Chapter V: Part 5

There are many hundreds of species and varietal forms, most of which occur in the tropics of the eastern and western hemispheres. There are only three species found in all Europe; there are about thirty found in the United States and Canada.

GENUS PAPILIO LINNÆUS

(THE SWALLOW-TAILS).

This great genus has been subdivided for purposes of classification into a number of smaller groups or subgenera, which are useful when dealing with the whole assemblage of species, but which in a manual like this, dealing with only a few forms, may consistently be overlooked.

(1) _Papilio ajax_ Linnæus. Winter form _walshi_ Edwards, Plate CXII, ♂; summer form _marcellus_ Boisduval, Plate CXIII, ♂ (The Papaw Butterfly).

The species is more or less polymorphic. Plate CXII represents the form which emerges in the spring of the year from chrysalids which have overwintered; Plate CXIII shows the form which appears in the second brood and in which the tails are twice as long as in the first. There are other forms. Expanse 2.50-3.25 inches.

The caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of the Papaw (_Asimina triloba_) and wherever this plant grows the insect may be found. It ranges from New England and Ontario to Florida and far westward through the valley of the Mississippi.

(2) _Papilio turnus_ Linnæus, Plate CXIV, ♂; Plate CXV, _P. glaucus_ Linnæus, dark dimorphic ♀, _under side_ (The Tiger Swallow-tail).

In the Middle States and southward a large proportion of the females are black, belonging to the form _glaucus_; in Ontario and northward and westward to Alaska the females are yellow, like the males. The Alaskan form is very small, dwarfed by the cold and poor feeding. The figure on Plate CXIV is that of a male from Alaska of the natural size; a specimen taken in Pennsylvania would be nearly twice as large. The metropolis of the species is the Appalachian uplift; but it ranges northwestward to Alaska and south to the Gulf States. Expanse 3.00-5.00 inches.

The caterpillars are partial to the foliage of wild cherry trees, but are found on a great variety of plants.

The dark female form reveals its relationship to the paler form by the stripes on the under side. On the upper side the insect shown on Plate CXV is very black and shows no stripes at all. I possess females with yellow wings on one side and black on the other. The identity of the forms named by Linnæus _turnus_ and _glaucus_ could not be more forcibly shown than by these specimens, in which the two are united by the vital force which called them into being.

(3) _Papilio rutulus_ Boisduval, Plate CXVI, ♂ (The Pacific Tiger).

Closely resembling _P. turnus_, which it replaces on the Pacific Coast in Washington and southward. The female is never dimorphic; the marginal light spots on the under side of the fore wings run together forming a continuous band, and are not separate as in _P. turnus_. Expanse 3.50-4.25 inches.

The larva feeds on alder and willows.

(4) _Papilio eurymedon_ Boisduval, Plate CXVII, ♂ (The White-striped Tiger).

Belonging to the same group as the two preceding species, but distinguished by the pale creamy white color of the ground-color of the wings, and by the fact that the submarginal spots on the under side of the fore wings form, as in _P. rutulus_, a continuous band. Expanse 3.50-4.00 inches.

The caterpillar feeds on _Rhamnus californicus_ and other plants. The insect ranges from Mexico to British Columbia and eastward to Colorado.

(5) _Papilio daunus_ Boisduval, Plate CXVIII, ♂ (The Two-tailed Swallow-tail).

This fine insect is even larger than _P. turnus_, which it somewhat resembles, but from which it can at once be distinguished by the two tails on the hind wings, followed by a lobe at the anal angle. Expanse 4.00-5.25 inches.

Found in the region of the Rocky Mountains from Idaho south to Mexico, but not found west of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges in California.

(6) _Papilio pilumnus_ Boisduval, Plate CXIX, ♂ (The Three-tailed Swallow-tail).

Easily recognized from our figure. The lobe at the anal angle is so much produced as to give the hind wing the appearance of having three tails. Expanse 3.80-4.30 inches.

A Mexican species which occasionally is found in Arizona. It is one of the most beautiful species of the group to which it belongs and is rare in collections.

(7) _Papilio cresphontes_ Cramer, Plate CXX, ♀ (The Giant Swallow-tail).

One of the largest and most showy species of the genus found in our territory. The caterpillar feeds upon _Ptelea_, _Xanthoxylon_, and _Citrus_. It has a wide range from southern Ontario to Florida and through the Mississippi Valley to Mexico. Expanse 3.75-5.50 inches.

(8) _Papilio Troilus_ Linnæus, Plate CXXI, ♂ (The Spice-bush Swallow-tail).

The caterpillar, which is green, with two big eye-spots on the back a little behind the head, lives on the foliage of the sassafras and spice-wood, where it folds together a leaf, in which it conceals itself from view during the daytime, coming out to feed at night. The insect is found throughout the eastern United States and the Mississippi Valley, wherever its food-plant occurs. Expanse 3.75-4.25 inches.

(9) _Papilio palamedes_ Drury, Plate CXXII, ♂ (The Magnolia Swallow-tail). (See next page.)

The upper side of this fine insect is well shown on our plate; the under side is prevalently yellow. The larva feeds on the foliage of _Magnolia glauca_ and the _Lauraceæ_. Expanse 3.50-4.50 inches.

Ranges from southern Virginia near the coast to the extreme southern end of Florida and westward to southern Missouri and eastern Texas.

(10) _Papilio polyxenes_ Fabricius, Plate CXXIII, ♂ (The Eastern Swallow-tail). (See next page.)

This butterfly and the three which follow belong to a group of the genus which in England is represented by _P. machaon_ of the fens of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. There are many species evidently derived in past time from common stock, which are found in America, and the writer believes that the original centre of dispersion was this continent, and that the English Swallow-tail represents the most western range of the migration, which probably began in Tertiary times, when the horse, the camel, and other North American animals passed over into Asia and became subsequently extinct in the land of their origin. _P. machaon_ still exists in Alaska as the variety _P. aliaska_ Scudder.

_P. polyxenes_, more commonly known by its later name _P. asterius_, or _P. asterias_, is found all over the Atlantic States and the Mississippi Valley. The caterpillar feeds upon umbelliferous plants, and is very partial to fennel. Expanse 2.75-3.25 inches.

(11) _Papilio brevicauda_ Saunders, Plate CXXIV, ♀ (The Newfoundland Swallow-tail).

There are two forms, one found on Anticosti, in which the spots on the upper side of the wings are bright yellow, the other in which they are more or less red in color. The latter form is common in Newfoundland, and is shown in the Plate. Closely related to _P. polyxenes_, but with shorter tails. Expanse 2.75-3.00 inches.

(12) _Papilio indra_ Reakirt, Plate CXXV, ♂ (The Mountain Swallow-tail).

The resemblance to _P. polyxenes_ is marked, but it will be observed that the tails have undergone even greater reduction in length than in _P. brevicauda_, and that the band of yellow spots traversing the wings has been reduced in width. Expanse 2.50-2.75 inches.

Found on the high mountains of Colorado, Nevada, and California.

(13) _Papilio zelicaon_ Boisduval, Plate CXXVI, ♂ (The Western Swallow-tail).

In many respects like _P. polyxenes_, but having the median bands of yellow greatly widened, until on the hind wing the band covers almost the entire basal half of the wing. Expanse 2.75-3.25 inches.

Ranges from Vancouver Island to Arizona and eastward as far as Colorado.

(_Note._ The name _zolicaon_, often given by authors, must be replaced by the original name _zelicaon_.)

(14) _Papilio philenor_ Linnæus, Plate CXXVII, ♂ (The Pipe-vine Swallow-tail).

The caterpillar feeds upon the foliage of _Aristolochia sipho_, or the “Dutchman’s Pipe,” a plant extensively grown about verandas and porches, and native to the Allegheny Mountains. It also eats the leaves of _Aristolochia serpentaria_, a smaller plant of the same genus. The wings have an expanse of 3.75-4.25 inches.

The range is from Massachusetts to California and south into Mexico.

(15) _Papilio polydamas_ Linnæus, Plate CXXVIII, ♂ (The Reef Butterfly). (See Plate on p. 198.)

This is the sole representant in our fauna of a great group of splendid butterflies peculiar to the tropics of the New World, which are true papilionids, but without tails, their wings generally of some shade of green, and wonderfully adorned with spots of other colors, generally yellow or crimson. It may easily be recognized from our figure. Expanse 3.00-3.50 inches.

It is found in the extreme southern part of Florida and on the adjoining reefs. It also has a wide range through the Antilles, Mexico, and Central America.

FAMILY HESPERIIDÆ (THE SKIPPERS).

Generally quite small _butterflies_, with stout thorax. Both sexes have six feet adapted to walking. Tibiæ of hind legs, with few exceptions, have spurs. Lower radial of hind wing in many genera wanting, being represented by a fold in the wing. _Eggs_ hemispherical, flat on base. _Larvæ_ cylindrical tapering from the middle before and behind, with large globular heads, smooth. _Chrysalids_ generally formed on the ground or among leaves and rubbish lightly tacked together with a few strands of silk, in which the cremaster is caught.

A large family, most numerously represented in the tropics of both the Old and New Worlds. About three thousand species are known, of which over one hundred occur within our limits.

SUBFAMILY PYRRHOPYGINÆ

(THE RED-TAILED SKIPPERS).

Rather large butterflies when compared with others in the family. The antennæ terminate in a long, thick, blunt club, forming a regular curve, looking in outline like the handle of an old-fashioned walking-stick. Most of the species are red at the end of the abdomen. Confined to the New World. Only one genus and species of this family occurs within our borders.

GENUS PYRRHOPYGE HÜBNER

(1) _Pyrrhopyge araxes_ Hewitson, Plate CXXIX, Fig. 1, ♂.

Upper side correctly shown in our figure. Below the wings are prevalently yellow. Expanse 2.25-2.50 inches.

Found in Texas, Arizona, and southward.

SUBFAMILY HESPERIINÆ (THE HESPERIDS).

Fore wing generally provided with a costal fold, but never marked with a sexual brand or raised patch of scales on the disk. The hind wing may be provided with a lengthy tail or simply lobed at the anal angle. Antennæ terminating in a fine point, which in some genera is bent backward at right angles to the shaft.

GENUS EUDAMUS SWAINSON

(THE LONG-TAILED SKIPPERS).

Hind wings more or less produced at the anal angle in the form of a long tail. There are a number of species found in Central and South America.

(1) _Eudamus proteus_ (Linnæus), Plate CXXIX, Fig. 2, ♀ (The Long-tailed Skipper). (See p. 199.)

The caterpillar feeds upon _Wistaria_ and various leguminous plants. Common in Florida, the American tropics, and occasionally found as far north as New York.

GENUS EPARGYREUS HÜBNER

(1) _Epargyreus tityrus_ (Fabricius), Plate CXXX, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀, _under side_ (The Silver-spotted Skipper).

A very common and beautiful insect. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches.

The caterpillar usually feeds upon _Robinia_ and _Wistaria_. Has a wide range from Quebec to Vancouver Island and south to the Isthmus of Panama.

GENUS THORYBES SCUDDER

(THE DUSKY-WINGS).

(1) _Thorybes pylades_ Scudder, Plate CXXXI, Fig. 1, ♀ (The Northern Dusky-wing).

Below wings dark brown shading into gray outwardly; hind wings crossed by irregular brown bands; spots of upper side reappearing below. Expanse 1.60 inch.

Common in New England, thence westward and southward.

(2) _Thorybes bathyllus_ (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXXXI, Fig. 2 (The Southern Dusky-wing).

Distinguished from preceding species by the larger spots on fore wing.

Ranges from Connecticut to Texas.

GENUS ACHALARUS SCUDDER

(1) _Achalarus lycidas_ (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXXXII, Fig. 1, ♀ (The Hoary-edge).

Upper side strongly recalls _E. tityrus_ but the hoary edge of the hind wings and the absence of the silvery spots found in _tityrus_ at once separate the two. Expanse 1.65-1.95 inch.

Rare in southern New England, common in Southern States as far west as Texas.

(2) _Achalarus cellus_ (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CXXXII, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Golden-banded Skipper).

On upper side as shown in our figure; on under side hind wings banded as in _E. proteus_, no silver spots. Expanse 2.00 inches.

Found in the Virginias and southward to Arizona and Mexico.

GENUS HESPERIA FABRICIUS

(1) _Hesperia tessellata_ Scudder, Plate CXXXIII, Fig. 1, ♂ (The Tessellated Skipper).

Paler on under side than on upper side, with spots enlarged. Expanse 1.00-1.35 inch.

Ranges from Canada to the Gulf and from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

(2) _Hesperia centaureæ_ Rambur, Plate CXXXIII, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Grizzled Skipper).

Below darker than preceding species, white circle at end of cell surrounding black spot, thus forming an eye-like spot; hind wings below brown scaled with green, crossed by three bands of quadrate spots. Expanse 1.15 inch.

Found in northern Europe and Asia and from Alaska to Labrador; extending south on the high mountains both in the West and in the Carolinas.

(3) _Hesperia xanthus_ Edwards, Plate CXXXIII, Fig. 3, ♂ (The Checkerling).

Resembling _H. tessellata_, but much smaller and darker at base of wings, spots more crowded. Expanse 1.00 inch.

Found in Colorado and Rocky Mountains to west and south.

GENUS PHOLISORA SCUDDER

(THE SOOTY-WING).

(1) _Pholisora catullus_ (Fabricius), Plate CXXXIV, Fig. 1, ♀ (The Common Sooty-wing).

Easily recognizable by means of our figure. Expanse 0.80-1.15 inch.

The caterpillar feeds on “lamb’s-quarter” (_Chenopodium_).

Ranges over all temperate North America.

(2) _Pholisora hayhursti_ (Edwards), Plate CXXXIV, Fig. 2, ♀ (Hayhurst’s Sooty-wing).

Easily distinguished from preceding by white color of under side of abdomen as well as by the different arrangement of spots on fore wing. Expanse 0.90-1.15 inch.

Ranges from Pennsylvania to the Gulf as far as the Rocky Mountains.

(3) _Pholisora lybia_ Scudder, Plate CXXXIV, Fig. 3, ♂ (The Mohave Sooty-wing).

Distinguished from the two preceding by the white fringes of the wings and by the markings of the upper side. Expanse 0.80-1.40 inch.

Found from western Texas to Nevada and Arizona.

(4) _Pholisora alpheus_ (Edwards), Plate CXXXIV, Fig. 4, ♂ (New Mexican Sooty-wing).

More checkered on the upper side than the other species, tip of fore wing white. Expanse 0.95-1.00 inch.

Ranges from New Mexico to Arizona.

GENUS THANAOS BOISDUVAL

(THE DUSKY-WINGS).

(1) _Thanaos brizo_ Boisduval & Leconte, Plate CXXXV, Fig. 1, ♀ (The Sleepy Dusky-wing).

The two rows of light yellow spots on the outer margin of the hind wings appear more distinctly on the under side. Expanse 1.25-1.60 inch.

Larva feeds on oaks and other plants. Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from New England to Florida and Arizona.

(2) _Thanaos icelus_ Lintner, Plate CXXXV, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Dreamy Dusky-wing).

Under side paler than upper, marked with many small, indistinct yellow spots, not forming well-defined bands as in preceding species. Expanse 1.00-1.20 inch.

Caterpillar feeds on aspen, oaks, and witch-hazel. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Oregon, south to Florida and Arizona.

(3) _Thanaos lucilius_ Lintner, Plate CXXXV, Fig. 3, ♂ (Lucilius’ Dusky-wing).

Closely related to preceding, but distinguished by more regularly checkered fringes of the fore wing and the different arrangement of the spots on the under side. Expanse 1.20-1.40 inch.

Larva feeds on columbine (_Aquilegia_). Ranges from New England to Georgia, and westward through the valley of the Mississippi.

(4) _Thanaos juvenalis_ (Fabricius), Plate CXXXVI, Fig. 1, ♀ (Juvenal’s Dusky-wing).

A large species with translucent spots arranged as an interrupted band beyond middle of wing. Expanse 1.35-1.60 inch.

Ranges from Quebec to Florida and westward to Arizona.

(5) _Thanaos petronius_ Lintner, Plate CXXXVI, Fig. 2, ♂ (Petronius’ Dusky-wing).

Somewhat resembling the preceding, but translucent spots much fewer in number and upper side much darker. Under side uniformly dusky with few light spots. Expanse 1.50-1.75 inch.

Confined to Florida so far as known.

(6) _Thanaos martialis_ Scudder, Plate CXXXVII, Fig. 1, ♂ (Martial’s Dusky-wing).

Upper side paler than in most species, with a purplish gray cast, all light spots of upper side repeated more distinctly on under side. Expanse 1.25-1.40 inch.

Ranges from Massachusetts to Georgia, westward to Missouri and New Mexico.

(7) _Thanaos horatius_ Scudder, Plate CXXXVII, Fig. 2, ♂ (Horace’s Dusky-wing).

Smaller than _T. juvenalis_, which it resembles; paler above on both wings, below more profusely mottled on hind wings. Expanse 1.65 inch.

Ranges from Massachusetts to Texas.

(8) _Thanaos funeralis_ Lintner, Plate CXXXVII, Fig. 3, ♂ (The Funereal Dusky-wing).

Hind wings very dark, partly fringed with pure white. Expanse 1.35 inch.

Found from western Texas to Mexico.

SUBFAMILY PAMPHILINÆ (THE PAMPHILIDS).

The male never has a costal fold on the fore wing, but in most of the genera has a discal stigma on the fore wing, the only exceptions to this in our fauna being in the case of the three genera _Amblyscirtes_, _Pamphila_, and _Oarisma_. The antennæ are short, in some genera very short, clubbed at the end and provided in many genera with a little finely pointed tip at the end of the club, which sometimes is bent backward. The third joint of the palpi is generally small, inconspicuous, and often pointing forward. The lower radial in the fore wing always is nearer to the median than to the upper radial; the lower radial in the hind wing is generally lacking. When at rest they raise the fore wings, folding them together, while the hind wings are held horizontally. This attitude is characteristic of this subfamily.

GENUS AMBLYSCIRTES SCUDDER

(1) _Amblyscirtes vialis_ (Edwards), Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 1, ♂ (The Roadside Skipper).

Wings below much as on upper side, except that outwardly they are lightly laved with gray. Expanse 1.00 inch.

Ranges from Canada to Florida, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

(2) _Amblyscirtes samoset_ (Scudder), Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Pepper-and-Salt Skipper). (See Plate on p. 208.)

Below wings pale gray, the light spots of upper side reappearing. Hind wing marked by semicircular median band of white spots, a small spot at end of cell, and conspicuous white spot about middle of costa. Expanse 1.00-1.10 inch.

Ranges from Maine to Michigan and south on the Allegheny Mountains to West Virginia.

(3) _Amblyscirtes textor_ (Hübner), Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 3, ♂, _under side_ (The Woven-winged Skipper). (See Plate on p. 208.)

Easily recognized by means of our figure. Expanse 1.25-1.45 inch.

Ranges from North Carolina to Florida and westward to Texas.

GENUS PAMPHILA FABRICIUS

(1) _Pamphila mandan_ Edwards, Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 4, ♂ (The Arctic Skipper).

Recognizable from our figure. It is totally unlike any other species in the fauna. Expanse 1.10 inch.

Found from Labrador to Alaska, and on the mountains of Idaho and Montana.

GENUS OARISMA SCUDDER

(1) _Oarisma garita_ (Reakirt), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 1, ♂ (The Little Dun). (See Plate on p. 210.)

On the under side both wings are somewhat brighter than on the upper side, the hind wings inclining to leaden gray, with the inner margin bright fulvous. Expanse 0.75-1.00 inch.

Ranges from southern Colorado to Arizona.

(2) _Oarisma powesheik_ (Parker), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 3, ♂ (The Iowa Dun).

Larger than the preceding species and dark on upper side; on under side fore wings black, edged on costa with light fulvous. Hind wings dusky below, veins and nervules white, conspicuous on darker ground. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch.

Ranges from Wisconsin to Dakota and Colorado, common in Iowa.

GENUS ANCYLOXYPHA FELDER

(1) _Ancyloxypha numitor_ Fabricius, Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Least Skipper).

Below fore wings black, bordered on costa and outer margin with reddish fulvous; hind wings pale fulvous. Expanse 0.75-0.95 inch.

Ranges from Quebec to Florida and westward to the Rocky Mountains.

GENUS COPŒODES SPEYER

(1) _Copœodes procris_ (Edwards), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 4, ♂ (The Golden Skipper).

Below wings as on upper side, a trifle paler than on the upper side. The fore wings blackish on inner margin near base. Expanse 0.80-1.00 inch.

Ranges from southern Texas to southern California.

(2) _Copœodes wrighti_ (Edwards), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 5, ♂ (Wright’s Skipper).

Distinguished from _C. procris_ by dark fringes on both wings and different arrangement of stigma on fore wings. Expanse 0.85-1.07 inch.

Found in southern California and eastward as far as eastern Arizona.

GENUS ERYNNIS SCHRANK

(1) _Erynnis manitoba_ (Scudder), Plate CXL, Fig. 1, ♂ (The Canadian Skipper).

On the lower side all the light spots of the upper side reappear, but more distinctly defined and pearly white in color.

Ranges north of the boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada, descending into the United States as far south as Colorado and northern California upon the high mountain ranges.

(2) _Erynnis sassacus_ (Harris), Plate CXL, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Indian Skipper). (See p. 211.)

Below wings pale fulvous, spots of upper side feebly reproduced as faint lighter spots; fore wings black at base on this side. Expanse 1.10-1.35 inch.

Ranges from New England to Georgia, west to Colorado.

(3) _Erynnis attalus_ (Edwards), Plate CXL, Fig. 3, ♂ (The Wisconsin Skipper). (See p. 211.)

Below both wings are dusky, with the light spots appearing in faint gray. The female is darker. Expanse 1.25-1.45 inch.

Ranges from New England to Wisconsin and Iowa, thence to the region of the Gulf.

(4) _Erynnis metea_ (Scudder), Plate CXL, Fig. 4, ♂ (The Cobweb Skipper). (See p. 211.)

Below wings are brown, much darker than above, the pale marks of upper side repeated as pearly white spots, and on hind wings near base is a curved band of similar white spots. Expanse 1.20-1.30 inch.

Ranges from New England to Wisconsin.

(5) _Erynnis uncas_ (Edwards), Plate CXLVIII, Fig. 4, ♂ (Uncas’ Skipper). (See p. 220.)

Below in both sexes wings beautifully marked with pearly white spots on greenish gray ground, the spots defined inwardly and outwardly by dark olive shades. Expanse 1.30-1.55 inch.

Ranges from Pennsylvania to Montana.

(6) _Erynnis leonardus_ (Harris), Plate CXLI, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (Leonard’s Skipper).

Larger than most of the preceding species. Below wings dark brick-red. Spots of upper side reappearing more or less faintly. Expanse 1.25-1.35 inch.

Ranges from New England and Ontario to Florida, west throughout the Mississippi Valley.

GENUS THYMELICUS HÜBNER

(1) _Thymelicus brettus_ (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CXLI, Fig. 3, ♂; Fig. 4, ♀ (The Whirlabout).

This insect, which is rare in the Northern States, is common in the South and has a wide range through the American tropics. Expanse 1.15-1.25 inch.

(2) _Thymelicus otho_ (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXLII, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀.

The upper side is sufficiently well shown in our plate. Below the wings are yellowish brown with outer half of the fore wings blackish; spots of fore wing repeated except last. Hind wings below with an obscure yellowish band of five or six spots. A variable species. The northern form, with fewer spots, is called _egeremet_, and is not very common in New England, but southward the species is abundant. Expanse 1.20-1.25 inch.

Found in New England, Florida, and west throughout the Mississippi Valley.

(3) _Thymelicus mystic_ (Scudder), Plate CXLII, Fig. 3, ♂; Fig. 4, ♀ (The Long-dash).

Upper side of both sexes well shown in our plate. Below fore wings fulvous on costa near base; remainder of wings on this side dark ferruginous, with the light spots of the upper side repeated, greatly enlarged, pale, contrasting strongly with dark ground-color. Hind wings pale brown on inner margin. Expanse 1.10-1.25 inch.

Ranges from southern Canada to Pennsylvania and west to Wisconsin.

GENUS ATALOPEDES SCUDDER

(1) _Atalopedes huron_ (Edwards), Plate CXLII, Fig. 5, ♂; Fig. 6, ♀ (The Sachem).

Easily distinguished from the figures we give. Expanse 1.15-1.35 inch.

Ranges from New York to Florida, westward and southwestward into Mexico.

GENUS POLITES SCUDDER

(1) _Polites peckius_ (Kirby), Plate CXLIII, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (Peck’s Skipper).

This small species is dark brown below, with the light spots of the upper side reappearing, greatly enlarged, especially in the middle of the wings, fused together and pale yellow, thus contrasting strongly with the rest of the wings. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch.

Peck’s Skipper ranges from Canada to Virginia west to Kansas and Iowa.

GENUS HYLEPHILA BILLBERG

(1) _Hylephila phyleus_ (Drury), Plate CXLIII, Fig. 3, ♂; Fig. 4, ♀ (The Fiery Skipper).

Easily recognized from our figures. Expanse 1.15-1.25 inch.

Ranges from Connecticut to Patagonia everywhere.

GENUS PRENES SCUDDER

(1) _Prenes ocola_ (Edwards), Plate CXLIII, Fig. 5, ♂ (The Ocola Skipper). (See p. 215.)

This common southern species, which sometimes ranges as far north as the latitude of Pennsylvania, ranges south as far as Bolivia in South America. Expanse 1.45-1.60 inch.

The figure is that of the type.

GENUS CALPODES HÜBNER

(1) _Calpodes ethlius_ (Cramer), Plate CXLIV, ♂ (The Brazilian Skipper).

Easily recognized from our plate. Wings below dull olive. Expanse 2.00-2.15 inches.

The larva feeds on _Canna_. Common everywhere in tropical America and has been known to stray as far north as New York.

GENUS LERODEA SCUDDER

(1) _Lerodea eufala_ (Edwards), Plate CXLIX, Fig. 3, ♂ (The Eufala Skipper). (See p. 221.)

On the wing looks like a small specimen of _Prenes ocola_, from which it may be distinguished at once by the white under side of the abdomen. Expanse 1.10-1.20 inch.

Not uncommon in Florida.

GENUS LIMOCHORES SCUDDER

(1) _Limochores thaumas_ (Fabricius), Plate CXLV, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (The Fawn-edged Skipper).

Easily distinguished by means of our figures. Below in both sexes wings dull olive, with spots of upper side repeated; costa of male edged with red on this side as well as above. Expanse 1.00-2.07 inches.

Ranges from Canada to the Gulf, west to the Rocky Mountains.

(2) _Limochores pontiac_ (Edwards), Plate CXLV, Fig. 3, ♂; Fig. 4, ♀ (Pontiac’s Skipper).

Well represented in our figures of both sexes. Expanse 1.15-1.25 inch.

Ranges from Massachusetts to Nebraska, being very common about the southern end of Lake Michigan.

(3) _Limochores palatka_ (Edwards), Plate CXLV, Fig. 5, ♂ (The Palatka Skipper). (See p. 217.)

A large and rather showy species, the female expanding as much as two inches. Expanse, ♂, 1.50 inch; ♀, 1.90-2.00 inches.

Found on Indian River, Florida.

GENUS EUPHYES SCUDDER

(1) _Euphyes verna_ (Edwards), Plate CXLVI, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (The Vernal Skipper).

Below wings paler, inclining to purplish red, about middle of hind wings a semicircle of pale spots. Expanse 1.15-1.35 inch.

Ranges from southern New England to Virginia, west to Kansas, and north to Alberta. Very common in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.

(2) _Euphyes metacomet_ (Harris), Plate CXLVI, Fig. 3, ♂; Fig. 4, ♀ (The Dun Skipper).

The markings of upper side reappear on lower side, the ground-color below ranging from pale brown to purplish brown. Expanse 1.15-1.30 inch.

Found from Quebec to the Carolinas, west to Texas and Alberta and Assiniboia.

GENUS POANES SCUDDER

(1) _Poanes massasoit_ (Scudder), Plate CXLVI, Fig. 5, ♂; Fig. 6, ♀ (The Mulberry-wing).

Below hind wings bright yellow, bordered on costa and outer margin with reddish brown; the wings of the female not so brightly colored as those of the male. Expanse 1.15-1.20 inch.

Ranging from New England to Nebraska, but not extending south of Pennsylvania in the east, though occurring in the west in Colorado and northern Texas.

GENUS PHYCANASSA SCUDDER

(1) _Phycanassa viator_ (Edwards), Plate CXLVII Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (The Broad-winged Skipper).

Below paler than above, the light spots of the upper side reappearing less distinctly; the hind wing traversed from base to middle of outer margin by a light-colored longitudinal ray which is not as plain in the female as in the male. Expanse 1.45-1.60 inch.

Rare in the Northern States from New Jersey to Wisconsin, but quite abundant in the Southern States as far west as Texas.

(2) _Phycanassa aaroni_ Skinner, Plate CXLVII, Fig. 3, ♂ (Aaron’s Skipper). (See p. 219.)

Below fore wings black at base, middle area tawny, paler than above, with the outlines of the borders the same, but their color cinnamon-brown, and not fuscous, as above; hind wings below uniformly cinnamon-brown, without any spots. Female like the male, but larger. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch.

Found in the salt marshes near Cape May, New Jersey, but probably has a wider range to the south.

GENUS ATRYTONE SCUDDER

(1) _Atrytone vitellius_ (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXLVII, Fig. 4, ♂; Fig. 5, ♀ (The Iowa Skipper).

Below the wings are pale yellow, the inner margin of the fore wings clouded with brown. Expanse 1.25-1.45 inch.

Common in the Gulf States, ranging north to Iowa and Nebraska.

(2) _Atrytone zabulon_ (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CXLVIII, Fig. 1, ♂ (The Zabulon Skipper).

Very closely related to the following species from which it may be distinguished by its somewhat smaller size and the presence of the heavier dark markings at the apex of the fore wings above. Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch.

Ranges from New England to Georgia and westward to the Rocky Mountains.

(3) _Atrytone hobomok_ (Harris), Plate CXLVIII, Fig. 2, ♂; variety _pocohontas_ Scudder, Plate CXLVIII, Fig. 3, ♀ (The Hobomok Skipper).

In the male the small apical spots are not enclosed by a band of dark color as in the preceding species, and the pale area on the middle of the hind wings is more restricted, the inner margin of this wing being more widely fuscous. The variety of the female called _pocohontas_ by Dr. Scudder is melanic, and is, as shown in our figure, very dark with conspicuous light spots in the fore wing. Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch.

Ranges from New England southward and westward over the greater part of the Atlantic region and the valley of the Mississippi.

GENUS LEREMA SCUDDER

(1) _Lerema accius_ (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXLIX, Fig. 1, ♂ (The Grimy Skipper).

The wings on the under side are dark fuscous clouded with still deeper brown or black. Expanse 1.40-1.50 inch.

Occurs from Connecticut to Central America, being quite rare in the north but very common in the hot lands of the south.

(2) _Lerema hianna_ (Scudder), Plate CXLIX, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Dusted Skipper).

The upper side is well represented in our figure. On the under side the wings are a little paler, especially the hind wings, which on their outer half are dusted with gray, in certain lights having a bluish cast. Expanse 1.15-1.25 inch.

Ranges from New England to Nebraska and southward, but, so far as the writer knows not reaching the Gulf States.

SUBFAMILY MEGATHYMINÆ (THE GIANT SKIPPERS).

These curious insects have been by some writers placed among the _Castniidæ_, a family of day-flying moths, but as the author stated in 1898 in “The Butterfly Book,” they appear to have much more in common with the Hesperiidæ than the Castniidæ. The proposition to include them in the Hesperiidæ as a subfamily under the name given above has since that time been generally accepted by systematists. There are a number of species belonging to the genus _Megathymus_, several of which occur within our faunal limits, but we shall content ourselves with figuring only the one, which those readers of this book who live in Missouri and south and west of that state are likely to see.

GENUS MEGATHYMUS RILEY

(1) _Megathymus yuccæ_ (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CL, ♀ (The Yucca Skipper).

The caterpillar of this species is a wood-borer, feeding in the pith and on the underground roots of different species of _Yucca_. The life history has been beautifully worked out by the late Prof. C. V. Riley, who published a full account of his observations in his “Eighth Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Missouri,” pp. 169 _et seq._, and in the “Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science,” Vol. III, pp. 323 _et seq._ The student will do well to refer to these interesting papers. The figure we give on the plate is that of a female specimen bred by Professor Riley in Missouri and presented by him to the late W. H. Edwards, whose collection is now the property of the writer.

INDEX OF ENGLISH OR TRIVIAL NAMES, AND COMMON TERMS

Aaron’s Skipper, 220

Abdomen of butterfly, 22

Acadian Hair-streak, The, 153

Admiral, Lorquin’s, 113;
Red, 99, 100;
White, 110

Alpines, The;
Common, 133;
Red-streaked, 133

American Copper, The, 161

Angle-wings, The, 92;
Currant, 96

Antennæ, 13

Aphrodite, 75

Araxes Skipper, The, 199

Arctics, The, 140;
Katahdin, 141;
Macoun’s, 142

Arctic Skipper, The, 209

Arizona Blackamoor, The, 134;
Checker-spot, 85

Bag-veins, The, 105;
Texas, 106

Baltimore, The, 83

Banded Elfin, The, 156

Banded Hair-streak, The, 153

Banded Purple, The, 112

Banded Reds, The, 117

Bates’ Crescent-spot, 88

Beauty, Karwinsky’s, 118

Behr’s Hair-streak, 158

Blackamoors, The, 133;
Arizona, 134

Blues, The, 58, 147, 162;
Aster, 163;
Common, 165;
Cowper’s, 163;
Dwarf, 167;
Eastern-tailed, 166;
Indian River, 168;
Orange-margined, 164;
Marine, 169;
Pygmy, 167;
Red-margined, 168;
Scudder’s, 164;
Silvery, 169;
Varied, 169;
Western-tailed, 166;
West Indian, 167

Blue-spots, The, 147;
Florida, 148

Boisduval’s Hair-streak, 152

Brazilian Skipper, 216

Broad-winged Skipper, 219

Bronze Copper, The, 161

Brown Elfin, The, 155

Brown-margined Hair-streak, 155

Brown, The Gemmed, 128

Brush-footed, The, 15, 16, 58, 59

Buckeye, The, 103

Buff Emperor, The, 117

Butterflies, anatomy of, 14;
how to breed, 54;
caterpillars of, 29;
chrysalids of, 34;
how to collect, 40;
eggs of, 27;
habits of, 13;
life-history of, 27;
how to mount, 47;
how to preserve, 56

Butterfly, Papaw, 187;
Reef, 197

Cabbage Butterfly, The, 173

Cadmium Orange, The, 185

Calicoes, The, 122;
White-skirted, 123

Californian Sister, The, 114

Callippe, 79

Camberwell Beauty, The, 97

Camillus Crescent-spot, The, 88

Canadian Skipper, The, 211

Carbonate of ammonia, 43

Carbon bisulphide, 46

Carolinian Satyr, The, 129

Caterpillars of butterflies, 29

Chalcedon, 84

Checkerling, The, 203

Checker-spots, The, 83;
Arizona, 85;
Harris’s, 85;
Least, 86;
Macglashan’s, 84

Chloroform, 45

Chrysalids, 34

Clouded Wood-nymph, The, 137

Clytie Hair-streak, 159

Cobweb Skipper, The, 212

Colorado Hair-streak, The, 150

Colorado Parnassian, The, 186

Comma Butterfly, The, 93

Common, Alpine, 133;
Blue, 165;
Hair-streak, 151;
Snout-butterfly, 143;
Sulphur, 180;
White, 172;
Wood-nymph, 136

Compton Tortoise, The, 98

Coppers, The, 58, 147, 160;
American, 161;
Bronze, 161;
Great, 160;
Least, 161;
Purplish, 162

Coral Hair-streak, 158

Cork for lining boxes, 45, 57

Couper’s Blue, 163

Creole, The, 126

Crescent-spots, The, 86;
Bates, 88;
Camillus, 88;
Meadow, 88;
Painted, 89;
Pearl, 87;
Poey’s, 90;
Texan, 90

Crimson-patch, The, 91

Currant Angle-wing, The, 96

Cyanide of potash, 42

Dagger-wings, The, 107

Dark Wood-nymph, The, 138

Dash-wing, The, 119

Delila, 69

Diana, 74

Dingy Purple-wing, The, 105

Dog-face Butterflies, The, 179;
Southern, 179

Dreamy Dusky-wing, The, 205

Dun, Iowa, 210;
Little, 209

Dun Skipper, The, 218

Dusky-wings, The, 201;
Dreamy, 205;
Funereal, 207;
Horace’s, 207;
Juvenal’s, 206;
Lucilius’, 205;
Martial’s, 207;
Northern, 201;
Petronius, 206;
Sleepy, 205;
Southern, 201

Dusted Skipper, 222

Dwarf, Yellow, 175;
Blue, 167

Early Hair-streak, The, 157

Eastern Swallow-tail, The, 193

Eastern-tailed Blue, 166

Edwards’ Hair-streak, 152;
Marble-wing, 177

Eggs of butterflies, 27

Elfin, Banded, 156;
Brown, 155;
Hoary, 156

Emperor Butterflies, The, 114;
Buff, 117;
Red, 116;
Tawny, 116

Envelopes for holding butterflies, 45

Eufala Skipper, 216

Eye, The pearly, 126

Eyed Nymphs, The, 125

Fairy Yellow, The, 184

Falcate Orange-tip, The, 176

Faun, The, 93

Fawn-edged Skipper, 217

Feet of butterflies, 16

Fiery Skipper, 215

Florida Blue-spot, The, 148

Florida White, The, 171;
Yellow, 183

Fritillary, The Great-Spangled, 75;
Gulf, 70;
Little, 80;
Meadow, 82;
Mexican, 72;
Regal, 73;
Silver-bordered, 81;
White Mountain, 81;
Variegated, 71

Funereal Dusky-wing, 207

Gemmed Brown, The, 128

Georgian Satyr, The, 128

Giant Skippers, The, 222

Giant Swallow-tail, The, 192

Goat-weed Butterfly, The, 121;
Morrison’s, 121

Godart’s Sulphur, 178

Golden-banded Skipper, The, 202

Golden Skipper, The, 211

Grass-nymph, The, 126, 127

Great, Copper, 160;
Purple Hair-streak, 149;
Southern
White, 172

Green White-spotted Hair-streak, 158

Grimy Skipper, 222

Grizzled Skipper, 203

Gulf Yellow, The, 183

Hackberry Butterfly, The, 115

Hair-streaks, The, 22, 58, 147, 148;
Acadian, 153;
Banded, 153;
Bahr’s, 158;
Boisduval, 152;
Brown-Margined, 155;
Clytie, 159;
Colorado, 150;
Coral, 158;
Common, 151;
Early, 157;
Edwards’, 152;
Great Purple, 149;
Green White-spotted, 158;
Henry’s, 157;
Olive, 154;
Southern, 150;
Striped, 154;
Texas, 151;
White-M, 149;
Wittfeld’s, 151

Harris’ Checker-spot, 85

Harvester, The, 34, 159

Hayhurst’s Sooty-wing, 204

Head of butterfly, 14

Heliconians, The, 61, 67

Henry’s Hair-streak, 157

Hesperids, The, 199

Hoary-edge, The, 201

Hoary Elfin, The, 156

Hobomok Skipper, 221

Horace’s Dusky-wing, 207

Hunter’s Butterfly, 100

Indian Skipper, The, 212

Indian River Blue, 168

Iowa Dun, The, 210

Iowa Skipper, 220

Ithomiids, 22, 61, 64

Jars for poisoning insects, 42

Julia, 69

Juvenal’s Dusky-wing, 206

Karwinsky’s Beauty, 118

Katahdin Arctic, The, 141

Klug’s Dircenna, 66

Least, Checker-spot, 86;
Copper, 161;
Skipper, 210;
Wood-nymph, 139

Legs of butterflies, 15

Leonard’s Skipper, 213

Leopard-spots, The, 106

Leto, 74

Little Dun, The, 209

Little Metal-mark, The, 145

Little Sulphur, The, 183

Little Wood-satyr, The, 129

Long-dash, The, 214

Long-tailed Skipper, The, 200

Lorquin’s Admiral, 113

Lucilius’ Dusky-wing, 205

Lycaste Butterfly, 65

Macglashan’s Checker-spot, 84

Macoun’s Arctic, 142

Magnolia Swallow-tail, The, 193

Malachites, The, 123;
Pearly, 124

Many-spot, The, 146

Marble-wings, The, 177;
Edwards’, 177;
Rosy, 177

Marine Blue, 169

Martial’s Dusky-wing, 207

Meadow, Crescent-spot, The, 88;
Fritillary, 82

Mead’s Satyr, 138

Metal-marks, The, 16, 58, 144;
Little, 145;
Northern, 145

Mexican Yellow, The, 183

Milbert’s Tortoise-shell, 98

Milkweed Butterfly, 36

Mimic, The, 109

Mohave Sooty-wing, The, 204

Monarch, The, 63

Mormons, The, 145;
Palmer’s, 145

Morrison’s Goat-weed Butterfly, 121

Mountain Silver-spot, The, 78;
Swallow-tail, 196

Mourning Cloak, The, 97

Mulberry-wing, The, 219

Mustard White, The, 173

Nets, for taking butterflies, 40

Newfoundland Swallow-tail, The, 195

New Mexican Sooty-wing, The, 204

Northern Dusky-wing, The, 201

Northern Metal-Mark, The, 145

Nova Scotian, The, 141

Ochre Ringlet, The, 131

Ocola Skipper, 216

Olive Hair-streak, 154

Orange-banded Red, The, 118

Orange-margined Blue, The, 164

Orange, Cadmium, 185

Orange, Small, 182

Orange Sulphur, The, 181

Orange-tips, The, 175;
Falcate, 176;
Lucas, 177;
Western, 176

Pacific Tiger, 191

Painted Crescent-spot, The, 89

Painted Lady, The, 99, 102

Palatka Skipper, 218

Palmer’s Mormon, 145

Pamphilids, The, 208

Papaw Butterfly, The, 187

Parnassians, The, 185

Parnassian, Colorado, 186

Patch-spots, The, 91

Peacock Butterflies, 102

Peacock, The White, 104

Pearl Crescent, The, 87

Pearly Eye, The, 126

Pearly Malachite, The, 124

Peck’s Skipper, 215

Pepper-and-salt Skipper, 209

Petronius’ Dusky-wing, 206

Pinching butterflies to disable them, 43

Pins, insect, 47

Pipe-vine Swallow-tail, The, 197

Plain Ringlet, The, 131

Poey’s Crescent-spot, 90

Pontiac’s Skipper, 217

Proboscis of butterflies, 14

Purple, The Banded, 112

Purple, The Red-spotted, 111

Purple-wing, The Dingy, 105

Purplish Copper, The, 162

Pygmy Blue, 167

Queen, The, 64

Question-sign, The, 93

Reakirt’s Satyr, 139

Red Admiral, The, 99, 100

Red Emperor, The, 116

Red-margined Blue, 168

Red, The Orange-banded, 118

Red Satyr, The, 130

Red-spotted Purple, The, 111

Red-streaked Alpine, The, 133

Reds, The Banded, 117

Reef Butterfly, The, 197

Relaxing dried butterflies, 52

Rhodope, 80

Ridings’ Satyr, 134

Ringlets, The, 130

Ringlet, The Ochre, 131;
The Plain, 131

Roadside Skipper, The, 208

Rosy Marble-wing, The, 117

Sachem, The, 214

Satyrs, The, 61, 124;
Carolinian, 129;
Georgian, 128;
Mead’s, 138;
Reakirt’s, 139;
Red, 130;
Ridings’, 134;
Scudder’s, 135

Scales on wings of butterflies, 10

Scudder’s, Blue, 164;
Satyr, 135

Setting blocks, 47

Silver-spot, The Mountain, 78

Sisters, The, 114;
Californian, 114

Skippers, The, 22, 58, 198;
Aaron’s, 220;
Araxes, 199;
Arctic, 209;
Brazilian, 216;
Broad-winged, 219;
Canadian, 211;
Cobweb, 212;
Dun, 218;
Dusted, 222;
Eufala, 216;
Fawn-edged, 217;
Fiery, 215;

Giant, 222;
Golden, 211;
Golden-banded, 202;
Grimy, 222;
Grizzled, 203;
Hoary-edge, 201;
Hobomok, 221;
Indian, 212;
Iowa, 220;
Least, 210;
Leonard’s, 213;
Long-tailed, 200;
Ocola, 216;
Palatka, 218;
Peck’s, 215;
Pepper-and-salt, 209;
Pontiac’s, 217;
Red-tailed, 199;
Roadside, 208;
Silver-spotted, 200;
Tessellated, 202;
Uncas’, 213;
Vernal, 218;
Wisconsin, 212;
Woven-winged, 209;
Wright’s, 211;
Yucca, 223;
Zabulon, 221

Sleepy Dusky-wing, 205

Small, Orange, The, 182;
Wood-nymph, 137

Snout-butterflies, The, 61, 142, 143;
Common, 143

Sooty-wings, The, 203;
Catullus’, 203;
Common, 203;
Hayhurst’s, 204;
Mohave, 204;
New Mexican, 204

Southern, Dog-face, 179;
Dusky-wing, 201;
Hair-streak, 150;
Wood-nymph, 136

Spangled-Nymphs, The, 127

Spice-bush Swallow-tail, The, 193

Striped Hair-streak, The, 154

Sulphurs, The, 179;
Common, 180;
Cloudless, 178;
Godart’s, 178;
Little, 183;
Great, 177;
Orange, 181

Swallow-tails, The, 58, 170, 186;
Eastern, 193;
Giant, 192;
Magnolia, 193;
Mountain, 196;
Newfoundland, 195;
Pipe-vine, 197;
Pacific Tiger, 191;
Spice-bush, 193;
Three-tailed, 192;
Tiger, 188;
Two-tailed, 191;
Western, 196;
White-striped
Tiger, 191

Tawny Emperor, The, 116

Tessellated Skipper, The, 202

Texan Crescent-spot, The, 90

Texas, Bag-vein, The, 106;
Hair-streak, 151

Thistle-butterfly, The, 102

Thorax of butterfly, 15

Three-tailed Swallow-tail, 192

Tiger, Pacific, 191

Tiger Swallow-tail, The, 191

Toper, The, 95

Tortoise-shells, The, 96;
Compton, 98;
Milbert’s, 98

Tropic Queens, The, 108

Two-tailed Swallow-tail, 191

Uncas’ Skipper, 213

Varied Blue, 169

Vernal Skipper, 218

Viceroy, The, 103

Violet-wings, The, 104

Waiter, The, 108

Western, Swallow-tail, The, 196;
Tailed Blue, 166;
Orange-tip, 176

West Indian Blue, 167

Whirlabout, The, 213

Whites, The, 171;
Cabbage, 173;
Common, 172;
Florida, 171;
Great Southern, 172;
Mustard, 173

White Admirals, The, 110

White-M Hair-streak, The, 149

White Mountain Butterfly, The, 141

White Mountain Fritillary, The, 81

White Peacock, The, 104

White-skirted Calico, The, 123

White-striped Tiger Swallow-tail, 191

Wings of butterflies, 16

Wisconsin Skipper, The, 212

Wittfeld’s Hair-streak, 151

Wood-nymphs, The, 135;
Clouded, 137;
Common, 136;
Dark, 138;
Least, 139;
Small, 137;
Southern, 136

Wood-satyr, The Little, 129

Woven-winged Skipper, 209

Wright’s Skipper, 211

Yellows, The, 181;
Dwarf, 175;
Fairy, 184;
Florida, 183;
Gulf, 183;
Mexican, 183

Yucca Skipper, 223

Zabulon Skipper, 221

Zebra, The, 67

INDEX OF FAMILIES, SUBFAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES, ACCORDING
TO THEIR SCIENTIFIC OR LATIN NAMES

aaroni, Phycanassa, 220

acadica, Thecla, 153

accius, Lerema, 222

Achalarus, genus, 201;
cellus, 202;
lycidas, 201

acheronta, Cœa, 119

acmon, Lycæna, 168

Adelpha, californica, 114

Ageronia, feronia, 123;
fornax, 123

Aganisthos, odius, 119

ajax, Papilio, 187

aliaska, Papilio, 195

alicia, Chlorippe, 117

alope, Satyrus, 137

alpheus, Pholisora, 204

Amblyscirtes, genus, 208;
samoset, 209;
textor, 209;
vialis, 10, 208

ammon, Lycæna, 168

amymone, Cystineura, 106

amyntula, Lycæna, 166

Anartia, genus, 103;
jatrophæ, 104

Ancyloxypha, genus, 210;
numitor, 210

andria, Pyrrhanæa, 121

Anosia, genus, 62, 63;
berenice, 64;
plexippus, 10, 20, 30, 36, 63

antiopa, Vanessa, 97

aphrodite, Argynnis, 75

Apodemia, genus, 145;
palmeri, 145

araxes, Pyrrhopyge, 199
Argynnis, genus, 20, 72;
aphrodite, 10, 75;
atlantis, 78;
callippe, 79;
cybele, 75;
diana, 74;
idalia, 10, 73;
leto, 74;
rhodope, 80

arthemis, Basilarchia, 112

Arthropoda, Subkingdom, 12

aster, Lycæna, 163

asterias, Papilio, 195

asterius, Papilio, 195

astyanax, Basilarchia, 111

atala, Eumæus, 148

atalanta, Pyrameis, 100

Atalopedes, genus, 214;
huron, 214

atlantis, Argynnis, 78

Atrytone, genus, 220;
hobomok, 221;
pocohontas, 221;
vitellius, 220;
zabulon, 221

attalus, Erynnis, 212

augustus, Thecla, 155

autolycus, Thecla, 151

ausonides, Euchloë, 176

bachmani, Libythea, 143

Basilarchia, genus, 110;
arthemis, 112;
astyanax, 10, 111;
disippus, 30, 113;
lorquini, 113;
Weidemeyeri, 112

batesi, Phyciodes, 88

bathyllus, Thorybes, 201

behri, Thecla, 158

bellona, Brenthis, 82

berenice, Anosia, 64

borealis, Charis, 145

Brenthis, genus, 80;
bellona, 82;
montinus, 81;
myrina, 81

brettus, Thymelicus, 213

brevicauda, Papilio, 195

brizo, Thanaos, 205

bryoniæ, Pieris, 173

cænius, Charis, 145

cæsonia, Meganostoma, 179

calanus, Thecla, 153

californica, Adelpha, 114

Callicore, genus, 106;
clymena, 107

callippe, Argynnis, 79

Calpodes, genus, 216;
ethlius, 216

camillus, Phyciodes, 88

canthus, Satyrodes, 127

cardui, Pyrameis, 102

Catopsilia, genus, 177;
eubule, 178

catullus, Pholisora, 203

cellus, Achalarus, 202

celtis, Chlorippe, 115

centaureæ, Hesperia, 203

Ceratinia lycaste, 65

chalcedon, Melitæa, 84

Charis, genus, 144;
borealis, 145;
cænius, 145

charithonius, Heliconius, 67

charon, Satyrus, 138

Chlorippe, genus, 114;
alicia, 117;
celtis, 115;
clyton, 116;
flora, 116

Chrysophanus, genus, 160;
epixanthe, 161;
helloides, 162;
hypophlæus, 161;
thoë, 161;
xanthoides, 160

claudia, Euptoieta, 71

clymena, Callicore, 107

clytie, Thecla, 159

clyton, Chlorippe, 116

Cœa, genus, 119;
acheronta, 119

cœnia, Junonia, 103

Cœnonympha, genus, 130;
inornata, 131;
ochracea, 131

Colænis, genus, 69;
delila, 69;
julia, 69

Colias, genus, 179;
eurytheme, 181;
keewaydin, 181;
philodice, 180

comma, Grapta, 93

comyntas, Lycæna, 166

Copœodes, genus, 211;
procris, 211;
wrighti, 211

coresia, Timetes, 108

couperi, Lycæna, 163

creola, Debis, 126

cresphontes, Papilio, 192

crysalus, Thecla, 150

cybele, Argynnis, 75

Cystineura, genus, 105;
amymone, 106

damon, Thecla, 154

daunus, Papilio, 191

Debis, genus, 125;
creola, 126;
portlandia, 126

delia, Terias, 183

delila, Colænis, 69

diana, Argynnis, 74

Dione vanillæ, 70

dionysius, Neominois, 135

Dircenna klugi, 66

discoidalis, Erebia, 133

discoidalis, Thecla, 155

disippus, Basilarchia, 30, 113

dumetorum, Thecla, 158

dymas, Melitæa, 86

edwardsi, Thecla 152

elathea, Terias, 183

Epargyreus, genus, 200;
tityrus, 200

epipsodea, Erebia, 133

epixanthe, Chrysophanus, 161

Erebia, genus, 132;
discoidalis, 133;
epipsodea, 133

Eresia, genus, 89;
frisia, 90;
texana, 90

Erycinidæ, Family, 16, 58, 144

Erynnis, genus, 211;
attalus, 212;
leonardus, 213;
manitoba, 211;
metea, 212;
sassacus, 212;
uncas, 213

ethlius, Calpodes, 216

eubule, Catopsilia, 178

Euchloë, genus, 175;
ausonides, 176;
genutia, 176;
hyantis, 177;
rosa, 177;
sara, 177

Eudamus, genus, 200;
proteus, 200

eufala, Lerodea, 216

Eumæus, genus, 147;
atala, 148;
minyas, 148

Eunica, genus, 104;
monima, 105

Euphyes, genus, 218;
metacomet, 218;
verna, 218

Euplœinæ, Subfamily, 61, 62

Euptoieta claudia, 71

eurydice, Meganostoma, 179

eurymedon, Papilio, 191

eurytheme, Colias, 181

eurytus, Neonympha, 129

exilis, Lycæna, 167

fabricii, Grapta, 93

faunus, Grapta, 93

favonius, Thecla, 150

Feniseca, genus, 159;
tarquinius, 34, 160

feronia, Ageronia, 123

flora, Chlorippe, 116

fornax, Ageronia, 123

frisia, Eresia, 90

funeralis, Thanaos, 207

garita, Oarisma, 209

gemma, Neonympha, 128

genutia, Euchloë, 176

glaucus, Papilio, 188

Grapta, genus, 20, 92;
comma, 93;
fabricii, 93;
faunus, 93;
interrogationis, 93;
progne, 96;
silenus, 95

grunus, Thecla, 152

Gyrocheilus, genus, 133;
tritonia, 134

halesus, Thecla, 149

harrisi, Melitæa, 85

hayhursti, Pholisora, 204

Heliconiinæ, Subfamily, 61, 67

Heliconius charithonius, 67

helloides, Chrysophanus, 162

henrici, Thecla, 157

Hesperia, genus, 202;
centaureæ, 203;
tessellata, 202;
xanthus, 203

Hesperiidæ, Family, 22, 36, 58, 198

Hesperiinæ, Subfamily, 199

Heterocera, Suborder, 12, 13

heteronea, Lycæna, 169

hianna, Lerema, 222

hobomok, Atrytone, 221

horatius, Thanaos, 207

huntera, Pyrameis, 100

huron, Atalopedes, 214

hyantis, Euchloë, 177

Hylephila, genus, 215;
phylæus, 215

Hypanartia, genus, 117;
lethe, 118

Hypolimnas, genus, 108;
misippus, 109

hypophlæus, Chrysophanus, 161

icelus, Thanaos, 205

idalia, Argynnis, 73

ilaire, Tachyris, 171

indra, Papilio, 196

inornata, Cœnonympha, 131

Insecta, Class, 59

interrogationis, Grapta, 93

iole, Nathalis, 175

irus, Thecla, 156

isophthalma, Lycæna, 167

Ithomiinæ, Subfamily, 61, 64

j-album, Vanessa, 98

janais, Synchloë, 91

jatrophæ, Anartia, 104

jucunda, Terias, 184

julia, Colænis, 69

Junonia, genus, 102;
cœnia, 103

jutta, Œneis, 141

Juvenalis, Thanaos, 206

karwinskii, Smyrna, 118

katahdin, Œneis, 141

keewaydin, Colias, 181

klugi, Dircenna, 66

Kricogonia, genus, 178;
lyside, 178;
terissa, 178

læta, Thecla, 157

leonardus, Erynnis, 213

Lepidoptera, Order, 59

Lerema, genus, 222;
accius, 222;
hianna, 222

Lerodea, genus, 216;
eufala, 216

lethe, Hypanartia, 118

leto, Argynnis, 74

libya, Pholisora, 204

Libythea, genus, 143;
bachmani, 143

Libytheinæ, Subfamily, 61, 142

Limochores, genus, 217;
palatka, 218;
pontiac, 217;
thaumas, 217

liparops, Thecla, 154

lisa, Terias, 183

lorquini, Basilarchia, 113

lucia, Lycæna, 165

lucilius, Thanaos, 205

Lycæna, genus, 162;
acmon, 168;
ammon, 168;
amyntula, 166;
aster, 163;
comyntas, 166;
couperi, 163;
exilis, 167;
heteronea, 169;
isophthalma, 167;
lucia, 165;
lygdamus, 169;
marginata, 165;
marina, 169;
melissa, 164;
neglecta, 165;
nigra, 165;
pseudargiolus, 165;
scudderi, 164;
theona, 167

Lycænidæ, Family, 16, 58, 147

lycaste, Ceratinia, 65

lycidas, Achalarus, 201

lygdamus, Lycæna, 169

lyside, Kricogonia, 178

m-album, Thecla, 149

macglashani, Melitæa, 84

machaon, Papilio, 195

macouni, Œneis, 142

mandan, Pamphila, 209

manitoba, Erynnis, 211

marcellus, Papilio, 187

marcia, Phyciodes, 87

marginata, Lycæna, 165

marina, Lycæna, 169

martialis, Thanaos, 207

massasoit, Poanes, 219

meadi, Satyrus, 138

Meganostoma, genus, 179;
cæsonia, 179;
eurydice, 179

Megathyminæ, Subfamily, 222

Megathymus, genus, 223;
yuccæ, 223

melinus, Thecla, 151

melissa, Lycæna, 164

Melitæa, genus, 83;
chalcedon, 84;
dymas, 86;
harrisi, 85;
macglashani, 84;
perse, 85;
phaëton, 83

metacomet, Euphyes, 218

metea, Erynnis, 212

mexicana, Terias, 183

milberti, Vanessa, 98

minyas, Eumæus, 148

misippus, Hypolimnas, 109

monima, Eunica, 105

montinus, Brenthis, 81

monuste, Pieris, 172

Morphinæ, Subfamily, 60

morrisoni, Pyrrhanæa, 121

myrina, Brenthis, 81

mystic, Thymelicus, 214

nais, Polystigma, 146

napi, Pieris, 173

Nathalis, genus, 175;
iole, 175

neglecta, Lycæna, 165

Neominois, genus, 134;
dionysius, 135;
ridingsi, 134

Neonympha, genus, 127;
eurytus, 129;
gemma, 128;
phocion, 128;
rubricata, 130;
sosybius, 129

nephele, Satyrus, 137

nicippe, Terias, 182

nigra, Lycæna, 165

niphon, Thecla, 156

numitor, Ancyloxypha, 210

nycteis, Phyciodes, 87

Nymphalidæ, Family, 15, 16, 36, 58, 59

Nymphalinæ, Subfamily, 61, 68

Oarisma, genus, 209;
garita, 209;
powesheik, 210

ochracea, Cœnonympha, 131

ocola, Prenes, 216

odius, Aganisthos, 119

Œneis, genus, 140;
jutta, 141;
katahdin, 141;
macouni, 142;
semidea, 141

oleracea, Pieris, 173

otho, Thymelicus, 213

palamedes, Papilio, 193

palatka, Limochores, 218

pallida, Pieris, 173

palmeri, Apodemia, 145

Pamphila, genus, 209;
mandan, 209

Pamphilinæ, Subfamily, 208

Papilio, genus, 10, 20, 187;
ajax, 187;
aliaska, 195;
asterias, 195;
asterius, 195;
brevicauda, 195;
cresphontes, 192;
daunus, 191;
eurymedon, 191;
glaucus, 188;
indra, 196;
machaon, 195;
marcellus, 187;
palamedes, 193;
philenor, 30, 36, 197;
pilumnus, 192;
polydamas, 197;
polyxenes, 193;
rutulus, 191;
troilus, 193;
turnus, 10, 188;
walshi, 187;
zelicaon, 196;
zolicaon, 197

Papilionidæ, Family, 58, 170

Papilioninæ, Subfamily, 186

Paramecera, genus, 139;
xicaque, 139

Parnassiinæ, Subfamily, 185

Parnassius, genus, 20, 186;
smintheus, 186

paulus, Satyrus, 137

peckius, Polites, 215

pegala, Satyrus, 136

perse, Melitæa, 85

petronius, Thanaos, 206

phaëton, Melitæa, 83

philenor, Papilio, 30, 36, 197

philodice, Colias, 180

phocion, Neonympha, 128

Pholisora, genus, 203;
alpheus, 204;
catullus, 203;
hayhursti, 204;
libya, 204

Phycanassa, genus, 219;
aaroni, 220;
viator, 219

Phyciodes, genus, 86;
batesi, 88;
camillus, 88;
marcia, 87;
nycteis, 87;
picta, 89;
pratensis, 88;
tharos, 87

phylæus, Hylephila, 215

picta, Phyciodes, 89

Pierinæ, Subfamily, 170

Pieris, genus, 171;
bryoniæ, 173;
monuste, 172;
napi, 173;
oleracea, 173;
pallida, 173;
protodice, 172;
rapæ, 173

pilumnus, Papilio, 192

plexippus, Anosia, 10, 20, 30, 36, 63

Poanes, genus, 219;
massasoit, 219

pocohontas, Atrytone, 221

Polites, genus, 215;
peckius, 215

polydamas, Papilio, 197

Polystigma, genus, 146;
nais, 146

polyxenes, Papilio, 193

pontiac, Limochores, 217

portlandia, Debis, 126

powesheik, Oarisma, 210

pratensis, Phyciodes, 88

Prenes, genus, 216;
ocola, 216

procris, Copœodes, 211

progne, Grapta, 96

proterpia, Terias, 185

proteus, Eudamus, 200

protodice, Pieris, 172

pseudargiolus, Lycæna, 165

pylades, Thorybes, 201

Pyrameis, genus, 99;
atalanta, 100;
cardui, 102;
huntera, 100

Pyrrhanæa, genus, 120;
andria, 121;
morrisoni, 121

Pyrrhopyge, genus, 199;
araxes, 199

Pyrrhopyginæ, Subfamily, 199

rapæ, Pieris, 173

rhodope, Argynnis, 80

Rhopalocera, Suborder, 12, 13

ridingsi, Neominois, 134

rosa, Euchloë, 177

rubricata, Neonympha, 130

rutulus, Papilio, 191

samoset, Amblyscirtes, 209

sara, Euchloë, 177

sassacus, Erynnis, 212

Satyrinæ, Subfamily, 60, 61, 124

Satyrodes, genus, 126;
canthus, 127

Satyrus, genus, 135;
alope, 137;
charon, 138;
meadi, 138;
nephele, 137;
paulus, 137;
pegala, 136;
sthenele, 139

scudderi, Lycæna, 164

semidea, Œneis, 141

silenus, Grapta, 95

simæthis, Thecla, 155

smintheus, Parnassius, 186

Smyrna, genus, 20, 118;
karwinskii, 118

sosybius, Neonympha, 129

steneles, Victorina, 124

sthenele, Satyrus, 139

Synchloë, genus, 91;
janais, 91

Tachyris, genus, 171;
ilaire, 171

tarquinius, Feniseca, 34, 160

Terias, genus, 181;
delia, 183;
elathea, 183;
jucunda, 184;
lisa, 183;
mexicana, 183;
nicippe, 182;
proterpia, 185

terissa, Kricogonia, 178

tessellata, Hesperia, 202

texana, Eresia, 90

textor, Amblyscirtes, 209

Thanaos, genus, 205;
brizo, 205;
funeralis, 207;
horatius, 207;
icelus, 205;
juvenalis, 206;
lucilius, 205;
martialis, 207;
petronius, 206

tharos, Phyciodes, 87

thaumas, Limochores, 217

Thecla, genus, 20, 22, 148;
acadica, 153;
augustus, 155;
autolycus, 151;
behri, 158;
calanus, 153;
clytie, 159;
crysalus, 150;
damon, 154;
discoidalis, 155;
dumetorum, 158;
edwardsi, 152;
favonius, 150;
grunus, 152;
halesus, 149;
henrici, 157;
irus, 156;
læta, 157;
liparops, 154;
m-album, 149;
melinus, 151;
niphon, 156;
simæthis, 155;
titus, 158;
wittfeldi, 151

theona, Lycæna, 167

thoë, Chrysophanus, 161

Thorybes, genus, 201;
bathyllus, 201;
pylades, 201

Thymelicus, genus, 213;
brettus, 213;
mystic, 214;
otho, 213

Timetes, genus, 107;
coresia, 108

titus, Thecla, 158

tityrus, Epargyreus, 200

tritonia, Gyrocheilus, 134

troilus, Papilio, 193

turnus, Papilio, 20, 188

uncas, Erynnis, 213

Vanessa, genus, 96;
antiopa, 97;
j-album, 98;
milberti, 98

vanillæ, Dione, 70

verna, Euphyes, 218

vialis, Amblyscirtes, 208

viator, Phycanassa, 219

Victorina, genus, 123;
steneles, 124

vitellius, Atrytone, 220

walshi, Papilio, 187

weidemeyeri, Basilarchia, 112

wittfeldi, Thecla, 151

wrighti, Copœodes, 211

xanthoides, Chrysophanus, 160

xanthus, Hesperia, 203

xicaque, Paramecera, 139

yuccæ, Megathymus, 223

zabulon, Atrytone, 221

zelicaon, Papilio, 196

zolicaon, Papilio, 197

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