Chapter XVII: Primates (4)

[144] See Ewart, _The Penicuik Experiments_, Constable and Co., 1899.

[145] _The Horse_, London, 1890.

[146] Cuyer and Alix, _Le Cheval_, Paris, 1886.

[147] Lubbock, _Prehistoric Times_, London, 1865.

[148] J. Geikie, _Prehistoric Europe_, London, 1881.

[149] _Horses, Asses, and Zebras_, London, 1895.

[150] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 540.

[151] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 688.

[152] See Pocock, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6) xx. 1897, p. 33.

[153] "Das Quagga," _Zool. Garten_, 1893, p. 289.

[154] Of this Horse, remains have been lately discovered (see Loennberg, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 379) in the cave which produced the remains of _Glossotherium_. A piece of skin covered with Fox-red hair, possibly spotted with paler areas, is believed to be a relic of _Onohippidium_.

[155] _Trans. American Phil. Soc._ xviii. 1896, p. 55.

[156] _T. leucogenys_ and _T. ecuadorensis_ are probably not distinct, the latter being in reality _T. terrestris_, the former _T. roulini_.

[157] See Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 252, and other papers there cited, for the anatomy of the Tapir.

[158] _Natural Science_, vi. 1895, p. 161.

[159] Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 92; _ibid._ 1877, p. 707. Beddard and Treves, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xii. 1887, p. 183.

[160] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 443.

[161] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 329. See also Mr. Selous' paper in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 275.

[162] P. L. Sclater, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 514.

[163] Quite recently, however, a species, _A. incisivum_, preserved at Darmstadt, has been found by Professor Osborn to possess a slight rugosity upon the frontal bones, which probably indicates the presence of a rudimentary horn, and the same author is apparently inclined to place in _Aceratherium_ the horned _Teleoceras_ (see p. 261).

[164] Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 51.

[165] See Osborn, _Mem. American Mus. Nat. Hist._ vol. i. pt. iii. 1898.

[166] Scott, in Gegenbaur's _Festschrift_, ii. 1896, p. 351.

[167] Remains of the genus have been met with in the Balkans.

[168] See especially Osborn and Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 333, and Osborn, _ibid._ viii. 1896, p. 157.

[169] See Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 82.

[170] _N. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Car._ xxvii. 1885, p. 238.

[171] See Bateson, _Materials for the Study of Variation_, London, 1894, p. 387.

[172] See, however, p. 196, for a discussion as to which _is_ the more primitive arrangement.

[173] _Titanotherium_ (see p. 266) is exceptional.

[174] Bones of _Hippopotamus_, however, indicate the very recent occurrence of that animal in Madagascar.

[175] "On the Pygmy Hippopotamus of Liberia," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 612.

[176] Tomes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1850, p. 160.

[177] There is, however, some doubt about the first premolars.

[178] Dr. Garson has investigated its anatomy, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 413, and states that its differences from _Sus_ are "unimportant and few."

[179] "On the Species of _Potamochoerus_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 359.

[180] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ xlvii. 1894, p. 407.

[181] Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 102.

[182] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ xlviii. 1894, p. 262.

[183] For the structure of _Tragulus_, see Milne-Edwards, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (5) ii. 1864, p. 49.

[184] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ 1897, p. 165.

[185] This is the winter dress. In the summer both camels lose their long rough hair.

[186] See Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 93.

[187] "Osteology of _Poebrotherium_," _Journ. Morph._ v. 1891, p. 1.

[188] Unless _Protoceras_ (see p. 284) was furnished with horns.

[189] Sir Victor Brooke, "On the Classification of the Cervidae," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1878, p. 883.

[190] It has been occasionally recorded in an Axis Deer, and in another species, _Cariacus superciliaris_.

[191] It is not every one that admits so many genera. I follow Sir Victor Brooke.

[192] Garrod, "On the Chinese Deer named _Lophotragus michianus_ by Mr. Swinhoe," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 757.

[193] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1877, p. 789.

[194] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 636.

[195] Sir W. Flower "On the Structure and Affinities of the Musk Deer (_Moschus moschiferus_)," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 159; Garrod, _loc. cit._ 1877, p. 287; and F. Jeffrey Bell, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 182.

[196] For the viscera, see Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1877, p. 5, etc.; and _ibid._ p. 289, etc.

[197] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 273.

[198] _Wild Beasts and their Ways_, 1890, p. 151.

[199] See also Sclater, _Proc. Zool. Soc._, 1901, ii. p. 3.

[200] Forsyth Major. _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1891, p. 315.

[201] "On the Shedding of the Horns in the Prongbuck," see Bartlett, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1865, p. 718; Canfield, _ibid._ 1866, p. 105; Murie, _ibid._ 1870, p. 334; and Forbes, _ibid._ 1880, p. 540.

[202] The distinction between the two families has been called "fanciful." It may be admitted that it is not great.

[203] _The Book of Antelopes_, London, Porter, 1894-1900.

[204] They are straight in the young.

[205] W. L. Sclater, _The Fauna of South Africa, Mammals, i._ 1900.

[206] _Taurotragus oryx_ has unfortunately been discovered to be the correct name for the Eland.

[207] A. D. Bartlett, "On some Hybrid Bovine Animals bred in the Society's Gardens," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 399.

[208] See _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 592.

[209] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p 64.

[210] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 142.

[211] The name _Trigonolestes_ has to be substituted for _Pantolestes_.

[212] _Trans. American Phil. Soc._ xviii. 1896, p. 125.

[213] For complete osteology see Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 145.

[214] In _Halicore_; probably also in _Manatus_. See Turner, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb._ xxxv. 1889, p. 641.

[215] Kuekenthal has discovered a thick coating of rudimentary hairs in the foetus of the Manatee, thus showing that it is the descendant of an animal furry like a Seal.

[216] "On the Manatee," in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. viii. 1872, p. 127.

[217] Hartlaub, "Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Manatus-Arten," _Zool. Jahrb._ 1886, p. 1.

[218] Beddard, "Notes upon the Anatomy of a Manatee (_Manatus inunguis_)," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 47.

[219] See Kuekenthal in Semon's "Zoolog. Forschungen," _Denkschr. Jen._ 1897; Langkavel, "Der Dugong," _Zool. Garten_, 1896, p. 337.

[220] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 77.

[221] See van Beneden and Gervais, _Osteographie des Cetaces_; and for a more general account Beddard, _A Book of Whales_, London, Murray, 1900.

[222] _Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen an Walthiere_, Jena, 1889-93.

[223] "And at his gills draws in, and at his trunk spouts out, a sea," wrote Milton, and think many others.

[224] These have been recorded by Professor Howes in the Porpoise.

[225] For details and literature see Jungklaus; _Jen. Zeitschr_. xxxii. 1898, p. 1.

[226] In _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1886, p. 243.

[227] Perrin, "Notes on the Anatomy of _B. rostrata_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1870, p. 805.

[228] von Haast, "Notes on a Skeleton of _Balaenoptera australis_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 592.

[229] _Osteographie des Cetaces_, Paris, 1880, p. 130.

[230] _Marine Mammals of the North-West Coast of North America_, 1874.

[231] Cf. Scammon, _loc. cit._

[232] The name that has priority seems to be _glacialis_.

[233] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 969.

[234] _Actes Linn. Soc. Bordeaux_, 1881.

[235] For osteology see Hector, _Trans. New Zeal. Inst._ vii. 1876, p. 251; and Beddard, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xv. 1901, p. 87.

[236] _Journ. de l'Anat._ xxvi. 1890, p. 270.

[237] _The Cruise of the Cachalot_, London, 1900.

[238] See Pouchet, "Contribution a l'histoire du spermaceti," _Bergens Museums Aarbog for 1893_, No. I.

[239] Yule, _Travels of Marco Polo_, ii. London, 1874, p. 231.

[240] See Flower, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ viii. 1872, p. 203.

[241] _Bihang Svensk. Akad. Handl._ viii. 1883.

[242] Flower, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ x. 1878, p. 415; and H. O. Forbes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 216.

[243] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xii. 1889, p. 241.

[244] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (7), xiii. 1892, p. 259.

[245] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, pp. 722, 726.

[246] _Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus._ No. 36, 1889, p. 7.

[247] See an essay on the hunting of this Whale, by S. H. C. Mueller, in _Fish and Fisheries_, Edinburgh (Blackwood), 1883.

[248] Grampus being a contraction of _grand poisson_ is an obvious name to apply to any Whale.

[249] See _Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux_, 1881; and for another figure, also coloured, Flower, in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xi. 1880, pl. i.

[250] _Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus._ No. 36, 1889.

[251] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Theil_, vi. 1892, p. 442.

[252] _Anatomical Researches Yunnan Exp._ 1878, p. 417.

[253] _Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. 1867, p. 106; and Burmeister, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1867, p. 484.

[254] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 558.

[255] Thompson, _Studies Mus. Dundee_, i. 1890; and _C. R. Congres de Zoologie_, 1889, p. 225.

[256] Lydekker, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 560.

[257] For a general account of the osteology, see Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1869, p. 4; and for muscular anatomy, Windle and Parsons, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 370, and 1898, p. 152.

[258] See St. G. Mivart "On the Aeluroidea," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 135: and _The Cat_, London, J. Murray, 1881.

[259] "On the Pupils of the Felidae," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 481.

[260] "Observations ... on the Seal's Eye," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 719.

[261] It is noteworthy that in the Tiger some of the stripes have pale centres and are thus like spots pulled out, while there are also small black spots.

[262] _Natural Science_, vi. 1895, p. 89.

[263] For an account of this and of other mammals which occur in Central America, see Alston in Messrs. Godman and Salvin's _Biologia Centrali-Americana_, 1879-1882.

[264] But Mr. Belt says that the "Tigre" never attacks man unless it be provoked.

[265] See E. Hamilton, _The Wild Cat of Europe_, London, Porter, 1896; and M. G. Watkins, _Gleanings from the Natural History of the Ancients_, London, Elliot Stock, 1896.

[266] The retractility is most marked in the Linsangs.

[267] Beddard in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 430.

[268] Where it has probably been introduced.

[269] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 196.

[270] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1872, p. 683.

[271] See also vol. viii. p. 591.

[272] The original name was _Rhinogale_.

[273] That it is an abnormality has been recently stated.

[274] For the anatomy of Hyaenas see Morrison Watson in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1877, p. 369; 1878, p. 416; and 1879, p. 79.

[275] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1869, p. 457.

[276] For a general account of the Canidae see Mivart, _A Monograph of the Canidae_, London, 1890.

[277] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 766.

[278] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1880, p. 70.

[279] The relationship between the Canidae and the Procyonidae must not be lost sight of in considering this point of external likeness.

[280] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ xii. 1900, p. 109.

[281] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 98.

[282] Temminck, its original describer, placed it in the genus _Hyaena_.

[283] See Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1878, p. 373.

[284] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 533.

[285] See Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 661, for anatomy.

[286] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 129.

[287] It is a curious fact that a native name for the creature is "Pottos" (cf. of course _Potto_); and indeed the generic name _Potos_ seems to have the priority over _Cercoleptes_.

[288] "_Narica_" is generally written, after Linnaeus. But this was, according to Mr. Alston, probably an error for _nasica_.

[289] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1870, p. 752.

[290] See Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vi. 1894, p. 229.

[291] As a small point of likeness between this Mustelid and the Procyonidae may be mentioned the colours of the face. _M. anakuma_ is particularly Raccoon-like.

[292] See _Trans. Zool. Soc._ ii. 1841, p. 201.

[293] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 306.

[294] I found fifteen.

[295] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6) xiii. 1893, p. 522.

[296] See Matschie, _SB. Ges. Naturf. Berlin_, 1895, p. 171.

[297] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 305.

[298] Lydekker, "Note on the Structure and Habits of the Sea-Otter (_Latax lutris_)," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 421; and _ibid._ 1896, p. 235.

[299] See an article by Mr. Lydekker in _Knowledge_, April 1898, from which many of the above facts have been taken.

[300] "Preliminary Notes on the Characters and Synonymy of the different Species of Otter," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 190.

[301] Even apparently in the same species.

[302] The number of premolars is reduced in the Polar Bear.

[303] "The Blue Bear of Thibet," etc., _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 412.

[304] _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ vii. 1872, _Bull._ p. 92; and _Recherches pour servir a l'histoire naturelle des Mammiferes_, 1868-1874, p. 321. This genus has quite recently (Lankester, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ viii. 1901, p. 163) been definitely referred to the Procyonidae.

[305] For the genera of Pinnipedia see Mivart, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 484.

[306] Murie, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ viii. 1874, p. 501.

[307] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vi. 1894, p. 129.

[308] P. 456 below.

[309] See especially Allen, _North American Pinnipedes_, 1880.

[310] Murie, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vii. 1894, p. 411.

[311] Cf. the Dugong, p. 336.

[312] Kuekenthal, _Jen. Zeitschr._ xxviii. 1894, p. 76.

[313] Cunningham, "Sexual Dimorphism in the Animal Kingdom," London, 1900; see also Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 145.

[314] _Journ. Ac. Sci. Philadelphia_, ix. 1886, p. 175.

[315] See especially Tullberg, "Ueber das System der Nagethiere," _Act. Ak. Upsala_, 1899; and Alston, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 61; and for nomenclature, Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, p. 1012; and Palmer, _Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington_; xi. 1897, p. 241.

[316] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 252.

[317] _Phil. Trans._ 1850, pt. ii. p. 529.

[318] Seen, however, in _Chaetomys_.

[319] See Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 596, and Gervais, _Journ. Zool._ i. 1872, p. 450.

[320] "Observations sur le genre _Anomalurus_," _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ (2), vi. 1883, p. 277.

[321] "On the Habits of the Flying Squirrels of the genus _Anomalurus_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 243.

[322] W. E. de Winton, "On a New Genus and Species of Rodents," etc., _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 450. Apparently just at the time of the publication of this paper Matschie described the same animal as _Zenkerella_.

[323] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 179.

[324] Flower and Lydekker.

[325] Thomas, _J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal_, lvii. 1888, p. 256.

[326] E. T. Newton, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiii. 1892, p. 165.

[327] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, p. 1016.

[328] Reuvens, "Die Myoxidae oder Schlaefer," Leyden, 1890, allows but one genus, _Myoxus_, the other genera adopted here being termed subgenera.

[329] To which a sixth, the "Yellow-necked Mouse," _Mus flavicollis_, may perhaps be added.

[330] For anatomy see Windle, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 53.

[331] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 247.

[332] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiv. 1898, p. 377.

[333] _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ iii. 1867, p. 81.

[334] _Popular Natural History of Animals_, London, 1898.

[335] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1863, p. 95.

[336] See O. Thomas, "On some Mammals from Central Peru," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 333.

[337] "Notes on the Rodent genus _Heterocephalus_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 845.

[338] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 611.

[339] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 610.

[340] Parsons, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 858.

[341] Very probably this form should be rather, as it is by Thomas, referred to the neighbourhood of _Pectinator_, which would clear up the geographical anomaly.

[342] _Notes Leyd. Mus._ 1891, p. 105.

[343] Guenther, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 144.

[344] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 786.

[345] _Loc. cit._ (on p. 458), p. 123.

[346] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 520.

[347] See Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 233.

[348] Peters, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vii. 1871, p. 397.

[349] "Field Notes on the Mammals of Uruguay," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 297.

[350] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1891, p. 236.

[351] These are stated by Tullberg to be absent. I have found them, but they are very small bones, not more than half an inch long.

[352] There is a faint development of these ridges, but behind the palatine foramina in _Dasyprocta aguti_.

[353] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 161.

[354] Or absent?

[355] _In the Guiana Forest_, London, 1894.

[356] _MB. Ak. Berlin_, 1873, p. 551.

[357] An account of the three genera is to be found in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ i, 1833, p. 35, by Mr. E. T. Bennett.

[358] Hudson, "On the Habits of the Vizcacha," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1872, p. 822.

[359] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, pp. 251, 680.

[360] _Nat. Science_, vi. 1895, p. 94.

[361] See Parsons. _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 675.

[362] Guenther, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 739, and 1889, p. 75; and Cederblom, _Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Abth._ xi. 1897-98, p. 497.

[363] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 624.

[364] _Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington_, x. 1896, p. 169.

[365] See especially Dobson, _A Monograph of the Insectivora_, London, 1886-90.

[366] Even in the Otter-like _Potamogale_ the upper jaw, though broad and flat, projects considerably beyond the lower.

[367] "Bemerkungen ueber die Genealogie der Erinaceen." In _Festschrift f. Liljeborg_, 1896. See also Anderson, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ viii. 1874, p. 453.

[368] Dobson, "Notes on the Anatomy of the Erinaceidae," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 389.

[369] See _Natural Science_, xiii. 1898, p. 156.

[370] _Manuel d'Hist. Nat._ French trans. by Artaud, 1803.

[371] "Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of the Tupaia of Burmah," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 301.

[372] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1848, p. 23.

[373] I quote Woodward, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, for this dentition. The fourth molar of the lower jaw is not always present. It comes late, and only _old_ animals possess it.

[374] Mivart in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1871, p. 58.

[375] Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 500.

[376] Allman states the canines to be absent. I follow Flower and Lydekker.

[377] See Allman in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. 1869, p. 1.

[378] The generic name of _Chalcochloris_ was proposed by Dr. Mivart for these.

[379] See Peters, _Reise nach Mosambique_, 1852, for external characters and anatomy.

[380] "Mammals collected by Dr. Emin Pasha," in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 446.

[381] Ritsema Bos, _Biol. Centralbl._ xviii. 1898, p. 63.

[382] "A Synopsis of the Genera of the Family Soricidae," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 49.

[383] Leche, "Ueber Galeopithecus," _K. Svensk. Ak. Handl._ 1886.

[384] See Dobson, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) xiv. 1884, p. 153.

[385] Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 370.

[386] _Ibid._ p. 381.

[387] Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 546.

[388] _Ibid._ 1876, p. 701.

[389] For a general account of the Primates, see Forbes in _Allen's Naturalists' Library_, London, 1894.

[390] See Dr. Mivart's papers in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, -65, -66, -67, and -73 for osteology and teeth.

[391] Murie and Mivart, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vii. 1869, p. 1.

[392] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ v. 1863, p. 103.

[393] _Hist. Nat. de Madagascar, Mamm._ 1875.

[394] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 142.

[395] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ v. 1863, p. 33.

[396] _Verh. Ak. Amsterdam_, xxvii. 1890, Art. 2.

[397] "On some Points in the Structure of _Hapalemur griseus_" _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 301.

[398] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 661.

[399] On the Arm Glands of the Lemurs, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 369.

[400] So at least the formula has been given; but it is very possible that the supposed second incisor is really, judging from the other Lemurs, a canine.

[401] The Malagasy, however, must be vague in definition, or their interpreters not well grounded in the rudiments of the language; for Sonnerat states that Indri signifies "homme des bois."

[402] Syn. _Microrhynchus_.

[403] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 391, and 1891, p. 449; and Jentink, _Notes Leyd. Mus._ 1885, p. 33.

[404] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 554.

[405] _Royal Natural History_, London, 1894, p. 211.

[406] See _Novitates Zoologicae_, vol. i. 1894, p. 2.

[407] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 321.

[408] "On the Angwantibo," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 314.

[409] _Verh. Ak. Amsterdam_, xxvii. 1890.

[410] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 639; see also Rev. G. A. Shaw, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 44, 2nd Art.

[411] For a survey of the position of _Tarsius_, see Earle, _Amer. Naturalist_, xxxi. 1897, p. 569; and _Nat. Science_, x. 1897, p. 309.

[412] See Schlosser, _Beitraege Pal. Osterr. Hung._ 1888; also Osborn and Earle, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 16.

[413] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 987.

[414] _Phil. Trans._ clxxxv. B, 1894, p. 15.

[415] It seems to be possible that this great Lemur was extant so lately as 1658, when a creature possibly answering to it was described by de Flacourt.

[416] "Notes on _Callithrix gigot_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 6.

[417] Forbes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1880, p. 639.

[418] "On a new African Monkey of the genus _Cercopithecus_, with a List of the known Species," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 243; see also p. 441.

[419] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 451.

[420] See the books quoted on p. 576 (footnote).

[421] It is not so ranked by everybody.

[422] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 296.

[423] For accounts of the habits of the Gorilla, compiled from various sources, see Hartmann's "Anthropoid Apes," _International Scient. Ser._ London, 1885; H. O. Forbes, "Monkeys," in Allen's _Naturalists' Series_, London, 1894; and Huxley, "Man's Place in Nature," vol. vii. of _Collected Essays_, London, 1894.

[424] "Man's Place in Nature," vol. vii. of _Collected Essays_, London, 1894.

[425] Hartmann's "Anthropoid Apes," in _International Sci. Ser._ London, 1885.

[426] _Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat._ Paris, ii. 1866.

[427] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 296.

[428] See also Duckworth, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 989.

[429] For the structure of this Ape see Beddard, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiii. 1893, p. 177; and for experiments on her intelligence, Romanes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 316.

[430] For the external appearance of the Orang see Hermes, _Zeitschr. f. Ethn._ 1876, a paper which has coloured plates.

[431] _Pithecanthropus erectus. Eine menschenaehnliche Uebergangsform aus Java_, Batavia, 1894. See also Ernst Haeckel, _The Last Link_ (with notes by H. Gadow), London, 1898; Manouvrier, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ 1897, p. 213 (extracts); and Klaatsch, _Zoolog. Centralbl._ vi. 1899, p. 217.

[432] See especially Wiedersheim, _The Structure of Man_, transl. by Howes, London, 1895.

[433] Cunningham, "Cunningham Memoirs," No. II. _Royal Irish Acad._ 1886.

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Corrections made to printed original.

Page 10, in 'a uniform cause of coloration':--"a uniform", printed as "an uniform" in original.

Page 31, in 'some species of Manis':--"species", printed as "specis" in original.

Page 181, in 'a cow encrusted with pebbles':--"pebbles", printed as "peebles" in original.

Page 185, in 'an unusually massive pelvis':--"unusually", printed as "unusally" in original.

Page 344, in 'as, for instance':--"instance", printed as "intsance" in original.