Chapter I: Part 1

THE CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT KINGDOMS AMENDED.

To which is Prefix'd, _A _SHORT CHRONICLE_ from the First Memory of Things in _Europe_, to the Conquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the Great._

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By Sir _ISAAC NEWTON_.

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_LONDON_:

Printed for J. TONSON in the _Strand_, and J. OSBORN and T. LONGMAN in _Pater-noster Row_.

MDCCXXVIII.

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TO THE

QUEEN.

MADAM,

_As I could never hope to write any thing my self, worthy to be laid before YOUR MAJESTY; I think it a very great happiness, that it should be my lot to usher into the world, under Your Sacred Name, the last work of as great a Genius as any Age ever produced: an Offering of such value in its self, as to be in no danger of suffering from the meanness of the hand that presents it._

_The impartial and universal encouragement which YOUR MAJESTY has always given to Arts and Sciences, entitles You to the best returns the learned world is able to make: And the many extraordinary Honours YOUR MAJESTY vouchsafed the Author of the following sheets, give You a just right to his Productions. These, above the rest, lay the most particular claim to Your Royal Protection; For the _Chronology_ had never appeared in its present Form without YOUR MAJESTY's Influence; and the _Short Chronicle_, which precedes it, is entirely owing to the Commands with which You were pleased to honour him, out of your singular Care for the education of the Royal Issue, and earnest desire to form their minds betimes, and lead them early into the knowledge of Truth._

_The Author has himself acquainted the Publick, that the following Treatise was the fruit of his vacant hours, and the relief he sometimes had recourse to, when tired with his other studies. What an Idea does it raise of His abilities, to find that a Work of such labour and learning, as would have been a sufficient employment and glory for the whole life of another, was to him diversion only, and amusement! The Subject is in its nature incapable of that demonstration upon which his other writings are founded, but his usual accuracy and judiciousness are here no less observable; And at the same time that he supports his suggestions, with all the authorities and proofs that the whole compass of Science can furnish, he offers them with the greatest caution; And by a Modesty, that was natural to Him and always accompanies such superior talents, sets a becoming example to others, not to be too presumptuous in matters so remote and dark. Tho' the Subject be only _Chronology_, yet, as the mind of the Author abounded with the most extensive variety of Knowledge, he frequently intersperses Observations of a different kind; and occasionally instills principles of Virtue and Humanity, which seem to have been always uppermost in his heart, and, as they were the Constant Rule of his actions, appear Remarkably in all his writings._

_Here YOUR MAJESTY will see _Astronomy_, and a just Observation on the course of Nature, assisting other parts of Learning to illustrate Antiquity; and a Penetration and Sagacity peculiar to the great Author, dispelling that Mist, with which Fable and Error had darkened it; and will with pleasure contemplate the first dawnings of Your favourite Arts and Sciences, the noblest and most beneficial of which He alone carried farther in a few years, than all the most Learned who went before him, had been able to do in many Ages. Here too, MADAM, You will observe, that an Abhorrence of Idolatry and Persecution (the very essence and foundation of that Religion, which makes so bright a part of YOUR MAJESTY's character) was one of the _earliest Laws_ of the Divine Legislator, the _Morality of the first Ages, and the primitive Religion of both Jews and Christians_; and, as the Author adds, _ought to be the standing Religion of all Nations; it being for the honour of God, and good of Mankind_. Nor will YOUR MAJESTY be displeased to find his sentiments so agreeable to Your own, whilst he condemns _all oppression_; and every kind of _cruelty, even to brute beasts_; and, with so much warmth, inculcates _Mercy_, _Charity_, and the indispensable duty of _doing good_, and promoting the general _welfare of mankind_: Those great ends, for which Government was first instituted, and to which alone it is administred in this happy Nation, under a KING, who distinguished himself early in opposition to the Tyranny which threatned _Europe_, and chuses to reign in the hearts of his subjects; Who, by his innate Benevolence, and Paternal Affection to his People, establishes and confirms all their Liberties; and, by his Valour and Magnanimity, guards and defends them._

_That Sincerity and Openness of mind, which is the darling quality of this Nation, is become more conspicuous, by being placed upon the Throne; And we see, with Pride, OUR SOVEREIGN the most eminent for a Virtue, by which our country is so desirous to be distinguished. A Prince, whose views and heart are above all the mean arts of Disguise, is far out of the reach of any temptation to Introduce Blindness and Ignorance. And, as HIS MAJESTY is, by his incessant personal cares, dispensing Happiness at home, and Peace abroad; You, MADAM, lead us on by Your great Example to the most noble use of that Quiet and Ease, which we enjoy under His Administration, whilst all Your hours of leisure are employed in cultivating in Your Self That Learning, which You so warmly patronize in Others._

_YOUR MAJESTY does not think the instructive Pursuit, an entertainment below Your exalted Station; and are Your Self a proof, that the abstruser parts of it are not beyond the reach of Your Sex. Nor does this Study end in barren speculation; It discovers itself in a steady attachment to true Religion; in Liberality, Beneficence, and all those amiable Virtues, which increase and heighten the Felicities of a Throne, at the same time that they bless All around it. Thus, MADAM, to enjoy, together with the highest state of publick Splendor and Dignity all the retired Pleasures and domestick Blessings of private life; is the perfection of human Wisdom, as well as Happiness._

_The good Effects of this Love of knowledge, will not stop with the present Age; It will diffuse its Influence with advantage to late Posterity: And what may we not anticipate in our minds for the Generations to come under a Royal Progeny, so descended, so educated, and formed by such Patterns!_

_The glorious Prospect gives us abundant reason to hope, that Liberty and Learning will be perpetuated together; and that the bright Examples of Virtue and Wisdom, set in this Reign by the Royal Patrons of Both, will be transmitted with the Scepter to their Posterity, till this and the other Works of Sir ISAAC NEWTON shall be forgot, and Time it self be no more: Which is the most sincere and ardent wish of_

_MADAM,_

May it please YOUR MAJESTY,

YOUR MAJESTY's most obedient and most dutiful subject and servant,

_John Conduitt_.

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THE CONTENTS.

_A Short Chronicle from the first Memory of Things in page 1 _Europe_, to the Conquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the Great._

The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended.

Chap. I. _Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the_ p. 43 Greeks_._

Chap. II. _Of the Empire of_ Egypt_._ p. 191

Chap. III. _Of the_ Assyrian _Empire._ p. 265

Chap. IV. _Of the two Contemporary Empires of the p. 294 _Babylonians_ and _Medes_._

Chap. V. _A Description of the Temple of _Solomon_._ p. 332

Chap. VI. _Of the Empire of the _Persians_._ p. 347

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Advertisement.

_Tho' _The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended_, was writ by the Author many years since; yet he lately revis'd it, and was actually preparing it for the Press at the time of his death. But _The Short Chronicle_ was never intended to be made public, and therefore was not so lately corrected by him. To this the Reader must impute it, if he shall find any places where _the Short Chronicle_ does not accurately agree with the Dates assigned in the larger Piece. The Sixth Chapter was not copied out with the other Five, which makes it doubtful whether he intended to print it: but being found among his Papers, and evidently appearing to be a Continuation of the same Work, and (as such) abridg'd in _the Short Chronicle_; it was thought proper to be added._

_Had the _Great Author_ himself liv'd to publish this Work, there would have been no occasion for this Advertisement; But as it is, the Reader is desired to allow for such imperfections as are inseparable from Posthumous Pieces; and, in so great a number of proper names, to excuse some errors of the Press that have escaped._

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A SHORT

CHRONICLE

FROM THE First Memory of Things in _Europe_, TO THE Conquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the Great.

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The INTRODUCTION.

The _Greek_ Antiquities are full of Poetical Fictions, because the _Greeks_ wrote nothing in Prose, before the Conquest of _Asia_ by _Cyrus_ the _Persian_. Then _Pherecydes Scyrius_ and _Cadmus Milesius_ introduced the writing in Prose. _Pherecydes Atheniensis_, about the end of the Reign of _Darius Hystaspis_, wrote of Antiquities, and digested his work by Genealogies, and was reckoned one of the best Genealogers. _Epimenides_ the Historian proceeded also by Genealogies; and _Hellanicus_, who was twelve years older than _Herodotus_, digested his History by the Ages or Successions of the Priestesses of _Juno Argiva_. Others digested theirs by the Kings of the _Lacedæmonians_, or Archons of _Athens_. _Hippias_ the _Elean_, about thirty years before the fall of the _Persian_ Empire, published a breviary or list of the Olympic Victors; and about ten years before the fall thereof, _Ephorus_ the disciple of _Isocrates_ formed a Chronological History of _Greece_, beginning with the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and ending with the siege of _Perinthus_, in the twentieth year of _Philip_ the father of _Alexander_ the great: But he digested things by Generations, and the reckoning by Olympiads was not yet in use, nor doth it appear that the Reigns of Kings were yet set down by numbers of years. The _Arundelian_ marbles were composed sixty years after the death of _Alexander_ the great (_An._ 4. _Olymp._ 128.) and yet mention not the Olympiads: But in the next Olympiad, _Timæus Siculus_ published an history in several books down to his own times, according to the Olympiads, comparing the Ephori, the Kings of _Sparta_, the Archons of _Athens_, and the Priestesses of _Argos_, with the Olympic Victors, so as to make the Olympiads, and the Genealogies and Successions of Kings, Archons, and Priestesses, and poetical histories suit with one another, according to the best of his judgment. And where he left off, _Polybius_ began and carried on the history.

So then a little after the death of _Alexander_ the great, they began to set down the Generations, Reigns and Successions, in numbers of years, and by putting Reigns and Successions equipollent to Generations, and three Generations to an hundred or an hundred and twenty years (as appears by their Chronology) they have made the Antiquities of _Greece_ three or four hundred years older than the truth. And this was the original of the Technical Chronology of the _Greeks_. _Eratosthenes_ wrote about an hundred years after the death of _Alexander_ the great: He was followed by _Apollodorus_, and these two have been followed ever since by Chronologers.

But how uncertain their Chronology is, and how doubtful it was reputed by the _Greeks_ of those times, may be understood by these passages of _Plutarch_. _Some reckon_, saith he, [1] Lycurgus _contemporary to _Iphitus_, and to have been his companion in ordering the Olympic festivals: amongst whom was _Aristotle_ the Philosopher, arguing from the Olympic Disc, which had the name of _Lycurgus_ upon it. Others supputing the times by the succession of the Kings of the _Lacedæmonians_, as _Eratosthenes_ and _Apollodorus_, affirm that he was not a few years older than the first Olympiad._ First _Aristotle_ and some others made him as old as the first Olympiad; then _Eratosthenes_, _Apollodorus_, and some others made him above an hundred years older: and in another place _Plutarch_ [2] tells us: _The congress of _Solon_ with _Croesus_, some think they can confute by Chronology. But an history so illustrious, and verified by so many witnesses, and (which is more) so agreeable to the manners of _Solon_, and so worthy of the greatness of his mind and of his wisdom, I cannot persuade my self to reject because of some Chronological Canons, as they call them: which hundreds of authors correcting, have not yet been able to constitute any thing certain, in which they could agree among themselves, about repugnancies_. It seems the Chronologers had made the Legislature of _Solon_ too ancient to consist with that Congress.

For reconciling such repugnancies, Chronologers have sometimes doubled the persons of men. So when the Poets had changed _Io_ the daughter of _Inachus_ into the _Egyptian Isis_, Chronologers made her husband _Osiris_ or _Bacchus_ and his mistress _Ariadne_ as old as _Io_, and so feigned that there were two _Ariadnes_, one the mistress of _Bacchus_, and the other the mistress of _Theseus_, and two _Minos's_ their fathers, and a younger _Io_ the daughter of _Jasus_, writing _Jasus_ corruptly for _Inachus_. And so they have made two _Pandions_, and two _Erechtheus's_, giving the name of _Erechthonius_ to the first; _Homer_ calls the first, _Erechtheus_: and by such corruptions they have exceedingly perplexed Ancient History.

And as for the Chronology of the _Latines_, that is still more uncertain. _Plutarch_ represents great uncertainties in the Originals of _Rome_: and so doth _Servius_. The old records of the _Latines_ were burnt by the _Gauls_, sixty and four years before the death of _Alexander_ the great; and _Quintus Fabius Pictor_, the oldest historian of the _Latines_, lived an hundred years later than that King.

In Sacred History, the _Assyrian_ Empire began with _Pul_ and _Tiglathpilaser_, and lasted about 170 years. And accordingly _Herodotus_ hath made _Semiramis_ only five generations, or about 166 years older than _Nitocris_, the mother of the last King of _Babylon_. But _Ctesias_ hath made _Semiramis_ 1500 years older than _Nitocris_, and feigned a long series of Kings of _Assyria_, whose names are not _Assyrian_, nor have any affinity with the _Assyrian_ names in Scripture.

The Priests of _Egypt_ told _Herodotus_, that _Menes_ built _Memphis_ and the sumptuous temple of _Vulcan_, in that City: and that _Rhampsinitus_, _Mœris_, _Asychis_ and _Psammiticus_ added magnificent porticos to that temple. And it is not likely that _Memphis_ could be famous, before _Homer_'s days who doth not mention it, or that a temple could be above two or three hundred years in building. The Reign of _Psammiticus_ began about 655 years before Christ, and I place the founding of this temple by _Menes_ about 257 years earlier: but the Priests of _Egypt_ had so magnified their Antiquities before the days of _Herodotus_, as to tell him that from _Menes_ to _Mœris_ (who reigned 200 years before _Psammiticus_) there were 330 Kings, whose Reigns took up as many Ages, that is eleven thousand years, and had filled up the interval with feigned Kings, who had done nothing. And before the days of _Diodorus Siculus_ they had raised their Antiquities so much higher, as to place six, eight, or ten new Reigns of Kings between those Kings, whom they had represented to _Herodotus_ to succeed one another immediately.

In the Kingdom of _Sicyon_, Chronologers have split _Apis Epaphus_ or _Epopeus_ into two Kings, whom they call _Apis_ and _Epopeus_, and between them have inserted eleven or twelve feigned names of Kings who did nothing, and thereby they have made its Founder _Ægialeus_, three hundred years older than his brother _Phoroneus_. Some have made the Kings of _Germany_ as old as the Flood: and yet before the use of letters, the names and actions of men could scarce be remembred above eighty or an hundred years after their deaths: and therefore I admit no Chronology of things done in _Europe_, above eighty years before _Cadmus_ brought letters into _Europe_; none, of things done in _Germany_, before the rise of the _Roman_ Empire.

Now since _Eratosthenes_ and _Apollodorus_ computed the times by the Reigns of the Kings of _Sparta_, and (as appears by their Chronology still followed) have made the seventeen Reigns of these Kings in both Races, between the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ and the Battel of _Thermopylæ_, take up _622_ years, which is after the rate of 36½ years to a Reign, and yet a Race of seventeen Kings of that length is no where to be met with in all true History, and Kings at a moderate reckoning Reign but 18 or 20 years a-piece one with another: I have stated the time of the return of the _Heraclides_ by the last way of reckoning, placing it about 340 years before the Battel of _Thermopylæ_. And making the Taking of _Troy_ eighty years older than that Return, according to _Thucydides_, and the _Argonautic_ Expedition a Generation older than the _Trojan_ War, and the Wars of _Sesostris_ in _Thrace_ and death of _Ino_ the daughter of _Cadmus_ a Generation older than that Expedition: I have drawn up the following Chronological Table, so as to make Chronology suit with the Course of Nature, with Astronomy, with Sacred History, with _Herodotus_ the Father of History, and with it self; without the many repugnancies complained of by _Plutarch_. I do not pretend to be exact to a year: there may be Errors of five or ten years, and sometimes twenty, and not much above.

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A SHORT

CHRONICLE

FROM THE _First Memory of things in _Europe_ to the Conquest of _Persia_ by _Alexander_ the great._

_The Times are set down in years before Christ._

The _Canaanites_ who fled from _Joshua_, retired in great numbers into _Egypt_, and there conquered _Timaus_, _Thamus_, or _Thammuz_ King of the lower _Egypt_, and reigned there under their Kings _Salatis_, _Bœon_, _Apachnas_, _Apophis_, _Janias_, _Assis_, &c. untill the days of _Eli_ and _Samuel_. They fed on flesh, and sacrificed men after the manner of the _Phœnicians_, and were called Shepherds by the _Egyptians_, who lived only on the fruits of the earth, and abominated flesh-eaters. The upper parts of _Egypt_ were in those days under many Kings, Reigning at _Coptos_, _Thebes_, _This_, _Elephantis_, and other Places, which by conquering one another grew by degrees into one Kingdom, over which _Misphragmuthosis_ Reigned in the days of _Eli_.

In the year before Christ 1125 _Mephres_ Reigned over the upper _Egypt_ from _Syene_ to _Heliopolis_, and his Successor _Misphragmuthosis_ made a lasting war upon the Shepherds soon after, and caused many of them to fly into _Palestine_, _Idumæa_, _Syria_, and _Libya_; and under _Lelex_, _Æzeus_, _Inachus_, _Pelasgus_, _Æolus_ the first, _Cecrops_, and other Captains, into _Greece_. Before those days _Greece_ and all _Europe_ was peopled by wandring _Cimmerians_, and _Scythians_ from the backside of the _Euxine Sea_, who lived a rambling wild sort of life, like the _Tartars_ in the northern parts of _Asia_. Of their Race was _Ogyges_, in whose days these _Egyptian_ strangers came into _Greece_. The rest of the Shepherds were shut up by _Misphragmuthosis_, in a part of the lower _Egypt_ called _Abaris_ or _Pelusium_.

In the year 1100 the _Philistims_, strengthned by the access of the Shepherds, conquer _Israel_, and take the Ark. _Samuel_ judges _Israel_.

1085. _Hæmon_ the son of _Pelasgus_ Reigns in _Thessaly_.

1080. _Lycaon_ the son of _Pelasgus_ builds _Lycosura_; _Phoroneus_ the son of _Inachus_, _Phoronicum_, afterwards called _Argos_; _Ægialeus_ the brother of _Phoroneus_ and son of _Inachus_, _Ægialeum_, afterwards called _Sicyon_: and these were the oldest towns in _Peloponnesus_. 'Till then they built only single houses scattered up and down in the fields. About the same time _Cecrops_ built _Cecropia_ in _Attica_, afterwards called _Athens_; and _Eleusine_, the son of _Ogyges_, built _Eleusis_. And these towns gave a beginning to the Kingdoms of the _Arcadians_, _Argives_, _Sicyons_, _Athenians_, _Eleusinians_, &c. _Deucalion_ flourishes.

1070. _Amosis_, or _Tethmosis_, the successor of _Misphragmuthosis_, abolishes the _Phœnician_ custom in _Heliopolis_ of sacrificing men, and drives the Shepherds out of _Abaris_. By their access the _Philistims_ become so numerous, as to bring into the field against _Saul_ 30000 chariots, 6000 horsemen, and people as the sand on the sea shore for multitude. _Abas_, the father of _Acrisius_ and _Prœtus_, comes from _Egypt_.

1069. _Saul_ is made King of _Israel_, and by the hand of _Jonathan_ gets a great victory over the _Philistims_. _Eurotas_ the son of _Lelex_, and _Lacedæmon_ who married _Sparta_ the daughter of _Eurotas_, Reign in _Laconia_, and build _Sparta_.

1060. _Samuel_ dies.

1059. _David_ made King.

1048. The _Edomites_ are conquered and dispersed by _David_, and some of them fly into _Egypt_ with their young King _Hadad_. Others fly to the _Persian Gulph_ with their Commander _Oannes_; and others from the _Red Sea_ to the coast of the _Mediterranean_, and fortify _Azoth_ against _David_, and take _Zidon_; and the _Zidonians_ who fled from them build _Tyre_ and _Aradus_, and make _Abibalus_ King of _Tyre_. These _Edomites_ carry to all places their Arts and Sciences; amongst which were their Navigation, Astronomy, and Letters; for in _Idumæa_ they had Constellations and Letters before the days of _Job_, who mentions them: and there _Moses_ learnt to write the Law in a book. These _Edomites_ who fled to the _Mediterranean_, translating the word _Erythræa_ into that of _Phœnicia_, give the name of _Phœnicians_ to themselves, and that of _Phœnicia_ to all the sea-coasts of _Palestine_ from _Azoth_ to _Zidon_. And hence came the tradition of the _Persians_, and of the _Phœnicians_ themselves, mentioned by _Herodotus_, that the _Phœnicians_ came originally from the _Red Sea_, and presently undertook long voyages on the _Mediterranean_.

1047. _Acrisius_ marries _Eurydice_, the daughter of _Lacedæmon_ and _Sparta_. The _Phœnician_ mariners who fled from the _Red Sea_, being used to long voyages for the sake of traffic, begin the like voyages on the _Mediterranean_ from _Zidon_; and sailing as far as _Greece_, carry away _Io_ the daughter of _Inachus_, who with other _Grecian_ women came to their ships to buy their merchandize. The _Greek Seas_ begin to be infested with Pyrates.

1046. The _Syrians_ of _Zobah_ and _Damascus_ are conquered by _David_. _Nyctimus_, the son of _Lycaon_, reigns in _Arcadia_. _Deucalion_ still alive.

1045. Many of the _Phœnicians_ and _Syrians_ fleeing from _Zidon_ and from _David_, come under the conduct of _Cadmus_, _Cilix_, _Phœnix_, _Membliarius_, _Nycteus_, _Thasus_, _Atymnus_, and other Captains, into _Asia minor_, _Crete_, _Greece_, and _Libya_; and introduce Letters, Music, Poetry, the _Octaeteris_, Metals and their Fabrication, and other Arts, Sciences and Customs of the _Phœnicians_. At this time _Cranaus_ the successor of _Cecrops_ Reigned in _Attica_, and in his Reign and the beginning of the Reign of _Nyctimus_, the _Greeks_ place the flood of _Deucalion_. This flood was succeeded by four Ages or Generations of men, in the first of which _Chiron_ the son of _Saturn_ and _Philyra_ was born, and the last of which according to _Hesiod_ ended with the _Trojan_ War; and so places the Destruction of _Troy_ four Generations or about 140 years later than that flood, and the coming of _Cadmus_, reckoning with the ancients three Generations to an hundred years. With these _Phœnicians_ came a sort of men skilled in the Religious Mysteries, Arts, and Sciences of _Phœnicia_, and settled in several places under the names of _Curetes_, _Corybantes_, _Telchines_, and _Idæi Dactyli_.

1043. Hellen, the son of _Deucalion_, and father of _Æolus_, _Xuthus_, and _Dorus_, flourishes.

1035. _Erectheus_ Reigns in _Attica_. _Æthlius_, the grandson of _Deucalion_ and father of _Endymion_, builds _Elis_. The _Idæi Dactyli_ find out Iron in mount _Ida_ in _Crete_, and work it into armour and iron tools, and thereby give a beginning to the trades of smiths and armourers in _Europe_; and by singing and dancing in their armour, and keeping time by striking upon one another's armour with their swords, they bring in Music and Poetry; and at the same time they nurse up the _Cretan Jupiter_ in a cave of the same mountain, dancing about him in their armour.

1034. _Ammon_ Reigns in _Egypt_. He conquered _Libya_, and reduced that people from a wandering savage life to a civil one, and taught them to lay up the fruits of the earth; and from him _Libya_ and the desert above it were anciently called _Ammonia_. He was the first that built long and tall ships with sails, and had a fleet of such ships on the _Red Sea_, and another on the _Mediterranean_ at _Irasa_ in _Libya_. 'Till then they used small and round vessels of burden, invented on the _Red Sea_, and kept within sight of the shore. For enabling them to cross the seas without seeing the shore, the _Egyptians_ began in his days to observe the Stars: and from this beginning Astronomy and Sailing had their rise. Hitherto the Lunisolar year had been in use: but this year being of an uncertain length, and so, unfit for Astronomy, in his days and in the days of his sons and grandsons, by observing the Heliacal Risings and Setting of the Stars, they found the length of the Solar year, and made it consist of five days more than the twelve calendar months of the old Lunisolar year. _Creusa_ the daughter of _Erechtheus_ marries _Xuthus_ the son of _Hellen_. _Erechtheus_ having first celebrated the _Panathenæa_ joins horses to a chariot. _Ægina_, the daughter of _Asopus_, and mother of _Æacus_, born.

1030. _Ceres_ a woman of _Sicily_, in seeking her daughter who was stolen, comes into _Attica_, and there teaches the _Greeks_ to sow corn; for which Benefaction she was Deified after death. She first taught the Art to _Triptolemus_ the young son of _Celeus_ King of _Eleusis_.

1028. _Oenotrus_ the youngest son of _Lycaon_, the _Janus_ of the _Latines_, led the first Colony of _Greeks_ into _Italy_, and there taught them to build houses. _Perseus_ born.

1020. _Arcas_, the son of _Callisto_ and grandson of _Lycaon_, and _Eumelus_ the first King of _Achaia_, receive bread-corn from _Triptolemus_.

1019. _Solomon_ Reigns, and marries the daughter of _Ammon_, and by means of this affinity is supplied with horses from _Egypt_; and his merchants also bring horses from thence for all the Kings of the _Hittites_ and _Syrians_: for horses came originally from _Libya_; and thence _Neptune_ was called _Equestris_. _Tantalus_ King of _Phrygia_ steals _Ganimede_ the son of _Tros_ King of _Troas_.

1017. _Solomon_ by the assistance of the _Tyrians_ and _Aradians_, who had mariners among them acquainted with the _Red Sea_, sets out a fleet upon that sea. Those assistants build new cities in the _Persian Gulph_, called _Tyre_ and _Aradus_.

1015. The Temple of _Solomon_ is founded. _Minos_ Reigns in _Crete_ expelling his father _Asterius_, who flees into _Italy_, and becomes the _Saturn_ of the _Latines_. _Ammon_ takes _Gezer_ from the _Canaanites_, and gives it to his daughter, _Solomon's_ wife.

1014. _Ammon_ places _Cepheus_ at _Joppa_.

1010. _Sesac_ in the Reign of his father _Ammon_ invades _Arabia Fœlix_, and sets up pillars at the mouth of the _Red Sea_. _Apis_, _Epaphus_ or _Epopeus_, the son of _Phroroneus_, and _Nycteus_ King of _Bœotia_, slain. _Lycus_ inherits the Kingdom of his brother _Nycteus_. _Ætolus_ the son of _Endymion_ flies into the Country of the _Curetes_ in _Achaia_, and calls it _Ætolia_; and of _Pronoe_ the daughter of _Phorbas_ begets _Pleuron_ and _Calydon_, who built cities in _Ætolia_ called by their own names. _Antiopa_ the daughter of _Nycteus_ is sent home to _Lycus_ by _Lamedon_ the successor of _Apis_, and in the way brings forth _Amphion_ and _Zethus_.

1008. _Sesac_, in the Reign of his father _Ammon_, invades _Afric_ and _Spain_, and sets up pillars in all his conquests, and particularly at the mouth of the _Mediterranean_, and returns home by the coast of _Gaul_ and _Italy_.

1007. _Ceres_ being dead _Eumolpus_ institutes her Mysteries in _Eleusine_. The Mysteries of _Rhea_ are instituted in _Phrygia_, in the city _Cybele_. About this time Temples begin to be built in _Greece_. _Hyagnis_ the _Phrygian_ invents the pipe. After the example of the common-council of the five Lords of the _Philistims_, the _Greeks_ set up the _Amphictyonic_ Council, first at _Thermopylæ_, by the influence of _Amphictyon_ the son of _Deucalion_; and a few years after at _Delphi_ by the influence of _Acrisius_. Among the cites, whose deputies met at _Thermopylæ_, I do not find _Athens_, and therefore doubt whether _Amphictyon_ was King of that city. If he was the son of _Deucalion_ and brother of _Hellen_, he and _Cranaus_ might Reign together in several parts of _Attica_. But I meet with a later _Amphictyon_ who entertained the great _Bacchus_. This Council worshipped _Ceres_, and therefore was instituted after her death.

1006. _Minos_ prepares a fleet, clears the _Greek_ seas of Pyrates, and sends Colonies to the Islands of the _Greeks_, some of which were not inhabited before. _Cecrops_ II. Reigns in _Attica_. _Caucon_ teaches the Mysteries of _Ceres_ in _Messene_.

1005. _Andromeda_ carried away from _Joppa_ by _Perseus_. _Pandion_ the brother of _Cecrops_ II. Reigns in _Attica_. _Car_, the son of _Phoroneus_, builds a Temple to _Ceres_.

1002. _Sesac_ Reigns in _Egypt_ and adorns _Thebes_, dedicating it to his father _Ammon_ by the name of _No-Ammon_ or _Ammon-No_, that is the people or city of _Ammon_: whence the _Greeks_ called it _Diospolis_, the city of _Jupiter_. _Sesac_ also erected Temples and Oracles to his father in _Thebes_, _Ammonia_, and _Ethiopia_, and thereby caused his father to be worshipped as a God in those countries, and I think also in _Arabia Fœlix_: and this was the original of the worship of _Jupiter Ammon_, and the first mention of Oracles that I meet with in Prophane History. War between _Pandion_ and _Labdacus_ the grandson of _Cadmus_.

994. _Ægeus_ Reigns in _Attica_.

993. _Pelops_ the son of _Tantalus_ comes into _Peloponnesus_, marries _Hippodamia_ the granddaughter of _Acrisius_, takes _Ætolia_ from _Ætolus_ the son of _Endymion_, and by his riches grows potent.

990. _Amphion_ and _Zethus_ slay _Lycus_, put _Laius_ the son of _Labdacus_ to flight, and Reign in _Thebes_, and wall the city about.

989. _Dædalus_ and his nephew _Talus_ invent the saw, the turning-lath, the wimble, the chip-ax, and other instruments of Carpenters and Joyners, and thereby give a beginning to those Arts in _Europe_. _Dædalus_ also invented the making of Statues with their feet asunder, as if they walked.

988. _Minos_ makes war upon the _Athenians_, for killing his son _Androgeus_. _Æacus_ flourishes.

987. _Dædalus_ kills his nephew _Talus_, and flies to _Minos_. A Priestess of _Jupiter Ammon_, being brought by _Phœnician_ merchants into _Greece_, sets up the Oracle of _Jupiter_ at _Dodona_. This gives a beginning to Oracles in _Greece_: and by their dictates, the Worship of the Dead is every where introduced.

983. _Sisyphus_, the son of _Æolus_ and grandson of _Hellen_, Reigns in _Corinth_, and some say that he built that city.

980. _Laius_ recovers the Kingdom of _Thebes_. _Athamas_, the brother of _Sisyphus_ and father of _Phrixus_ and _Helle_, marries _Ino_ the daughter of _Cadmus_.

979. _Rehoboam_ Reigns. _Thoas_ is sent from _Crete_ to _Lemnos_, Reigns there in the city _Hephœstia_, and works in copper and iron.

978. _Alcmena_ born of _Electryo_ the son of _Perseus_ and _Andromeda_, and of _Lysidice_ the daughter of _Pelops_.

974. _Sesac_ spoils the Temple, and invades _Syria_ and _Persia_, setting up pillars in many places. _Jeroboam_, becoming subject to _Sesac_, sets up the worship of the _Egyptian_ Gods in _Israel_.

971. _Sesac_ invades _India_, and returns with triumph the next year but one: whence _Trieterica Bacchi_. He sets up pillars on two mountains at the mouth of the river _Ganges_.

968. _Theseus_ Reigns, having overcome the _Minotaur_, and soon after unites the twelve cities of _Attica_ under one government. _Sesac_, having carried on his victories to _Mount Caucasus_, leaves his nephew _Prometheus_ there, and _Æetes_ in _Colchis_.

967. _Sesac_, passing over the _Hellespont_ conquers _Thrace_, kills _Lycurgus_ King thereof, and gives his Kingdom and one of his singing-women to _Oeagrus_ the father of _Orpheus_. _Sesac_ had in his army _Ethiopians_ commanded by _Pan_, and _Libyan_ women commanded by _Myrina_ or _Minerva_. It was the custom of the _Ethiopians_ to dance when they were entring into a battel, and from their skipping they were painted with goats feet in the form of Satyrs.

966. _Thoas_, being made King of _Cyprus_ by _Sesac_, goes thither with his wife _Calycopis_, and leaves his daughter _Hypsipyle_ in _Lemnos_.

965. _Sesac_ is baffled by the _Greeks_ and _Scythians_, loses many of his women with their Queen _Minerva_, composes the war, is received by _Amphiction_ at a feast, buries _Ariadne_, goes back through _Asia_ and _Syria_ into _Egypt_, with innumerable captives, among whom was _Tithonus_, the son of _Laomedon_ King of _Troy_; and leaves his _Libyan Amazons_, under _Marthesia_ and _Lampeto_, the successors of _Minerva_, at the river _Thermodon_. He left also in _Colchos_ Geographical Tables of all his conquests: And thence Geography had its rise. His singing-women were celebrated in _Thrace_ by the name of the Muses. And the daughters of _Pierus_ a _Thracian_, imitating them, were celebrated by the same name.

964. _Minos_, making war upon _Cocalus_ King of _Sicily_, is slain by him. He was eminent for his Dominion, his Laws and his Justice: upon his sepulchre visited by _Pythagoras_, was this inscription, ΤΟΥ ΔΙΟΣ the Sepulchre of _Jupiter_. _Danaus_ with his daughters flying from his brother _Egyptus_ (that is from _Sesac_) comes into _Greece_. _Sesac_ using the advice of his Secretary _Thoth_, distributes _Egypt_ into xxxvi _Nomes_, and in every _Nome_ erects a Temple, and appoints the several Gods, Festivals and Religions of the several _Nomes_. The Temples were the sepulchres of his great men, where they were to be buried and worshipped after death, each in his own Temple, with ceremonies and festivals appointed by him; while He and his Queen, by the names of _Osiris_ and _Isis_, were to be worshipped in all _Egypt_. These were the Temples seen and described by _Lucian_ eleven hundred years after, to be of one and the same age: and this was the original of the several _Nomes_ of _Egypt_, and of the several Gods and several Religions of those _Nomes_. _Sesac_ divided also the land of _Egypt_ by measure amongst his soldiers, and thence _Geometry_ had its rise. _Hercules_ and _Eurystheus_ born.

963. _Amphictyon_ brings the twelve Gods of _Egypt_ into _Greece_, and these are the _Dii magni majorum gentium_, to whom the Earth and Planets and Elements are dedicated.

962. _Phryxus_ and _Helle_ fly from their stepmother _Ino_ the daughter of _Cadmus_. _Helle_ is drowned in the _Hellespont_, so named from her, but _Phryxus_ arrived at _Colchos_.

960. The war between the _Lapithæ_ and the people of _Thessaly_ called _Centaurs_.

958. _Oedipus_ kills his father _Laius_. _Sthenelus_ the son of _Perseus_ Reigns in _Mycene_.

956. _Sesac_ is slain by his brother _Japetus_, who after death was deified in _Afric_ by the name of _Neptune_, and called _Typhon_ by the _Egyptians_. _Orus_ Reigns and routs the _Libyans_, who under the conduct of _Japetus_, and his Son _Antæus_ or _Atlas_, invaded _Egypt_. _Sesac_ from his making the river _Nile_ useful, by cutting channels from it to all the cities of _Egypt_, was called by its names, _Sihor_ or _Siris_, _Nilus_ and _Egyptus_. The _Greeks_ hearing the _Egyptians_ lament, _O Siris_ and _Bou Siris_, called him _Osiris_ and _Busiris_. The _Arabians_ from his great acts called him _Bacchus_, that is, the Great. The _Phrygians_ called him _Ma-fors_ or _Mavors_, the valiant, and by contraction _Mars_. Because he set up pillars in all his conquests, and his army in his father's Reign fought against the _Africans_ with clubs, he is painted with pillars and a club: and this is that _Hercules_ who, according to _Cicero_, was born upon the _Nile_, and according to _Eudoxus_, was slain by _Typhon_; and according to _Diodorus_, was an _Egyptian_, and went over a great part of the world, and set up the pillars in _Afric_. He seems to be also the _Belus_ who, according to _Diodorus_, led a Colony of _Egyptians_ to _Babylon_, and there instituted Priests called _Chaldeans_, who were free from taxes, and observed the stars, as in _Egypt_. Hitherto _Judah_ and _Israel_ laboured under great vexations, but henceforward _Asa_ King of _Judah_ had peace ten years.

947. The _Ethiopians_ invade _Egypt_, and drown _Orus_ in the _Nile_. Thereupon _Bubaste_ the sister of _Orus_ kills herself, by falling from the top of an house, and their mother _Isis_ or _Astræa_ goes mad: and thus ended the Reign of the Gods of _Egypt_.

946. _Zerah_ the _Ethiopian_ is overthrown by _Asa_. The people of the lower _Egypt_ make _Osarsiphus_ their King, and call in two hundred thousand _Jews_ and _Phœnicians_ against the _Ethiopians_. _Menes_ or _Amenophis_ the young son of _Zerah_ and _Cissia_ Reigns.

944. The _Ethiopians_, under _Amenophis_, retire from the lower _Egypt_ and fortify _Memphis_ against _Osarsiphus_. And by these wars and the _Argonautic_ expedition, the great Empire of _Egypt_ breaks in pieces. _Eurystheus_ the son of _Sthenelus_ Reigns in _Mycenæ_.

943. _Evander_ and his mother _Carmenta_ carry Letters into _Italy_.

942. _Orpheus_ Deifies the son of _Semele_ by the name of _Bacchus_, and appoints his Ceremonies.

940. The great men of _Greece_, hearing of the civil wars and distractions of _Egypt_, resolve to send an embassy to the nations, upon the _Euxine_ and _Mediterranean_ Seas, subject to that Empire, and for that end order the building of the ship _Argo_.

939. The ship _Argo_ is built after the pattern of the long ship in which _Danaus_ came into _Greece_: and this was the first long ship built by the _Greeks_. _Chiron_, who was born in the Golden Age, forms the Constellations for the use of the _Argonauts_; and places the Solstitial and Equinoctial Points in the fifteenth degrees or middles of the Constellations of _Cancer_, _Chelæ_, _Capricorn_, and _Aries_. _Meton_ in the year of _Nabonassar_ 316, observed the Summer Solstice in the eighth degree of _Cancer_, and therefore the Solstice had then gone back seven degrees. It goes back one degree in about seventytwo years, and seven degrees in about 504 years. Count these years back from the year of _Nabonassar_ 316, and they will place the _Argonautic_ expedition about 936 years before _Christ_. _Gingris_ the son of _Thoas_ slain, and Deified by the name of _Adonis_.

938. _Theseus_, being fifty years old, steals _Helena_ then seven years old. _Pirithous_ the son of _Ixion_, endeavouring to steal _Persephone_ the daughter of _Orcus_ King of the _Molossians_, is slain by the Dog of _Orcus_; and his companion _Theseus_ is taken and imprisoned. _Helena_ is set at liberty by her brothers.

937. The _Argonautic_ expedition. _Prometheus_ leaves _Mount Caucasus_, being set at liberty by _Hercules_. _Laomedon_ King of _Troy_ is slain by _Hercules_. _Priam_ succeeds him. _Talus_ a brazen man, of the Brazen Age, the son of _Minos_, is slain by the _Argonauts_. _Æsculapius_ and _Hercules_ were _Argonauts_, and _Hippocrates_ was the eighteenth from _Æsculapius_ by the father's side, and the nineteenth from _Hercules_ by the mother's side; and because these generations, being noted in history, were most probably by the chief of the family, and for the most part by the eldest sons; we may reckon 28 or at the most 30 years to a generation: and thus the seventeen intervals by the father's side and eighteen by the mother's, will at a middle reckoning amount unto about 507 years; which being counted backwards from the beginning of the _Peloponnesian_ war, at which time _Hippocrates_ began to flourish, will reach up to the time where we have placed the _Argonautic_ expedition.

936. _Theseus_ is set at liberty by _Hercules_.

934. The hunting of the _Calydonian_ boar slain by _Meleager_.

930. _Amenophis_, with an army out of _Ethiopia_ and _Thebais_, invades the lower _Egypt_, conquers _Osarsiphus_, and drives out the _Jews_ and _Canaanites_: and this is reckoned the second expulsion of the Shepherds. _Calycopis_ dies, and is Deified by _Thoas_ with Temples at _Paphos_ and _Amathus_ in _Cyprus_, and at _Byblus_ in _Syria_, and with Priests and sacred Rites, and becomes the _Venus_ of the ancients, and the _Dea Cypria_ and _Dea Syria_. And from these and other places where Temples were erected to her, she was also called _Paphia_, _Amathusia_, _Byblia_, _Cytherea_, _Salaminia_, _Cnidia_, _Erycina_, _Idalia_, &c. And her three waiting-women became the three Graces.

928. The war of the seven Captains against _Thebes_.

927. _Hercules_ and _Æsculapius_ are Deified. _Eurystheus_ drives the _Heraclides_ out of _Peloponnesus_. He is slain by _Hyllus_ the son of _Hercules_. _Atreus_ the son of _Pelops_ succeeds him in the Kingdom of _Mycenæ_. _Menestheus_, the great grandson of _Erechtheus_, Reigns at _Athens_.

925. _Theseus_ is slain, being cast down from a rock.

924. _Hyllus_ invading _Peloponnesus_ is slain by _Echemus_.

919. _Atreus_ dies. _Agamemnon_ Reigns. In the absence of _Menelaus_, who went to look after what his father _Atreus_ had left to him, _Paris_ steals _Helena_.

918. The second war against _Thebes_.

912. _Thoas_, King of _Cyprus_ and part of _Phœnicia_ dies; and for making armour for the Kings of _Egypt_; is Deified with a sumptuous Temple at _Memphis_ by the name of _Baal Canaan_, _Vulcan_. This Temple was said to be built by _Menes_, the first King of _Egypt_ who reigned next after the Gods, that is, by _Menoph_ or _Amenophis_ who reigned next after the death of _Osiris_, _Isis_, _Orus_, _Bubaste_ and _Thoth_. The city, _Memphis_ was also said to be built by _Menes_; he began to build it when he fortified it against _Osarsiphus_. And from him it was called _Menoph_, _Moph_, _Noph_, &c; and is to this day called _Menuf_ by the _Arabians_. And therefore _Menes_ who built the city and temple Was _Menoph_ or _Amenophis_. The Priests of _Egypt_ at length made this temple above a thousand years older then _Amenophis_, and some of them five or ten thousand years older: but it could not be above two or three hundred years older than the Reign of _Psammiticus_ who finished it, and died 614 years before _Christ_. When _Menoph_ or _Menes_ built the city, he built a bridge there over the _Nile_: a work too great to be older than the Monarchy of _Egypt_.

909. _Amenophis_, called _Memnon_ by the _Greeks_, built the _Memnonia_ at _Susa_, whilst _Egypt_ was under the government of _Proteus_ his Viceroy.

904. _Troy_ taken. _Amenophis_ was still at _Susa_; the _Greeks_ feigning that he came from thence to the _Trojan_ war.

903. _Demophoon_, the son of _Theseus_ by _Phœdra_ the daughter of _Minos_, Reigns at _Athens_.

901. _Amenophis_ builds small Pyramids in _Cochome_.

896. _Ulysses_ leaves _Calypso_ in the Island _Ogygie_ (perhaps _Cadis_ or _Cales_.) She was the daughter of _Atlas_, according to _Homer_. The ancients at length feigned that this Island, (which from _Atlas_ they called _Atlantis_) had been as big as all _Europe_, _Africa_ and _Asia_, but was sunk into the Sea.

895. _Teucer_ builds _Salamis_ in _Cyprus_. _Hadad_ or _Benhadad_ King of _Syria_ dies, and is Deified at _Damascus_ with a Temple and Ceremonies.

887. _Amenophis_ dies, and is succeeded by his son _Ramesses_ or _Rhampsinitus_, who builds the western Portico of the Temple of _Vulcan_. The _Egyptians_ dedicated to _Osiris_, _Isis_, _Orus_ senior, _Typhon_, and _Nephthe_ the sister and wife of _Typhon_, the five days added by the _Egyptians_ to the twelve Calendar months of the old Luni-solar year, and said that they were added when these five Princes were born. They were therefore added in the Reign of _Ammon_ the father of these five Princes: but this year was scarce brought into common use before the Reign of _Amenophis_: for in his Temple or Sepulchre at _Abydus_, they placed a Circle of 365 cubits in compass, covered on the upper side with a plate of gold, and divided into 365 equal parts, to represent all the days of the year; every part having the day of the year, and the Heliacal Risings and Settings of the Stars on that day, noted upon it. And this Circle remained there 'till _Cambyses_ spoiled the temples of _Egypt_: and from this monument I collect that it was _Amenophis_ who established this year, fixing the beginning thereof to one of the four Cardinal Points of the heavens. For had not the beginning thereof been now fixed, the Heliacal Risings and Settings of the Stars could not have been noted upon the days thereof. The Priests of _Egypt_ therefore in the Reign of _Amenophis_ continued to observe the Heliacal Risings and Settings of the Stars upon every day. And when by the Sun's Meridional Altitudes they had found the Solstices and Equinoxes according to the Sun's mean motion, his Equation being not yet known, they fixed the beginning of this year to the Vernal Equinox, and in memory thereof erected this monument. Now this year being carried into _Chaldæa_, the _Chaldæans_ began their year of _Nabonassar_ on the same _Thoth_ with the _Egyptians_, and made it of the same length. And the _Thoth_ of the first year of _Nabonassar_ fell upon the 26th day of _February_: which was 33 days and five hours before the Vernal Equinox, according to the Sun's mean motion. And the _Thoth_ of this year moves backwards 33 days and five hours in 137 years, and therefore fell upon the Vernal Equinox 137 years before the _Æra_ of _Nabonassar_ began; that is, 884 years before _Christ_. And if it began upon the day next after the Vernal Equinox, it might begin three or four years earlier; and there we may place the death of this King. The _Greeks_ feigned that he was the Son of _Tithonus_, and therefore he was born after the return of _Sesac_ into _Egypt_, with _Tithonus_ and other captives, and so might be about 70 or 75 years old at his death.

883. _Dido_ builds _Carthage_, and the _Phœnicians_ begin presently after to sail as far as to the _Straights Mouth_, and beyond. _Æneas_ was still alive, according to _Virgil_.

870. _Hesiod_ flourishes. He hath told us himself that he lived in the age next after the wars of _Thebes_ and _Troy_, and that this age should end when the men then living grew hoary and dropt into the grave; and therefore it was but of an ordinary length: and _Herodotus_ has told us that _Hesiod_ and _Homer_ were but 400 years older than himself. Whence it follows that the destruction of _Troy_ was not older than we have represented it.

860. _Mœris_ Reigns in _Egypt_. He adorned _Memphis_, and translated the seat of his Empire thither from _Thebes_. There he built the famous Labyrinth, and the northern portico of the Temple of _Vulcan_, and dug the great Lake called the Lake of _Mœris_, and upon the bottom of it built two great Pyramids of brick: and these things being not mentioned by _Homer_ or _Hesiod_, were unknown to them, and done after their days. _Mœris_ wrote also a book of Geometry.

852. _Hazael_ the successor of _Hadad_ at _Damascus_ dies and is Deified, as was _Hadad_ before: and these Gods, together with _Arathes_ the wife of _Hadad_, were worshipt in their Sepulchres or Temples, 'till the days of _Josephus_ the _Jew_; and the _Syrians_ boasted their antiquity, not knowing, saith _Josephus_, that they were novel.

844. The _Æolic_ Migration. _Bœotia_, formerly called _Cadmeis_, is seized by the _Bœotians_.

838. _Cheops_ Reigns in _Egypt_. He built the greatest Pyramid for his sepulchre, and forbad the worship of the former Kings; intending to have been worshipped himself.

825. The _Heraclides_, after three Generations, or an hundred years, reckoned from their former expedition, return into _Peloponnesus_. Henceforward, to the end of the first _Messenian_ war, reigned ten Kings of _Sparta_ by one Race, and nine by another; ten of _Messene_, and nine of _Arcadia_: which, by reckoning (according to the ordinary course of nature) about twenty years to a Reign, one Reign with another, will take up about 190 years. And the seven Reigns more in one of the two Races of the Kings of _Sparta_, and eight in the other, to the battle at _Thermopylæ_; may take up 150 years more: and so place the return of the _Heraclides_, about 820 years before _Christ_.

824. _Cephren_ Reigns in _Egypt_, and builds another great Pyramid.

808. _Mycerinus_ Reigns there, and begins the third great Pyramid. He shut up the body of his daughter in a hollow ox, and caused her to be worshipped daily with odours.

804. The war, between the _Athenians_ and _Spartans_, in which _Codrus_, King of the _Athenians_, is slain.

801. _Nitocris_, the sister of _Mycerinus_, succeeds him, and finishes the third great Pyramid.

794. The _Ionic_ Migration, under the conduct of the sons of _Codrus_.

790. _Pul_ founds the _Assyrian_ Empire.

788. _Asychis_ Reigns in _Egypt_, and builds the eastern Portico of the Temple of _Vulcan_ very splendidly; and a large Pyramid of brick, made of mud dug out of the Lake of _Mœris_. _Egypt_ breaks into several Kingdoms. _Gnephactus_ and _Bocchoris_ Reign successively in the upper _Egypt_; _Stephanathis_; _Necepsos_ and _Nechus_, at _Sais_; _Anysis_ or _Amosis_, at _Anysis_ or _Hanes_; and _Tacellotis_, at _Bubaste_.

776. _Iphitus_ restores the Olympiads. And from this _Æra_ the Olympiads are now reckoned. _Gnephactus_ Reigns at _Memphis_.

772. _Necepsos_ and _Petosiris_ invent Astrology in _Egypt_.

760. _Semiramis_ begins to flourish; _Sanchoniatho_ writes.

751. _Sabacon_ the _Ethiopian_, invades _Egypt_, now divided into various Kingdoms, burns _Bocchoris_, slays _Nechus_, and makes _Anysis_ fly.

747. _Pul_, King of _Assyria_, dies, and is succeeded at _Nineveh_ by _Tiglathpilasser_, and at _Babylon_ by _Nabonassar_. The _Egyptians_, who fled from _Sabacon_, carry their Astrology and Astronomy to _Babylon_, and found the _Æra_ of _Nabonassar_ in _Egyptian_ years.

740. _Tiglathpilasser_, King of _Assyria_, takes _Damascus_, and captivates the _Syrians_.

729. _Tiglathpilasser_ is succeeded by _Salmanasser_.

721. _Salmanasser_, King of _Assyria_, carries the Ten Tribes into captivity.

719. _Sennacherib_ Reigns over _Assyria_. _Archias_ the son of _Evagetus_, of the stock of _Hercules_, leads a Colony from _Corinth_ into _Sicily_, and builds _Syracuse_.

717. _Tirhakah_ Reigns in _Ethiopia_.

714. _Sennacherib_ is put to flight by the _Ethiopians_ and _Egyptians_, with great slaughter.

711. The _Medes_ revolt from the _Assyrians_. _Sennacherib_ slain. _Asserhadon_ succeeds him. This is that _Asserhadon-Pul_, or _Sardanapalus_, the son of _Anacyndaraxis_, or _Sennacherib_, who built _Tarsus_ and _Anchiale_ in one day.

710. _Lycurgus_, brings the poems of _Homer_ out of _Asia_ into _Greece_.

708. _Lycurgus_, becomes tutor to _Charillus_ or _Charilaus_, the young King of _Sparta_. _Aristotle_ makes _Lycurgus_ as old as _Iphitus_, because his name was upon the Olympic Disc. But the Disc was one of the five games called the _Quinquertium_, and the _Quinquertium_ was first instituted upon the eighteenth Olympiad. _Socrates_ and _Thucydides_ made the institutions of _Lycurgus_ about 300 years older than the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, that is, 705 years before _Christ_.

701. _Sabacon_, after a Reign of 50 years, relinquishes _Egypt_ to his son _Sevechus_ or _Sethon_, who becomes Priest of _Vulcan_, and neglects military affairs.

698. _Manasseh_ Reigns.

697. The _Corinthians_ begin first of any men to build ships with three orders of oars, called _Triremes_. Hitherto the _Greeks_ had used long vessels of fifty oars.

687. _Tirhakah_ Reigns in _Egypt_.

681. _Asserhadon_ invades _Babylon_.

673. The _Jews_ conquered by _Asserhadon_, and _Manasseh_ carried captive to _Babylon_.

671. _Asserbadon_ invades _Egypt_. The government of _Egypt_ committed to twelve princes.

668. The western nations of _Syria_, _Phœnicia_ and _Egypt_, revolt from the _Assyrians_. _Asserhadon_ dies, and is succeeded by _Saosduchinus_. _Manasseh_ returns from Captivity.

658. _Phraortes_ Reigns in _Media_. The _Prytanes_ Reign in _Corinth_, expelling their Kings.

657. The _Corinthians_ overcome the _Corcyreans_ at sea: and this was the oldest sea fight.

655. _Psammiticus_ becomes King of all _Egypt_, by conquering the other eleven Kings with whom he had already reigned fifteen years: he reigned about 39 years more. Henceforward the _Ionians_ had access into _Egypt_; and thence came the _Ionian_ Philosophy, Astronomy and Geometry.

652. The first _Messenian_ war begins: it lasted twenty years.

647. _Charops_, the first decennial Archon of the _Athenians_. Some of these Archons might dye before the end of the ten years, and the remainder of the ten years be supplied by a new Archon. And hence the seven decennial Archons might not take up above forty or fifty years. _Saosduchinus_ King of _Assyria_ dies, and is succeeded by _Chyniladon_.

640. _Josiah_ Reigns in _Judæa_.

636. _Phraortes_> King of the _Medes_, is slain in a war against the _Assyrians_. _Astyages_ succeeds him.

635. The _Scythians_ invade the _Medes_ and _Assyrians_.

633. _Battus_ builds _Cyrene_, where _Irasa_, the city of _Antæus_, had stood.

627. _Rome_ is built.

625. _Nabopolassar_ revolts from the King of _Assyria_, and Reigns over _Babylon_. _Phalantus_ leads the _Parthenians_ into _Italy_, and builds _Tarentum._

617. _Psammiticus_ dies. _Nechaoh_ reigns in _Egypt_.

611. _Cyaxeres_ Reigns over the _Medes_.

610. The Princes of the _Scythians_ slain in a feast by _Cyaxeres_.

609. _Josiah_ slain. _Cyaxeres_ and _Nebuchadnezzar_ overthrow _Nineveh_, and, by sharing the _Assyrian_ Empire, grow great.

607. _Creon_ the first annual Archon of the _Athenians_. The second _Messenian_ war begins. _Cyaxeres_ makes the _Scythians_ retire beyond _Colchos_ and _Iberia_, and seizes the _Assyrian_ Provinces of _Armenia_, _Pontus_ and _Cappadocia_.

606. _Nebuchadnezzar_ invades _Syria_ and _Judæa_.

604. _Nabopolassar_ dies, and is succeeded by his Son _Nebuchadnezzar_, who had already Reigned two years with his father.

600. _Darius_ the _Mede_, the son of _Cyaxeres,_ is born.

599. _Cyrus_ is born of _Mandane_, the Sister of _Cyaxeres_, and daughter of _Astyages_.