Chapter V: Part 5

From these originals it came into fashion among the _Greeks_, κτεριζειν, _parentare_, to celebrate the funerals of dead parents with festivals and invocations and sacrifices offered to their ghosts, and to erect magnificent sepulchres in the form of temples, with altars and statues, to persons of renown; and there to honour them publickly with sacrifices and invocations: every man might do it to his ancestors; and the cities of _Greece_ did it to all the eminent _Greeks_: as to _Europa_ the sister, to _Alymnus_ the brother, and to _Minos_ and _Rhadamanthus_ the nephews of _Cadmus_; to his daughter _Ino_, and her son _Melicertus_; to _Bacchus_ the son of his daughter _Semele_, _Aristarchus_ the husband of his daughter _Autonoe_, and _Jasius_ the brother of his wife _Harmonia_; to _Hercules_ a _Theban_, and his mother _Alcmena_; to _Danae_ the daughter of _Acrisius_; to _Æsculapius_ and _Polemocrates_ the son of _Machaon_, to _Pandion_ and _Theseus_ Kings of _Athens_, _Hippolytus_ the son of _Theseus_, _Pan_ the son of _Penelope_, _Proserpina_, _Triptolemus_, _Celeus_, _Trophonius_, _Castor_, _Pollux_, _Helena_, _Menelaus_, _Agamemnon_, _Amphiaraus_ and his son _Amphilochus_, _Hector_ and _Alexandra_ the son and daughter of _Priam_, _Phoroneus_, _Orpheus_, _Protesilaus_, _Achilles_ and his mother _Thetis_, _Ajax_, _Arcas_, _Idomeneus_, _Meriones_, _Æacus_, _Melampus_, _Britomartis_, _Adrastus_, _Iolaus_, and divers others. They Deified their dead in divers manners, according to their abilities and circumstances, and the merits of the person; some only in private families, as houshold Gods or _Dii Pænates_; others by erecting gravestones to them in publick, to be used as altars for annual sacrifices; others, by building also to them sepulchres in the form of houses or temples; and some by appointing mysteries, and ceremonies, and set sacrifices, and festivals, and initiations, and a succession of priests for performing those institutions in the temples, and handing them down to posterity. Altars might begin to be erected in _Europe_ a little before the days of _Cadmus_, for sacrificing to the old God or Gods of the Colonies, but Temples began in the days of _Solomon_; for [187] _Æacus_ the son of _Ægina_, who was two Generations older than the _Trojan_ war, is by some reputed one of the first who built a Temple in _Greece_. Oracles came first from _Egypt_ into _Greece_ about the same time, as also did the custom of forming the images of the Gods with their legs bound up in the shape of the _Egyptian_ mummies: for Idolatry began in _Chaldæa_ and _Egypt_, and spread thence into _Phœnicia_ and the neighbouring countries, long before it came into _Europe_; and the _Pelasgians_ propagated it in _Greece_, by the dictates of the Oracles. The countries upon the _Tigris_ and the _Nile_ being exceeding fertile, were first frequented by mankind, and grew first into Kingdoms, and therefore began first to adore their dead Kings and Queens: hence came the Gods of _Laban_, the Gods and Goddesses called _Baalim_ and _Ashtaroth_ by the _Canaanites_, the Dæmons or Ghosts to whom they sacrificed, and the _Moloch_ to whom they offered their children in the days of _Moses_ and the Judges. Every City set up the worship of its own Founder and Kings, and by alliances and conquests they spread this worship, and at length the _Phœnicians_ and _Egyptians_ brought into _Europe_ the practice of Deifying the dead. The Kingdom of the lower _Egypt_ began to worship their Kings before the days of _Moses_; and to this worship the second commandment is opposed: when the Shepherds invaded the lower _Egypt_, they checked this worship of the old _Egyptians_, and spread that of their own Kings: and at length the _Egyptians_ of _Coptos_ and _Thebais_, under _Misphragmuthosis_ and _Amosis_, expelling the Shepherds, checked the worship of the Gods of the Shepherds, and Deifying their own Kings and Princes, propagated the worship of twelve of them into their conquests; and made them more universal than the false Gods of any other nation had been before, so as to be called, _Dii magni majorum gentium_. _Sesostris_ conquered _Thrace_, and _Amphictyon_ the son of _Prometheus_ brought the twelve Gods from _Thrace_ into _Greece_: _Herodotus_ [188] tells us that they came from _Egypt_; and by the names of the cities of _Egypt_ dedicated to many of these Gods, you may know that they were of an _Egyptian_ original: and the _Egyptians_, according to _Diodorus_, [189] usually represented, that after their _Saturn_ and _Rhea_, Reigned _Jupiter_ and _Juno_, the parents of _Osiris_ and _Isis_, the parents of _Orus_ and _Bubaste_.

By all this it may be understood, that as the _Egyptians_ who Deified their Kings, began their monarchy with the Reign of their Gods and Heroes, reckoning _Menes_ the first man who reigned after their Gods; so the _Cretans_ had the Ages of their Gods and Heroes, calling the first four Ages of their Deified Kings and Princes, the Golden, Silver, Brazen, and Iron Ages. _Hesiod_ [190] describing these four Ages of the Gods and Demi-Gods of _Greece_, represents them to be four Generations of men, each of which ended when the men then living grew old and dropt into the grave, and tells us that the fourth ended with the wars of _Thebes_ and _Troy_: and so many Generations there were, from the coming of the _Phœnicians_ and _Curetes_ with _Cadmus_ and _Europa_ into _Greece_ unto the destruction of _Troy_. _Apollonius Rhodius_ saith that when the _Argonauts_ came to _Crete_, they slew _Talus_ a brazen man, who remained of those that were of the Brazen Age, and guarded that pass: _Talus_ was reputed [191] the son of _Minos_, and therefore the sons of _Minos_ lived in the Brazen Age, and _Minos_ Reigned in the Silver Age: it was the Silver Age of the _Greeks_ in which they began to plow and sow Corn, and _Ceres_, that taught them to do it, flourished in the Reign of _Celeus_ and _Erechtheus_ and _Minos_. Mythologists tell us that the last woman with whom _Jupiter_ lay, was _Alcmena_; and thereby they seem to put an end to the Reign of _Jupiter_ among mortals, that is to the Silver Age, when _Alcmena_ was with child of _Hercules_; who therefore was born about the eighth or tenth year of _Rehoboam's_ Reign, and was about 34 years old at the time of the _Argonautic_ expedition. _Chiron_ was begot by _Saturn_ of _Philyra_ in the Golden Age, when _Jupiter_ was a child in the _Cretan_ cave, as above; and this was in the Reign of _Asterius_ King of _Crete_: and therefore _Asterius_ Reigned in _Crete_ in the Golden Age; and the Silver Age began when _Chiron_ was a child: if _Chiron_ was born about the 35th year of _David_'s Reign, he will be born in the Reign of _Asterius_, when _Jupiter_ was a child in the _Cretan_ cave, and be about 88 years old in the time of the _Argonautic_ expedition, when he invented the Asterisms; and this is within the reach of nature. The Golden Age therefore falls in with the Reign of _Asterius_, and the Silver Age with that of _Minos_; and to make these Ages much longer than ordinary generations, is to make _Chiron_ live much longer than according to the course of nature. This fable of the four Ages seems to have been made by the _Curetes_ in the fourth Age, in memory of the first four Ages of their coming into _Europe_, as into a new world; and in honour of their country-woman _Europa_, and her husband _Asterius_ the _Saturn_ of the _Latines_, and of her son _Minos_ the _Cretan Jupiter_ and grandson _Deucalion_, who Reigned 'till the _Argonautic_ expedition, and is sometimes reckoned among the _Argonauts_, and of their great grandson _Idomeneus_ who warred at _Troy_. _Hesiod_ tells us that he himself lived in the fifth Age, the Age next after the taking of _Troy_, and therefore he flourished within thirty or thirty five years after it: and _Homer_ was of about the same Age; for he [192] lived sometime with _Mentor_ in _Ithaca_, and there learnt of him many things concerning _Ulysses_, with whom _Mentor_ had been personally acquainted: now _Herodotus_, the oldest Historian of the _Greeks_ now extant, [193] tells us that _Hesiod_ and _Homer_ were not above four hundred years older than himself, and therefore they flourished within 110 or 120 years after the death of _Solomon_; and according to my reckoning the taking of _Troy_ was but one Generation earlier.

Mythologists tell us, that _Niobe_ the daughter of _Phoroneus_ was the first woman with whom _Jupiter_ lay, and that of her he begat _Argus_, who succeeded _Phoroneus_ in the Kingdom of _Argos_, and gave his name to that city; and therefore _Argus_ was born in the beginning of the Silver Age: unless you had rather say that by _Jupiter_ they might here mean _Asterius_; for the _Phœnicians_ gave the name of _Jupiter_ to every King, from the time of their first coming into _Greece_ with _Cadmus_ and _Europa_, until the invasion of _Greece_ by _Sesostris_, and the birth of _Hercules_, and particularly to the fathers of _Minos_, _Pelops_, _Lacedæmon_, _Æacus_, and _Perseus_.

The four first Ages succeeded the flood of _Deucalion_; and some tell us that _Deucalion_ was the son of _Prometheus_, the son of _Japetus_, and brother of _Atlas_: but this was another _Deucalion_; for _Japetus_ the father of _Prometheus_, _Epimetheus,_ and _Atlas_, was an _Egyptian_, the brother of _Osiris_, and flourished two generations after the flood of _Deucalion_.

I have now carried up the Chronology of the _Greeks_ as high as to the first use of letters, the first plowing and sowing of corn, the first manufacturing of copper and iron, the beginning of the trades of Smiths, Carpenters, Joyners, Turners, Brick-makers, Stone-cutters, and Potters, in _Europe_; the first walling of cities about, the first building of Temples, and the original of Oracles in _Greece_; the beginning of navigation by the Stars in long ships with sails; the erecting of the _Amphictyonic_ Council; the first Ages of _Greece_, called the Golden, Silver, Brazen and Iron Ages, and the flood of _Deucalion_ which immediately preceded them. Those Ages could not be earlier than the invention and use of the four metals in _Greece_, from whence they had their names; and the flood of _Ogyges_ could not be much above two or three ages earlier than that of _Deucalion_: for among such wandering people as were then in _Europe_, there could be no memory of things done above three or four ages before the first use of letters: and the expulsion of the Shepherds out of _Egypt_, which gave the first occasion to the coming of people from _Egypt_ into _Greece_, and to the building of houses and villages in _Greece_, was scarce earlier than the days of _Eli_ and _Samuel_; for _Manetho_ tells us, that when they were forced to quit _Abaris_ and retire out of _Egypt_, they went through the wilderness into _Judæa_ and built _Jerusalem_: I do not think, with _Manetho,_ that they were the _Israelites_ under _Moses_, but rather believe that they were _Canaanites_; and upon leaving _Abaris_ mingled with the _Philistims_ their next neighbours: though some of them might assist _David_ and _Solomon_ in building _Jerusalem_ and the Temple.

_Saul_ was made King [194], that he might rescue _Israel_ out of the hand of the _Philistims_, who opressed them; and in the second year of his Reign, the _Philistims_ brought into the field against him _thirty thousand chariots, and six thousand horsemen, and people as the sand which is on the sea shore for multitude_: the _Canaanites_ had their horses from _Egypt_; and yet in the days of _Moses_ all the chariots of _Egypt_, with which _Pharaoh_ pursued _Israel_ were but six hundred, _Exod._ xiv. 7. From the great army of the _Philistims_ against _Saul_, and the great number of their horses, I seem to gather that the Shepherds had newly relinquished _Egypt_; and joyned them: the Shepherds might be beaten and driven out of the greatest part of _Egypt_, and shut up in _Abaris_ by _Misphragmuthosis_ in the latter end of the days of _Eli_; and some of them fly to the _Philistims_, and strengthen them against _Israel_, in the last year of _Eli_; and from the _Philistims_ some of the Shepherds might go to _Zidon_, and from _Zidon_, by sea to _Asia minor_ and _Greece_: and afterwards, in the beginning of the Reign of _Saul_, the Shepherds who still remained in _Egypt_ might be forced by _Tethmosis_ or _Amosis_ the son of _Misphragmuthosis_, to leave _Abaris_, and retire in very great numbers to the _Philistims_; and upon these occasions several of them, as _Pelasgus_, _Inachus_, _Lelex_, _Cecrops_, and _Abas_, might come with their people by sea from _Egypt_ to _Zidon_ and _Cyprus_, and thence to _Asia minor_ and _Greece_, in the days of _Eli_, _Samuel_ and _Saul_, and thereby begin to open a commerce by sea between _Zidon_ and _Greece_, before the revolt of _Edom_ from _Judæa_, and the final coming of the _Phœnicians_ from the _Red Sea_.

_Pelasgus_ Reigned in _Arcadia_, and was the father of _Lycaon_, according to _Pherecydes Atheniensis_, and _Lycaon_ died just before the flood of _Deucalion_; and therefore his father _Pelasgus_ might come into _Greece_ about two Generations before _Cadmus_, or in the latter end of the days of _Eli_: _Lycaon_ sacrificed children, and therefore his father might come with his people from the Shepherds in _Egypt_, and perhaps from the regions of _Heliopolis_, where they sacrificed men, 'till _Amosis_ abolished that custom. _Misphragmuthosis_ the father of _Amosis_, drove the Shepherds out of a great part of _Egypt_, and shut the remainder up in _Abaris_: and then great numbers might escape to _Greece_; some from the regions of _Heliopolis_ under _Pelasgus_, and others from _Memphis_ and other places, under other Captains: and hence it might come to pass that the _Pelasgians_ were at the first very numerous in _Greece_, and spake a different language from the _Greek_, and were the ringleaders in bringing into _Greece_ the worship of the dead.

_Inachus_ is called the son of _Oceanus_, perhaps because he came to _Greece_ by sea: he might come with his people to _Argos_ from _Egypt_ in the days of _Eli_, and seat himself upon the river _Inachus_, so named from him, and leave his territories to his sons _Phoroneus_, _Ægialeus_, and _Phegeus_, in the days of _Samuel_: for _Car_ the son of _Phoroneus_ built a Temple to _Ceres_ in _Megara_, and therefore was contemporary to _Erechtheus_. _Phoroneus_ Reigned at _Argos_, and _Aegialeus_ at _Sicyon_, and founded those Kingdoms; and yet _Ægialeus_ is made above five hundred years older than _Phoroneus_ by some Chronologers: but [195] _Acusilaus_, [196] _Anticlides_ and [197] _Plato_, accounted _Phoroneus_ the oldest King in _Greece_, and [198] _Apollodorus_ tells us, _Ægialeus_ was the brother of _Phoroneus_. _Ægialeus_ died without issue, and after him Reigned _Europs_, _Telchin_, _Apis_, _Lamedon_, _Sicyon_, _Polybus_, _Adrastus_, and _Agamemnon_, _&c._ and _Sicyon_ gave his name to the Kingdom: _Herodotus_ [199] saith that _Apis_ in the _Greek_ Tongue is _Epaphus_; and _Hyginus_, [200] that _Epaphus_ the _Sicyonian_ got _Antiopa_ with child: but the later _Greeks_ have made two men of the two names _Apis_ and _Epaphus_ or _Epopeus_, and between them inserted twelve feigned Kings of _Sicyon_, who made no wars, nor did any thing memorable, and yet Reigned five hundred and twenty years, which is, one with another, above forty and three years a-piece. If these feigned Kings be rejected, and the two Kings _Apis_ and _Epopeus_ be reunited; _Ægialeus_ will become contemporary to his brother _Phoroneus_, as he ought to be; for _Apis_ or _Epopeus_, and _Nycteus_ the guardian of _Labdacus_, were slain in battle about the tenth year of _Solomon_, as above; and the first four Kings of _Sicyon_, _Ægialeus_, _Europs_, _Telchin_, _Apis_, after the rate of about twenty years to a Reign, take up about eighty years; and these years counted upwards from the tenth year of _Solomon_, place the beginning of the Reign of _Ægialeus_ upon the twelfth year of _Samuel_, or thereabout: and about that time began the Reign of _Phoroneus_ at _Argos_; _Apollodorus_ [201] calls _Adrastus_ King of _Argos_; but _Homer_ [202] tells us, that he Reigned first at _Sicyon_: he was in the first war against _Thebes_. Some place _Janiscus_ and _Phæstus_ between _Polybus_ and _Adrastus_, but without any certainty.

_Lelex_ might come with his people into _Laconia_ in the days of _Eli_, and leave his territories to his sons _Myles_, _Eurotas_, _Cleson_, and _Polycaon_ in the days of _Samuel_. _Myles_ set up a quern, or handmill to grind corn, and is reputed the first among the _Greeks_ who did so: but he flourished before _Triptolemus_, and seems to have had his corn and artificers from _Egypt_. _Eurotas_ the brother, or as some say the son of _Myles_, built _Sparta_, and called it after the name of his daughter _Sparta_, the wife of _Lacedæmon_, and mother of _Eurydice_. _Cleson_ was the father of _Pylas_ the father of _Sciron_, who married the daughter of _Pandion_ the son of _Erechtheus_, and contended with _Nisus_ the son of _Pandion_ and brother of _Ægeus_, for the Kingdom; and _Æacus_ adjudged it to _Nisus_. _Polycaon_ invaded _Messene_, then peopled only by villages, called it _Messene_ after the name of his wife, and built cities therein.

_Cecrops_ came from _Sais_ in _Egypt_ to _Cyprus_, and thence into _Attica_: and he might do this in the days of _Samuel_, and marry _Agraule_ the daughter of _Actæus_, and succeed him in _Attica_ soon after, and leave his Kingdom to _Cranaus_ in the Reign of _Saul_, or in the beginning of the Reign of _David_: for the flood of _Deucalion_ happened in the Reign of _Cranaus_.

Of about the same age with _Pelasgus_, _Inachus_, _Lelex_, and _Actæus_, was _Ogyges_: he Reigned in _Bœotia_, and some of his people were _Leleges_: and either he or his son _Eleusis_ built the city _Eleusis_ in _Attica_, that is, they built a few houses of clay, which in time grew into a city. _Acusilaus_ wrote that _Phoroneus_ was older than _Ogyges_, and that _Ogyges_ flourished 1020 years before the first Olympiad, as above; but _Acusilaus_ was an _Argive_, and feigned these things in honour of his country: to call things _Ogygian_ has been a phrase among the ancient _Greeks_, to signify that they are as old as the first memory of things; and so high we have now carried up the Chronology of the _Greeks_. _Inachus_ might be as old as _Ogyges_, but _Acusilaus_ and his followers made them seven hundred years older than the truth; and Chronologers, to make out this reckoning, have lengthened the races of the Kings of _Argos_ and _Sicyon_, and changed several contemporary Princes of _Argos_ into successive Kings, and inserted many feigned Kings into the race of the Kings of _Sicyon_.

_Inachus_ had several sons, who Reigned in several parts of _Peloponnesus_, and there built Towns; as _Phoroneus_, who built _Phoronicum_, afterwards called _Argos_, from _Argus_ his grandson; _Ægialeus_, who built _Ægialea_, afterwards called _Sicyon_, from _Sicyon_ the grandson of _Erechtheus_; _Phegeus_, who built _Phegea_, afterwards called _Psophis_, from _Psophis_ the daughter of _Lycaon_: and these were the oldest towns in _Peloponnesus_ then _Sisyphus_, the son of _Æolus_ and grandson of _Hellen_, built _Ephyra_, afterwards called _Corinth_; and _Aëthlius_, the son of _Æolus_, built _Elis_: and before them _Cecrops_ built _Cecropia_, the cittadel of _Athens_; and _Lycaon_ built _Lycosura_, reckoned by some the oldest town in _Arcadia_; and his sons, who were at least four and twenty in number, built each of them a town; except the youngest, called _Oenotrus_, who grew up after his father's death, and sailed into _Italy_ with his people, and there set on foot the building of towns, and became the _Janus_ of the _Latines_. _Phoroneus_ had also several children and grand-children, who Reigned in several places, and built new towns, as _Car_, _Apis_, &c. and _Hæmon_, the son of _Pelasgus_, Reigned in _Hæmonia_, afterwards called _Thessaly_, and built towns there. This division and subdivision has made great confusion in the history of the first Kingdoms of _Peloponnesus_, and thereby given occasion to the vain-glorious _Greeks_, to make those kingdoms much older than they really were: but by all the reckonings abovementioned, the first civilizing of the _Greeks_, and teaching them to dwell in houses and towns, and the oldest towns in _Europe_, could scarce be above two or three Generations older than the coming of _Cadmus_ from _Zidon_ into _Greece_; and might most probably be occasioned by the expulsion of the Shepherds out of _Egypt_ in the days of _Eli_ and _Samuel_, and their flying into _Greece_ in considerable numbers: but it's difficult to set right the Genealogies and Chronology of the Fabulous Ages of the _Greeks_, and I leave these things to be further examined.

Before the _Phœnicians_ introduced the Deifying of dead men, the _Greeks_ had a Council of Elders in every town for the government thereof, and a place where the elders and people worshipped their God with Sacrifices: and when many of those towns, for their common safety, united under a common Council, they erected a _Prytaneum_ or Court in one of the towns, where the Council and People met at certain times, to consult their common safety, and worship their common God with sacrifices, and to buy and sell: the towns where these Councils met, the _Greeks_ called δημοι, peoples or communities, or Corporation Towns: and at length, when many of these δημοι for their common safety united by consent under one common Council, they erected a _Prytaneum_ in one of the δημοι for the common Council and People to meet in, and to consult and worship in, and feast, and buy, and sell; and this δημος they walled about for its safety, and called την πολιν the city: and this I take to have been the original of Villages, Market-Towns, Cities, common Councils, Vestal Temples, Feasts and Fairs, in _Europe_: the _Prytaneum_, πυρος ταμειον, was a Court with a place of worship, and a perpetual fire kept therein upon an Altar for sacrificing: from the word ‛Εστια fire, came the name _Vesta_, which at length the people turned into a Goddess, and so became fire-worshippers like the ancient _Persians_: and when these Councils made war upon their neighbours, they had a general commander to lead their armies, and he became their King.

So _Thucydides_ [203] tells us, that _under_ Cecrops _and the ancient Kings, untill _Theseus_; _Attica_ was always inhabited city by city, each having Magistrates and _Prytanea_: neither did they consult the King, when there was no fear of danger, but each apart administred their own common-wealth, and had their own Council, and even sometimes made war, as the _Eleusinians_ with _Eumolpus_ did against _Erechtheus_: but when _Theseus_, a prudent and potent man obtained the Kingdom, he took away the Courts and Magistrates of the other cities, and made them all meet in one Council and _Prytaneum_ at _Athens__. _Polemon_, as he is cited by [204] _Strabo_, tells us, _that in this body of _Attica_, there were 170 _δημοι_, one of which was _Eleusis__: and _Philochorus_ [205] relates, that _when _Attica_ was infested by sea and land by the _Cares_ and _Bœoti_, _Cecrops_ the first of any man reduced the multitude, _that is the 170 towns_, into twelve cities, whose names were _Cecropia_, _Tetrapolis_, _Epacria_, _Decelia_, _Eleusis_, _Aphydna_, _Thoricus_, _Brauron_, _Cytherus_, _Sphettus_, _Cephissia_, and _Phalerus_; and that _Theseus_ contracted those twelve cities into one, which was _Athens__.

The original of the Kingdom of the _Argives_ was much after the same manner: for _Pausanias_ [206] tells us, _that _Phoroneus_ the son of _Inachus_ was the first who gathered into one community the _Argives_, who 'till then were scattered, and lived every where apart, and the place where they were first assembled was called _Phoronicum_, the city of _Phoroneus__: and _Strabo_ [207] observes, _that _Homer_ calls all the places which he reckons up in _Peloponnesus_, a few excepted, not cities but regions, because each of them consisted of a convention of many_ δημοι, _free towns, out of which afterward noble cities were built and frequented: so the _Argives_ composed _Mantinæa_ in _Arcadia_ out of five towns, and _Tegea_ out of nine; and out of so many was _Heræa_ built by _Cleombrotus_, or by _Cleonymus_: so also _Ægium_ was built out of seven or eight towns, _Patræ_: out of seven, and _Dyme_ out of eight; and so _Elis_ was erected by the conflux of many towns into one city._

_Pausanias_ [208] tells us, that the _Arcadians_ accounted _Pelasgus_ the first man, and that he was their first King; and _taught the ignorant people to built houses, for defending themselves from heat, and cold, and rain; and to make them garments of skins; and instead of herbs and roots, which were sometimes noxious, to eat the acorns of the beech tree_; and that his son _Lycaon_ built the oldest city in all _Greece_: he tells us also, that in the days of _Lelex_ the _Spartans_ lived in villages apart. The _Greeks_ therefore began to build houses and villages in the days of _Pelasgus_ the father of _Lycaon_, and in the days of _Lelex_ the father of _Myles_, and by consequence about two or three Generations before the Flood of _Deucalion_, and the coming of _Cadmus_; 'till then [209] they lived in woods and caves of the earth. The first houses were of clay, 'till the brothers _Euryalus_ and _Hyperbius_ taught them to harden the clay into bricks, and to build therewith. In the days of _Ogyges_, _Pelasgus_, _Æzeus_, _Inachus_ and _Lelex_, they began to build houses and villages of clay, _Doxius_ the son of _Cœlus_ teaching them to do it; and in the days of _Lycaon_, _Phoroneus_, _Ægialeus_, _Phegeus_, _Eurotas_, _Myles_, _Polycaon_, and _Cecrops_, and their sons, to assemble the villages into δημοι, and the δημοι into cities.

When _Oenotrus_ the son of _Lycaon_ carried a Colony into _Italy_, _he_ [210] _found that country for the most part uninhabited; and where it was inhabited, peopled but thinly: and seizing a part of it, he built towns in the mountains, little and numerous_, as above: these towns were without walls; but after this Colony grew numerous, and began to want room, _they expelled the _Siculi_, compassed many cities with walls, and became possest of all the territory between the two rivers _Liris_ and _Tibre__: and it is to be understood that those cities had their Councils and _Prytanea_ after the manner of the _Greeks_: for _Dionysius_ [211] tells us, that the new Kingdom of _Rome_, as _Romulus_ left it, consisted of thirty Courts or Councils, in thirty towns, each with the sacred fire kept in the _Prytaneum_ of the Court, for the Senators who met there to perform Sacred Rites, after the manner of the _Greeks_: _but when _Numa_ the successor of _Romulus_ Reigned, he leaving the several fires in their own Courts, instituted one common to them all at _Rome__: whence _Rome_ was not a compleat city before the days of _Numa_.

When navigation was so far improved that the _Phœnicians_ began to leave the sea-shore, and sail through the _Mediterranean_ by the help of the stars, it may be presumed that they began to discover the islands of the _Mediterranean_, and for the sake of trafic to sail as far as _Greece_: and this was not long before they carried away _Io_ the daughter of _Inachus_, from _Argos_. The _Cares_ first infested the _Greek_ seas with piracy, and then _Minos_ the son of _Europa_ got up a potent fleet, and sent out Colonies: for _Diodorus_ [212] tells us, that the _Cyclades_ islands, those near _Crete_, were at first desolate and uninhabited; but _Minos_ having a potent fleet, sent many Colonies out of _Crete_, and peopled many of them; and particularly that the island _Carpathus_ was first seized by the soldiers of _Minos_: _Syme_ lay waste and desolate 'till _Triops_ came thither with a Colony under _Chthonius_: _Strongyle_ or _Naxus_ was first inhabited by the _Thracians_ in the days of _Boreas_, a little before the _Argonautic_ Expedition: _Samsos_ was, at first desert, and inhabited only by a great multitude of terrible wild beasts, 'till _Macareus_ peopled it, as he did also the islands _Chius_ and _Cos_. _Lesbos_ lay waste and desolate 'till _Xanthus_ sailed thither with a Colony: _Tenedos_ lay desolate 'till _Tennes_, a little before the _Trojan_ war, sailed thither from _Troas_. _Aristæus_, who married _Autonoe_ the daughter of _Cadmus_, carried a Colony from _Thebes_ into _Cæa_, an island not inhabited before: the island _Rhodes_ was at first called _Ophiusa_, being full of serpents, before _Phorbas_, a Prince of _Argos_, went thither, and made it habitable by destroying the serpents, which was about the end of _Solomon_'s Reign; in memory of which he is delineated in the heavens in the Constellation of _Ophiuchus_. The discovery of this and some other islands made a report that they rose out of the Sea: _in Asia Delos emersit, & Hiera, & Anaphe, & Rhodus_, saith [213] _Ammianus_: and [214] _Pliny_; _claræ jampridem insulæ, Delos & Rhodos memoriæ produntur enatæ, postea minores, ultra Melon Anaphe, inter Lemnum & Hellespontum Nea, inter Lebedum & Teon Halone_, &c.

_Diodorus_ [215] tells us also, that the seven islands called _Æolides_, between _Italy_ and _Sicily_, were desert and uninhabited 'till _Lipparus_ and _Æolus_, a little before the _Trojan_ war, went thither from _Italy_, and peopled them: and that _Malta_ and _Gaulus_ or _Gaudus_ on the other side of _Sicily_, were first peopled by _Phœnicians_; and so was _Madera_ without the _Straits_: and _Homer_ writes that _Ulysses_ found the Island _Ogygia_ covered with wood, and uninhabited, except by _Calypso_ and her maids, who lived in a cave without houses; and it is not likely that _Great Britain_ and _Ireland_ could be peopled before navigation was propagated beyond the _Straits_.

The _Sicaneans_ were reputed the first inhabitants of _Sicily_, they built little Villages or Towns upon hills, and every Town had its own King; and by this means they spread over the country, before they formed themselves into larger governments with a common King: _Philistus_ [216] saith that _they were transplanted into _Sicily_ from the River _Sicanus_ in _Spain__; and _Dionysius_ [217], that _they were a _Spanish_ people who fled from the _Ligures_ in _Italy__; he means the _Ligures_ [218] who opposed _Hercules_ when he returned from his expedition against _Geryon_ in _Spain_, and endeavoured to pass the _Alps_ out of _Gaul_ into _Italy_. _Hercules_ that year got into _Italy_, and made some conquests there, and founded the city _Croton_; and [219] after winter, upon the arrival of his fleet from _Erythra_ in _Spain_, sailed to _Sicily_, and there left the _Sicani_: for _it was his custom to recruit his army with conquered people, and after they had assisted him in making new conquests to reward them with new seats_: this was the _Egyptian Hercules_, who had a potent fleet, and in the days of _Solomon_ sailed to the _Straits_, and according to his custom set up pillars there, and conquered _Geryon_, and returned back by _Italy_ and _Sicily_ to _Egypt_, and was by the ancient _Gauls_ called _Ogmius_, and by _Egyptians_ [220] _Nilus_: for _Erythra_ and the country of _Geryon_ were without the _Straits_. _Dionysius_ [221] represents this _Hercules_ contemporary to _Evander_.

The first inhabitants of _Crete_, according to _Diodorus_ [222] were called _Eteocretans_; but whence they were, and how they came thither, is not said in history: then sailed thither a Colony of _Pelasgians_ from _Greece_; and soon after _Teutamus_, the grandfather of _Minos_, carried thither a Colony of _Dorians_ from _Laconia_, and from the territory of _Olympia_ in _Peloponnesus_: and these several Colonies spake several languages, and fed on the spontaeous fruits of the earth, and lived quietly in caves and huts, 'till the invention of iron tools, in the days of _Asterius_ the son of _Teutamus_; and at length were reduced into one Kingdom, and one People, by _Minos_, who was their first law-giver, and built many towns and ships, and introduced plowing and sowing, and in whose days the _Curetes_ conquered his father's friends in _Crete_ and _Peloponnesus_. The _Curetes_ [223] sacrificed children to _Saturn_ and according to _Bochart_ [224] were _Philistims_; and _Eusebius_ faith that _Crete_ had its name from _Cres_, one of the _Curetes_ who nursed up _Jupiter_: but whatever was the original of the island, it seems to have been peopled by Colonies which spake different languages, 'till the days of _Asterius_ and _Minos_; and might come thither two or three Generations before, and not above, for want of navigation in those seas.

The island _Cyprus_ was discovered by the _Phœnicians_ not long before; for _Eratosthenes_ [225] tells us, _that _Cyprus_ was at first so overgrown with wood that it could not be tilled, and that they first cut down the wood for the melting of copper and silver, and afterwards when they began to sail safely upon the _Mediterranean__, that is, presently after the _Trojan_ war, _they built ships and even navies of it: and when they could not thus destroy the wood, they gave every man leave to cut down what wood he pleased, and to possess all the ground which he cleared of wood_. So also _Europe_ at first abounded very much with woods, one of which, called the _Hercinian_, took up a great part of _Germany_, being full nine days journey broad, and above forty long, in _Julius Cæsar_'s days: and yet the _Europeans_ had been cutting down their woods, to make room for mankind, ever since the invention of iron tools, in the days of _Asterius_ and _Minos_.

All these footsteps there are of the first peopling of _Europe_, and its Islands, by sea; before those days it seems to have been thinly peopled from the northern coast of the _Euxine-sea_ by _Scythians_ descended from _Japhet_, who wandered without houses, and sheltered themselves from rain and wild beasts in thickets and caves of the earth; such as were the caves in mount _Ida_ in _Crete_, in which _Minos_ was educated and buried; the cave of _Cacus_, and the _Catacombs_ in _Italy_ near _Rome_ and _Naples_, afterwards turned into burying-places; the _Syringes_ and many other caves in the sides of the mountains of _Egypt_; the caves of the _Troglodites_ between _Egypt_ and the _Red Sea_, and those of the _Phaurusii_ in _Afric_, mentioned by [226] _Strabo_; and the caves, and thickets, and rocks, and high places, and pits, in which the _Israelites_ hid themselves from the _Philistims_ in the days of _Saul_, 1 _Sam._ xiii. 6. But of the state of mankind in _Europe_ in those days there is now no history remaining.

The antiquities of _Libya_ were not much older than those of _Europe_; for _Diodorus_ [227] tells us, that _Uranus_ the father of _Hyperion_, and grandfather of _Helius_ and _Selene_, that is _Ammon_ the father of _Sesac_, _was their first common King, and caused the people, who 'till then wandered up and down, to dwell in towns_: and _Herodotus_ [228] tells us, that all _Media_ was peopled by δημοι, towns without walls, 'till they revolted from the _Assyrians_, which was about 267 years after the death of _Solomon_: and that after that revolt they set up a King over them, and built _Ecbatane_ with walls for his seat, the first town which they walled about; and about 72 years after the death of _Solomon_, _Benhadad_ King of _Syria_ [229] had two and thirty Kings in his army against _Ahab_: and when _Joshuah_ conquered the land of _Canaan_, every city of the _Canaanites_ had its own King, like the cities of _Europe_, before they conquered one another; and one of those Kings, _Adonibezek_, the King of _Bezek_ had conquered seventy other Kings a little before, _Judg._ i. 7. and therefore towns began to be built in that land not many ages before the days of _Joshuah_: for the Patriarchs wandred there in tents, and fed their flocks where-ever they pleased, the fields of _Phœnicia_ not being yet fully appropriated, for want of people. The countries first inhabited by mankind, were in those days so thinly peopled, that [230] four Kings from the coasts of _Shinar_ and _Elam_ invaded and spoiled the _Rephaims_, and the inhabitants of the countries of _Moab_, _Ammon_, _Edom_, and the Kingdoms of _Sodom_, _Gomorrah_, _Admah_ and _Zeboim_; and yet were pursued and beaten by _Abraham_ with an armed force of only 318 men, the whole force which _Abraham_ and the princes with him could raise: and _Egypt_ was so thinly peopled before the birth of _Moses_, that _Pharaoh_ said of the _Israelites_; [231] _behold the people of the children of _Israel_ are more and mightier than we_: and to prevent their multiplying and growing too strong, he caused their male children to be drowned.

These footsteps there are of the first peopling of the earth by mankind, not long before the days of _Abraham_; and of the overspreading it with villages, towns and cities, and their growing into Kingdoms, first Smaller and then greater, until the rise of the Monarchies of _Egypt_, _Assyria_, _Babylon_, _Media_, _Persia_, _Greece_, and _Rome_, the first great Empires on this side _India_. _Abraham_ was the fifth from _Peleg_, and all mankind lived together in _Chaldea_ under the Government of _Noah_ and his sons, untill the days of _Peleg_: so long they were of one language, one society, and one religion: and then they divided the earth, being perhaps, disturbed by the rebellion of _Nimrod_, and forced to leave off building the tower of _Babel_: and from thence they spread themselves into the several countries which fell to their shares, carrying along with them the laws, customs and religion, under which they had 'till those days been educated and governed, by _Noah_, and his sons and grandsons: and these laws were handed down to _Abraham_, _Melchizedek_, and _Job_, and their contemporaries, and for some time were observed by the judges of the eastern countries: so _Job_ [232] tells us, that adultery was _an heinous crime, yea an iniquity to be punished by the judges_: and of idolatry he [233] saith, _If I beheld the sun when it shined, or the moon walking in brightness, and my heart hath been secretly inticed, or my mouth hath kissed my hand, this also were an iniquity to be punished by the judge: for I should have denied the God that is above_: and there being no dispute between _Job_ and his friends about these matters, it may be presumed that they also with their countrymen were of the same religion. _Melchizedek_ was a Priest of the most high God, and _Abraham_ voluntarily paid tythes to him; which he would scarce have done had they not been of one and the same religion. The first inhabitants of the land of _Canaan_ seem also to have been originally of the same religion, and to have continued in it 'till the death of _Noah_, and the days of _Abraham_; for _Jerusalem_ was anciently [234] called _Jebus_, and its people _Jebusites_, and _Melchizedek_ was their Priest and King: these nations revolted therefore after the days of _Melchizedek_ to the worship of false Gods; as did also the posterity of _Ismael_, _Esau_, _Moab_, _Ammon_, and that of _Abraham_ by _Keturah_: and the _Israelites_ themselves were very apt to revolt: and one reason why _Terah_ went from _Ur_ of the _Chaldees_ to _Haran_ in his way to the land of _Canaan_; and why _Abraham_ afterward left _Haran_, and went into the land of _Canaan_, might be to avoid the worship of false Gods, which in their days began in _Chaldea_, and spread every way from thence; but did not yet reach into the land of _Canaan_. Several of the laws and precepts in which this primitive religion consisted are mentioned in the book of _Job_, chap. i. ver. 5, and chap, xxxi, _viz._ _not to blaspheme God, nor to worship the Sun or Moon, nor to kill, nor steal, nor to commit adultery, nor trust in riches, nor oppress the poor or fatherless, nor curse your enemies, nor rejoyce at their misfortunes: but to be friendly, and hospitable and merciful, and to relieve the poor and needy, and to set up Judges_. This was the morality and religion of the first ages, still called by the _Jews_, _The precepts of the sons of _Noah__: this was the religion of _Moses_ and the Prophets, comprehended in the two great commandments, of _loving the Lord our God with all our heart and soul and mind, and our neighbour as our selves_: this was the religion enjoyned by _Moses_ to the uncircumcised stranger within the gates of _Israel_, as well as to the _Israelites_: and this is the primitive religion of both _Jews_ and _Christians_, and ought to be the standing religion of all nations, it being for the honour of God, and good of mankind: and _Moses_ adds the precept of _being merciful even to brute beasts, so as not to suck out their blood, nor to cut off their flesh alive with the blood in it, nor to kill them for the sake of their blood, nor to strangle them; but in killing them for food, to let out their blood and spill it upon the ground_, _Gen._ ix. 4, and _Levit_. xvii. 12, 13. This law was ancienter than the days of _Moses_, being given to _Noah_ and his sons long before the days of _Abraham_: and therefore when the Apostles and Elders in the Council at _Jerusalem_ declared that the Gentiles were not obliged to be circumcised and keep the law of _Moses_, they excepted this law of _abstaining from blood, and things strangled_ as being an earlier law of God, imposed not on the sons of _Abraham_ only, but on all nations, while they lived together in _Shinar_ under the dominion of _Noah_: and of the same kind is the law of _abstaining from meats offered to Idols or false Gods, and from fornication_. So then, _the believing that the world was framed by one supreme God, and is governed by him; and the loving and worshipping him, and honouring our parents, and loving our neighbour as our selves, and being merciful even to brute beasts_, is the oldest of all religions: and the Original of letters, agriculture, navigation, music, arts and sciences, metals, smiths and carpenters, towns and houses, was not older in _Europe_ than the days of _Eli_, _Samuel_ and _David_; and before those days the earth was so thinly peopled, and so overgrown with woods, that mankind could not be much older than is represented in Scripture.

* * * * *

CHAP. II

_Of the Empire of _Egypt_._

The _Egyptians_ anciently boasted of a very great and lasting Empire under their Kings _Ammon_, _Osiris_, _Bacchus_, _Sesostris_, _Hercules_, _Memnon_, &c. reaching eastward to the _Indies_, and westward to the _Atlantic Ocean_; and out of vanity have made this monarchy some thousands of years older than the world: let us now try to rectify the Chronology of _Egypt_; by comparing the affairs of _Egypt_ with the synchronizing affairs of the _Greeks_ and _Hebrews_.

_Bacchus_ the conqueror loved two women, _Venus_ and _Ariadne_: _Venus_ was the mistress of _Anchises_ and _Cinyras_, and mother of _Æneas_, who all lived 'till the destruction of _Troy_; and the sons of _Bacchus_ and _Ariadne_ were _Argonauts_; as above: and therefore the great _Bacchus_ flourished but one Generation before the _Argonautic_ expedition. This _Bacchus_ [235] was potent at sea, conquered eastward as far as _India_ returned in triumph, brought his army over the _Hellespont_; conquered _Thrace_, left music, dancing and poetry there; killed _Lycurgus_ King of _Thrace_, and _Pentheus_ the grandson of _Cadmus_; gave the Kingdom of _Lycurgus_ to _Tharops_; and one of his minstrells, called by the _Greeks_ _Calliope_, to _Oeagrus_ the son of _Tharops_; and of _Oeagrus_ and _Calliope_ was born _Orpheus_, who sailed with the _Argonauts_: this _Bacchus_ was therefore contemporary to _Sesostris_; and both being Kings of _Egypt_, and potent at sea, and great conquerors, and carrying on their conquests into _India_ and _Thrace_, they must be one and the same man.

The antient _Greeks_, who made the fables of the Gods, related that _Io_ the daughter of _Inachus_ was carried into _Egypt_; and there became the _Egyptian Isis_; and that _Apis_ the son of _Phoroneus_ after death became the God _Serapis_; and some said that _Epaphus_ was the son of _Io_: _Serapis_ and _Epaphus_ are _Osiris_, and therefore _Isis_ and _Osiris_, in the opinion of the ancient _Greeks_ who made the fables of the Gods, were not above two or three Generations older than the _Argonautic_ expedition. _Dicæarchus_, as he is cited by the scholiast upon _Apollonius_, [236] represents them two Generations older than _Sesostris_, saying that after _Orus_ the son of _Osiris_ and _Isis_, Reigned _Sesonchosis_. He seems to have followed the opinion of the people of _Naxus_, who made _Bacchus_ two Generations older than _Theseus_, and for that end feigned two _Minos's_ and two _Ariadnes_; for by the consent of all antiquity _Osiris_ and _Bacchus_ were one and the same King of _Egypt_: this is affirmed by the _Egyptians_, as well as by the _Greeks_; and some of the antient Mythologists, as _Eumolpus_ and _Orpheus_, [237] called _Osiris_ by the names of _Dionysus_ and _Sirius_. _Osiris_ was King of all _Egypt_, and a great conqueror, and came over the _Hellespont_ in the days of _Triptolemus_, and subdued _Thrace_, and there killed _Lycurgus_; and therefore his expedition falls in with that of the great _Bacchus_. _Osiris_, _Bacchus_ and _Sesostris_ lived about the same time, and by the relation of historians were all of them Kings of all _Egypt_, and Reigned at _Thebes_, and adorned that city, and were very potent by land and sea: all three were great conquerors, and carried on their conquests by land through _Asia_ as far as _India_: all three came over the _Hellespont_ and were there in danger of losing their army: all three conquered _Thrace_, and there put a stop to their victories, and returned back from thence into _Egypt_: all three left pillars with inscriptions in their conquests: and therefore all three must be one and the same King of _Egypt_; and this King can be no other than _Sesac_. All _Egypt_, including _Thebais_, _Ethiopia_ and _Libya_, had no common King before the expulsion of the Shepherds who Reigned in the lower _Egypt_; no Conqueror of _Syria_, _India_, _Asia minor_ and _Thrace_, before _Sesac_; and the sacred history admits of no _Egyptian_ conqueror of _Palestine_ before this King.

_Thymætes_ [238] who was contemporary to _Orpheus_, and wrote a poesy called _Phrygia_, of the actions of _Bacchus_ in very old language and character, said that _Bacchus_ had _Libyan_ women in his army, amongst whom was _Minerva_ a woman born in _Libya_, near the river _Triton,_ and that _Bacchus_ commanded the men and _Minerva_ the women. _Diodorus_ [239] calls her _Myrina_, and saith that she was Queen of the _Amazons_ in _Libya_, and there conquered the _Atlantides_ and _Gorgons_, and then made a league with _Orus_ the son of _Isis_, sent to her by his father _Osiris_ or _Bacchus_ for that purpose, and passing through _Egypt_ subdued the _Arabians_, and _Syria_ and _Cilicia_, and came through _Phrygia_, _viz._ in the army of _Bacchus_ to the _Mediterranean_; but palling over into _Europe_, was slain with many of her women by the _Thracians_ and _Scythians_, under the conduct of _Sipylus_ a _Scythian_, and _Mopsus_ a _Thracian_ whom _Lycurgus_ King of _Thrace_ had banished. This was that _Lycurgus_ who opposed the passage of _Bacchus_ over the _Hellespont_, and was soon after conquered by him, and slain: but afterwards _Bacchus_ met with a repulse from the _Greeks_, under the conduct of _Perseus_, who slew many of his women, as _Pausanias_ [240] relates, and was assisted by the _Scythians_ and _Thracians_ under the conduct of _Sipylus_ and _Mopsus_; which repulses, together with a revolt of his brother _Danaus_ in _Egypt_; put a stop to his victories: and in returning home he left part of his men in _Colchis_ and at _Mount Caucasus_, under _Æetes_ and _Prometheus_; and his women upon the river _Thermodon_ near _Colchis_, under their new Queens _Marthesia_ and _Lampeto_: for _Diodorus_ [241] speaking of the _Amazons_ who were seated at _Thermodon_, saith, that they dwelt originally in _Libya_, and there Reigned over the _Atlantides_, and invading their neighbours conquered as far as _Europe_: and _Ammianus_, [242] that the ancient _Amazons_ breaking through many nations, attack'd the _Athenians_, and there receiving a great slaughter retired to _Thermodon_: and _Justin_, [243] that these _Amazons_ had at first, he means at their first coming to _Thermodon_, two Queens who called themselves daughters of _Mars_; and that they conquered part of _Europe_, and some cities of _Asia_, _viz._ in the Reign of _Minerva_, and then sent back part of their army with a great booty, under their said new Queens; and that _Marthesia_ being afterwards slain, was succeeded by her daughter _Orithya_, and she by _Penthesilea_; and that _Theseus_ captivated and married _Antiope_ the sister of _Orithya_. _Hercules_ made war upon the _Amazons_, and in the Reign of _Orithya_ and _Penthesilea_ they came to the _Trojan_ war: whence the first wars of the _Amazons_ in _Europe_ and _Asia_, and their settling at _Thermodon_, were but one Generation before those actions of _Hercules_ and _Theseus_, and but two before the _Trojan_ war, and so fell in with the expedition of _Sesostris_: and since they warred in the days of _Isis_ and her son _Orus_, and were a part of the army of _Bacchus_ or _Osiris_, we have here a further argument for making _Osiris_ and _Bacchus_ contemporary to _Sesostris_, and all three one and the same King with _Sesac_.

The _Greeks_ reckon _Osiris_ and _Bacchus_ to be sons of _Jupiter_, and the _Egyptian_ name of _Jupiter_ is _Ammon_. _Manetho_ in his 11th and 12th _Dynasties_, as he is cited by _Africanus_ and _Eusebius_ names these four Kings of _Egypt_, as reigning in order; _Ammenemes_, _Gesongeses_ or _Sesonchoris_ the son of _Ammenemes_, _Ammenemes_ who was slain by his Eunuchs, and _Sesostris_ who subdued all _Asia_ and part of _Europe_. _Gesongeses_ and _Sesonchoris_ are corruptly written for _Sesonchosis_; and the two first of these four Kings, _Ammenemes_ and _Sesonchosis_, are the same with the two last, _Ammenemes_ and _Sesostris_, that is, with _Ammon_ and _Sesac_; for _Diodorus_ saith [244] that _Osiris_ built in _Thebes_ a magnificent temple to his parents _Jupiter_ and _Juno_, and two other temples to _Jupiter_, a larger to _Jupiter Uranius_, and a less to his father _Jupiter Ammon_ who reigned in that city: and [245] _Thymætes_ abovementioned, who was contemporary to _Orpheus_, wrote expresly that the father of _Bacchus_ was _Ammon_, a King Reigning over part of _Libya_, that is, a King of _Egypt_ Reigning over all that part of _Libya_, anciently called _Ammonia_. _Stephanus_ [246] saith Πασα ‛η Λιβυη ‛ουτως εκαλειτο απο Αμμωνος· _All _Libya_ was anciently called _Ammonia_ from _Ammon__: this is that King of _Egypt_ from whom _Thebes_ was called _No-Ammon_, and _Ammon-no_ the city of _Ammon_, and by the _Greeks Diospolis_, the city of _Jupiter Ammon_: _Sesostris_ built it sumptuously, and called it by his father's name, and from the same King the [247] River called _Ammon_, the people called _Ammonii_, and the [248] promontory _Ammonium_ in _Arabia fælix_ had their names.