Chapter XXVII: Part II: Reptilia (15)

Ear, of Chelonia, 330;
of Crocodiles, 445 f.;
of Snakes, 583
Ear-opening of deserticolous reptiles, 494
_Echeneis remora_, used for turtle fishing, 382
_Echidna_ s. _Bitis_, _639_, 639
_Echis_, _640_;
_E. arenicola_, deserticolous, 493
_Edalorhina_, _212_
Eggs of Amphibia, 53;
mode of deposition in Amphibia, 54-56;
of _Ichthyophis_, 91;
and spermatophore of _Triton viridescens_, 128;
nursing and taking care of, 55;
by _Pipa_, 151;
by _Alytes_, 159;
by _Rhacophorus reticulatus_, 248;
by _Nototrema_, 188, _202_;
by _Amphignathodon_, _188_;
by _Hyla goeldii_, 198, 198;
by _Leptodactylus mystacinus_, 219;
by _Rhinoderma_, _228_;
by _Rhacophorus_, _248_;
by _Desmognathus fuscus_, 103, 103;
number of: in _Bufo vulgaris_, 175;
in _Bufo viridis_, 181;
in _Hyla arborea_, 193;
in _Rana esculenta_, 270
Eggs of Reptilia: _Sphenodon_, 299;
Chelonia, 331;
_Testudo graeca_, 369;
_T. ibera_, 369;
_T. elegans_, 371;
_T. polyphemus_, 372;
_Emys orbicularis_, 355;
_Clemmys leprosa_, 358;
_Chelone mydas_, 382;
_Thalassochelys caretta_, 387;
_Podocnemis expansa_, 393 f., 398;
_Trionyx_, 408;
mode of laying by _Emys_, 355;
by _Podocnemis_, 393;
used commercially, 394 f.;
enormous destruction of, 395, 399;
_Crocodilus_, 463, 464 f.;
_Alligator_, 470;
eggs and nest of _Gavialis_, 452;
Lacertilia, 499;
increasing in size after deposition, 499;
Geckos, 506, 508, 509, 511;
_Tarentola_, 509;
_Lacerta viridis_, 555;
_Chameleons_, 572
Egg-sac, of _Salamandrella_, 110 {657}
Egg-tooth, of Lacertilia, 499
Eimer, on habits of _Lacerta_, 552;
on _L. coerulea_, 558
_Elachistodon westermanni_, _625_
Elachistodontinae, _625_
_Elaphis_ s. _Coluber_, _615_ f.
Elapinae, _626_
_Elaps corallinus_, _635_
Elasmosauridae, _478_
_Elasmosaurus_, _478_
_Elginia_, 301, 304;
_E. mirabilis_, skull, 280, _305_
_Elosia_, _212_
_Elseya_, 389, 399
Emerald Lizard, _555_
Emery, on hand-skeleton of _Eryops_, 286
_Empedias molaris_, _308_
_Emyda_, _411_
_Emydura_, 389, 399
_Emys_, _350_ f.;
_E. blandingi_, _355_;
_E. europaea_ = _orbicularis_, _351_ f., 353
Enaliosauri, _476_
_Endothiodon_, _307_
_Engystoma_, _227_, _231_;
_E. carolinense_, _232_
Engystomatidae, _139_, _225_ f.
Engystomatinae, _139_, _225_ f.
_Engystomops_, 166, _168_
_Enhydrina valakadien_ s. _bengalensis_, _636_, 636
_Enygrus_, _601_
_Eosphargis_, 336, 337
Epichordal type of vertebrae, 20, 145
Epidermis, of Amphibia, 31 f.;
sense-organs in, 33
_Equisetum_, eaten by _Uromastix_, 525
_Eremias_, 551;
deserticolous, 493
_Erpetosuchus_, _433_
_Eryops_, 285, _286_;
trunk-vertebrae, 286, 288, 304;
_E. megacephalus_, 286
_Eryx_, _604_;
_E. jaculus_, _604_;
deserticolous, 493
Escuerzo = _Ceratophrys_, 216
Espada, on _Rhinoderma_, 228
Eublepharinae, _512_
_Euchirosaurus_, _83_, 287
_Eunectes murinus_, 603, 603
_Euprepes vittata_, _562_
_Euproctus_ = _Triton_, _130_
_Eurysternum_, 380
Eustachian tubes, of Anura, 29;
of Pelobatidae, 161;
of Aglossa, 143
_Eusuchia_, _434_
Eye, of Apoda, 86;
of Chelonia, 329;
of deserticolous reptiles, 494;
of Chameleons, 569;
of Snakes, 583
Eyed Lizard, _556_, 556
Eyelid, of Geckos, 504, 512;
transparent in _Chelodina_, 329;
lower, transparent in Lacertidae, 551;
in Scincidae, 560

Fasting, of _Chrysemys_, 347
Fat-bodies, of Amphibia, 49, 52;
of Lacertilia, 500
Fecundation, various modes of, in Amphibia, 54;
in Apoda, 87
Fer-de-Lance, _647_
Ferreiro = _Hyla faber_, _196_ f.
_Feylinia_, _564_
Fingers, number of, in Urodela, 15;
number of joints in Anura, 26, 27;
terminal modifications of, in Anura, 26;
mechanism of adhesive discs in Hylidae, 187
Fire Salamander, _115_
Firmisternal shoulder-girdle, 24, 25
Firmisternia, 140
Fischer-Sigwart, on growth of _Alytes_, 159 f.;
on growth of _Bufo_, 175;
on gestation of _Chalcides_, 563
Fletcher, on spawning of Australian frogs, 201, 223
Flower, S. S., on habits of _Rhacophorus_, 249;
_Phrynella pollicaris_, 233;
_Callula pulchra_, 234
Flying Dragon, _516_
Flying Frog, _Rhacophorus_, 245 f., 246
Foot, tridactyle, in _Hallopus_, 423;
bird-like in _Compsognathus_, 423
Fore-limb, of Urodela, 15;
of Anura, 26;
of Proreptilia, 286;
of Microsauri, 289;
of Prosauri, 290, 298;
of Theromorpha, 302;
of Chelonia, 320;
of Dinosauria, 414, 423, 425, 427;
of Crocodilia, 440;
of Plesiosauria, 475;
of Ichthyosauria, 481;
of Pterosauria, 485;
of Pythonomorpha, 489;
of Lacertilia, 497
Frog, _see_ Rana.
Grassfrog, 251;
Water-frog, 263, 268, 269

Gage, on _Triton viridescens_, 129
Galapagos Islands, tortoises of, 372, 377 f.
_Galesaurus_, _307_
_Gampsosteonyx_, _271_;
_G. batesi_, _238_, _240_
Gasco, on spawning of newts, 124
Gastrechmia, 140, 141, _232_
Gastrocentrous vertebrae, defined, 282
Gaupp, on frogs' respiration, 47 n.
Gavialidae, _451_ f.
_Gavialis_, 435, 436, _451_;
_G. gangeticus_, _452_;
skull, 449, 452
_Gavialosuchus_, _453_
_Gecko_, _511_;
_G. stentor_, _511_;
_G. verus_ = _guttatus_ = _verticillatus_, _511_
_Geckolepis_, deserticolous, 493
Geckones, _502_ f.;
distribution, 500, 503;
adhesive apparatus, 505, 505;
voice, 506;
reproduction of tail, 506;
eyelids, 504, 512
Geckonidae, _507_ f.
Geckoninae, _507_ f.
Gegenbaur, on classification, 9
_Gegenophis_, 87, _90
Geikia_, _310_ {658}
Genital organs, of Amphibia, 48 f., 49
_Genyophryne_, _236_;
_G. thomsoni_, _236_
Genyophrynidae, 141
Genyophryninae, _139_, _236_
Geographical distribution, principles of, 69 f.;
regions and sub-regions, 74 f. (for details _see also_ Maps);
of Apoda, 89;
of Urodela, 95, 96;
of Anura, 143, 161, 167, 185, 239;
of Chelonia, 331 f., 332, 333;
of Crocodilia, 446;
of Lacertilia, 500 f., 515, 529, 543, 552, 565, 568;
of Snakes, 585
_Geomolge_, 96
_Geosaurus_, _451_
_Geotriton_, 97
_Geotrypetes_, _89_
_Gerrhonotus_, _538_;
_G. coeruleus_, _538_
Gerrhosauridae, _514_, _559_
_Gerrhosaurus flavigularis_, _559_
Gharial, _452_;
_see_ also _Gavialis_
Gigantic Tortoises, _372_ f.
Gila Monster, _541_
Gills, definition, 40;
development of, 41, 43;
retention of, 40;
external and internal, 43 f.;
operculum of, 44;
of _Nototrema_, 203
Gill-clefts, 42;
of Urodela, 42;
of Anura, 42
Girtanner, on musical appreciation of tortoises, 368
Glass-Snake, _538_
_Glauconia_, _594_
Glauconiidae, _592_, _594_
_Glyphoglossus_, 225, 226, _228_, _233_;
_G. molossus_, _233_
Goeldi, on _Hyla faber_, 197;
on habits of _Podocnemis expansa_, 397 f.
_Gomphognathus_, _308_, 309
_Gondwanosaurus_, _83_
_Gongylus_, _562_
Goniopholidae, _453_
_Goniopholis_, 448, _453_;
_G. crassidens_, _453_;
_G. simus_, 453
_Gordonia_, 301, 303, _310_;
skull, 280
Grass-Frog, 251 f., 255
Grass-Snake, _608_ f.
Greek Tortoise, _365_ f.
Green Lizard, _555_
Green Toad, _180_
Green, or Edible, Turtle, _381_ f.
Groenberg, on _Pipa_, 149
Growth, rate of, in _Testudo ibera_, 370;
_Chrysemys picta_, 349;
_Emys orbicularis_, 351, 355
Gular shields of Chelonia, 315
Gundlach, on _Leptodactylus_, 219
Günther, 140;
on gigantic Tortoises, 374;
on classification of Snakes, 592
Gutzeit, on horny teeth of Tadpoles, 58
_Gymnodactylus_, tail, 506, _512_, 512;
deserticolous, 493
Gymnophiona, _84_ f.
_Gymnophis_, _90_
_Gymnophthalmus_, aberrant scaling, 495

Haast, on habits of _Sphenodon_, 299
_Hadrosaurus mirabilis_, _429_
Haeckel, on classification, 9
_Hallopus victor_, _423_
Hamadryad, _632_
Hand-skeleton, excalation of second finger in _Eryops_, 286
_Haptoglossa_, 96
Hardun = _Agama stellio_, _521_
_Hatteria_–see _Sphenodon_, 293 f.
Hawksbill-Turtle, _384_ f.
Hay, on _Sphargis_, 337
Hearing of Chelonia, 330
Heart, modification of, in lungless Amphibia, 47
Hedonic glands (ἡδονή, lust), 443
_Heleioporus_, _213_, _222_;
_H. albopunctatus_, _222_;
_H. pictus_, _222_
_Helix virgata_, eaten by _Hyla coerulea_, 200
_Heloderma horridum_, _540_;
_H. suspectum_, _540_, 541
Helodermatidae, _513_, _540_ f.
_Hemidactylus turcicus_, _508_, 508
Hemiphractinae, _139_, _210_ f.
_Hemiphractus_, _210_
_Hemisus_, 225, 226, _228_, _232_;
shoulder-girdle, 25;
_H. guttatum_, _232_;
_H. sudanense_, _232_
Hensel, on _Bufo marinus_, 179;
on tadpoles of _Thoropa_, 209;
on nest-building of _Leptodactylus_, 219
Herodotus, on Crocodiles, 462
_Herpele_, _90_
_Herpestes griseus_ (Mongoos), 629
Hibernation, temperature of blood during, 68;
of Tortoises, 347, 349, 354, 358, 360, 363, 365, 369, 376;
of Crocodiles, 447
Hinckley, on tadpoles of _Hyla versicolor_, 195
Hind-limbs, of Urodela, 15;
of Anura, 27;
of Prosauria, 289;
of Theromorpha, 302, 305;
of Chelonia, 321;
of Dinosauria, 414, 423, 425, 427, 429;
of Crocodilia, 440;
of Plesiosauria, 476;
of Ichthyosauria, 480;
of Pterosauria, 486;
of Lacertilia, 497;
of Ophidia, 593, 594, 596
_Hipistes hydrinus_, _625_
Holbrook, on the Black Snake, _613_;
on habits of _Alligator_, 470 f.
Holoblastic eggs;
the whole mass of the egg undergoes the process of cleavage, 53
Homalopsinae, _625_
_Homalopsis buccata_, _625_
Homing of turtles, instances of, 386
_Homoeosaurus pulchellus_, _292_ {659}
_Homopholis_, deserticolous, 493
Homothermous, defined, 68
_Hoplocephalus curtus_, _634_
_Hoplurus_, _528_;
geographical distribution, 501
Horned Toad = _Ceratophrys_, 215 f., 216, 217
Horned Viper, _640_, 641
Horny nail, on tail of Chelonia, 328
Horny scales, of Chelonia, 328
Horny shields, of Chelonia, 314, 315, 322, 323, 326 f., 327;
their growth, 326
Horny teeth, of Anura, 58
Hose, on reproduction of tortoise-shell, 386
Howes, on development of _Sphenodon_, 298
Humerus of _Sphenodon_, 294
Hutton, on Starred Tortoise, 370 f.
Huxley, on classification, 9
_Hydraspis_, 389;
skull, 399
_Hydromedusa_, 389, _404_;
_H. tectifera_, _404_
Hydrophinae, _635_
_Hydrophis obscura_, _636_, 636
_Hydrosaurus_, _543_
_Hyla_, _189_ f.;
_H. arborea_, _190_ f., 190;
var. _meridionalis_, _191_;
var. _savignyi_ = _japonica_, 191;
_H. aurea_, _201_ f.;
spawning, 201;
_H. carolinensis_ s. _lateralis_, _194_;
_H. coerulea_, _198_ f., 199;
spawning, 223;
_H. dasynotus_ and _H. nigromaculata_, dermal ossifications of, 190;
_H. ewingi_, _201_;
spawning, 223;
_H. faber_, peculiar nursing habits, 196 f.;
_H. femoralis_, _194_;
_H. goeldii_, _198_, 198;
female with eggs, 198;
_H. maxima_, _196_;
_H. nebulosa_ s. _luteola_, _197_;
nest-building, 198;
_H. polytaenia_, _198_;
_H. squirella_, _194_;
_H. vasta_, _195_;
_H. versicolor_, _194_ f.
Hylaeformes, 139
_Hylaeobatrachus croyi_, _83_
_Hylaeosaurus_, _425_
_Hylambates_, 238, _240_
_Hylella_, 186, _189_, _203_
Hylidae, _139_, _185_ f.;
distribution, 185, 186;
mechanism of climbing, 187;
map of distribution, 185;
distribution, 186
Hylinae, _139_, _189_ f.
_Hylixalus_, 238, _242_
_Hylodes_, _212_;
_H. martinicensis_, _214_ f., 214;
_H. abbreviatus_ = _Thoropa miliaris_, 209
_Hylonomus_, 288, _289_
_Hyloplesion longicostatum_, _289_
_Hylopsis_, _212_;
_H. platycephalus_, _224_
_Hylorhina_, _212_
_Hymenochirus_, 143, 144, _149_
_Hynobius_, 96, _109_
Hyoid apparatus, of Urodela, 16;
of Anura, 31;
of Chelonia, 318;
of _Chelys_, 400;
of Lacertilia, 496
_Hyperodapedon gordoni_, _292_
_Hyperolia_, _213_;
spawning, 223
Hyperphalangeal limbs, of Eusuchia, 441;
of Ichthyosauri, 480
_Hypogeophis_, 87, _89_, _92_;
_H. alternans_, _92_;
_H. rostratus_, _92_
_Hypopachus_, 226, _227_, 235
_Hypsilophodon foxi_, _427_
_Hypsirhina plumbea_, _625_

Iberian Water-tortoise, 357 f.
Ichthyodea, distribution of, 95
_Ichthyophis_, skull, 85, 88, _89_ f., 91;
_I. glutinosa_, _90_, 91;
_I. monochrous_, _90_
Ichthyopsida, 5, 277
Ichthyopterygia, 476
Ichthyosauri, _483_ f.
Ichthyosauria, _478_ f.;
skull, 281, 479;
vertebrae, 480;
limbs, 481;
shoulder-girdle, 481
_Ichthyosaurus_, _483_;
_I. communis_, _483_;
_I. campylodon_, _483_;
_I. quadriscissus_, 483;
_I. tenuirostris_, _483_;
_I. trigonodon_, _483_
_Idiochelys_, 380
_Iguana_, 306, 528, _531_;
_I. tuberculata_, _531_
Iguanidae, _513_, _528_ f.;
distribution, 501, 529
_Iguanodon_, 416, 417, _427_;
_I. bernissartensis_, _428_, 428;
_I. mantelli_, _427_
Ihering, on breeding habits of _Phyllomedusa_, 205 f., 206
Ikeda, on nursing habits of _Rhacophorus_, 248
_Ilysia_, _595_
Ilysiidae, _592_, _594_
Inframarginal shields, 326, 315
Intergular shields of Chelonia, 325, 315
Iris, colour of, in Chelonia, 329
_Ixalus_, 238, _241_

Jaw, lower, of _Salamandra_, 17;
of Urodela, 18;
of Anura, 30

Keller, quoted, 571 n.
_Keraterpeton_, _81_, 288;
_K. crassum_, _81_
Kidneys of Amphibia, 48 f., 49
Klinckowstroem, on _Pipa_, 149
Kollmann, on Neoteny, 64
Krait, _633_

Labial glands of _Heloderma_, 498
_Labyrinthodon_, _83_
Labyrinthodonta, _82_
_Lacerta_, _553_;
_L. agilis_, _554_;
_L. muralis_, _557_;
_L. ocellata_, _556_ f., 556;
_L. pater_, _556_;
_L. schreiberi_, _555_;
_L. tangitana_, _556_;
_L. viridis_, _555_;
skull, 550;
_L. vivipara_, _553_
Lacertae, _513_ f.
Lacertidae, _514_, _549_ f.;
skull, 550;
distribution, 552
Lacertilia, 491 f.; {660}
skeleton, 494 f.;
skin, 497;
change of colour, 498
_Lachesis gramineus_, _647_;
_L. lanceolatus_, _646_, 647
Land-tortoises, _364_ f.
Lanthanotidae, _514_, _541_ f.
_Lanthanotus borneensis_, _541_
_Laosaurus_, _427_
_Lariosaurus_, 473, 474;
_L. balsami_, _477_
Larvae, of _Ichthyophis_, 91;
of _Hypogeophis_, 92;
of _Amblystoma_, 112;
of _Triton waltli_, 131
Latreille, on classification, 7, 8
Laurenti, on classification, 7
Leathery Turtle = _Sphargis_, 333 f., 334
Lechriodonta, distribution of, 95;
defined, 102
_Lepidobatrachus_, _212_, _218_
_Lepidophyma_, _547_
Lepospondylous, defined, 79
_Leptobrachium_, _161_;
_L. carinense_, _166_
_Leptodactylus_, _212_, 218 f.;
_L. albilabris_, 219;
_L. mystacinus_, 219;
_L. ocellatus_, 219;
_L. typhonius_, 219 f.
_Leptognathus_, _624_
_Leptophis_, _618_;
_L. liocerus_, _618_, 619
Leslie, on _Xenopus_, 146
Leuckart, on classification, 8
Leydig's duct, defined, 48, 49
_Lialis burtoni_, _567_
Limbs, of Amphibia, 26, 27;
Stegocephali, 79, 83;
_Eryops_, 286;
Microsauri, 289;
Prosauri, 291;
_Sphenodon_, 298;
Theromorpha, 302;
Pareiasauri, 305;
Chelonia, 320, 319, 320;
_Sphargis_, 335;
Chelonidae, 379;
Dinosauria, 414 f., 418, 420;
_Compsognathus_, 423;
Stegosauri, 426 f.;
_Iguanodon_, 428, 428;
Eusuchia, 440;
Plesiosauria, 475, 475;
_Lariosaurus_, 477;
Ichthyosauria, 480;
Pterosauria, 485, 485;
Lacertilia, 495;
Geckones, 505;
Chameleons, 568;
reduction of, in Lacertilia, 497;
in Ophidia, 593, 594, 596
_Limnodynastes_, _213_, 222;
spawning, 223
_Limnomedusa_, _212_
Linnaeus, on classification, 7
_Liodon haumuriensis_, _490_
_Liolepis belli_, _527_
_Liopelma_, 153;
_L. hochstetteri_, _160_
_Liophryne_, 225, _227_
_Liosaurus_, _529_
Lissamphibia, _84_ f.
Lizard, Common English, _553_;
Emerald, _555_;
Eyed, _556_, 556;
Green, _555_;
Sand, _554_;
Wall, _557_
Lizards, _491_ f.
Locality, sense of, in Tortoises, 368, 387
Loggerhead Turtle, _387_;
individual varieties of shields, 327, 388
Longevity, of _Testudo daudini_, 376;
_T. graeca_, 369;
_T. ibera_, 369;
_T. sumeirei_, 377
_Loxocemus bicolor_, _598_
_Loxomma_, _83_
_Lucilia bufonivora_, fly infesting _Bufo_, 176
Lungs, definition, 40;
suppression of, 46;
of Aglossa, 144;
of Lacertilia, 499
Luth, or Leathery Turtle, 333 f., 334
_Lycosaurus_, _307_
_Lygosoma_, distribution, 501
Lymph-spaces, in the cutis of Anura, 34
_Lyriocephalus scutatus_, 517, 518
_Lytoloma_, 336, 380

_Mabuia_, _562_;
distribution, 501;
eyelids, 494;
_M. vittata_, _562_
_Macroclemmys_, 326;
_M. temmincki_, _340_ f., 340
_Macroprotodon cucullatus_, _624_
Macrorhynchidae, _451_
Madagascar, Lacertilia of, 502
_Malacoclemmys terrapin_, _359_ f.;
commercial breeding-farms, 360
Malpighian, body, 49;
stratum, 32
Mammalian affinities of Theromorpha, 303, 309
_Manculus_, 96, _103_, _106_;
_M. quadridigitatus_, _106_
Mandible, composition of, in Crocodiles, 437;
very Mammalian in _Gomphognathus_, 309
_Mantella_, 274
_Mantophryne_, 225, _227_
Maps showing geographical distribution, of Coeciliidae, 89;
Urodela, 95;
Aglossa, 143;
Cystignathidae, Discoglossidae, Pelobatidae, 161;
Bufonidae, 167;
Hylidae, 185;
Ranidae, 239;
Chelydidae, 332, 333;
Chelydridae, 332;
Cinosternidae, 332;
Dermatemydidae, 332;
Pelomedusidae, 332;
Platysternidae, 332;
Trionychidae, 333;
Crocodilia, 446;
Geckonidae, 503;
Agamidae, 515;
Anguidae, 529;
Iguanidae, 529;
Zonuridae, 529;
Varanidae, 543;
Lacertidae, 552;
Amphisbaenidae, 565;
Chamaeleontes, 568;
Snakes, dangerously poisonous, 585;
Elapinae, 626;
Crotalinae, 644;
Viperinae, 638
Marbled Newt, _126_
Marginal plates of Chelonia, 325, 322, 323
Marginal shields, 326
Marsh, on Axolotl, 115
Marsh Crocodile, _455_
Marshall, on distribution of Uropeltidae, 595
Mascarene Islands, tortoises of, 373 f.
Mason, on habits of _Calotes_, 519;
on Python legends, 599;
on _Varanus_, 544
_Mastodonsaurus_, _83_
Matamata = _Chelys fimbriata_, _400_, 401
Mauritius, gigantic tortoises, 373 f., 376
Mecodonta, distribution of, 95; {661}
defined, 102
_Megalixalus_, 238, _240_
_Megalophrys_, _161_;
tadpole, 60
_Megalosaurus_, 416;
_M. bucklandi_, _421_
_Megalotriton_, _83_
_Melanerpeton_, _81_, _289_
_Melanobatrachus_, 226, _228_
_Melosaurus_, 287
_Menobranchus lateralis_, _132_
_Menopoma_, _97_
Mento-Meckelian cartilages, 30
Meroblastic eggs; part of the egg only undergoes the process of cleavage,
53
Merrem, on classification, 8
Mesosauridae, _476_
_Mesosaurus_, _476_;
_M. tenuidens_, _476_
Metamorphosis of Tadpoles, 56 f.
Metasternum of Anura, 26, 25;
taxonomic value, 141;
definition, 26
Metatarsalia of Theropoda, 420
_Metopias_, _83_
_Metopoceros cornutus_, _532_
_Metriorhynchidae_, _451_
_Metriorhynchus_, atlas and axis, 283, 431, _451_
Metzdorff, on Axolotl, 113
_Micrixalus_, _241_
_Microgomphodon_, _308_, 309
_Microhyla_, _228_
Microsauri, _288_
Midwife-toad, 158
_Mimosa_ (plant), 629
_Miolania_, 390
_Mixophyes_, _213_;
spawning, 213
_Mixosaurus_, limbs, 480, 481, _483_
_Molge_–see _Triton_, _122_
_Moloch horridus_, _527_, 527
Mongoos and Cobra, 629
Monitor, _543_
_Morosaurus grandis_, _419_;
pelvis, 419
Mosasauri, _489_ f.
_Mosasaurus_, _489_;
_M. camperi_, _490_
Moult of Geckos, 510;
of Chameleons, 571;
of Snakes, 583
Mud-diver, _165_
Mud-turtle, 342
Mugger, _454_
Müller, J., on classification, 8
Müllerian duct, 49, 51
Musical appreciation of Tortoises, 368
_Myobatrachus_, 166, 167, _168_;
_M. gouldi_, _184_, 227, _236_
_Mystriosaurus_, 432, _451_

Nails or claws of Amphibia, 32
_Naja_, _626_;
_N. bungarus_ s. _elaps_, _632_;
_N. haje_, 628, _632_;
_N. tripudians_, _627_, 627
_Nannobatrachus_, 238, _240_
_Naosaurus claviger_, _308_
Natterjack, _181_
_Naultinus elegans_, 506
Neck, mode of withdrawing in Chelonia, 328 f.
_Nectes_, 166, _168_;
_N. subasper_, _169_
_Nectophryne_, 166, _168_;
_N. afra_, _169_;
_N. tuberculosa_, _169_;
_N. guentheri_, _169_;
_N. hosei_, _169_;
_N. misera_, _169_
_Necturus_, pelvis, 15, 96, _132_;
_N. maculatus_, _132_
Neoteny, 63 f.;
defined, 64
Nephrostomes, 48, 49
_Nephrurus asper_, tail, 506
Nerves, spinal, of Amphibia, 38;
cranial, 39
Nest, of _Crocodilus_, 463;
of _Gavialis_, 452
Neural plates, of Chelonia, 323 f., 322, 323;
suppression of plates, 324;
in Pleurodira, 389;
of _Dermatemys_, 342
_Neusticosaurus_, _477_
Newt, Common, _127_;
Crested, 125, 125;
Marbled, _126_;
Spotted, _127_
Newton, E. T., on fossil Reptiles, 303 n.
Nile Crocodile, 461
_Nodosaurus_, _430_
Nose-horned Viper, _640_
_Notaden_, 166, 169;
_N. bennetti_, _167_
_Notechis scutatus_, _634_
Nothosauri, _476_ f.
Nothosauridae, _477_
_Nothosaurus_, 474;
_N. mirabilis_, _477_
Notocentrous vertebrae, defined, 19
Notochord = Chorda dorsalis, _q.v._
_Nototrema_, _189_;
_N. cornutum_, _203_;
_N. marsupiatum_, _202_;
_N. oviferum_, _202_;
peculiar gills of embryos, 203;
_N. pygmaeum_, _202_;
_N. testudineum_, _202_
Nuchal plate of Chelonia, 323 f.;
of Pleurodira, 389
Nuchal shield of Chelonia, 326, 327;
of Pleurodira, 389, 399
Nuptial excrescences of Anura, 33
Nursing, habits, of _Arthroleptis seychellensis_, 243;
of _Chiromantis rufescens_, 244;
of _Rhacophorus_, 248;
of _Rhinoderma_, 228 f.;
of _Pipa_, 151;
of _Hyla faber_, 196 f.;
of _H. nebulosa_, 198;
of _H. goeldii_, 198;
of _Nototrema_, 203;
of _Phyllomedusa_, 204 f.;
of _Leptodactylus_, 219 f.;
of eggs by _Desmognathus_, 103, 103;
by _Autodax_, 108
_Nyctibatrachus_, _240_
_Nyctimantis rugiceps_, _189_, _206_
_Nyctixalus_, 238

Occipital condyle, of Reptilia, 278;
exaggerated importance of, 285;
of Theromorpha, 302;
of Pareiasauri, 305;
of _Cynognathus_, 307;
of _Crateronotus_, 307;
of _Dicynodon_, 310;
of Eusuchia, 437;
of Amphisbaenidae, 496
Odontaglossa, 140
_Oligodon_, dentition, 593 n.
_Omosaurus_ = _Stegosaurus_, _425_ {662}
Omosternum of Anura, 25;
taxonomic value, 141
_Onychodactylus_, 96;
_O. japonicus_, _109_
Operculum of gills, 44
_Ophiderpeton_, _81_
Ophidia, 491, _581_ f.
_Ophiophagus_, _632_
_Ophiops_, 551
_Ophioxylon_ (plant), 629
_Ophisaurus_, _538_;
_O. apus_, _538_;
_O. gracilis_, _538_
_Ophthalmosaurus_, limbs, 481, 481, 484
Opisthocoelous, definition, 12
Opisthoglossa, 140
Opisthoglypha, _592_, _606_ f., _623_ f.
Oppel, on classification, 7
_Oreobatrachus_, _241_
_Oreophrynella_, _227_
_Ornithocheirus_, _486_
_Ornithomimus_, 417;
_O. grandis_, _429_
Ornithopoda, 425, _426_
_Ornithopsis_, _419_
Ornithoscelida, 416
_Ornithosuchus_, _433_
_Orthocosta_, 288, _289_
Orthopoda, _424_
Ossifications, dermal, in Anura, 31, 34, 179, 190, 210, 211
Osteoderms = ossifications in the skin, of _Sphargis_, 337;
of _Caiman_, 337;
of Lizards, 504, 513, 514
_Osteolaemus_, _450_;
_O. tetraspis_, _466_
Ouaran, _543_
_Oudenodon_, 301;
_O. rugosus_, _310_
Ovary, 49
Oviduct, 49, 51
Owen, on fossil Reptiles, 303 n.
Oxydactyla, 140
_Oxyglossus_, 239, _241_

_Pachytriton_, 96, _115_;
_P. brevipes_, _132_
Painted Terrapin, _347_, 348;
rate of growth, 349
_Palaeobatrachus_, vertebral column, 22, 145
_Palaeohatteria longicaudata_, _291_;
skull, 280, 304
_Paludicola_, resembles _Engystomops_, 166, _212_, _220_;
_P. fuscomaculata_, 220;
_P. biligonigera_, 221
_Paludina_, as food of _Trionyx_, 407
Parasternum = the sum total of the Abdominal ribs, _q.v._;
of _Sphenodon_, 298;
of Crocodilia, 440;
of Ichthyosauria, 480
Parasuchia, _433_
Pareiasauri, 301, 302, _304_
_Pareiasaurus baini_, _304_
Parrots, feathers dyed with poison of _Dendrobates_, 272
_Pelobates_, variation of vertebrae, 19;
sacral vertebra, 22, _161_ f.;
_P. fuscus_, _162_;
_P. cultripes_, _163_, 164;
_P. syriacus_, _164_
Pelobatidae, _139_, _160_ f.;
distribution, 161
_Pelodytes_, _161_, _165_;
_P. punctatus_, _165_;
_P. caucasicus_, _166_
_Pelomedusa galeata_, _391_
Pelomedusidae, _313_, _314_;
distribution, 332, _390_ f.
_Pelosaurus_, _81_
Pelvic, plexus of Anura, 39
Pelvis, of Urodela, 15;
of Anura, 22, 27;
of _Eryops_, 286;
of Microsauri, 289;
of _Sphenodon_, 298;
of Theromorpha, 302;
of Pareiasauri, 305;
of _Cynognathus_, 307;
of _Dicynodon_, 310;
of Chelonia, 319, 319, 320;
of Pleurodira, 388, 389;
of Dinosauria, 414;
of Eusuchia, 441;
of Plesiosauria, 476;
of Ichthyosauria, 480;
of Pterosauria, 485;
of Pythonomorpha, 489;
of Lacertilia, 496
Perennibranchiata, 8, 9;
not a natural group, 65
Petrels living with _Sphenodon_, 299
_Petrobates_, 288, _289_
Phalanges, number of, in Urodela, 15;
in Anura, 26, 27, 238;
in Stegocephali, 79;
in _Palaeohatteria_, 291;
in Chelonia, 320, 321;
in _Chelone_, 379;
in _Scelidosaurus_, 425;
in _Camptosaurus_, 427;
in _Laosaurus_, 427;
in _Iguanodon_, 428;
in Eusuchia, 441;
in Plesiosauria, 475;
in _Lariosaurus_, 477;
in Ichthyosauria, 481, 481;
in Pterosauria, 485, 485;
shape in Anura, 138;
peculiar in _Pipa_, 151
Phaneroglossa, _152_
Phanéroglosses, 139
_Phanerotis_, _213_
Phisalix, on poison of Amphibia, 37
_Pholidosaurus_, _451_
Phractamphibia, _78_ f.
Phrynaglosses, 139
_Phrynella_, _227_;
_Ph. pollicaris_, 233
_Phryniscus_, 226, _227_, _230_;
_Ph. nigricans_, _230_
_Phrynobatrachus_, _241_
_Phrynocara_, 235, _236_
_Phrynocephalus_, _521_;
deserticolous, 493;
coloration, 494;
_Ph. helioscopus_, _522_;
_Ph. interscapularis_, _522_;
_Ph. mystaceus_, _522_
_Phrynoderma_, _241_
_Phrynomantis_, 226, _228_
_Phrynopsis_, _241_
_Phrynosoma_, 305, _533_;
_Ph. coronatum_, _534_, 535;
_Ph. cornutum_, _533_, 534
_Phyllobates_, _242_;
_Ph. bicolor_, _242_;
_Ph. trinitatis_, _242_
_Phyllodactylus_, _507_;
_Ph. europaeus_, _507_
_Phyllodramus_, 238, _242_
_Phyllomedusa_, _189_, _203_ f.;
_Ph. bicolor_, _203_;
_Ph. dacnicolor_, _203_;
_Ph. hypochondrialis_, breeding habits and development, _204_; {663}
_Ph. iheringi_, _205_;
breeding habits, 206
Phylogeny, of Amphibia, 66;
of Anura, 142 f.;
of Reptilia, 282;
of Lacertilia, 515;
of Ophidia, 592
_Physignathus lesueuri_, _523_, 524
Pigment in the skin, 34
_Pipa_, 143, 144, _149_ f., 150
Pit-Vipers, _644_
Placodontia, _311_
_Placodus_, 301;
_P. gigas_, _311_
Plastron, of Chelonia, 315, 321, 321;
provided with hinges, 323;
sexual characters of, 331;
movable in _Emys_, 350;
of Chelonidae, 321, 321, 322, 380;
of Pelomedusidae, 390;
of Chelydidae, 399;
of Trionychoidea, 406
_Platecarpus_, _490_
_Platemys_, suppression of neural plates, 324;
skull, 399
Plathander = _Xenopus_, _146_ f.
_Platurus fasciatus_ s. _colubrinus_, _637_
Platydactyla, 140
_Platydactylus facetanus_, _509_, 508
_Platyhyla_, _236_
_Platypelis_, 235, _236_
Platysternidae, _314_, 326, _345_
_Platysternum megacephalum_, _345_
_Plectromantis_, _212_
_Plesiochelys_, 380, 389
Plesiosauri, _477_ f.
Plesiosauria, _473_ f.;
vertebrae, 474
Plesiosauridae, _478_
_Plesiosaurus_, 475, _478_;
_P. conybeari_, _478_;
_P. dolichodirus_, _478_
_Plethodon_, 94, 96, _104_, _106_;
_P. erythronotus_, _107_;
_P. glutinosus_, _106_
Plethodontinae, 102, _103_
_Plethodontohyla_, 235, _236_
Pleurodira, _313_, _388_ f.
_Pleurosaurus_, _294_
_Pleurosternum_, 390
_Plioplatecarpus_, _489_
Pliosauridae, _477_
_Pliosaurus grandis_, _477_
Plover, Egyptian, and Crocodile, 462
_Podocnemis_, 390, _391_;
_P. expansa_, _391_ f.;
Bates, on habits of, 392 f.
Poikilothermous, defined, 67
Poison, of Amphibia, 37, 38;
peculiar use of, 272
Poison-apparatus, of _Heloderma_, 540;
of Snakes, 586 f.
_Polacanthus_, _425_
_Polychrus marmoratus_, _529_
_Polyodontophis_, _605_ n.
Portschinsky, on parasitic flies, 177 n.
Postpubis, of Dinosaurs, 414, 424, 426
Pouchet, quoted, 571
Predentary bone, of Dinosaur, 424
Prehallux, of Anura, 28
Prepubis, of Dinosaurs, 414, 424, 426
_Proganochelys_, 389
Proganosauria, 476
Proreptilia, _285_
Prosauri, _290_
Prosauria, _288_
_Prostherapis_, _242_
Protection of Amphibia by poison, 38
Proteidae, 94, 96, _132_ f.
Proteroglossa, 140
Proteroglypha, _625_
_Proteus_, 96;
_P. anguinus_, _133_, 134
Protorosauri, _290_, 304
_Protorosaurus lincki_, _291_
_Protosphargis_, 336
_Protostega_, 336
_Protriton_, _80_, 81
_Psammodromus hispanicus_, _558_;
_P. algirus_, _558_
_Psammosaurus_, _543_
_Psephoderma_, 337
_Psephophorus_, 336, 337
_Pseudechis porphyriaceus_, _634_
_Pseudis_, _212_, _213_;
_P. paradoxa_, _213_ f.
_Pseudobranchus_, 96;
_P. striatus_, 137
Pseudocentrous, defined, 79
_Pseudophryne_, 166, _167_, _168_;
spawning, 223;
_P. australis_, _168_;
_P. bibroni_, _168_
_Pseudopus_, aberrant scaling, 495;
_P. pallasi_, _538_
_Pseudosphargis_, 336
_Pseudosuchia_, _432_
_Ptenopus_, _507_;
deserticolous, 494
_Pteranodon longiceps_, _487_
Pteranodontes, _487_
_Pternohyla_, 179, _189_;
_P. fodiens_, _207_
Pterodactyli, _486_
_Pterodactylus longirostris_, _487_;
_P. spectabilis_, _487_
Pterosauri, _486_
Pterosauria, _484_ f.
_Ptyas_ = _Zamenis_, _611_
_Ptychozoon_, tail, 506;
_P. homalocephalum_, _512_, 512;
adhesive apparatus, 505
Pubis, of Dinosaurs, 414, 424, 426
Puff Adder, _639_, 639
Pygopodidae, _514_, _567_
_Pygopus lepidopus_, _567_
_Python_, _598_;
_P. molurus_, _600_, 600;
_P. regius_ = _P. sebae_, _601_;
_P. reticulatus_, _598_;
_P. spilotes_, _598_, 599
Pythoninae, _598_ f.
Pythonomorpha, _487_ f.
_Pyxis arachnoides_, _365_

Radde's "law of the steppe," 493
_Rana_, _241_, _249_ f.;
sacral vertebrae, 22;
shoulder-girdle, 25;
urino-genital organs, 49;
Tadpoles' horny teeth, 58;
vocal sacs, 250;
nuptial excrescences, 250;
large glandular complexes, 250;
distribution, 251;
species with finger-discs, 250;
_R. afghana_, 250; {664}
_R. agilis_, _257_;
_R. albolabris_, 250;
_R. alticola_, 250;
_R. arvalis_, _257_;
_R. catesbiana_, _261_;
_R. chalconota_, 250;
_R. chloronota_, 250;
_R. clamata_, _262_, 263;
_R. corrugata_, 250;
_R. curtipes_, 250;
_R. cyanophlyctis_, 250;
_R. elegans_, 250;
_R. erythraea_, _250_;
_R. esculenta_, _263_;
mechanism of tongue, 268;
vocal sacs, 269;
var. _chinensis_, _267_;
var. _lessonae_, _265_;
var. _ridibunda_, _264_;
var. _typica_, _265_;
_R. fontinalis_, _262_;
_R. glandulosa_, 250;
_R. gracilis_, _261_;
_R. graeca_, _259_;
_R. guppyi_, _261_;
_R. halecina_, _263_;
_R. hexadactyla_, 250;
_R. iberica_, _258_;
_R. latastei_, _259_;
_R. liebigi_, 250;
_R. mascareniensis_, 250;
_R. montezumae_, 250;
_R. mugiens_, _261_;
_R. opisthodon_, _260_;
_R. oxyrhynchus_, 250;
_R. rugosa_, 250;
_R. silvatica_, _259_;
_R. temporalis_, 250;
_R. temporaria_, _251_ f., 255;
_R. tigrina_, _261_
Ranidae, _139_, _237_ f.
_Ranidens_, 96;
_R. sibiricus_, _109_
Raniformes, 139, 140
Raninae, _139_, _237_, _238_ f.;
distribution, 239
_Rappia_, _241_
Rat Snake, _611_, 612
Rattle of Rattle-Snake, 644
Rattle-Snake, _648_ f., 648, 650
Reduction of limbs, in Urodela, 16;
in Lacertilia, 497
Regeneration, in Amphibia, 66 f.;
of tail in _Sphenodon_, 298;
of shell in Chelonia, 329;
of horny shields in Chelonia, 329, 386;
of tail in Lacertilia, 495;
of tail in Geckos, 506
Regions, geographical, 74 f.
Reproduction of Tortoise-shell, 386
Reptilia, defined, 277;
principal characters of, 278;
classification of, 279;
diagram of affinities of principal groups, 282;
affinities to Mammalia, 303, 309
Respiration, mode of, in Chelonia, 331;
assisted by anal sacs, 330
Respiratory organs, of Amphibia, 40
Rhachiodontinae, _622_
_Rhacophorus_, 151, 186, 238, _241_, 244, 246;
_Rh. leucomystax_, _247_;
tadpoles, 249;
_Rh. maculatus_, nesting, 248;
_Rh. madagascariensis_, _245_;
_Rh. maximus_, _245_;
_Rh. pardalis_, _246_, 246;
_Rh. reinwardti_, _247_;
_Rh. reticulatus_, _248_;
_Rh. schlegeli_, nesting, 248
_Rhampholeon spectrum_, _580_
_Rhamphorhynchus longicaudatus_, 486;
_Rh. phyllurus_, _486_;
_Rh. muensteri_, 487
_Rhamphosuchus crassidens_, _453_
_Rhinatrema_, _89_
_Rhinemys_, 389, 399
_Rhinochelys_, 390
_Rhinoderma_, 226, _227_, _228_;
_Rh. darwini_, _228_ f.
_Rhinophis_, 91;
_Rh. sanguineus_, _596_
_Rhinophrynus_, 166, _168_;
_Rh. dorsalis_, _185_, 227
_Rhinophrys_, 167
_Rhombophryne_, 225, _227_
Rhynchocephali, _292_
_Rhynchosaurus_, _292_
_Rhytidosteus_, _83_
Ribs, of Urodela, 14;
of Anura, 21;
of Microsauri, 288;
of _Sphenodon_, 297;
of Theromorpha, 302;
of _Cynognathus_, 307;
of _Microgomphodon_, 309;
of Chelonia, 315, 320, 324;
of Dinosauria, 413;
of Crocodilia, 438;
of Parasuchia, 434;
of Eusuchia, 439;
of Lacertilia, 495;
of Geckones, 504;
much elongated in certain Iguanidae, 529;
meeting ventrally in Chameleons, 568
Ridewood, on hyoid apparatus of Anura, 31
Ringhals, _632_, 633
Ritter and Miller, on _Autodax_, 107
Robinson, on peculiar use of _Varanus_, 546
Rodriguez, gigantic tortoises, 374
Rostral bone of Ceratopsia, 430
Round Island snake, 603

Sacral vertebrae of Anura, 21, 22
_Salamandra_, _115_ f.;
trunk-vertebra, 14;
skull, 17;
lower jaw, 17;
distribution, 96, _115_ f.;
_S. atra_, _119_ f.;
_S. caucasica_, _121_;
_S. maculosa_, _115_ f.
_Salamandrella_, 96, _109_;
_S. keyserlingi_, _109_;
_S. schrenki_, egg-sac, 110
Salamandridae, _94_, _102_
_Salamandrina_, 96, _115_;
_S. perspicillata_, _122_;
skull, 17
Salamandrinae, _102_, _115_
Sarasin, P. and F., 10;
on Coeciliae, 88;
on _Ichthyophis_, 90
Sauria, _491_ f.
_Saurichnites salamandroides_, _83_
Sauropoda, _418_
Sauropsida, 5, _277_
Sauropterygia, 476
_Saurosternum_, _291_
Scales of Apoda, 87
Scaling, aberrant, 495
_Scaphiophryne_, 225, 226, _227_
_Scaphiopus_, _161_, _164_;
_S. solitarius_, _165_
_Scapteira_, deserticolous, 494
Scapula, attached to thoracic vertebrae, 487
_Scelidosaurus_, 416;
_S. harrisoni_, _425_
Scheuchzer, on _Homo diluvii testis_, 84
Schlegel, on _Cryptobranchus_, 100
Schuberg, on mechanism of finger-discs of Hylidae, 187
Schwalbe, on _Salamandra atra_, 120
Scincidae, _514_, _559_ f.
_Scincus officinalis_, _561_ {665}
_Sciurus bicolor_, squirrel, 248
_Scolecomorphus_, _90_
Sea Snakes, _635_
Seeley, on fossil Reptiles, 303 n.
_Seeleya_, _81_, _289_
Segmental duct, 49
Sense-organs, of Chelonia, 329 f.;
of Crocodiles, 445 f.
_Sepedon haemachates_, _632_, 633
_Seps_, _562_
Seychelles, gigantic tortoises of, 373
Shell of Chelonia, 321 f., 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 327;
partial regeneration of, 329;
correlated changes, 328
Shields, horny, of Chelonia, 322, 323, 325 f., 327;
evolution of, 326 f.;
individual variation in, 326, 327;
periodical peeling of, 328
Shoulder-girdle, of Urodela, 14;
of Anura, 24, 25, 138 f.;
arciferous, 24, 25, 138;
firmisternal, 24, 25, 138;
of Aglossa, 144;
of Microsauri, 289;
of Protorosauri, 290;
of Theromorpha, 302;
of Pareiasauri, 305;
of _Dicynodon_, 310;
of Chelonia, 318, 319, 320;
of Dinosauria, 414;
of Eusuchia, 440;
of Plesiosauria, 474;
of _Cryptoclidus_, 475;
of Ichthyosauria, 480, 481;
of Pterosauria, 485;
of _Pteranodon_, 487;
of Pythonomorpha, 488;
of Lacertilia, 496
Shufeldt, on Axolotl, 114;
on _Heloderma_, 540 n.
_Simosaurus_, _477_
_Siphonops_, 86, 87, _90_
_Siredon_ (Axolotl), 112
_Siren_, 96;
_S. lacertina_, 136, 136
Sirenidae, _94_, 96, _136_
_Sistrurus miliarius_, _647_
Skeleton, figured, of _Testudo_, 319;
of _Chelone_, 320;
of _Brontosaurus_, 418;
of _Ceratosaurus_, 422;
of _Stegosaurus_, 426;
of _Iguanodon_, 428;
of _Triceratops_, 430;
of _Pterodactylus_, 485
Skin, of larval Amphibia, 31;
shedding of, 32;
glands, 32;
pigment, 34;
change of colour, 35;
poison, 36;
of Apoda, 87;
of _Pipa_, 149;
forms receptacles for eggs, 151, 248;
of Eusuchia, 441 f.
Skin-glands, of Crocodiles, 443;
of Lacertilia, 497;
of Geckones, 504;
of Snakes, 583
Skull, of Urodela, 16 f., 17;
of _Amblystoma_, 17;
of _Salamandrina_, 17;
of _Salamandra_, 17;
of Anura, 28 f.;
of Apoda, 84, 85
Skull, of Reptilia, 280, 281:
–of Proreptilia: _Cricotus_, 287;
_Eryops_, 286:
–of Microsauri, 289:
–of Protorosauri, 280;
_Palaeohatteria_, 280, 291:
–of Rhynchocephali (_Sphenodon_), 280, 295, 295:
–of Theromorpha, 280, 301, 303;
_Elginia_, 280, 305 f.;
_Cynognathus_, 280, 306;
_Gordonia_, 280, 310;
_Dicynodon_, 280, 310;
Theriodontia, 306;
Mammalian resemblances, 308 f.;
_Lycosaurus_ 307;
_Endothiodon_, 307;
_Gomphognathus_, 308;
Anomodontia, 309, 280;
_Oudenodon_, 310;
_Placodus_, 311:
–of Mammalia, generalised, 281:
–of Chelonia, 316 f., 280;
_Sphargis_, 335;
Chelydridae, 280, 338;
_Chelydra_, 280, 338;
Chelonidae, 317, 378, 379;
_Chelone_, 317, 378;
_Thalassochelys_, 379;
_Clemmys_, 356;
_Testudo_, 364;
_Chelys_, 400, 344;
_Trionyx_, 405, 404;
_Chrysemys_, 280, 346;
_Cistudo_, 280, 361;
Pleurodira, 388, 400;
Pelomedusidae, 390;
Chelydidae, 399, 400;
Trionychoidea, 404, 405:
–of Dinosauria, 412 f., 422;
_Anchisaurus_, 421;
_Ceratosaurus_, 422;
_Diplodocus_, 419:
–of Crocodilia, 280;
Pseudosuchia, 432;
Parasuchia, 433;
Eusuchia, 434 f.;
_Gavialis_, 452;
_Crocodilus americanus_, 466;
_C. niloticus_, 460;
_C. palustris_, 455;
_C. porosus_, 458;
_Alligator_, 468:
–of Plesiosauria, 473;
_Nothosaurus_, 477:
–of Ichthyosauria, 479;
_Ichthyosaurus_, 281:
–of Pterosauria, 484;
_Dimorphodon_, 281:
–of Pythonomorpha, 488;
_Clidastes_, 281:
–of Lacertilia, 281;
Geckones, 504;
Agamidae, 281, 515;
_Uromastix_, 281;
Iguanidae, 528;
Anguidae, 537;
Helodermatidae, 540;
Varanidae, 281, 542, 543;
_Varanus_, 281;
Tejidae, 547;
Lacertidae, 281, 550, 550;
_Lacerta_, 281;
Scincidae, 559;
Amphisbaenidae, 565;
Chamaeleontes, 568, 569:
–of Ophidia, 281, 596, 597, 588;
_Eunectes_, 596, 597;
_Crotalus_, 588
Slow-worm, _539_, 539
Slugs eaten by tortoises, 363
Smell, sense of, of Chelonia, 330
Smith, the, = _Hyla faber_, peculiar nursing habits, 196 f.
Smooth Snake, _619_, 620
Snakes, _581_ f.;
skull, 581 f., 281, 588, 596, 597 f.;
vertebrae, 582;
general anatomical structure, 583 f.;
geographical distribution, 585 f., 585;
classification, 592 f.
Snake-charming, 631
Snake-poison, 586 f.
Snake-stones, 629 f.
Snapping Turtle, _338_ f.
Soft-shelled Turtle, 408
Sound produced by rubbing of scales of _Teratoscincus_, 507
Spade-foot, _162_
_Spelerpes_, 94, 96, 97, _103_, _104_, 106;
_S. altamazonicus_, _104_;
_S. bilineatus_, _104_;
_S. fuscus_, _104_, _105_;
tongue, 106;
_S. infuscatus_, _104_;
_S. lineolus_, _104_;
_S. parvipes_, _104_; {666}
_S. porphyriticus_, _105_;
_S. salmoneus_, _105_;
_S. subpalmatus_, _104_;
_S. uniformis_, _104_
Spencer, on habits of _Chiroleptes_, 221 f.
Spermatophores, 53, 128
Spermatozoa of Amphibia, 52 f.
Sphargidae, _313_, _314_, _333_ f.;
affinities, 336;
morphology of shell, 337
_Sphargis coriacea_, _333_ f., 334;
absence of horny shields, 325
_Sphenodon_, 288, 290, 305, 306, 432;
_S. punctatum_, 293, _294_;
skull, 295;
cervical vertebrae, 297;
habits, 298 f.
_Sphenophryne_, 225, _227_
_Sphenosaurus_, _82_, 287
Spiny-tailed Lizard, _524_ f.
Spiracle, development, 45
Spotted Newt, _127_
Spy-Slange, _632_
St. Helena, gigantic tortoises introduced, 375
_Stagonolepis_, _434_
Stannius, 8, 139;
on vertebrae of _Pelobates_, 20
_Staurotypus salvini_, _342_
Stegocephali, 78 f.;
St. Lepospondyli, _80_ f.;
St. Temnospondyli, _81_ f.;
St. Stereospondyli, _83_ f.;
vertebrae, 78 f.;
shoulder-girdle, 79;
dermal armour, 79
Stegosauri, _425_
_Stegosaurus armatus_, _425_;
_S. ungulatus_, _426_, 426
_Stenodactylus_, deserticolous, 494;
sleeping attitude, 509
_Stereocyclops_, _227_, _231_;
_S. incrassatus_, _231_
_Stereorhachis_, _308_
Stereospondylous vertebrae, defined, 284
_Sternothaerus_, 324, 389, _390_;
_S. derbianus_, _391_;
shields of, 327
Sternum, of Urodela, 15;
of Anura, 25;
taxonomic value, 141, 142;
of _Sphenodon_, 297 f.;
Protorosauri, 290;
Dinosauria, 414;
Eusuchia, 440
Stewart, quoted, on _Heloderma_, 540 n.
Stinkpot Terrapin, 342
Suboccipital (first spinal nerve) of Anura, 144
Subregions, geographical, 74 f.
Surinam Toad, 149, 150
_Syrrhopus_, 212
Systomata, 139

Tadpoles, horny teeth of, 58 f.;
of _Megalophrys_, 59, 60;
absorption of tail, 61 f.;
of _Xenopus_, 147, 148;
of _Bombinator_, 157;
of _Alytes_, 159;
of _Hyla arborea_, 193;
of _H. versicolor_, 195;
of _Bufo viridis_, 181;
of _B. calamita_, 183;
of _B. vulgaris_, 176;
of _Thoropa miliaris_, 209;
of _Pseudis paradoxa_, 213;
of _Hylodes martinicensis_, 214;
of _Rhinoderma darwini_, 229;
of _Arthroleptis seychellensis_, 243;
of _Rana temporaria_, 255;
of _R. opisthodon_, 260;
of _R. esculenta_, 270
Tail, of Anura, 21, 24;
its absorption, 61;
of Chelonia, 328;
of Geckos, various shapes, 506;
reproduction of, 506
_Tarentola mauritanica_, 508, _509_ f.
Tarsus (_see_ also Limbs), of Chelonia, 319, 320, 321;
of Dinosauria, 416, 418, 420, 421, 423, 426;
of Theropoda, 420;
of _Compsognathus_, 423;
of _Iguanodon_, 428
Teeth, of Anura, 30, 138, 139;
substitutes for, 30, 58, 218, 237;
of Apoda, 86;
of _Rhynchosaurus_, 292;
of _Homoeosaurus_, 292;
of Rhynchocephali, 292;
of _Sphenodon_, 296;
of Theromorpha, 301;
of _Elginia_, 306, 280;
of _Cynognathus_, 306, 280;
of _Lycosaurus_, 307;
of _Galesaurus_, 307;
of _Endothiodon_, 307;
of _Empedias_, 308;
of _Stereorhachis_, 308;
of _Gomphognathus_, 308;
of _Tritylodon_, 309;
Mammalian resemblances, 309;
of Anomodontia, 309;
of _Dicynodon_, 280, 310;
of _Gordonia_, 280;
of _Placodus_, 311;
of Sauropoda, 418 f., 419;
of Theropoda, 420 f., 422;
of Orthopoda, 424 f.;
of Eusuchia, 437;
of Ichthyosauri, 479;
of Snakes, 582
Tejidae, _514_, _547_ f.
Teju, _548_, 548
Teleosauridae, _450_
_Teleosaurus_, _451_
_Telerpeton elginense_, _291_
Temnospondylous vertebrae, defined, 284
Temperature of blood, 67 f.;
of water for Crocodiles, 460
Tennent, on immunity of Cobras, 629 f.;
on turtles at Ceylon, 384, 386;
on habits of _Crocodilus palustris_, _456_ f.;
on habits of _C. porosus_, 459;
on peculiar use of _Varanus_, 545;
on habits of Gecko, 511
Tentacular apparatus of Apoda, 45, 86, 88
_Tephrometopon_, 493
_Teratoscincus_, deserticolous, 493;
eye, 494;
_T. scincus_, _507_
Terrapin, _359_ f.
Testis, 49
Testudinidae, _313_, _314_, _345_;
distribution, 332
_Testudo_, 365;
skeleton, 322, 323;
shields of, 327;
_T. abingdoni_, 376, _378_;
_T. atlas_, 372, 377;
_T. daudini_, _375_, 376;
_T. elegans_, _370_ f.;
_T. elephantina_, _374_;
_T. elephantopus_, _378_;
_T. ephippium_, _378_;
_T. gigantea_, _374_;
_T. graeca_, _365_ f.;
habits, 367;
eggs, 369;
great age, 369;
_T. grandidieri_, 373;
_T. horsfieldi_, _370_;
_T. ibera_, _366_;
age attained, 369;
rate of growth, 370;
_T. marginata_, _367_;
_T. perpigniana_, 372;
_T. polyphemus_, _371_ f.; {667}
_T. sumeirei_, _376_;
_T. vosmaeri_, 373, 377
_Tetradactylus_, _559_;
_T. africanus_, _559_;
_T. seps_, 559
Tetrapoda, Credner's name for "four-footed" creatures in opposition to
the fishes, which have fins, 4, 11
Thalassemydidae, 380
_Thalassochelys caretta_, individual variation of shields, 326, 327,
_387_;
skull, 379
Thecophora, definition of term, 337, _338_
Theobald, on _Varanus_, 544
Theriodontia, _306_
Theromorpha, _300_, 301;
skull, 280, 301;
their affinity to Mammals, 303 f., 309
Theropoda, _420_
Thilenius, quoted, 571 n.
_Thoracosaurus_, _451_
_Thorius_, 96, _103_;
_Th. pennatulus_, _103_
_Thoropa_, 186, _189_;
_Th. miliaris_, _209_
Tiger Snake, _634_
_Tiliqua_ s. _Cyclodus_, _561_
Toad, _see_ Bufo, 169;
common Toad, 170, 172
Toes, number of, in Urodela, 16;
in Anura, 28;
of Geckos, structure, 505, 505
_Tomistoma_, 435, _450_;
_T. schlegeli_, _453_
Tongue, of Amphibia, nerve-supply, 39;
shape of, in Anura, 47;
of _Spelerpes_, 106;
absent in Aglossa, 145;
of _Rana esculenta_, 268;
of Crocodiles, 443;
of Lacertilia, 498;
of Chameleons, 569 f.
Tortoise, Greek, _365_ f.;
habits, 367 f.;
Moroccan, _366_;
habits, 367 f.;
Starred, _370_ f.;
Gopher, 371 f.;
Gigantic Land-Tortoises, 372 f.
Tortoises = Chelonia, _312_ f.
Tortoise-shell of commerce, 386
Trachea, of Crocodiles, 443
_Trachysaurus_, 560, _560_;
_T. rugosus_, _560_, 561
Tree-frogs, 185 f.;
change of colour, 35
_Trematosaurus_, 80, _83_
_Triceratops_, 413;
_T. prorsus_, _430_, 430;
_T. flabellatus_, _430_
_Trichobatrachus_, _240_;
_T. robustus_, _271_
_Trigonocephalus cenchris_, _645_, 645, _646_, 646
_Trimerorhachis_, _82_
Trionychidae, _313_;
distribution, 333
Trionychoidea, _313_, _314_, _404_ f.;
habits, 407
_Trionyx_, nuchal plate, 324;
skull, 405;
plastron, 406;
number of costal plates, 325;
_T. ferox_, _408_, 409;
_T. formosa_, _411_, 411;
_T. gangeticus_, _410_, 410;
_T. hurum_, 410;
_T. triunguis_, _410_
_Triprion_, 179, 185, _189_;
_T. petasatus_, _207_
_Trirhachiodon_, _309_
_Triton_, _122_ f., 96, _115_, 125, 128, 131;
fossil, 83;
spermatophores, 53;
_T. alpestris_, 123, _126_;
_T. asper_, 123, _130_;
_T. blasii_, _126_;
_T. boscai_, 123, _127_;
_T. cristatus_, 122, _125_, 125;
_T. hagenmuelleri_, 123;
_T. helveticus_, _127_;
_T. italicus_, _127_;
_T. marmoratus_, 122, _126_;
_T. montadoni_, _127_;
_T. montanus_, 123, _130_;
_T. palmatus_, _127_;
_T. poireti_, 123;
_T. punctatus_ = _vulgaris_, _127_;
_T. pyrenaeus_, _130_;
_T. pyrrhogaster_, 123, _128_;
_T. rusconii_, 123, _130_;
_T. sinensis_, 123, _128_;
_T. taeniatus_ = _vulgaris_, _127_;
_T. torosus_, 123, _128_;
_T. viridescens_, 123, _128_;
egg, 128;
_T. vittatus_, 122, _128_;
_T. vulgaris_, 123, _127_;
_T. waltli_, 123, _130_, 131
_Tritylodon_, 301, _309_
_Tropidonotus_, _607_;
_T. natrix_, _608_ f.;
_T. ordinatus_, _611_;
_T. sirtalis_, 610, _611_;
_T. tesselatus_, _611_
_Tropidosaura_, _558_
Tuatera, 293
_Tupinambis_, _548_;
_T. teguixin_, _548_;
_T. nigropunctatus_, _548_, 548
Turtles, _378_ f.;
skull, 317, 379;
skeleton, 320;
plastron, 321;
on Laysan Islands, 383;
Green or Edible, _381_ f.;
Hawksbill, _384_, 385
_Tylototriton_, 96, _115_;
_T. andersoni_, 130;
_T. verrucosus_, _132_
Tympanic cavity, reduction of, in Anura, 30;
in Ophidia, 583
Tympanum of Aglossa, 143
_Typhlomolge_, 96;
_T. rathbuni_, _135_
_Typhlonectes_, 87, _90_;
_T. compressicauda_, _93_
Typhlopidae, _592_, _593_ f.
_Typhlops_, 91;
_T. braminus_, _594_;
_T. vermicularis_, _594_
_Typhlosaurus_, _564_
_Typhlotriton_, 94, 96, 102;
_T. spelaeus_, _103_

_Uraeotyphlus_, 86, _89_
Ureter, 48 f., 49
Urino-genital organs, 48 f., 49
_Urocordylus_, _81_, 288
Urodaeum of Chelonia, 330
Urodela, _94_ f.;
geographical distribution, 96
_Uromastix_, _524_;
_U. acanthinurus_, _526_, 526;
_U. hardwicki_, _525_
Uropeltidae, _592_, _595_
_Uropeltis_, _595_;
_U. grandis_, _595_
_Uroplates_, 512
Uroplatinae, _512_
Urostyle, of Anura, 23;
of Chelonia, 328

Varanidae, _514_, _542_ f.;
skull, 542;
distribution, 543
_Varanus_, _543_;
_V. gouldi_, _546_;
_V. griseus_, skull, 542;
_V. niloticus_, _543_;
_V. salvator_, _543_ f., 546
Vas deferens, 48 f., 49
Vertebrae, procoelous, definition, 19, 138;
acentrous, _i.e._ without a centre or body, 4; {668}
amphicoelous, defined, 12;
of Urodela, 11;
gastrocentrous, defined, 282;
lepospondylous, 5;
defined, 78;
notocentrous, 4;
defined, 19;
opisthocoelous, defined, 12, 138;
pseudocentrous, 4, 78;
stereospondylous, defined, 79, 284;
temnospondylous, 13;
defined, 79, 284;
development of–in Urodela, 12, 13;
in Anura, 19;
of trunk of _Salamandra_, 14;
epichordal, 20;
sacral, of Anura, 22;
shifting forwards of sacral attachment of ilium, 23;
of Reptilia, composition of, 283, 288;
trunk-vertebrae of _Eryops_, 283, 286, 286;
of _Cricotus_, 287;
of Microsauri, 289;
of _Sphenodon_, 294, 296, 297;
atlas and axis of _Sphenodon_, 283;
of Theromorpha, 302;
of Pareiasauri, 305;
atlas fused with axis in _Cynognathus_, 307;
of _Dimetrodon_, with peculiar processes, 308;
of Chelonia, 314 f.;
atlas of _Trionyx_, 283;
of _Chelys_, 283;
of Dinosauria, 413;
hollow in Dinosaurs, 415, 420;
of Eusuchia, 438 f.;
atlas and axis of _Crocodilus_, 283;
of _Metriorhynchus_, 283;
of Pterosauria, 485;
of Ichthyosauria, 480;
of Pythonomorpha, 488;
of Lacertilia, 494;
of Geckones, 503;
of Snakes, 582
Vertebral column, instance of greatest shortening, 144;
of Urodela, 11, 13;
of Stegocephali, 78;
of Anura, 18 f., 21, 22;
_Palaeobatrachus_, 22;
_Pipa_, 22, 143;
_Hymenochirus_, 22, 143;
_Bombinator_, 22;
_Xenopus_, 21, 143;
of Apoda, 86;
number of vertebrae of _Protorosaurus_, 291;
of _Palaeohatteria_, 291;
of _Homoeosaurus_, 292;
of _Sphenodon_, 297;
of _Cynognathus_, 306;
of _Iguanodon_, 428;
of Eusuchia, 440;
of Plesiosauria, 474;
of Elasmosauridae, 478
Vesiculae seminales, 49, 51
Viper, Common, _641_ f., 620, 642
_Vipera_, _641_;
_V. ammodytes_, 641, _643_;
_V. aspis_, _643_;
_V. berus_, _641_, 642, 620;
_V. latastei_, _643_;
_V. russelli_, _643_
Viperidae, 592, 593, _637_
Viperinae, _638_
Viperine Snake, _610_
Vis, de, on _Chlamydosaurus_, 523
Viviparous, Chameleon, 572;
Lacertilia, 499;
Geckos, 506
Vocal sacs, 47 f.;
of _Paludicola_, 220;
of _Rhinoderma_, used as brood-pouches, 228
Voeltzkow, on nesting of Crocodiles, 462 f.;
on _Testudo daudini_, 375
Voice, 47

Wagler, 8
Wallace, on _Rhacophorus_, 246 f.
Wall-Lizard, _557_
Warning, attitudes, of _Bombinator_, 157;
colours, 38, 116, 156;
of _Heloderma_, 541
Water-Viper, _645_, 645
Weismann, on Axolotl, 64, 114
Werner, on _Eryx_, _604_
White's aged Tortoise, 369
Wilder, on _Desmognathus_, 103

_Xantusia_, _547_
Xantusiidae, _514_, _547_
_Xenobatrachus_, 225;
_X. ophiodon_, _228_
Xenopeltidae, _593_, _605_
_Xenopeltis unicolor_, _605_
_Xenopus_, 143;
distribution, 143, 144, _146_ f.;
_X. calcaratus_, 146;
_X. laevis_, _146_ f., 147;
_X. muelleri_, 146
_Xenorhina_, _228_
Xenosauridae, _513_, _536_
_Xenosaurus grandis_, _536_

_Zachaenus_, _212_
_Zamenis constrictor_, _613_;
_Z. gemonensis_ s. _viridiflavus_, _612_;
_Z. hippocrepis_, _613_;
_Z. mucosus_, _611_, 612
_Zanclodon_, 417, 421
Zander, on habits of _Agama_, 520;
of _Phrynocephalus_, 522;
of _Eryx_, _604_
_Zaocys carinatus_, _614_, 615
_Zatachys_, _82_
Zeller, on spermatophores, 53;
on _Proteus_, _134_
Zonuridae, _513_, _536_
_Zonurus derbianus_ s. _giganteus_, _536_, 537

END OF VOL. VIII

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY

EDITED BY

S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S. and A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.

_In Ten Volumes. Fully Illustrated. Medium 8vo. 17s. net each._

PROTOZOA, COELENTERATES, ECHINODERMS, etc.

VOLUME I.

PROTOZOA, by MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.Sc.; PORIFERA (SPONGES), by IGERNA B.
J. SOLLAS, B.Sc.; COELENTERATA AND CTENOPHORA, by S. J. HICKSON, M.A.,
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VOLUME II.

FLATWORMS AND MESOZOA, by F. W. GAMBLE, D.Sc.; NEMERTINES, by Miss L.
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by S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S.

_CAMBRIDGE REVIEW._–"Several of the groups treated of in this volume are
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MOLLUSCS AND BRACHIOPODS

VOLUME III.

MOLLUSCS, by the Rev. A. H. COOKE, M.A.; BRACHIOPODS (RECENT), by A. E.
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VOLUME IV.

CRUSTACEA, by GEOFFREY SMITH, M.A.; TRILOBITES, ETC., by H. WOODS, M.A.;
LIMULUS, LINGUATULIDA, AND TARDIGRADA, by A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.;
SPIDERS, MITES, SCORPIONS, ETC., by C. WARBURTON, M.A.; PYCNOGONIDS, by
D'ARCY W. THOMPSON, C.B., M.A.

[_In the Press._

PERIPATUS, MYRIAPODS, AND INSECTS–PART I.

VOLUME V.

PERIPATUS, by ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., F.R.S.; Myriapods, by F. G. SINCLAIR,
M.A.; INSECTS, Part I., INTRODUCTION, APTERA, ORTHOPTERA, NEUROPTERA, AND
A PORTION OF HYMENOPTERA (SESSILIVENTRES AND PARASITICA), by DAVID SHARP,
M.A., M.B., F.R.S.

_FIELD._–"Although written for the student and the specialist, the book
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cannot be recommended too strongly."

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_Prof. RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., F.C.S., in his Presidential Address to
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are certainly to be congratulated upon having furnished such a valuable
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INSECTS–PART II.

VOLUME VI.

HYMENOPTERA _continued_ (TUBULIFERA AND ACULEATA), COLEOPTERA,
STREPSIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA, DIPTERA, APHANIPTERA, THYSANOPTERA, HEMIPTERA,
ANOPLURA, by DAVID SHARP, M.A., M.B., F.R.S.

_SATURDAY REVIEW._–"Dr. Sharp's treatment is altogether worthy of the
series and of his own high scientific reputation. But in a work of this
sort it is not only necessary that information should be accurate, but
also that it shall be presented to the eye, so far as illustrations and
printing are concerned, in such a way as to render its matter as easily
intelligible as possible, and readily usable for purposes of reference.
Under both these heads we have nothing but commendation for Mr. Sharp's
treatise. The illustrations are indeed beautiful, and the use of the
heavy type for the headings of the various sections and leading
paragraphs materially helps the reader in the progress of his study.
Certainly this is a book that should be in every entomologist's library."

_DAILY NEWS._–"It would be hard to say too much in praise of this most
admirable volume. It is too often the case that scientific books are
written in a dull and uninteresting style. The reader will find nothing
of that kind to complain of here. The descriptions are clear, the
illustrations are excellent; while, as in the previous volumes of the
series, printing and paper are all that could be desired."

FISHES, ASCIDIANS, etc.

VOLUME VII.

HEMICHORDATA, by S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S.; ASCIDIANS AND AMPHIOXUS, by
W. A. HERDMAN, D.Sc., F.R.S.; FISHES (EXCLUSIVE OF THE SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
OF TELEOSTEI), by T. W. BBIDGE[**BRIDGE??], Sc.D., F.R.S.; FISHES
(SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF TELEOSTEI), by G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.

_ATHENÆUM._–"All who take a serious interest in the advance of
ichthyology will find this a fascinating book."

_NATURE NOTES._–"It is a thoroughly scholarly work for students, amply
sustaining the reputation of an ancient university as being in the van of
scientific progress."

AMPHIBIA AND REPTILES

VOLUME VIII.

By HANS GADOW, M.A., F.R.S.

_FIELD._–"The work is worthy of the series in which it appears, and we
cannot give it higher praise."

_SCIENCE GOSSIP._–"More than maintains the high scientific reputation of
this series. The herpetologists, or students of the Amphibia and
Reptiles, have now a standard work of the highest class."

_LANCET._–"An account of both Amphibia and Reptiles which should satisfy
the expert, and at the same time entertain the reader who is merely
interested in the tit-bits of natural history.... A book full of accurate
information and pleasant reading."

_MORNING POST._–"A delightful as well as a serviceable book.... Herein
perhaps lies the great charm and merit of Dr. Gadow's book, that, while
satisfying all the inquiries of the student, it is also in great part
written for the ordinary intelligence, and the naturalist in the crowd
may, while necessarily gliding over distressing technicalities, find in
its pages many hours of profitable and entertaining study of the habits
of the classes under notice."

_NATURE._–"In concluding the review we would express the opinion that by
this handsome volume a very important addition to science has been made;
that the beautiful illustrations, together with the clear and charming
accounts of the life-histories which it contains, will do much to
popularise the study of a rather neglected section of zoology; and that
lovers of Reptiles, of which there are more than one generally thinks,
will feel that the new knowledge imparted to them emanates from one who
is thoroughly in sympathy with their enthusiasm."

BIRDS

VOLUME IX.

By A. H. EVANS, M.A.

_IBIS._–"Mr. Evans has produced a book full of concentrated essence of
information on birds, especially as regards their outer structure and
habits, and one that we can cordially recommend as a work of reference to
all students of ornithology."

_NATURE NOTES._–"We venture to predict that, of the ten volumes of which
this excellent series is planned to consist, none will secure a wider
popularity than Mr. Evans's treatise on birds. Strange as it may appear,
among the many books on birds that have appeared of late years, we do not
recall any that covers the same ground.... We are grateful to the author
for the mine of valuable information which he has crowded between his two
covers."

_SCIENCE GOSSIP._–"General readers will find this work most useful in
obtaining a proper understanding of birds, and will be assisted by the
effective diagram of a hawk in the introduction, showing the recognised
names of every part of the exterior appearance. The expressions used in
naming the various portions are fully explained on the adjoining page. As
we have already said, the illustrations are admirable. The book is a
useful addition to any library, as it treats of nearly every known kind
of bird throughout the world."

_SATURDAY REVIEW._–"The expert and the novice alike must be at once
delighted by the accuracy and the beauty of the illustrations.... It is
astonishing to note the mass of information the author has been able to
bring together.... With a little practice any observant person would soon
learn by the help of this volume to track down any bird very nearly to
its ultimate place in classification."

MAMMALIA

VOLUME X.

By FRANK EVERS BEDDARD, M.A., F.R.S.

_NATURE._–"Cannot fail to be of very high value to all students of the
Mammalia, especially from the standpoints of morphology and
palæontology."

_ATHENÆUM._–"Mr. Beddard has produced a volume equal in interest and
value to the others in the Cambridge series."

_LAND AND WATER._–"A notable book, the result of long study, patient
labour, sound reasoning, and careful selection, for which we are deeply
indebted to the author."

_DAILY NEWS._–"A volume which, for the interest of its contents and for
its style and method of treatment, is not only worthy of its
predecessors, but may be regarded as one of the most successful of a
brilliant series."

_KNOWLEDGE._–"In this volume Mr. Beddard has undoubtedly made an
important contribution to the history of mammals, his text-book being the
only one which can be said to be up to date and to contain notices of the
many important types–both recent and fossil–discovered during the last
few years."

_FIELD._–"Its utility to the working zoological student can hardly be
overrated. It is exceedingly well illustrated."

LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.

----

NOTES

[1] References to explanations of the terms used below will be found in
the index.

[2] _Bull. Soc. Philom._ ii. p. 81.

[3] _Tableaux méthodiques_, p. 61.

[4] _Bull. Soc. Philom._ p. 113.

[5] _Isis_, 1821.

[6] Treviranus' _Zeitschr. f. Physiol._ 1831, p. 190.

[7] δέρη, neck; μύω, close.

[8] _Proc. Ac. Philad._ p. 209.

[9] _Americ. Natural._ xxiii. p. 849.

[10] Sarasins' _Ergebnisse ... Ceylon_, 1887-1890.

[11] Credner's term for all Vertebrates higher than fishes.

[12] Boulenger, _P.Z.S._ 1888, p 204.

[13] _P.Z.S._ 1897, p. 577.

[14] _Q.J.M.S._ xxxviii. 1896, p. 465.

[15] _Arch. ges. Physiol._ li. 1892, p. 455.

[16] _Nat. Sci._ i. 1892, p. 185.

[17] _C. R. Ac. Sci._ cix. 1889, pp. 405, 482.

[18] Orr, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxix. 1889, p. 316.

[19] "Lungenlose Salamandriden," _Anat. Anz._ 1894, p. 676; 1896, p. 182.

[20] "Nuove ricerche anatomo-fisiologiche intorno ai Salamandridi
normalmente apneumoni." Torino, 1894.

[21] _Zool. Anz._ 1896, p. 33; 1899, p. 545.

[22] _Amer. Natural_, xxx. 1886, p. 829.

[23] For the mechanism of the frog's respiration, see Gaupp, _Arch. Anat._
1896, p. 239.

[24] Boulenger, _The Tailless Batrachians of Europe, Ray Soc._ 1896.

[25] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlix. 1889, p. 583.

[26] _Amer. Natural_, xxv. 1891, p. 753.

[27] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ vi. 1892, p. 447.

[28] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5), xvii. 1886, p. 463.

[29] J. Thiele, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlvi. 1888, p. 67.

[30] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlix. 1889, p. 43.

[31] M. Weber, _Ann. Jard. Botan. Buitenzorg_, Suppl. ii. 1898, p. 5.

[32] For "A Synopsis of the Tadpoles of European Batrachians," see
Boulenger, _P. Z. S._ 1891, pp. 593-627, pls. xlv.-xlvii.; also
Bedriaga, "Tableaux synoptiques pour servir à la détermination des
larves des Batraciens Urodèles," _C. R. Ass. Franç. Sci._ ii. 1891,
pp. 540-546.

[33] _Arch. mikr. Anat._ xxix. 1887, p. 1.

[34] _Arch. per zool. e per l'anat. comp._, Genova, 1861, p. 206.

[35] _Ann. sci. nat._ (5), vii. 1876.

[36] _Mem. Acc. Torino_, xxxv. 1883, and _Atti Acc. Torino_, xvii. 1883,
p. 84. See also Woltersdorff, _Zool. Garten_, 1896, p. 327.

[37] _Verh. Ges. Basel_, vii. 1882, p. 387.

[38] Barfurth, _Arch. Entwickmech._ I. 1895, p. 117.

[39] _The Horn Scientific Expedition_, 1897, p. 155.