Butterfly).

More brilliantly and deeply red on upper side than preceding species. Both male and female have the wings with bands of lighter color on the limbal area, but these are not solid, as in the female of _P. andria_, but made up of spots, as shown in the figure. Expanse 2.25-2.50 inches.

Found in Arizona and Mexico.

The genus which is here engaging our attention is one which is wonderfully well represented in the New World, where it takes the place of the magnificent insects belonging to the genus _Charaxes_ of the tropics of the Old World. On the under side they closely mimic dried leaves. This assimilation to the color of dead leaves is protective.

GENUS AGERONIA HÜBNER (THE CALICOES).

Medium or moderately large-sized butterflies. Costal and subcostal fused near base; cells of both wings closed. Upper side of wings curiously marked with checkered spots, generally some shade of blue with white; under side with broad paler shades: white, yellow, or red. They are rapid fliers, alight on the trunks of trees head downward, wings expanded against the bark of the tree. When they fly they make a clicking sound with their wings. The manner in which this sound is produced is a mystery. Bates in his _A Naturalist on the Amazons_ writes about it but gives no explanation. In my rambles in tropical forests I have heard it as the insects gyrated above my head, but I do not know how the sound is made.

There are about thirty species of the genus in tropical America, two of which are occasionally found in southern Texas.

(1) _Ageronia feronia_ (Linnæus), Plate LVII, ♂ (The White-skirted Calico).

The ground-color of the under side is broadly white, while that of the other species in our fauna, _A. fornax_, is yellow. They may thus be easily told apart.

GENUS VICTORINA BLANCHARD

(THE MALACHITES).

Large butterflies, conspicuously marked with pale green spots surrounded by darker color. On the under side the wings are paler, and have a satiny lustre, the edges of the light spots on this side marbled with brown. Neuration of fore wing singular in that the upper and lower discocellulars are wanting and the radials seem to spring from the lower side of the subcostal before the middle; the third median is strongly bowed upward. Hind wing tailed at end of the third median nervule.

There are five species of the genus thus far known, all belonging to the American tropics, one of which occurs in Florida and Texas.

(1) _Victorina steneles_ (Linnæus), Plate LVIII, ♂ (The Pearly Malachite).

There is no need of an elaborate description of this species, as it is the only one of its genus in our borders, and the figure we give is fully recognizable. Expanse 3.50-4.00 inches.

SUBFAMILY SATYRINÆ (THE SATYRS).

_Butterflies_ generally of medium size, obscure in color, their wings, especially on the under side, ornamented with dark eye-like spots, pupilled in the centre with a light point and ringed around with one or more circles of lighter color. They have a weak flight, dancing about in the herbage and often hiding among grasses and weeds. Most of them are forest-loving, but some live on the summits of bleak and cold mountains, others on the verge of arctic snows, and some on the prairies. Veins of the fore wings generally greatly swollen at the base, thus enabling them to be distinguished from almost all other butterflies. _Eggs_ subspherical, somewhat higher than broad, ribbed on the sides, particularly at the apex, and rounded at the base. _Caterpillars_, when they emerge from the egg, have their heads much bigger in diameter than the rest of the body, but as they mature they lose this feature, and generally taper from the middle of the body in either direction. Anal pro-legs bifurcating, thus readily distinguished from all other caterpillars, except those of the genus _Chlorippe_. They feed upon grasses and sedges, concealing themselves in the daytime and coming forth to feed at night. _Chrysalids_ short and stout, plain both in color and outline.

There are about sixty species of _Satyrinæ_ in the region with which this manual deals, falling into ten genera. We shall only deal with the commoner species.

GENUS DEBIS WESTWOOD

(THE EYED NYMPHS).

This is a large genus, especially well represented in Asia and the Indo-Malayan region. Dr. S. H. Scudder set apart the two species we have in our fauna from the Asiatic forms, under the new name _Enodia_, but I have never been able to see any good reason for this, and keep the generic name as it has long stood. The creation of new genera upon the basis of slight differences is to be deprecated and avoided.

(1) _Debis portlandia_ (Fabricius), Plate LIX, ♂ (The Pearly Eye).

The butterfly which is well depicted in our figure has a series of beautiful ocelli on the under side. There is no great difference between the sexes. In the Northern States it is single-brooded, in the South it is double-brooded. Expanse of wing 1.75-2.00 inches.

The caterpillar feeds on grasses. The insect ranges from Maine to the Gulf, and westward to the Rocky Mountains.

(2) _Debis creola_ Skinner, Plate LX, ♂ (The Creole).

Easily distinguished from the foregoing by the elongated patches of dark raised scales upon the fore wings. Expanse 2.25 inches. The specimen figured is a paratype received from the author of the species.

Ranges from Florida to Mexico along the Gulf.

GENUS SATYRODES SCUDDER

(THE GRASS-NYMPH).

This genus was erected by its author to receive the single species, which we figure. As there is no likelihood of mistaking it for anything else, we forego a long generic description.

(1) _Satyrodes canthus_ (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate LXI, ♀ (The Grass-nymph).

The butterfly always haunts meadows and hides among tufts of tall grass in moist places. It is quite common in New England and Canada, and is found in the cool regions of the Appalachian uplift as far south as North Carolina. It has a peculiar jerking flight, and is easily captured. Expanse 1.65-1.90 inch.

The caterpillar feeds on grasses, and its early stages and transformations have often been described.

GENUS NEONYMPHA WESTWOOD

(THE SPANGLED-NYMPHS).

Small _butterflies_, rather obscure in color. Both fore and hind wings evenly rounded; the fore wings with the costal and median veins much swollen at the base. Antennæ short without a distinctly defined club. _Egg_ globular marked with polygonal cells. _Caterpillar_ with a large head, bifid above, and produced as two cones thickly studded with little raised projections. _Chrysalis_ comparatively long, pointed at the head, with a blunt tubercle on the thorax; green.

Some writers maintain that this genus is identical with the genus _Euptychia_ Hübner, which contains over one hundred species, principally found in the American tropics. Seven species are found in our region, of which we shall delineate five.

(1) _Neonympha gemma_ (Hübner), Plate LXII, Fig. 1, ♂, _under side_ (The Gemmed Brown).

The upper side of the wings are mouse-colored, with a couple of twinned dark spots on the outer margin of the hind wings. On the under side the wings are reddish gray, marked with irregular rusty lines, and at the point where the dark spots appear upon the upper side there is a row of silvery spots. Expanse 1.25-1.35 inch.

Ranges from West Virginia to Mexico.

(2) _Neonympha phocion_ (Fabricius), Plate LXII, Fig. 2, ♀ (The Georgian Satyr).

A trifle larger than the preceding species, which it closely resembles above, but from which it may at once be distinguished by the form of the markings of the lower side of the hind wings, which are depicted in our illustration. Expanse 1.25-1.45 inch.

Ranges from southern New Jersey to the Gulf as far west as Texas. Very common in Georgia.

(3) _Neonympha eurytus_ (Fabricius), Plate LXIII, ♂ (The Little Wood-satyr).

Readily distinguished from the other species in our fauna by the two well-developed eye-spots on the fore wings, as well as on the hind wings on the upper side. Expanse 1.75 inch.

The caterpillar and chrysalis are pale brown, the latter marked with darker brown.

Ranges from New England and Ontario to Georgia and westward to Kansas and Texas.

(4) _Neonympha sosybius_ (Fabricius), Plate LXIV, Fig. 1, ♂ (The Carolinian Satyr).

Upper side unspotted dark mouse-gray. On the under side the wings are paler, crossed by three lines, one defining the basal, the second the median area, and the third just before the outer margin. Between the last two are rows of ocelli, which are obscure, except the first on the fore wing and the second and last two on the hind wing. Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch.

Ranges from the latitude of New Jersey southward through the lower half of the Mississippi Valley to Mexico and Central America.

(5) _Neonympha rubricata_ Edwards, Plate LXIV, Fig. 2, ♂. _Type_ (The Red Satyr).

Most nearly related to _N. sosybius_, but readily distinguished by its much redder color, and by having but one eye-spot on the upper side of the fore wing. Expanse 1.40-1.75 inch.

Found in Texas, Arizona, Mexico, and Central America.

GENUS CŒNONYMPHA WESTWOOD

(THE RINGLETS).

Small _butterflies_. Costal, median, and submedian veins of fore wing strongly swollen at base. Both wings evenly rounded on outer margin. _Egg_ conical, rounded at the bottom, truncated, with low ribs and cross-lines near the top. The _caterpillar_ has a globular head and cylindrical body, which tapers backward from about the middle, and on the last segment has two cone-like backward projections. _Chrysalis_ straight ventrally, convex dorsally, with a rounded keeled eminence over the thorax, pointed at the end; green or drab, marked with darker spots.

The genus is found throughout the north temperate zone, and we have in our fauna a number of species and varieties, most of which are confined to the Pacific Coast and to Alaska.

(1) _Cœnonympha ochracea_ Edwards, Plate LXV, Fig. 1, ♂ (The Ochre Ringlet).

Glossy ochreous yellow above, without dark markings except as those of lower side faintly show through. On under side the fore wing has an eye-spot near apex, and the hind wing has a submarginal row of incomplete eye-spots, which in some specimens is wanting. Ground-color of under side of fore wings as above; of hind wings gray, interrupted about middle by a lighter band, and lighter rays about the cell near base. Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch. Ranges from British Columbia to Arizona eastward to Kansas and Nebraska.

(2) _Cœnonympha inornata_ Edwards, Plate LXV, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Plain Ringlet).

Reddish ochraceous on upper side with outer margin of fore wings and hind wings laved with darker. On the under side there is an ocellus near the apex of fore wing and on the hind wing, which is dark gray, a yellow curved mark beyond the cell and a couple of pale yellow spots near the anal angle. Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch.

Occurs in Montana, Minnesota, Ontario north of Lake Superior, thence eastward to Newfoundland.

GENUS EREBIA DALMAN (THE ALPINES).

Rather small _butterflies_, dark in color, with eye-spots on the wings, most numerous on the under side. Veins of fore wing thickened at base; lower radial in some cases projected inwardly into the cell at point of origin. Outer margin of both wings evenly rounded. _Egg_ subconical, ribbed, the ribs often intersecting each other. _Larva_ with globular head, body tapering backward, last segment bifurcate. _Chrysalis_ convex dorsally and ventrally, humped on thorax, produced at head, light brown or ashen gray.

The genus is arctic and confined to the far north, or to the summits of high mountains, which have an arctic climate. There are many species in the northern hemisphere, of which we select two for representation.

(1) _Erebia discoidalis_ Kirby, Plate LXVI, Fig. 1, ♂ (The Red-streaked Alpine).

Easily distinguished from all other species in our fauna by the plain dark wings streaked on the costa and suffused over the outer three fourths of the middle of the fore wings with dark red or maroon. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches.

_Habitat_ region of Hudson Bay, thence westward to Alaska and southward among snowy peaks of British Columbia. Probably found on high mountains of Idaho and Montana.

(2) _Erebia epipsodea_ Butler, Plate LXVI, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Common Alpine).

The upper side is shown in our cut; the under side repeats the markings of the upper side more or less clearly, and besides has on the hind wing a broad, curved, median, blackish band. Expanse 1.75-2.10 inches.

Ranges from the alpine summits of New Mexico northward at suitable elevations to Alaska, where it is common.

GENUS GYROCHEILUS BUTLER

(THE BLACKAMOORS).

Medium-sized _butterflies_, very dark in color, with eye-spots on fore wings, and hind wings bordered with brown. There is only one species found in our region, and a detailed account of its structure may therefore be spared.

(1) _Gyrocheilus tritonia_ Edwards, Plate LXVII, ♂ (The Arizona Blackamoor).

Upper side shown in our figure. The under side is much the same, except that the submarginal band is purplish red sprinkled with white and dark brown scales, and has on the inner side a row of imperfectly developed eye-spots partially ringed about on the side of the base by yellow. Expanse 2.25-2.50 inches.

Occurs in southern Arizona and northern Mexico.

GENUS NEOMINOIS SCUDDER

For a detailed account of the structure and metamorphoses of these insects the reader is referred to “The Butterfly Book.” There are only two species found in our territory and we give figures of the upper side of both of them, so that the student will be able to recognize them when he gets them.

(1) _Neominois ridingsi_ (Edwards), Plate LXVIII, Fig. 1, ♂. _Type_ (Ridings’ Satyr).

The upper side is well shown in our figure. The under side is paler than the upper, and the basal and mesial areas are mottled with narrow pale brown streaks, while the hind wing is crossed about the middle by a dark band, the outer margin of which is sharply indented. Expanse 1.50 inch. Larva pupates under ground.

Inhabits the mountain states of the Pacific Coast.

(2) _Neominois dionysius_ Scudder, Plate LXVIII, Fig. 2, ♂ (Scudder’s Satyr).

On the under side the mesial band of the hind wings is narrower and more irregularly curved than in the preceding species and the outer indentations are more strongly produced. Expanse 1.00 inch. Occurs in Colorado, Utah, and Arizona.

GENUS SATYRUS WESTWOOD (THE WOOD-NYMPHS).

Medium-sized or small _butterflies_. Wings marked with eye-spots, or ocelli. On upper side generally very obscurely colored with some shade of gray or brown, occasionally marked by yellow bands; under side frequently beautifully streaked and spotted, with the ocelli more prominent than on the upper side. The veins of the fore wing are much swollen at the base. The outer margin of the fore wing is evenly rounded, that of the hind wing somewhat scalloped. _Egg_ barrel-shaped, truncated on top, ribbed on the sides, the ribs at the top connected by a waved, raised elevation. _Caterpillar_ with globular head, cylindrical body, tapering both ways from the middle, and furnished with diverging anal horns. _Chrysalis_ in form like those of many of the genera belonging to this subfamily; green in color. The genus is quite large, and many of the species are very variable.

(1) _Satyrus pegala_ (Fabricius), Plate LXIX, ♀, _under side_ (The Southern Wood-nymph).

Easily recognized by its large size, it being the largest species in our fauna, and by the broad subterminal yellow band on the fore wing marked in the male by one eye-spot, and in the female by two such spots. Expanse 2.75-3.00 inches.

Common in the Gulf States and occasionally occurring as far north as New Jersey.

(2) _Satyrus alope_ (Fabricius), Plate LXX, ♀ (The Common Wood-nymph).

Closely resembling the preceding species, but only two thirds its size. The number of the ocelli is not constant, and some specimens lack them entirely. This is the form which is common on the Atlantic seaboard from New Jersey to New Hampshire, and westward to the Mississippi. Expanse 1.75-2.25 inches.

(3) _Satyrus alope_ form _nephele_ Kirby, Plate LXXI, Fig. 1, ♂ (The Clouded Wood-nymph).

This form, long held to be a valid species, has been ascertained by breeding to be a dimorphic variety characterized by the partial or entire suppression of the yellow band on the fore wings and the tendency of the eye-spots to disappear. It is a northern form, and is common in Canada, northern New England, and in corresponding latitudes from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Expanse 1.85-2.25 inches.

(4) _Satyrus paulus_ Edwards, Plate LXXI, Fig. 2, ♂, _Type, under side_ (The Small Wood-nymph).

Somewhat smaller than _S. nephele_. Upper side dark brown in both sexes; fore wings always with two ocelli, one near apex, the other near inner angle; hind wing with two ocelli near anal angle. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches.

Occurs in California and Nevada.

(5) _Satyrus meadi_ Edwards, Plate LXXII, Fig. 1, ♂ (Mead’s Satyr).

Readily distinguished from all others by the bright red on the limbal area above and below. Expanse 1.60-1.75 inch.

Ranges from Arizona to Montana in the region of the Rocky Mountains.

(6) _Satyrus charon_ Edwards, Plate LXXIII, Fig. 1, ♂, _Type_ (The Dark Wood-nymph).

The _type_ of the species is darker on the under side of the wings than many specimens in the possession of the writer; the under side is in fact somewhat variable. There may or may not be ocelli on the under side. Mr. Edwards named the form without ocelli _Satyrus silvestris_, but this form is doubtlessly a good species. Both fore and hind wings on the under side are marked abundantly and evenly by little streaks darker in color than the ground, and are crossed on either side of the median area by dark lines, which sometimes are wanting, and are quite variable. Expanse 1.50-1.75 inch.

Ranges from British Columbia to New Mexico, and appears to be common, wherever it occurs.

(7) _Satyrus sthenele_ Boisduval, Plate LXXIII, Fig. 2, ♂, _under side_ (The Least Wood-nymph).

Quite small, on the upper side resembling _S. charon_, but very different on the under side. The distinguishing mark of the species is the dark, twice-strangulated band of the hind wings, bordered outwardly on either side by lighter shades. This is shown in our figure. Expanse 1.40-1.50 inch.

Found in California.

GENUS PARAMECERA BUTLER

There is only one species in this genus thus far known. The insect closely resembles those of the genus _Satyrus_, but may readily be told apart by the patch of heavy, dark, raised scales in the region of the median nervules of the fore wing. On the under side the insect is paler, ruddy, and the fore wings have a large pupilled eye-spot, followed by a blind, much smaller eye-spot at the apex. The hind wing has a pale mesial band bordered by darker lines and a submarginal row of eye-spots.

(1) _Paramecera xicaque_ (Reakirt), Plate LXXII, Fig. 2, ♂ (Reakirt’s Satyr).

The insect has an expanse of wing varying from 1.35-1.75 inch. It is not uncommon in southern Arizona and northern Mexico.

GENUS ŒNEIS HÜBNER (THE ARCTICS).