Chapter XVII: Primates (3)

Aard Vark, 187
Aard Wolf, 413
_Abderites_, 148
_Aceratherium_, 258;
_A. incisivum_, 259 n.;
_A. platycephalum_, molar teeth of, 51;
_A. tridactylum_, 259
_Achaenodon_, 279
_Acodon_, 480
_Acomys_, 472;
_A. cahirinus_, 473
_Aconaemys_, 488
_Acrobates_, 142
_Adapis_, 553
_Addax_, 315;
_A. nasomaculata_, 315
Aeluroidea, 390
_Aeluropus_, 444;
_Ae. melanoleucus_, 444
_Aelurus_, 431
_Aepyceros_, 311;
_Ae. melampus_, 311
_Aepyprymnus_, 137;
_Ae. rufescens_, 137
_Aethurus_, 463;
_A. glirinus_, 463
Agouti, 495
_Agriochoerus_, 331;
skeleton of, 332;
_A. latifrons_, 332
Ai, 171
_Alactaga_, 486;
_A. decumana_, 486;
_A. jaculus_, 486
_Alcelaphus_, 308
_Alces machlis_, 297, 298
Alimentary canal, 61
_Allodon_, 99
Allotheria, 105
_Alouatta_, 558
Alpaca, 286
Ambergris, 364
_Amblotherium_, 99
Amblydactyla, 206
Amblypoda, 205 f.
_Amblyrhiza_, 506
_Ammodorcas_, 313;
_A. clarkei_, 313
_Amorphochilus_, 531
_Amphicyon_, 423;
_A. giganteus_, 424
_Amphilestes_, 99, 100
{593}
_Amphimeryx_, 330
_Amphiproviverra_, 160
_Amphitherium_, 99;
_A. prevostii_, 100
_Amphitragulus_, 301
Anaptomorphidae, 552
_Anaptomorphus_, 552;
_A. homunculus_, 552
_Anchippodus_, 507
_Anchitherium_, 248;
_A. aureliense_, 249;
_A. equinum_, 249
_Ancodus_, 329;
_A. brachyrhynchus_, 329;
_A. velaunus_, 329
Ancylopoda, 211 f.
_Ancylotherium_, 211
Angwantibo, 547
_Anisodon_, 211
Ankle, 43
_Anoa_, 317;
_A. depressicornis_, 317
Anomaluridae, 462
_Anomalurus_, 462;
A. peli, 463
Anoplotheriidae, 332
_Anoplotherium_, 333
Ant-eater, 166
_Antechinomys_, 153;
_A. lanigera_, 153
Antelopes, 307 f.
_Anthops_, 527;
_A. ornatus_, 527
_Anthracotherium_, 328
Anthropoid Apes, 570 f.
Anthropoidea, 554 f.
_Anthropopithecus_, 580;
_A. calvus_, 580;
_A. troglodytes_, 579
_Anthropops_, 570
_Antidorcas_, 312;
_A. euchore_, 312
_Antilocapra americana_, 306
Antilocapridae, 306
_Antilope_, 311;
_A. cervicapra_, 311
Antlers; _see_ Horns
_Antrozous_, 529
_Anurosorex_, 518, 519
_Aodon dalei_, 369
_Aonyx_, 441
Apar, 177
{594}
Apes, 554 f.
_Aphelops_, 260
_Archaelurus_, 401
Archaeoceti, 384
Arctic region, mammals of, 81
_Arctictis_, 407;
_A. binturong_, 407
_Arctocebus_, 547
Arctogaea, 85
_Arctogale_, 408;
_A. leucotis_, 408;
_A. stigmatica_, 408
Arctoidea, 424
_Arctomys_, 465;
_A. bobac_, 466;
_A. caudatus_, 465;
_A. marmotta_, 466;
_A. monax_, 466
_Arctonyx_, 432;
_A. collaris_, 432
_Arctotherium_, 445
_Argyrocetus_, 383;
_A. patagonicus_, 384
Armadillo, 177
Arteries, 66
Artiodactyla, 209
_Artionyx_, 211;
five-toed, 271;
extinct;
forms of, 328
_Arviacanthis_, 473
_Arvicola_, 477
Ass, Wild, 242
_Astrapotherium_, 210, 216
_Ateles_, 557;
_A. ater_, 558
_Atelodus_, 254
Atheriogaea, 85
_Atherura_, 499;
_A. africana_, 501;
_A. fasciculata_, 501
_Auchenia_, 286
_Aulacodus_, 489
Aurochs, 318, 321
_Avahis_, 539;
_A. laniger_, 539
Aye-aye, 548;
legends relating to, 550

_Babirusa_, 277;
_B. alfurus_, 278
Baboon, 566
Badger, 432
_Balaena_, 358;
_B. australis_, 359;
_B. biscayensis_, 360;
_B. glacialis_, 359;
_B. mysticetus_, 359;
bones of hind-limbs of, 353;
cervical vertebrae of, 352;
sternum of, 352
Balaenidae, 358
_Balaenoptera_, 355;
_B. australis_, 356;
_B. borealis_, 356;
sternum of, 33;
_B. musculus_, 356;
sternum of, 352;
_B. patachonica_, 356;
_B. rostrata_, 356;
_B. sibbaldii_, 356
Balaenopteridae, 355
Baleen, 354
Bandicoot, 156
Banteng, 317, 318
_Bassaricyon_, 428;
_B. alleni_, _428_;
_B. gabbii_, 428
_Bassariscus_, 428;
_B. astutus_, 429
Bat, 521 f.; wings of, 522
_Bathyergus_, 481
_Batomys_, 473, 474;
_B. granti_, 473
_Bdeogale_, 410
{595}
Bear, 442;
Grizzly, 442;
Himalayan, 442;
Malayan, 443;
Polar, 443;
Sloth-, 443
Beatrix Antelope, 314
Beaver, 467
Behemoth, equivalent to Mammoth, 228
Beisa, 315
Beluga, 372
_Berardius_, 368;
_B. arnouxi_, 368;
_B. vegae_, 369
_Bettongia_, 137;
_B. lesueuri_, 138
Bezoar stones, 287, 325
_Bibos frontalis_, 317, 318
Binturong, 407
_Bison_, 318;
_B. americanus_, 319;
_B. europaeus_, 318
Blaaubok, 314
_Blarina_, 518
_Blarinomys_, 480
Blessbok, 309
Boar, Wild, of Europe, 275, 276
Body cavity, 69
_Bolodon_, 99
_Boneia_, 526
Bontebok, 309
_Bos_, 317;
_B. alleni_, 319;
_B. antiquus_, 319;
_B. bonasus_, 318;
_B. depressicornis_, 320;
_B. ferox_, 319;
_B. frontalis_, 318;
_B. gaurus_, 317;
_B. grunniens_, 320;
_B. latifrons_, 319;
_B. mindorensis_, 320;
_B. primigenius_, 321;
_B. sondaicus_, 318;
_B. taurus_, 320
_Boselaphus_, 316;
_B. tragocamelus_, 316
Bovidae, 307
_Brachymeryx_, 331
Brachyodont, 48
_Brachytarsomys_, 480
_Brachyuromys_, 480
_Brachyurus_, 560;
_B. calvus_, 560;
_B. melanocephalus_, 561;
_B. rubicundus_, 560
Bradypodidae, 170
_Bradypus_, 170;
_B. tridactylus_, 171;
skull of, 171;
skeleton of, 172
Brain, 75
of Dog, 76;
of Rabbit, 77;
of Echidna, 110, 117;
of Wallaby, 118
_Bramatherium_, 306
_Brontops_, 264
_Brontotherium_, 264
Bruta, 161
_Bubalis_, 308;
_B. caama_, 308
Buffalo, 321
Bunodont, 272
Bush Dog, 414

Cachalot, 363;
ferocity of, 365;
food of, 365
_Cadurcotherium_, 264
_Caenolestes_, 146;
_C. obscurus_, 146
_Caenopus_, 262
Caenotheriidae, 329
_Caenotherium_, 329
{596}
_Calamodon_, 192;
_C. simplex_, 192
_Callignathus_, 367
_Callinycteris_, 526
_Callithrix_, 559;
_C. gigot_, 560
_Caloprymnus_, 138;
_C. campestris_, 138
Camel, 285
Camelidae, 285;
ancestry of, 289
_Camelus_, 285;
_C. bactrianus_, 285, 286;
_C. dromedarius_, 285
Canidae, 413
Canine teeth, 49
_Canis_, 416;
_C. aegyptiacus_, 419;
_C. antarcticus_, 418;
_C. anthus_, 420;
_C. aureus_, 420;
_C. azarae_, 418;
_C. cancrivorus_, 414;
_C. chama_, 418;
_C. chanco_, 421;
_C. dingo_, 421, 422;
_C. familiaris_, 422;
_C. ferus_, 422;
_C. hodophylax_, 418;
_C. jubatus_, 414;
_C. lagopus_, 419;
_C. laniger_, 421;
_C. lateralis_, 420;
_C. latrans_, 417;
_C. lupus_, 420;
_C. magellanicus_, 418;
_C. mesomela_s, 420;
_C. mikii_, 422;
_C. niger_, 418;
_C. pallipes_, 418;
_C. parvidens_, 415;
_C. primaevus_, 423;
_C. rudis_, 418;
_C. urostictus_, 415;
_C. variegatus_, 420;
_C. velox_, 418;
_C. virginianus_, 418;
_C. vulpes_, 419;
_C. zerda_, 417;
_Cannabateomys_, 488;
_C. amblyonyx_, 488
_Caperea_, 358
_Capra_, 324
_C. aegagrus_, 325;
_C. falconeri_, 325;
_C. ibex_, 325;
_C. jemlaica_, 324;
_C. pyrenaica_, 325;
_C. sinaitica_, 325
_Capreolus_, 295;
_C. capraea_, 295
_Capromys_, 489, 490;
_C. melanurus_, 490;
_C. pilorides_, 490
Capuchin Monkey, 557
Capybara, 491
Cardinal vein, 68
_Cariacus_, 295;
_C. chilensis_, 296;
_C. macrotis_, 295;
_C. rufus_, 296
Carnivora, 386 f.;
C. Fissipedia, 387 f.;
C. Pinnipedia, 446 f.
_Carpomys_, 473;
_C. melanurus_, 473;
_C. phaeurus_, 473
_Carterodon_, 489
_Castor_, 467;
_C. canadensis_, 468;
_C. fiber, 468_
Castoridae, 467
_Castoroides_, 506
Cat, Domestic, 10, 14, 392, 400;
-tribe, 390;
coloration of, 392;
Wild, 399
Catarrhines, 555, 562
_Cavia_, 493;
_C. porcellus_, 493
Caviidae, 491
Cavy, 493;
Patagonian, 492
Cebidae, 557
_Cebus_, 557
_Celaenomys_, 474;
_C. silaceus_, 474
Cenoplacentalia, 103
{597}
_Centetes_, 511;
_C. ecaudatus_, 511;
skull of, 512
Centetidae, 511
_Cephalogale_, 423
_Cephalophus_, 309
_Cephalorhynchus_, 380
_Cephalotes_, 526
_Ceratorhinus_, 254, 257
_Cercocebus_, 564
_Cercolabes_, 498;
_C. villosus_, 42, 499;
_C. insidiosus_, 498
Cercolabidae, 497
_Cercoleptes_, 429;
_C. caudivolvula_, 430
_Cercomys_, 489
Cercopithecidae, 562
_Cercopithecus_, 565;
_C. diana_, 565;
_C. lalandii_, 565;
_C. moloneyi_, 565;
_C. stairsi_, 566;
_C. talapoin_, 565
_Cervicapra_, 311;
_C. isabellina_, 18
Cervidae, 291
_Cervulus_, 295
_Cervus_, 293;
_C. dama_, 293;
_C. davidianus_, 293;
_C. duvauceli_, 291;
_C. elaphus_, 293;
_C. luehdorffi_, 294;
_C. sedgwicki_, 301;
_C. sika_, 291
Cetacea, 339 f.;
primitive position of, 120
_Chaenohyus, 280_
_Chaetomys_, 499
_Chalicotherium_, 211
_Chalinolobus_, 530
Chamois, 326
Cheetah, 400
Chestnuts of Horse, 240
Chevrotain, 282
Chillingham Cattle, 321
_Chilomys_, 480
_Chimarrogale_, 518, 519
Chimpanzee, 576;
brain of, 577;
species of, 579
_Chinchilla_, 496;
_C. lanigera_, 496
Chinchillidae, 496
_Chirogale_, 543;
_C. coquereli_, 544
Chiromyidae, 548
_Chiromys_, 548;
_C. madagascariensis_, 548
_Chironectes_, 156
_Chiropodomys_, 473
Chiroptera, 521 f.
Chiru, 311
_Chiruromys_, 472
_Chlamydophorus_, 173, 176
_Choeropotamus_, 280
_Choeropsis_, 273
_Choeropus_, 158;
_C. castanotis_, 158;
manus of, 157
_Choloepus_, 170;
_C. didactylus_, 170;
_C. hoffmanni_, 171;
scapula of, 164
Chriacidae, 552
_Chriacus_, 552
_Chrotomys_, 474;
_C. whiteheadi_, 474
Chrysochloridae, 514
_Chrysochloris_, 514;
_C. trevelyani_, 515
_Chrysothrix_, 559;
_C. sciurea_, 559
{598}
Civet Cat, 406
Clavicle, 38
Claws, on tip of tail of Lion and Leopard, 41;
_see also_ Nails
Coaitas, 557
_Coassus_, 296
Coati, 430
_Cobus_, 310;
_C. ellipsiprymnus_, 310;
_C. maria_, 311;
_C. unctuosus_, 310
_Coelogenys_, 493;
_C. paca_, 493;
_C. taczanowskii_, 494
_Coelops_, 527;
_C. frithii_, 527
_Coendou_, 498
_Cogia_;
see _Kogia_
_Colobus_, 567
Condylarthra, 202 f.
_Condylura_, 518
_Conepatus_, 439
_Conilurus_, 473
_Connochaetes_, 309;
_C. albogulatus_, 309;
_C. gnu_, 309;
_C. taurinus_, 309
_Conoryctes_, 193
Conoryctidae, 193
Coracoid, 38
_Cormura_, 531
Corpus callosum, 77, 125
_Coryphodon_, 207;
_C. eocaenus_, 207;
_C. radians_, skeleton of, 208
Cotton Rats, 479
Coypu;
see _Myopotamus_
_Crateromys_, 474
_Craurothrix_, 473
Creodonta, 449, 455 f.
_Cricetomys_, 472
_Cricetus_, 479;
_C. frumentarius_, 479
_Crocidura_, 518
_Crocuta_, 411;
_C. maculata_, 412
_Crossarchus_, 410
_Crossopus_, 518;
_C. fodiens_, 519
Crumen, of Antelopes, 13;
of Deer, 299
_Crunomys_, 474;
_C. fallax_, 474
_Cryptophractus_, 178
_Cryptoprocta_, 404;
_C. ferox_, 405
Ctenodactylidae, 490
_Ctenodactylus_, 490;
_C. gundi_, 490
_Ctenomys_, 488
_Cuniculus_, 478;
_C. torquatus_, 478
_Cuscus_, 140
_Cyclopidius_, 331;
_C. simus_, 331
_Cycloturus_, 167;
_C. didactylus_, bones of manus of, 169
_Cynaelurus_, 400;
_C. brachygnatha_, 401;
_C. jubatus_, 400;
_C. lanigera_, 401
_Cynictis_, 410;
_C. penicillata_, 410
_Cynocephalus_, 566;
_C. anubis_, 566;
_C. hamadryas_, 566;
_C. maimon_, 566;
_C. mormon_, 566;
_C. porcarius_, 566;
_C. thoth_, 566
_Cynodesmus_, 424
_Cynodictis_, 423
_Cynogale_, 409
_Cynomys_, 465;
_C. ludovicianus_, 465
{599}
_Cynopithecus niger_, 566, 567
_Cynopterus_, 526
_Cyon_, 416;
_C. dukkunensis_, 416;
_C. primaevus_, 416
_Cystophora_, 453;
_C. cristata_, 453

_Dacrytherium_, 333
_Dactylomys_, 488;
_D. dactylinus_, 488
_Dactylopsila trivirgata_, 141
_Daedicurus_, 185
_Damaliscus_, 309
_Daphaenus_, 424
_Dasymys_, 472
Dasypodidae, 173
_Dasyprocta_, 494;
_D. aguti_, 495
Dasyproctidae, 493
_Dasypus_, 173;
_D. minutus_, 178;
_D. sexcinctus_, skull of, 174;
pelvis of, 176;
_D. villosus_, 178;
manus of, 175
Dasyure, 151
Dasyuridae, 149
_Dasyuroides_, 154;
_D. byrnei_, 154
_Dasyurus_, 151;
skull of, _152_;
_D. geoffroyi_, 152;
_D. hallucatus_, 153;
_D. maculatus_, 152;
_D. ursinus_, 18;
_D. viverrinus_, 152
Deer, 11, 291 f.
_Delphinapterus_, 372;
_D. kingii_, 373;
_D. leucas_, 373
Delphinidae, 372
_Delphinus_, 377;
_D. delphis_, 377;
_D. longirostris_, 377;
_D. roseiventris_, 377
_Dendrohyrax_, 234
_Dendrolagus_, 135;
_D. bennetti_, 136;
_D. inustus_, 136
_Dendromys_, 472, 476;
_D. mesomelas_, 476
_Deomys_, 476;
_D. ferrugineus_, 476
Dermal plates, in Armadillos, 173;
in Whales, 342
Dermoptera, 520
Desman, 518
_Desmatippus_, 248
_Desmodus_, 532;
_D. rufus_, 532
_Diabolus_, 151
Diaphragm, 69
_Diceratherium_, 259
_Dichobune_, 333
_Dichodon_, 330
_Diclidurus_, 531
_Dicotyles_, 279;
_D. tajacu_, 278
Dicotylidae, 278
_Dicroceras_, 301
Didelphyidae, 155
_Didelphys_, 155;
_D. crassicaudata_, 156;
_D. dimidiata_, 13;
_D. virginiana_, 155
_Dinictis_, 401
_Dinoceras_, 210
Dinocerata, 210
Dinomyidae, 495
_Dinomys_, 495;
_D. branickii_, 496
Dinotheriidae, 231
{600}
_Dinotherium_, 231;
_D. giganteum_, skull of, 231
_Diphylla_, 532
Diphyodonty, definition of, 51
_Diplobune_, 333
_Diplomesodon_, 519
Dipodidae, 484
_Dipodomys_, 484;
_D. merriami_, 484
_Diprotodon_, 146;
_D. australis_, 147
Diprotodontia, 128 f.
_Dipus_, 485;
_D. aegyptius_, 485;
pes of, 485;
_D. hirtipes_, 484
_Distaechurus_, 141
Distribution, geographical, 78;
in the past 83
Dogs, 413;
Raccoon-like, 415
_Dolichotis_, 493;
_D. patachonica_, 492
Dolphin, 372
_Dorcatherium_; see _Hyomoschus_
_Dorcopsis_, 135;
_D. luctuosa_, 135, 136;
_D. macleani_, 136;
_D. muelleri_, 136
_Dorcotragus_, 313;
_D. megalotis_, 313
Dormouse, 470
Doroucouli, 560
_Dremotherium_, 301
_Dromatherium_, 98
_Dromicia_, 141;
_D. nana_, 141
_Dromiciops_, 156
_Dryolestes_, 99
_Dryopithecus_, 585
Duck-billed Platypus; _see_ Platypus and _Ornithorhynchus_
Dugong, 336;
skeleton of, 336
Duplicidentata, 502 f.
_Dymecodon_, 518

_Echidna_, 110;
egg of, 72;
_E. aculeata_, 111;
skull of, 108;
shoulder girdle of, 109;
brain of, 110;
_E. hystrix_ (= _E. aculeata_), 15;
shoulder girdle of, 37
Echidnidae, 110
_Echinomys_, 488
_Echinops_, 512
_Echiothrix_, 473
Edentata, 161 f.
Eland, 316
_Elaphodus_, 294;
_E. cephalophus_, 294;
_E. michianus_, 294
_Elasmognathus_, 251
_Elasmotherium_, 259
Elephant, 217;
observations of Pliny and Aristotle upon, 225
Elephantidae, 217
_Elephas_, 218;
_E. africanus_, 221, 222;
skull of, 218;
_E. antiquus_, 229;
_E. falconeri_, 229;
_E. indicus_, 221, 223, 224;
foot of, 198;
_E. melitensis_, 229;
_E. meridionalis_, 229;
_E. planifrons_, 229;
_E. primigenius_, 226;
_E. priscus_, 226
_Eligmodontia_, 480
_Eliomys_, 471
_Eliurus_, 480
{601}
Elk, 297
_Ellobius_, 479
_Elotherium uintense_, 279
_Emballonura_, 530
Emballonuridae, 530
_Enhydridon_, 440
_Enhydris_, 439
_Enhydrocyon_, 423
_Eohippus_, 248
_Eonycteris_, 526;
_E. spelaea_, 526
Epanorthidae, 145
_Epanorthus_, 148
Epicondylar foramina, 39
Epipubes of Monotremes and Marsupials, 116
Episternum, 33, 34, 35
_Epomophorus_, 525
Equidae, 237
_Equus_, 239;
_E. africanus_, 243;
_E. asinus_, 243;
_E. boehmi_, 245;
_E. burchelli_, 244, 245;
_E. caballus_, 239;
_E. grevyi_, 244;
_E. hemionus_, 242;
_E. hemippus_, 242;
_E. onager_, 242;
_E. przewalskii_, 241;
_E. quagga_, 244;
_E. sivalensis_, 246;
_E. somalicus_, 244;
_E. stenonis_, 246;
_E. taeniopus_, 243;
_E. zebra_, 244
_Erethizon_, 498
Ergot, of Horse, 240
_Ericulus_, 512;
_E. setosus_, 512
Erinaceidae, 509
_Erinaceus_, 510;
_E. europaeus_, 510
Ermine, 436
_Eschatia_, 290
_Esthonyx_, 507
_Eubalaena_, 358
_Euchoreutes_, 485
_Eupetaurus_, 467;
_E. cinereus_, 467
_Euphyseter_, 367
_Eupleres_, 403;
_E. goudotii_, 403
_Euprotogonia_, 204;
_E. puercensis_, 204
_Eurhinodelphis_, 383
_Eusmilus_, 402
_Eutatus_, 179
Eutheria, 116;
earliest forms of, 102
_Evotomys_, 479

Fallow Deer, 293
Felidae, 390
_Felis_, 391;
_F. baileyi_, 397;
_F. caffra_, 400;
_F. canadensis_, 397;
_F. catus_, 399;
_F. concolor_, 399;
_F. eyra_, 399;
_F. leo_, 39;3
_F. lynx_, 397;
_F. maniculata_, 400;
_F. nebulosa_, 396;
_F. onca_, 398;
_F. pardalis_, 398, 399;
_F. pardina, 397_;
_F. pardus, 395_;
_F. rufa, 397_;
_F. tigris_, 394;
_F. uncia_ 396;
_F. viverrina_, 397
_Feresia_, 377
_Fiber_, 477;
_F. osoyoosensis_, 478;
_F. zibethicus_, 478
Flying Fox, 524;
skeleton of, 523
Flying Squirrel, 466
{602}
Fore-limb, 39
Fossa, 405
_Fossa_, 407;
_F. daubentoni_, 407
Fossil mammals, 96
Fox, 419;
Arctic, 419
Fur Seals, 451
_Furia_, 531

_Galago_, 543;
_G. crassicaudatus_, 543;
_G. garnetti_, 543;
_G. senegalensis_, 543
Galeopithecidae, 520
_Galeopithecus_, 521;
_G. volans_, 520
_Galera_, 434
_Galeriscus_, 434
_Galictis_, 433;
G. barbara, 433
_Galidia_, 404;
_G. elegans_, 404
_Galidictis_, 404;
_G. vittata_, 404
Ganodonta, 190 f.
Gaur, 317
Gayal, 318
_Gazella_, 312;
_G. loderi_, 312
_Gelada_, 566
_Gelocus_, 283
Gemsbok, 315
Genet, 406
_Genetta_, 406;
_G. vulgaris_, 406
_Geogale_, 513;
_G. aurita_, 513
Geomyidae, 483
_Geomys_, 483
_Georhychus_, 481
_Gerbillus_, 475;
_G. aegyptius_, 475;
_G. pyramidum_, 475
Gibbon, 570
_Giraffa_, 301;
_G. attica_, 305;
_G. australis_, 303;
_G. camelopardalis_, 302;
_G. sivalensis_, 305
Giraffidae, 301
Glands, of skin, 12;
of Lemurs, 12, 537;
of Marsupials, 13;
of Skunk, 13, 439;
on feet of Rhinoceros, 13, 254;
temporal,of Elephant, 12;
musk, 13, 300;
mammary, 16
_Glauconycteris_, 530
Gliridae, 470
_Globicephalus_, 374;
_G. brachypterus_, 375;
_G. indicus_, 375;
_G. melas_, 375;
_hand of_, 345;
_G. scammoni_, 375
_Glossophaga_, 531
_Glossotherium_, 180
Glutton, 435
_Glyptodon_, 184;
_G. clavipes_, skeleton of, 184
Glyptodontidae, 184
Gnu, 309
Goats, species of, 324
_Golunda_, 473
_Gomphotherium sternbergi_, foot of, 197
Goral, 327
Gorilla, 572, 573;
brain of, 575;
habits of, 576
_Gorilla_, 572;
_G. gorilla_, 572
Grampus, 375
{603}
_Grampus_, 375;
_G. griseus_, 375
_Graphiurus_, 471
Gravigrada, 179
Greenland Whale, 358
_Grisonia_, 433;
_G. allamandi_, 434;
_G. vittata_, 434
Ground Sloths, 179
_Grypotherium_, 182
Grysbok, 310
Guinea-pig, 493
_Gulo_, 435;
_G. luscus_, 435
_Gymnobelideus_, 141
_Gymnura_, 509;
_G. rafflesii_, 509
_Gymnuromys_, 480

_Habrocoma_, 487;
_H. bennetti_, 487
Hair, structure of, 6;
sensory, 10;
tuft of elongated, on wrist, 10;
of Whales, 341
_Halichoerus_, 452;
_H. grypus_, 452
_Halicore_, 336;
_H. australis_, skeleton of, 336;
_H. dugong_, 337;
_H. indicus_, 33
_Halitherium_, 335
_Hallomys_, 480
Hamster, 479
_Hapale_, 556;
_H. pygmaea_, 556
_Hapalemur_, 541;
_H. griseus_, 541;
arm of, 537;
_H. olivaceus_, 541;
_H. simus_, 541
Hapalidae, 556
_Hapalomys_, 473
_Hapalotis_, 473
_Haploceros montanus_, 326
_Haplodon_, 469;
_H. major_, 469;
_H. rufus_, 469
Haplodontidae, 469
Hare, 504;
Cape Jumping, 486;
-Kangaroo, 134;
Variable, 504
Harnessed Antelopes, 315
_Harpyia_, 526
_Harpyionycteris_, 526
Hartebeest, 309
Heart, 65;
of Monotremata, 66
Hedgehog, 510
_Helaletes_, 250
_Helictis_, 438;
_H. subaurantiaca_, 438
_Heliphobius_, 481
_Helladotherium_, 306;
_H. duvernoyi_, 306
_Helogale_, 410
_Hemicentetes_, 512
_Hemigale_, 408;
_H. hardwicki_, 408;
_H. hosei_, 408
_Hemigalidia_, 404
_Hemiganus_, 191;
_H. otariidens_, 191
_Herpestes_, 409;
_H. albicauda_, 409, 410;
_H. ichneumon_, 409;
_H. urva_, 409
_Heterocephalus_, 481;
_H. glaber_, 481;
_H. phillipsii_, 481
Heterodont, 47
Heteromyidae, 484
_Heteromys_, 484
_Hexaprotodon_, 274
{604}
Hind-limb, 42
_Hipparion_, 250
Hippopotamidae, 273
_Hippopotamus_, 273;
_H. amphibius_, 273, 274
_Hipposiderus_, 527
_Hippotigris_, 246
_Hippotragus_, 314;
_H. equinus_, 314;
_H. leucophaeus_, 314;
_H. niger_, 313 f.
_Hodomys_, 480
_Holochilus_, 480
_Holomeniscus_, 290
_Homacodon_, 280;
_H. vagans_, 280
_Homalodontotherium_, 212, 216
Hominidae, 585
_Homo_, 585;
skull of, 586;
foot of, 587;
palate of, 589;
_H. sapiens_, 585
_Homocamelus_, 290
Homodont, 47
_Homunculus_, 570
Hoolock, 571
_Hoplophoneus_, 402
Horns, 200, 307
Horse, 239;
Wild, 240;
striping of, 240;
Domestic, 241;
ancestry of, 247
Howling Monkeys, 558
Humpback Whale, 356
_Hunterius_, 358
Hunting Dog, 416
Hutia, 490
_Hyaena_, 411;
_H. crocuta_, 412;
_H. spelaea_, 413;
_H. striata_, 412
_Hyaenarctos_, 445
_Hyaenictis_, 413
Hyaenidae, 411
_Hyaenodon_, 455
Hybrid Oxen, 317
_Hydraspotherium_, 306
_Hydrochoerus_, 492;
_H. capybara_, 491
_Hydromys_, 474;
_H. chrysogaster_, 474
_Hydropotes_, 296;
_H. inermis_, 296, 297
_Hylobates_, 570;
_H. agilis_, 571;
_H. hainanus_, 571;
_H. hoolock_, 571
_Hylomys_, 509;
_H. suillus_, 509
_Hyomoschus_, 283;
_H. aquaticus_, 283
_Hyopotamus_, 329
_Hyotherium_, 280
_Hyperoodon_, 23, 41, 370;
_H. planifrons_, 371;
_H. rostratum_, 371
_Hypogeomys_, 480
Hypselodont, 48
Hypsiprymninae, 131
_Hypsiprymnodon_, 138;
_H. moschatus_, 138
Hypsiprymnodonitinae, 138
_Hyrachyus_, 262;
_H. agrarius_, 262
_Hyracodon_, 146, 262;
_H. nebrascensis_, 260
_Hyracodontotherium_, 333
Hyracoidea, 232 f.
_Hyracops_, 203
_Hyracotherium_, 247
{605}
_Hyrax_, 232;
_H. capensis_, 233;
manus of, 198
Hystricidae, 499
Hystricomorpha, 487
_Hystrix_, 499;
_H. cristata_, 499, 500

Ibex, 325
Ichneumon, 409
_Ichthyomys_, 480;
_I. hydrobates_, 480;
_I. stolzmanni_, 480
_Icticyon_, 414;
_I. venaticus_, 414
_Ictonyx_, 438
_Idiurus_, 463;
_I. macrotis_, 463;
_I. zenkeri_, 463
Incisor teeth, 48
_Indris_, 538;
_I. brevicaudata_, 538
_Indrodon_, 552;
_I. malaris_, 552
_Inia_, 381;
_I. geoffrensis_, 382
_Iniopsis caucasica_, 383
Insectivora, 508 f.
Intercentra, 24
Intestine, 62;
large and small, 64
_Isectolophus_, 250
_Isomys_, 473
Ivory, of Elephant, 227

Jackal, 420
Jaguar, 398
Jerboa, 484
Jerboa Rat, 473

Kanchil, 283
Kangaroo, 132;
Tree-, 136
_Kerivoula_, 529;
_K. picta_, 529
Kiang, 242
Kidney, 68
Killer Whale, 341, 375
Kinkajou, 430
Klipspringer, 310
Koala, 142, 143
_Kogia_, 366;
_K. breviceps_, 367;
_K. floweri_, 367;
_K. pottsi_, 367;
_K. simus_, 367
Kudu, 316

_Lagenorhynchus_, 378;
_L. acutus_, 378;
_L. albirostris_, 378
_Lagidium_, 496;
_L. cuvieri_, 496
Lagomyidae, 505
_Lagomys_, 505;
_L. ladacensis_, 505;
_L. roylei_, 505
_Lagorchestes_, 134;
_L. conspicillatus_, 134;
_L. leporoides_, 135
_Lagostomus_, 496;
_L. trichodactylus_, 496, 497
_Lagostrophus_, 137;
_L. fasciatus_, 137
_Lagothrix_, 557;
_L. humboldti_, 557
_Lagotis_, 496
_Lama_, 286;
_L. huanacos_, 286, 287;
_L. vicugna_, 286
Langur, 568
_Latax_, 439
_Leggada_, 472
{606}
Lemming, 478
_Lemur_, 541;
_L. catta_, 542;
_N. leucomystax_, 542;
_L. macaco_, 542;
_L. nigerrimus_, 542;
_L. rufipes_, 542;
_L. varius_, 12, 542
Lemur, Gentle, 540
Lemuridae, 538
Lemuroidea, 534
Leopard, 395;
Snow, 396;
Hunting, 400
_Lepilemur_, 540;
_L. mustelinus_, 540
Leporidae, 502
_Leptarctus_, 431;
_L. primaevus_, 431
_Leptauchenia_, 331
_Leptomeryx_, 284
_Leptonyx_, 453;
_L. weddelli_, 453
_Lepus_, 502;
_L. americanus_, 504;
_L. crawshayi_, 504;
_L. cuniculus_, 502;
brain of, 77;
_L. europaeus_, 504;
_L. timidus_, 504;
_L. whytei_, 504
_Lestodon_, 183
_Limacomys_, 476
_Limnofelis_, 456
_Limnogale_, 512;
_L. mergulus_, 513
_Linsang_, 406
Lion, 393
_Liponyx_, 526
_Listriodon_, 279
_Lithocranius_, 313
Litopterna, 267
Liver, 64
_Loncheres_, 489;
_L. guianae_, 489
_Lophiodon_, 250
Lophiodontidae, 247
_Lophiomys_, 476;
_L. imhausi_, 476
Lophodont teeth, definition of, 51
_Lophotragus michianus_, 294 n.
_Lophuromys_, 472
_Loris_, 23, 547;
_L. gracilis_, 547
Lungs, 69
_Lutra_, 440;
_L. vulgaris_, 441
_Lycaon_, 416;
_L. anglicus_, 416;
_L. pictus_, 416
_Lycyaena_, 413
_Lyncodon_, 437;
_L. luganensis_, 437
Lynx, 397
Lytta, a rod formed of connective tissue within the tongue, 416

_Macacus_, 563;
_M. cynomolgus_, 564;
_M. inuus_, 563;
_M. leoninus_, 564;
_M. nemestrinus_, 564;
_M. priscus_, 569;
_M. rhesus_, 564;
_M. silenus_, 564;
_M. sinicus_, 564;
_M. speciosus_, 564;
_M. tcheliensis_, 563, 564
Machaerodontidae, 401
_Machaerodus_, 402;
_M. palmidens_, 402
_Macleayius_, 358
_Macrauchenia_, 267
Macraucheniidae, 267
_Macroglossus_, 526
Macropodidae, 129
Macropodinae, 131, 132
{607}
_Macropus_, 132;
_M. brunii_, 133;
_M. giganteus_, 132;
_M. irma_, 133;
_M. rufus_, 132
_Macrorhinus_, 453;
_M. leoninus_, 454
Macroscelidae, 515
_Macroscelides_, 515
_Macrotherium_, 211
_Malacomys_, 472
_Malacothrix_, 476
Mammals, position in Vertebrate series, 1;
characters of, 3;
coloration of, 10, 11;
Reptilian ancestors of, 90;
earliest known forms, 96
Mammoth, 226
Man, 585
Manatee, 335
_Manatus_, 335;
_M. inunguis_, 336
Mandrill, 566
Mangabeys, 564
Manidae, 188
_Manis_, 188;
_M. gigantea_, 190;
_M. macrura_, 25;
_M. tricuspis_, 31
_Manteoceras_, 267
Marine Mammals; _see_ Sirenia, Cetacea
_Marmosa_, 156
Marmoset, 556
Marmot, 465;
Prairie-, 465
Marsupial Mole, 159
Marsupials, 122;
imperfectly born young of, 124
Marsupium or Pouch, 14;
of Monotremata, 15;
of Marsupials, 17;
rudiments of, in higher Mammals, 23, 18
Marten, 435
_Massoutiera_, 490
_Mastacomys_, 473
_Mastodon_, 230
Meerkat, 410, 411
Megachiroptera, 524 f.
_Megaderma_, 528;
_M. lyra_, 528
Megaladapididae, 554
_Megaladapis insignis_, 554;
_M. madagascariensis_, 554
_Megaloglossus_, 526
_Megalomys_, 480
Megalonychidae, 183
_Megalonyx_, 183
_Megamys_, 506
_Meganeuron kreffti_, 366
Megaptera, 356;
_M. capensis_, 357;
_M. indica_, 357;
_M. lalandii_, 357;
_M. longimana_, 357
_Megatherium_, 183
_Meles_, 432;
_M. anakuma_, 432 n.;
_M. taxus_, 432
_Mellivora_, 437;
_M. capensis_, 438
_Melonycteris_, 526
_Melursus_, 443;
_M. labiatus_, 443
_Meniscoessus_, 101
_Meniscotherium_, 203
_Menodus_, 264
_Mephitis_, 439
{608}
_Meriones_, 475
Mermaids, 337
_Merychyus_, 331
_Merycochoerus_, 330
_Merycopotamus_, 329;
_M. nanus_, 329
_Mesohippus_, 248
_Mesomys_, 489
_Mesonyx_, 456
_Mesopithecus pentelici_, 569
Mesoplacentalia, 103
_Mesoplodon_, 369;
_M. bidens_, 369;
_M. europaeus_, 369;
_M. hectori_, 369;
_M. layardi_, 369;
_M. stejnegeri_, 369
_Mesoreodon_, 330
_Metamynodon_, 264;
_M. planifrons_, skeleton of, 263
Metatheria, 116
_Microbiotherium_, 160
_Microcebus_, 544;
_M. smithii_, 564
Microchiroptera, 526 f.
_Microdipodops_, 484
_Microgale_, 512;
_M. longicaudata_, 25
_Microlestes_, 98;
_M. antiquus_, 98
_Microtus_, 477;
_M. agrestis_, 477;
_M. amphibius_, 477;
_M. glareolus_, 477
_Midas_, 556;
_M. bicolor_, 557;
_M. leoninus_, 556;
_M. nigricollis_, 556;
_M. rosalia_, 556
Mimicry, in _Bassaricyon_, 428;
in _Tupaia_, 511
_Minopterus_, 529;
_M. scheibersi_, 529
Mioclaenidae, 205
_Mioclaenus_, 205
_Miohippus_, 248
_Miopithecus_, 565
_Mixocebus_, 540;
_M. caniceps_, 540
Molar teeth, 51
Mole, 517;
sternum of, 31;
fore-foot of, 40;
Golden, 515
Mole Rat, 481
_Molossus_, 531
_Monachus_, 453;
_M. albiventer_, 453;
_M. tropicalis_, 453
Mongoose, 409
Monkeys, 554 f.
_Monodon_, 373;
_M. monoceros_, 373
Monophyodonty, definition of, 53
Monotremata, 105 f.
Moose, 297, 298
_Moropus_, 211
Morse, 451
Moschinae, 299
_Moschus_, 299;
_M. moschiferus_, 299, 300
Mouflon, 324;
Cyprus, 322
Mouse, 472;
Pharaoh's, 409
Multituberculata, 98
Multituberculy, definition of, 59
Muntjac, 295
Muridae, 471
_Mus_, 471;
_M. decumanus_, 472;
_M. musculus_, 472;
_M. minutus_, 472;
_M. rattus_, 472
{609}
_Muscardinus_, 470;
_M. avellanarius_, 470
Musk, 300;
Deer, 12, 13, 299;
Kangaroo, 138;
Ox, 327
Musquash, 477
_Mustela_, 435;
_M. foina_, 435;
_M. martes_, 435;
_M. putorius_ (= _Putorius foetidus_), 436;
_M. zibellina_, 435
Mustelidae, 431
_Mycetes_, 34, 558
_Mydaus_, 433;
_M. meliceps_, 433
_Mylodon_, 179;
_M. robustus_, 179;
skeleton of, 180
Mylodontidae, 179
_Myocastor_, 489
_Myodes_, 478;
_M. lemmus_, 478
_Myogale_, 518
Myomorpha, 469
_Myopotamus_, 489
_Myoscalops_, 481
_Myosorex_, 518
_Myoxus_, 470;
_M. glis_, 470
_Myrmecobius_, 154;
_M. fasciatus_, 155
_Myrmecophaga_, 166;
_M. jubata_, 166;
skull of, 167, 168;
hand of, 169;
vertebrae of, 163
Myrmecophagidae, 166
Mystacoceti, 353 f.
_Myxopoda_, 529

Nail-tailed Wallaby, 134
Nails, 14
_Nandinia_, 408
_Nannosciurus_, 464
Narwhal, 373;
"horn" of, 49
_Nasalis_, 569
_Nasua_, 430;
_N. nasica_, 431;
_N. rufa_, 430, 431
_Natalus_, 529
Native, Bear, 142;
Cat, 152
_Necrodasypus_, 164 n.
_Necrogymnura_, 510
_Nectogale_, 518;
_N. elegans_, 520
_Nectomys_, 480
_Nelomys_, 488
_Nelsonia_, 480
_Nemorrhaedus_, 326;
_N. crispus_, 326;
_N. goral_, 327
_Neobalaena_, 361;
_N. marginata_, 362
_Neofiber_, 478;
_N. alleni_, 478
Neogaea, 85
_Neomeris_, 374;
_N. phocaenoides_, 374
_Neomylodon listai_, 181
_Neotoma_, 480
_Neotragus pygmaeus_, 310
_Nesodon_, 215
_Nesokia_, 472
_Nesonycteris_, 526
_Nesopithecus_, 553;
_N. australis_, 553
New Zealand, absence of terrestrial mammals from, 85
Nilgai, 316
_Nimravus_, 401;
_N. gomphodus_, 401
{610}
_Noctilio_, 530;
_N. leporinus_, 530
Nomarthra, 186 f.
_Nothocyon_, 415
_Notiomys_, 480
_Notiosorex_, 518
Notogaea, 85
_Notopteris_, 526
_Notoryctes typhlops_, 159
Notoryctidae, 158
_Nototherium_, 148;
_N. mitchelli_, 148;
skull of, 148
_Nyctereutes_, 414;
_N. procyonides_, 415
Nycteridae, 527
_Nycteris_, 528;
_N. javanica_, 528
_Nycticebus_, 545;
_N. tardigradus_, 546;
foot of, 537
_Nycticejus_, 530
_Nyctinomus_, 531
_Nyctipithecus_, 560
_Nyctophilus_, 529

_Ocapia johnstoni_, 305
Oceanic islands, mammalian fauna of, 81
Ocelot, 398, 399
_Ochotona_, 505
_Octodon_, 487;
_O. degus_, 487
Octodontidae, 487
_Odobaenus_, 451
Odontoceti, 362 f.;
fossil forms of, 383
_Ogmorhinus_, 453
Okapi, 305
_Ommatophoca_, 453;
_O. rossi_, 453
_Onohippidium_, 247 n.
_Onychodectes_, 193;
_O. tissonensis_, 193
_Onychogale_, 134
_Onychomys_, 479
_Opolemur_, 544
Opossum, 155;
Thick-tailed, 156;
Virginian, 155
Orang Utan, 580, 581, 582, 583, 587, 589
_Orca_, 375;
_O. gladiator_, 341, 375
_Orcella_, 376;
_O. brevirostris_, 376;
_O. fluminalis_, 376
_Oreinomys_, 475
_Oreodon_, 330
Oreodontidae, 330
_Oreopithecus bambolii_, 569
_Oreotragus saltator_, 310
_Orias_, 316;
_O. canna_, 316;
_O. livingstonii_, 316
Ornithodelphia, 106
Ornithorhynchidae, 112
_Ornithorhynchus_, 112;
_O. anatinus_, 112;
shoulder girdle of, 34;
skeleton of, 114
_Orohippus_, 248
Orycteropodidae, 187
_Orycteropus_, 187;
teeth of, 188;
_O. aethiopicus_, 188;
_O. capensis_, 187;
_O. gaudryi_, 188
_Oryx_, 314;
_O. beatrix_, 314;
_O. beisa_, 315;
_O. leucoryx_, 314
_Oryzomys_, 480
{611}
_Oryzoryctes_, 513
_Otaria_, 451;
_O. gillespiei_, 451;
_O. hookeri_, 451;
_O. jubata_, 448;
_O. nigrescens_, 451;
_O. pusilla_, 450;
_O. ursina_, 451
Otariidae, 450
_Otocyon_, 415;
_O. megalotis_, 415
_Otomys_, 475;
_O. unisulcatus_, 475
_Otonycteris_, 529
Otter, 441;
Sea, 439
Ouakari Monkey, 560;
Red-faced, 560
_Oulodon grayi_, 380
Ounce, 396
_Ourebia_, 310
Ova, 71;
of Monotremes, 72
Ovaries, 70
_Ovibos moschatus_, 327
Oviduct, 73;
of Marsupials, 74
_Ovis_, 321;
_O. blanfordi_, 323;
_O. burrhel_, 322;
_O. montana_, 322;
_O. musimon_, 324;
_O. nahura_, 324;
_O. ophion_, 322;
_O. poli_, 321;
_O. tragelaphus_, 323;
_O. vignei_, 321
Oxen, 317
_Oxymycterus_, 480

Paca, 493
_Pachynolophus_, 248
_Pachyrucos_, 213
_Pachyuromys_, 475
_Palaeochoerus_, 280
_Palaeoerinaceus_, 510
_Palaeonictis_, molar teeth of, 56
_Palaeosyops_, 266
_Palaeotragus_, 306
Palate, 61
Palm Civet, 407
Pancreas, 64
Panda, 431
_Pangolin_, 188
Pangolin gigantesque, 211
_Panochthus_, 185
Panther, 395
_Pantholops_, 311
_Pantolambda_, 206;
_P. bathmodon_, 207;
skull of, 206
Pantolestidae, 328
_Paradoxurus_, 407;
_P. grayi_, 407;
_P. niger_, 407
_Patriofelis_, 449, 456
Peccary, 278
Pecora, 290 f.
_Pectinator_, 490;
_P. spekii_, 491
Pectoral girdle, 35
_Pedetes_, 486;
_P. caffer_, 486
Pedetidae, 486
_Pelea_, 311;
_P. capreolus_, 311
_Peltephilus_, 186
Peludo, 177
Pelvis, 41
_Peraceras_, 262
_Peragale_, 156;
_P. lagotis_, 157
_Perameles_, 158
{612}
Peramelidae, 156
_Peramus_, 99
_Peramys_, 156
_Perascalops_, 518
_Periptychus_, 204;
_P. rhabdodon_, 205
Perissodactyla, 235 f.
_Perodicticus_, 547
_Perodipus_, 484
_Perognathus_, 484
_Peromyscus_, 479
_Petauroides_, 142
_Petaurus_, 141;
_P. breviceps_, 142
_Petrodromus_, 516;
_P. tetradactylus_, 516
_Petrogale_, 134;
_P. penicillata_, 134;
_P. xanthopus_, 134
_Petromys_, 488
_Phacochoerus_, 277;
_P. aethiopicus_, 277;
_P. africanus_, 277
_Phalanger_, 140;
_P. maculatus_, 140
Phalanger, 138;
Flying, 141;
Striped, 141;
Ring-tailed, 141
Phalangeridae, 138
_Phalangista vulpina_, 140
_Phascolarctos cinereus_, 142, 143
_Phascologale_, 153;
_P. virginia_, 153
_Phascolomys_, 144;
skull of, 145;
_P. latifrons_, 145;
_P. mitchelli_, 145;
_P. ursinus_, 145;
_P. wombat_, 144
_Phascolonus_, 148
_Phascolotherium_, 99;
_P. bucklandi_, 99
_Phatagin_, 188
_Phenacodus_, 202;
_P. primaevus_, skeleton of, 196;
molar teeth of, 56
_Phenacomys_, 479
_Phlaeomys_, 473
_Phoca_, 452;
_P. groenlandica_, 452;
_P. hispidia_, 452;
_P. vitulina_, 452;
skeleton of, 447
_Phocaena_, 374;
_P. communis_, 374;
_P. dallii_, 374;
_P. spinipennis_, 374;
_P. tuberculifera_, 342
Phocidae, 452
_Pholidotus_, 188
_Phyllorhina_, 527
Phyllostomatidae, 531
_Phyllotis_, 480
_Physeter_, 363;
_P. macrocephalus_, 363;
_P. tursio_, 366
Physeteridae, 362
_Physodon_, 383
Pichy-ciego, 176
Pig, 275;
sternum of, 32;
foot of, 199;
solid-hoofed, 270
Pika, 505
Pinnipedia, 446 f.
_Pithecanthropus erectus_, 584
_Pithechirus_, 473
_Pithecia_, 562;
_P. albinasa_, 561;
_P. cheiropotes_, 562;
_P. satanas_, 562
Placenta, 125
_Plagiaulax_, 99
_Plagiodontia_, 489
{613}
_Platacanthomys_, 471;
_P. lasiurus_, 471
_Platanista_, 380;
_P. gangetica_ 381
Platanistidae, 380
_Platycercomys_, 486
Platypus, 113
Platyrrhines, 555, 556
_Plecotus_, 529;
_P. auritus_, 529
_Plesiomeryx_, 329
_Pliopithecus_, 585
_Poebrotherium_, 288;
_P. labiatum_, foot of, 197;
_P. wilsoni_, skull of, 288
_Poecilogale_, 437;
_P. albinucha_, 437
_Poephagus grunniens_; see _Bos grunniens_
_Pogonodon_, 401
_Poiana_, 407
Polecat, 436
_Polycladus_, 301
Polyprotodontia, 149 f.
_Pontoporia_, 382;
_P. blainvillii_, 382
_Porcula salvania_, 276
Porcupine, 499, 500;
Tree, 498;
Brush-tailed, 501
Porpoise, 374
_Potamochoerus_, 278
_Potamogale_, 513;
_P. velox_, 513
Potamogalidae, 513
Potoroinae, 131, 137
_Potorous_, 138
Potto, 547
Pouch; _see_ Marsupium
Prairie-dog, 465
_Praopus_, 178
Prepollex, 41
Primates, 533 f.
_Priodon_, 173, 179;
_P. giganteus_, hand of 175
_Prionodon_, 406;
_P. pardicolor_, 406
_Priscodelphinus_, 384
_Proaelurus_, 401
Proboscidea, 216 f.
_Procamelus_, 289;
_P. angustidens_, 290;
_P. occidentalis_, foot of, 197
_Procavia_, 232
_Procyon_, 427;
_P. cancrivorus_, 427;
_P. lotor_, 427;
_P. nigripes_, 427
Procyonidae, 426
_Prodelphinus_, 377
_Proechidna_, 111;
_P. bruijnii_, 111;
_P. nigroaculeata_, 111
Pronghorn, 306
_Propalaehoplophorus_, 185
_Propithecus_, 539;
_P. coquereli_, 540;
_P. verreauxi_, 540
_Prorastoma_, 336;
_P. veronense_, 337
_Prosqualodon_, 384
_Proteles_, 413;
_P. cristata_, 413
_Protelotherium_, 280
_Prothylacinus_, 160
_Protoceras_, 284
Protoceratidae, 284
_Protochriacus_, 553
_Protogonia_, 204
{614}
Protohippus, 249
_Protolabis_, 289
_Protoreodon_, 332
Protorotheriidae, 268
_Protorotherium_, 268
_Protoselene_, 205
Prototheria, 105 f.
_Protylopus_, 287;
_P. petersoni_, feet of, 197
_Protypotherium_, 213
_Psammomys_, 475
_Pseudamphicyon_, 424
_Pseudochirus_, 141
_Pseudorca_, 376;
_P. crassidens_, 376;
_P. meridionalis_, 376
_Pseudorhynchocyon_, 516
_Psittacotherium_, 191;
_P. multifragum_, 191
_Pteralopex_, 526;
_P. atrata_, 526
_Pteromys_, 466;
_P. alborufus_, 466;
_P. petaurista_, 466
_Pteroneura brasiliensis_, 441
Pteropodidae, 524
_Pteropus_, 524;
_P. edulis_, 524;
_P. fuscus_, skull of, 524;
_P. nicobaricus_, 526;
_P. poliocephalus_, 525
_Ptilocercus_, 511;
_P. lowi_, 511
_Ptilodus_, 101
_Pudua_, 296
Puma, 399
_Putorius_, 435;
_P. brasiliensis_, 437;
_P. erminea_, 436;
_P. foetidus_ (= _Mustela putorius_), 436;
_P. hibernicus_, 437;
_P. vulgaris_, 437
Pygmy, Hog, 276;
Right Whale, 361
_Pyrotherium_, 232

Quagga, 244, 246

Rabbit, 502;
skull of, 503;
oviduct of, 73;
brain of, 77
Raccoon, 427
_Rangifer tarandus_, 298, 299
_Raphiceros_, 310
Rasse, 406
Rat, 472;
-Kangaroo, 137
Ratel, 437, 438
Red Deer, 293
Reed Buck, 311
Reindeer, 292, 298, 299
_Reithrodon_, 480
_Reithrodontomys_, 480
_Reithrosciurus macrotis_, 464
Reproductive organs, 70
Respiratory organs; _see_ Lungs
_Rhachianectes_, 357;
_Rh. glaucus_, 357
_Rhinoceros_, 254;
_Rh. bicornis_, 257, 258;
_Rh. indicus_ (= _Rh. unicornis_), 255;
femur of, 43;
_Rh. lasiotis_, 257;
_Rh. schleiermacheri_, 258;
_Rh. simus_, 257;
_Rh. sondaicus_, 256;
_Rh. sumatrensis_, 256;
hand of, 199;
_Rh. tichorhinus_, 259
{615}
Rhinoceros, White, 257;
Black, 257
Rhinocerotidae, 253
_Rhinogale_, 410 n.
Rhinolophidae, 527
_Rhinolophus_, 527;
_Rh. ferrum equinum_, 527;
_Rh. hipposiderus_, 527
_Rhinonycteris_, 527
_Rhinopithecus_, 569
_Rhinopoma_, 530
_Rhipidomys_, 480
_Rhizomys_, 482;
_Rh. badius_, 483;
_Rh. pruinosus_, 482;
_Rh. sumatrensis_, 482
_Rhynchocyon_, 516;
_Rh. chrysopygus_, 516
_Rhynchogale_, 410
_Rhynchomys_, 474;
_Rh. soricioides_, 474
_Rhynchonycteris_, 531
_Rhytina_, 338
Ribs, 29;
single-headed, of Whales and Monotremes, 30
Risso's Dolphin, 375
River Hog, Red, 278
Roan Antelope, 314
Rodentia, 458 f.;
brain of, 461;
teeth of, 459
Roe Deer, 295
_Romerolagus_, 504
Rorqual, 355
Ruminantia, 280 f.;
stomach of, 281 f.
_Rupicapra_, 326

Sable, 435;
Antelope, 313
_Saccopteryx_, 531
_Saccostomus_, 472
Sacrum, 24
_Sagmatias_, 376
_Saiga_, 311;
_S. tartarica_, 311
Saki monkey, 562
Salivary glands, 64
_Samotherium_, 305;
_S. boissieri_, 306
_Sarcophilus ursinus_, 151;
skull of, 149
Scales, 9;
of Anomaluridae, 463;
of Manidae, 188
_Scalops_, 518
_Scapasius_, 518
_Scapteromys_, 480
_Scaptonyx_, 518
Scapula, 36;
of Whales, 37
_Scelidotherium_, 180
_Schizodon_, 488
_Schizotherium_, 211
Sciuridae, 463
_Sciuropterus_, 467;
_S. volucella_, 467
_Sciurus_, 463;
_S. castaneiventris_, 464;
_S. laticaudatus_, 511;
_S. maximus_, 464
_Scleropleura_, 179;
_S. bruneti_, 179
_Scotophilus_, 529
_Scotozous_, 530;
_S. dormeri_, 530
Seal, 452;
Bladder-nosed, 454;
compared with Zeuglodonts, 385;
Elephant, 454;
Eared, 450;
hooded, 453
Sea-Lion, 450;
see _Otaria_
{616}
Sealskin, 9
Sea Serpent, 368
Selenodont, 272
Selenodontia, 280
_Semnopithecus_, 568;
_S. entellus_, 568;
_S. schistaceus_, 569
Sewellel, 469
Sheep, Barbary, Blanford's, and other species of, 321 f.
Shoulder girdle, 35;
of _Ornithorhynchus_, 34;
of _Echidna_, 37
Shrew, 518;
Elephant-, 515
Siamang, 571
Sibbald's Rorqual, 2, 356
_Sigmodon_, 479
_Simia satyrus_, 580, 581;
skeleton of, 582;
skull of, 583;
nest of, 583
Simiidae, 570
_Simocyon_, 423
Simplicidentata, 462 f.
Sing-sing Antelope, 310
_Siphneus_, 479
Sirenia, 333 f.
_Sivatherium_, 306
Size, of Mammals, 2;
progressive secular increase in, 103;
of Whales, 342
Skull, 25;
of Human embryo, 27;
of adult, 586;
of Dog, 25, 29;
comparison of, with that of Anomodontia, 28
Skunk, 439
Sloth, 170;
Ground-, 180
_Smilodon_, 402;
_S. neogaeus_, 402
_Sminthopsis_, 153;
_S. virginiae_, 153
_Sminthus_, 486
_Smutsia_, 188
_Solenodon_, 514;
_S. cubanus_, 514
Solenodontidae, 513
_Sorex_, 518;
_S. alpinus_, 519;
_S. minutus_, 519;
_S. vulgaris_, 519
Soricidae, 518
_Soriculus_, 518
_Sotalia_, 378;
_S. gadamu_, 379;
_S. guianensis_, 378;
_S. lentiginosa_, 379;
_S. pallida_, 382;
_S. sinensis_, 378;
_S. teueszii_, 378
Souslik, 464
Spalacidae, 482
_Spalacopus_, 487;
_S. poeppigi_, 487
_Spalacotherium_, 99
_Spalax_, 482;
_S. typhlus_, 482
Sparassodonta, 160
Speke's Antelope, 315 f.
_Speothos_, 423
Sperm Whale, 363
Spermaceti, 363
_Spermophilus_, 464;
_S. tredecimlineatus_, 465
_Sphingurus_, 498;
_S. prehensilis_, 498 f.
Spider Monkey, 558
Spiny Anteater; see _Echidna_
Springbok, 312
_Squalodon_, 384
{617}
Squalodontidae, 384
Squamata, 188
Squirrel, 463;
Pygmy, 464;
Ground, 464;
Flying, 466
_Steatomys_, 473, 476
_Stegodon_, 229;
_S. ganesa_, 229
Steinbok, 310
Steller's Sea-cow, 338
_Steno_, 379;
_S. perniger_, 379
_Stenodelphis_, 382
_Stenoplesictis_, 441
_Stenops_, 545
_Stenorhynchus_, 453
_Stentor_, 558
_Stereognathus_, 99
Sternum, 31;
of Whales, 32, 33, 352;
of Dugong, 33
Stoat, 436
Stomach, 62;
of various mammals, 63;
of Whales, 347
_Strepsiceros_, 316;
_S. imberbis_, 316;
_S. kudu_, 316
_Stylacodon_, 99
_Stylinodon_, 193;
_S. cylindrifer_, 193;
_S. mirus_, 193
Stylinodontidae, 191
Sublingua, 61
Suidae, 275
_Suricata_, 410;
_S. tetradactyla_, 411
_Sus_, 275;
_S. barbatus_, 276;
_S. erymanthius_, 279;
_S. salvania_, 276;
_S. scrofa_, 275;
_S. sennaariensis_, 275;
_S. verrucosus_, 276;
_S. vittatus_, 276
_Synaptomys_, 479
_Synetheres_, 498
_Synotus_, 529;
_S. barbastellus_, 522, 529
_Systemodon_, 250

_Tachyoryctes_, 483
_Talpa_, 517;
_T. europaea_, 517
Talpidae, 516
_Tamandua_, 167;
sternum of, 168
Tamarin, 556
_Tamias_, 464
_Taphozous_, 531
Tapir, 11
Tapiridae, 250
_Tapirus_, 250;
_T. bairdi_, 251;
_T. dowi_, 251;
_T. ecuadorensis_, 251 n.;
_T. indicus_, 252;
_T. leucogenys_, 251 n.;
_T. roulini_, 251;
_T. terrestris_, 251
Tarsiidae, 550
Tarsipedinae, 140, 145
_Tarsipes_, 145
_Tarsius_, 550;
_T. spectrum_,foot of, 551
Tasmanian, Devil, 151;
Wolf, 150
_Tatusia_, 173;
_T. novemcincta_, 178
_Taurotragus oryx_, 316 n.
_Taxidea_, 438
Tayra, 433
Teeth, 43;
minute structure of, 44;
development of, 52;
brachyodont (with short roots), 48;
{618}
bunodont, 272;
diphyodont, 51;
heterodont, 47;
homodont, 47;
hypselodont (with long roots), 48;
lophodont, 51;
monophyodont, 53;
selenodont, 272
Teledu, 433
_Teleoceras_, 259 n.;
_T. fossiger_, 261
_Telmatotherium_, 267;
_T. cornutum_, 267
Temperature of Monotremata, 112
Tenrec, 511
Testes, 75
_Tetraceros_, 310
_Tetraprotodon_, 274
_Thalassarctos_, 443
_Theropithecus_, 566
_Thoatherium_, 268
_Thomomys_, 483
_Thrinacodus_, 489;
_T. albicauda_, 489
_Thrynomys_, 489;
_T. swindernianus_, 489
_Thylacinus_, 150;
_T. cynocephalus_, skull of, 150
Thylacoleo, 147;
_T. carnifex_, skull of, 147
_Thyroptera_, 529
Tiger, 394
Tillodontia, 506 f.
_Tillotherium_, 507;
_T. fodiens_, 507;
skull of, 507
_Tinoceras_, 210
_Titanops_, 264
Titanotheriidae, 264
_Titanotherium_, 264;
_T. coloradense_, 264;
_T. elatum_, 265;
_T. heloceras_, 264;
_T. platyceras_, 265, 266;
_T. ramosum_, 266;
_T. trigonoceras_, 265
Tolypeutes, 173;
T. tricinctus, 176, 177
_Tomitherium_, 552
Tongue, 61
_Toxodon_, 214
Toxodontia, 214 f.
_Tragelaphus_, 315;
_T. gratus_, 316;
_T. spekii_, 315;
_T. sulvaticus_, 316
Tragulidae, 282
Tragulina, 281
_Tragulus_, 282;
_T. meminna_, 282;
_T. napu_, 283;
_T. stanleyanus_, 283
Tree- Porcupines, 498;
Kangaroos, 136
_Triaenops_, 527
Trichechidae, 451
_Trichechus_, 451
_Trichomys_, 488
_Trichosurus_, 140;
_T. vulpecula_, 140
_Trichys_, 501;
_T. lipura_, 501
_Triclis_, 149;
_T. oscillans_, 149
_Triconodon_, 99
Trituberculata, 99
Trituberculy, definition of, 56
_Tritylodon_, 98
_Troglodytes_, 576;
_T. aubryi_, 579;
_T. kooloo-kamba_, 579;
_T. savagei_, 576
{619}
_Trogontherium_, 469
Tubulidentata, 186
Tuco-tuco, 488
_Tupaia_, 511;
_T. belangeri_, 511;
_T. tana_, 511
Tupaiidae, 511
_Tursio_, 379;
_T. borealis_, 380:
_T. peronii_, 380
_Tursiops_, 379;
_T. abusalam_, 379;
_T. tursio_, 379
Tusks, 49
_Tylomys_, 480
Tylopoda, 285 f.
_Typhlomys_, 471
Typotheria, 212 f.
_Typotherium_, 213

_Uintacyon_, 424
_Uintatherium_, 210
Unau, 170, 171
Ungulata, 195 f.
Urinary organs, 68
Uromys, 473
_Uropsilus_, 518
_Urotrichus_, 518
Ursidae, 442
Urson, 498
_Ursus_, 442;
_U. arctos_, 442;
_U. fossilis_, 442;
_U. malayanus_, 443;
_U. ornatus_, 443;
_U. pruinosus_, 443;
_U. spelaeus_, 442, 444;
_U. tibetanus_, 442
Urus, 321

Vampire, 532
_Vampyrus_, 531;
_V. spectrum_, 531
_Vandeleuria_, 473
Vansire, 404
Veins, 67;
anterior abdominal, in _Echidna_, 68
Vena cava, double in Elephants, 68
Vertebrae, 19;
cervical, 21, 22;
dorsal, 20, 23;
lumbar, 20, 23;
caudal, 24
_Vespertilio_, 529;
_V. murinus_, 529
Vespertilionidae, 528
_Vesperugo_, 528;
_V. discolor_, 528;
_V. leisleri_, 528;
_V. noctula_, 528;
_V. pipistrellus_, 528;
_V. serotinus_, 528
Vicuna, 286
_Vishnutherium_, 306
_Viverra_, 405;
_V. civetta_, 406
_Viverricula_, 406
Viverridae, 403
Vizcacha, 497
Vole, 477
Vulpine Phalanger, 140

Wallaby, 129;
skeleton of, 130;
Nail-tailed, 134
Walrus, 451
Wapiti, 292
Wart Hog, 277
Waterbuck, 310
{620}
Water Chevrotain, 283
Weasel, 437
Whalebone, 354
Whalebone Whales, 354
Whales, 339;
hunting of, 360
White Whale, 372
Wild Boar of Europe, 276
Wild Cat of Europe, 399
Wisent, 318
Wolf, 420
Wombat, 144;
skull of, 145
Wrist, 40;
tactile hairs of, 10

Xenarthra, 166 f.
_Xenomys_, 480
_Xenurus_, 173, 178;
_X. unicinctus_, 178
_Xeromys_, 474
_Xerus_, 464
_Xiphodon_, 329
{621}
Xiphodontidae, 329
Xiphodontotherium, 330

Yak, 320
Yapock, 156

_Zaglossus_, 111 n.
_Zamicrus_, 184
_Zapus_, 486
_Zarrhachis_, 384
Zebra, 244;
Burchell's, 245;
Common, 244;
Grevy's, 244
_Zenkerella_, 463 n.
_Zeuglodon_, 384
Zeuglodontidae, 384
_Ziphius_, 367, 370;
_Z. cavirostris_, 370;
_Z. novae zelandiae_, 370
Zoological regions, 84
Zorilla, 438

* * * * *

{622}

{623}

THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY

Edited by Sir S. F. HARMER, K.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., and A. E. SHIPLEY, G.B.E., M.A., F.R.S.

In Ten Volumes. Fully Illustrated. Medium 8vo. 21s. net each.

_FIELD._--"The Cambridge Natural History series of volumes is one of
very great value to all students of biological science. The books are
not intended for popular reading, but for utilisation by those who are
desirous of making themselves thoroughly acquainted with the branches
of zoology of which they treat."

VOLUME I.

PROTOZOA, by MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.Sc.; PORIFERA (SPONGES), by IGERNA B. J. SOLLAS, B.Sc; COELENTERATA AND CTENOPHORA, by S. J. HICKSON, M.A., F.R.S.; ECHINODERMATA, by E. W. MACBRIDE, M.A, F.R.S.

_FIELD._--"The book can be in the strongest manner recommended to those
for whose benefit it has been written. We know of no work from which a
more truly scientific account of the Protozoa, Echinodermata, and other
lower forms of animal life could be gained."

VOLUME II.

FLATWORMS AND MESOZOA, by F. W. GAMBLE, D.Sc.; NEMERTINES, by Miss L. SHELDON; THREADWORMS AND SAGITTA, by Sir A. E. SHIPLEY, G.B.E., M.A., F.R.S.; ROTIFERS, by MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.Sc.; POLYCHAET WORMS, by W. BLAXLAND BENHAM, D.Sc., M.A.; EARTHWORMS AND LEECHES, by F. E. BEDDARD, M.A., F.R.S.; GEPHYREA AND PHORONIS, by Sir A. E. SHIPLEY, G.B.E., M.A, F.R.S.; POLYZOA, by Sir S. F. HARMER, K.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S.

_CAMBRIDGE REVIEW._--"Most of the articles are of a very high order of
merit--taken as a whole, it may be said that they are by far the best
which have as yet been published.... We may say with confidence that
the same amount of information, within the same compass, is to be had
in no other zoological work."

VOLUME III.

MOLLUSCS, by the Rev. A. H. COOKE, M.A.; BRACHIOPODS (RECENT), by Sir A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.; BRACHIOPODS (FOSSIL), by F. R. C. REED, M.A.

_TIMES._--"There are very many, not only among educated people who take
an interest in science, but even among specialists, who will welcome a
work of reasonable compass and handy form containing a trustworthy
treatment of the various departments of Natural History by men who are
familiar with, and competent to deal with, the latest results of
scientific research. Altogether, to judge from this first volume, the
Cambridge Natural History promises to fulfil all the expectations that
its prospectus holds out."

VOLUME IV.

CRUSTACEA, by GEOFFREY W. SMITH, M.A., and the late W. F. R. WELDON, M.A.; TRILOBITES, by HENRY WOODS, M.A.; INTRODUCTION TO ARACHNIDA, AND KING-CRABS, by Sir A. E. SHIPLEY, G.B.E., M.A., F.R.S.; EURYPTERIDA, by HENRY WOODS, M.A.; SCORPIONS, SPIDERS, MITES, TICKS, ETC., by CECIL WARBURTON, M.A.; TARDIGRADA (WATER-BEARS), by Sir A. E. SHIPLEY, G.B.E., M.A., F.R.S.; PENTASTOMIDA, by Sir A. E. SHIPLEY, G.B.E., M.A., F.R.S.; PYCNOGONIDA, by D'ARCY W. THOMPSON, C.B., M.A.

{624}

VOLUME V.

PERIPATUS, by ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., F.R.S.; MYRIAPODS, by F. G. SINCLAIR, M.A.; INSECTS, Part I., INTRODUCTION, APTERA, ORTHOPTERA, NEUROPTERA, AND A PORTION OF HYMENOPTERA (SESSILIVENTRES AND PARASITICA), by DAVID SHARP, M.A., M.B., F.R.S.

_Prof. RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., F.C.S., in his Presidential Address to
the Entomological Society of London, said_:--"The authors of this
volume are certainly to be congratulated upon having furnished such a
valuable contribution to our literature. When its successor appears,
and I will venture to express the hope that this will be at no very
distant period, we shall be in possession of a treatise on the natural
history of insects which, from the point of view of the general reader,
will compare most favourably with any similar work that has been
published in the English language."

VOLUME VI.

HYMENOPTERA (_continued_) (TUBULIFERA AND ACULEATA), COLEOPTERA, STREPSIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA, DIPTERA, APHANIPTERA, THYSANOPTERA, HEMIPTERA, ANOPLURA, by DAVID SHARP, M.A., M.B., F.R.S.

_SATURDAY REVIEW._--"Dr. Sharp's treatment is altogether worthy of the
series and of his own high scientific reputation.... Certainly this is
a book that should be in every entomologist's library."

VOLUME VII.

HEMICHORDATA, by Sir S. F. HARMER, K.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S.; ASCIDIANS AND AMPHIOXUS, by W. A. HERDMAN, D.Sc., F.R.S.; FISHES (EXCLUSIVE OF THE SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF TELEOSTEI), by T. W. BRIDGE, Sc.D., F.R.S.; FISHES (SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF TELEOSTEI), by G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.

_ATHENAEUM._--"All who take a serious interest in the advance of
ichthyology will find this a fascinating book."

VOLUME VIII.

AMPHIBIA AND REPTILES, by HANS GADOW, M.A., F.R.S.

_NATURE._--"In concluding the review we would express the opinion that
by this handsome volume a very important addition to science has been
made; that the beautiful illustrations, together with the clear and
charming accounts of the life-histories which it contains, will do much
to popularise the study of a rather neglected section of zoology; and
that lovers of Reptiles, of which there are more than one generally
thinks, will feel that the new knowledge imparted to them emanates from
one who is thoroughly in sympathy with their enthusiasm."

VOLUME IX.

BIRDS, by A. H. EVANS, M.A.

_IBIS._--"Mr. Evans has produced a book full of concentrated essence of
information on birds, especially as regards their outer structure and
habits, and one that we can cordially recommend as a work of reference
to all students of ornithology."

VOLUME X.

MAMMALIA, by FRANK EVERS BEDDARD, M.A., F.R.S.

_NATURE._--"Cannot fail to be of very high value to all students of the
Mammalia, especially from the standpoints of morphology and
palaeontology."

LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.

* * * * *

NOTES

[1] The degeneration of the hind-limb in Whales and Sirenia forbids the use of this character as a distinctive one on the principles advocated by the selection of the above list. But it would be absurd to leave out hair.

[2] "Ueber die Haare der Saeugethiere," _Morph. Jahrb._ xxi. 1894, p. 312.

[3] "Bemerkungen ueber den Ursprung der Haare," _Anat. Anz._ 1893, p. 413.

[4] See for this matter, p. 90. Dr. Bonavia has recently advanced (_Studies in Evolution_, London, 1895) the somewhat fantastic view that the pigment-patches of Carnivorous and other mammals are a reminiscence of an earlier scaly condition. There is no direct evidence that the primitive mammals were scaly, nor are the Monotremata or Marsupials furnished with any more traces of such a condition than are other mammals; and they are the most lowly organised of existing Mammalia.

[5] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 527.

[6] "Ueber Marsupialrudimente bei Placentaliern," _Morph. Jahrb._ xx. 1893, p. 276.

[7] See Haacke, "On the Marsupial Ovum, the Mammary Pouch, etc., of the Echidna," _Proc. Roy. Soc._ 1885, p. 72; and "Ueber die Entstehung der Saeugetiere," _Biol. Centralbl._ viii. 1889, p. 8.

[8] See Gegenbaur's _Elements of Comp. Anat._ Transl. by Bell, 1878, p. 421.

[9] "Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Mammartasche u. Marsupium," _Morph. Jahrb._ xvii. 1891, p. 483.

[10] _Catalogue of Marsupials in British Museum_, 1886.

[11] Its independence from the epistropheus is emphasised in Monotremes and some Marsupials by its late fusion with that vertebra.

[12] Intercentra are but rarely met with anterior to the caudal series. Mr. Parsons has, however, recorded their occurrence in the lumbar vertebrae of _Atherura_.

[13] _Tufts College Studies_, No. 6, 1900.

[14] Cf. the Armadillo _Peltephilus_, p. 186.

[15] Gegenbaur, _Vergl. Anat. Wirbelth._ Leipzig, 1898, p. 404.

[16] Ehler's _Zool. Miscellen_, i. 1894.

[17] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1865, p. 567.

[18] _Vergl. Anat. der Wirbelth._ Leipzig, 1898, p. 497.

[19] To this category are perhaps to be referred cartilaginous pieces occurring in the Rabbit, _Mus_ and _Sorex_ (see Fig. 29 above).

[20] "On the Coracoid of the Terrestrial Vertebrates," _P.Z.S._ 1893, p. 585.

[21] Horny matter is apt to be formed upon extremities; instances which are well known are the "claws" upon the tail of the Lion and Leopard and the Kangaroo _Onychogale_. For an account of the first see _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1832, p. 146.

[22] Cf. Tomes, _A Manual of Dental Anatomy_, 5th ed. London, 1898.

[23] _Materials for the Study of Variation_, London, 1894.

[24] _Morph. Jahrb._ xix. 1892, p. 502.

[25] It would be of the greatest interest in relation to this and many other problems to ascertain the precise meaning of the monophyodont dentition of _Ornithorhynchus_.

[26] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 922.

[27] Mr. M. Woodward, however (_P.Z.S._ 1893, p. 467), is disposed to think that in some Macropodidae at any rate the supposed tooth of the second set really belongs to the milk dentition, arising late between Pm_{3} and Pm_{4}.

[28] See for a summary, Osborn, _American Nat._ Dec. 1897, p. 993.

[29] _e.g._ the "protoloph," "metaloph," etc. (see Fig. 36, p. 51), of the modern Ungulate form of tooth.

[30] "On the Primitive Type of the Plexodont Molars of Mammals," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 555.

[31] _Jen. Zeitschr._ ii. 1866, p. 365.

[32] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 8.

[33] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 715.

[34] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 136.

[35] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxiv. 1884, p. 9.

[36] _S.B. Jen. Gesells._ 1885, p. 1.

[37] _Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin._ viii. 1885, p. 354.

[38] _Phil. Trans._ clxxviii. 1887, p. 463.

[39] Robinson, _Studies Biol. Lab. Owens Coll._ ii. 1890, p. 35.

[40] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 667.

[41] Wallace, _The Geographical Distribution of Animals_, 1876. Heilprin, _The Distribution of Animals_, Internat. Scientific Series, 1887. Beddard, _A Text-book of Zoogeography_, Cambridge Natural Science Manuals, 1895. Lydekker, _Geographical History of Mammals_, Cambridge Geographical Series, 1896. W. L. and P. L. Sclater, _The Geography of Mammals_, Kegan Paul and Co. 1899.

[42] This term is sometimes used in a wider sense; cf. vol. viii. p. 74.

[43] A series of papers in the _Phil. Trans._ for 1888-96, of which a useful abstract by Professor Osborn was published in the _American Naturalist_, 1898, p. 309; see also _Cambr. Nat. Hist._ viii. 1901, p. 303.

[44] Cf. vol. viii. p. 82.

[45] It may be necessary to exclude the Whales from the comparison.

[46] _Dental Anatomy_, 5th ed. 1898, p. 304.

[47] "On the Fossil Mammalia from the Stonesfield Slate," _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxxv. 1894, p. 407.

[48] This groove has been found in the existing _Myrmecobius_, see p. 154.

[49] _Trans. New York Acad. Sci._ xiii. 1894, p. 234.

[50] Gegenbaur, _Zur Kenntniss der Mammarorgane der Monotremen_, Leipzig, 1886.

[51] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxiv. 1884, p. 124.

[52] Beddard, _Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb._ viii. 1885, p. 354.

[53] See _Phil. Trans._ clxxviii. 1887, where the literature of the subject is fully cited.

[54] Muscular insertions and attachments do not, however, altogether support the comparison.

[55] _Journ. Anat. Phys._ 1899, p. 309.

[56] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 18.

[57] _Myrmecophaga aculeata_ was the name given by Shaw.

[58] _Zaglossus_ has apparently priority as a name; but _Proechidna_ is better known.

[59] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 545.

[60] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxix. 1888, p. 353.

[61] _Proc. Roy. Soc._ xlvi. 1889, p. 127. See also Stewart, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiii. 1892, p. 229.

[62] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1880, p. 649.

[63] Moreover, the "corpus callosum and the anterior commissure ... in ... _Erinaceus_ and _Dasypus_ are almost Monotreme-like."

[64] See Wilson and Hill, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxix. 1899, p. 427.

[65] In _Dendrolagus_ at any rate. See _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 132.

[66] _Anat. Anz._ i. 1886, p. 338; and see Weber, _ibid._ ii. 1887, p. 42.

[67] Works dealing exclusively with the Marsupials are: Lydekker, in Allen's _Naturalists' Library_, 1894; Aflalo, _Natural History of Australia_, Macmillan and Co. 1896; Waterhouse, _Natural History of Mammalia_, i. London, 1848; Oldfield Thomas, _British Museum Catalogue of Marsupialia and Monotremata_, 1888.

[68] "The Cerebral Commissures in the Marsupialia and Monotremata," _Journ. Anat. Phys._ xxvii. 1893, p. 69.

[69] When there are more than two, _two_ are especially developed. See Figs. 76, 77 (pp. 149, 150).

[70] See for a further discussion of this subject the zoogeographical handbooks of Mr. Lydekker and myself, quoted on p. 78 (footnote).

[71] To this may be added Mr. Thomas' observation that the family of American Opossums is "very closely allied to the Dasyuridae, from which, were it not for its isolated geographical position, it would be very doubtfully separable."

[72] Except in the South American Diprotodonts.

[73] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 450.

[74] _Ibid._ 1876, p. 165.

[75] _Journal of the Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K.B., P.R.S._, edited by Sir Joseph Hooker, London, 1896.

[76] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, p. 683.

[77] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 48.

[78] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1852, p. 103.

[79] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 131.

[80] _Ibid._ 1884, p. 387.

[81] _Ibid._ 1884, p. 407.

[82] _Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales_, i. 1877, p. 34.

[83] "On some Points in the Anatomy of the Koala," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 180.

[84] Thomas, "On _Caenolestes_, a still existing survivor of the Epanorthidae of Ameghino, and the representative of a new family of recent Marsupials," _P.Z.S._ 1895, p. 870.

[85] Stirling and Zietz, _Mem. Roy. Soc. South Australia_, i.; see also a notice in _Nature_, January 18, 1900.

[86] Quite recently (_Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W._ 1898, p. 1) the carnivorous character of _Thylacoleo_ has been reasserted by Mr. Broom.

[87] _Horn Scientific Expedition_, pt. ii. _Zoology_, 1896, p. 36.

[88] Leche found five, and Waterhouse stated eight to be the number.

[89] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 527. See also Leche, _Biol. Foeren. Foerhandl._ 1891, p. 136, and literature quoted.

[90] Traces of horny pads, like those of the Duck-bill, have been asserted to exist in this animal. This is exceedingly interesting when regarded in conjunction with its multituberculate molars.

[91] See for an account of this animal, Professor Stirling's Memoir in _Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia_, 1891, p. 154, and Gadow, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 361.

[92] The male, according to Professor Spencer, has a rudimentary pouch.

[93] Pectoral and abdominal in the Armadillo _Tatusia_.

[94] A rather problematical Armadillo, _Necrodasypus_, has been recorded from French strata. It consists of a few scutes only.

[95] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 358.

[96] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ (2) vii. 1898, p. 277.

[97] _i.e._ large olfactory lobes.

[98] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 1014.

[99] See for anatomy Owen, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ iv. 1862, p. 117, and Forbes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 287.

[100] For the skull of Edentates generally see Parker, _Phil. Trans._ clxxvi. 1885, pt. i. p. 121.

[101] The colour fades in captivity owing to the disappearance of the algae.

[102] In a letter addressed to Dr. Gray, quoted by the latter in a revision of the Sloths, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1871, p. 428.

[103] This name is written "_Prionodos_" by Gray, which might lead to a confusion with the Carnivore _Prionodon_.

[104] For the anatomy of several forms, see Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1878, p. 222, who quotes other memoirs.

[105] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1886, p. 419.

[106] Milne-Edwards, _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ vii. 1871, p. 177.

[107] See especially Lydekker, _An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Arg._ iii. 1894.

[108] Dr. Moreno and Mr. A. Smith Woodward in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 144; _Wiss. Ergeb. Schwed. Exped. Magellanslaend._ ii. 1899, p. 149.

[109] _Proc. Roy. Soc._ xlvii. 1890, p. 246.

[110] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 239, and 1896, p. 296.

[111] "Revision of the Manidae in the Leyden Museum," _Notes Leyd. Mus._ iv. 1882, p. 193.

[112] Weber, _Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederl. Ost Indien_, 1892. See also Roemer, in _Jen. Zeitschr._ xxxi. 1896, p. 604, and Reh, _ibid._ xxx. 1895, p. 137.

[113] See Wortman, "The Ganodonta and their Relationship to the Edentata," _Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist._ ix. 1897, p. 59.

[114] This creature is, however, sometimes referred to the neighbourhood of the Rodents.

[115] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ ix. 1897, p. 321.

[116] "Notes on some Specimens of Antlers of the Fallow Deer, etc.," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 485.

[117] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 159.

[118] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ xliii. 1892, p. 447.

[119] See W. D. Matthew, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ ix. 1897, p. 303.

[120] Or perhaps rather to the primitive Ungulates Condylarthra. It is especially compared with _Periptychus_ of that group.

[121] The scapula of _P. bathmodon_ is unknown.

[122] For the structure of this genus and of _Coryphodon_, see Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 169.

[123] Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 81.

[124] Gadow, _A Classification of Vertebrata, Recent and Extinct_, London, 1898.

[125] See Osborn, _American Naturalist_, February 1893, p. 118.

[126] It is not absolutely clear whether both or only one genus ranged into America. Different opinions have been expressed.

[127] It must be remembered, however, that there is a suggestion of a prehensile character in the hand of _Phenacodus_ (see p. 203).

[128] Cope, _American Naturalist_, xxxi. 1897, p. 485.

[129] _American Nat._ February 1900, p. 89.

[130] It must be borne in mind that the teeth increase in complexity, those first pushed up having the fewest plates. The first has only four transverse plates.

[131] Forbes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 420.

[132] See Krueg, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxiii. 1881, p. 652, and Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 311.

[133] So convinced are some persons of the untameable character of the African Elephant, that it has even been suggested that the animals with which Hannibal crossed the Alps were not _E. africanus_, but a now extinct species!

[134] _Wild Beasts and their Ways_, London, 1890.

[135] See _Natural History of the Ancients_, by Rev. M. G. Watkins, London, 1896.

[136] _Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Acclimat._ xlv. 1898, p. 41.

[137] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ ix. 1874, p. 1.

[138] See Busk in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. 1868, p. 227.

[139] There are, however, three milk forerunners of the premolars, of which one has no successor.

[140] Lydekker, _An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Arg._ iii. 1894.

[141] M. F. Woodward "On the Milk Dentition of _Procavia (Hyrax) capensis_, etc," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 38.

[142] "On the Species of the Hyracoidea," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 50.

[143] Sir W. H. Flower, _The Horse_, London, 1890.