Chapter II: Part 2

596. _Susiana_ and _Elam_ conquered by _Nebuchadnezzar_. _Caranus_ and _Perdiccas_ fly from _Phidon_, and found the Kingdom of _Macedon_. _Phidon_ introduces Weights and Measures, and the Coining of Silver Money.

590. _Cyaxeres_ makes war upon _Alyattes_ King of _Lydia_.

588. The Temple of _Solomon_ is burnt by _Nebuchadnezzar_. The _Messenians_ being conquered, fly into _Sicily_, and build _Messana_.

585. In the sixth year of the _Lydian_ war, a total Eclipse of the Sun, predicted by _Thales_, _May_ the 28th, puts an end to a Battel between the _Medes_ and _Lydians_: Whereupon they make Peace, and ratify it by a marriage between _Darius Medus_ the son of _Cyaxeres_, and _Ariene_ the daughter of _Alyattes_.

584. _Phidon_ presides in the 49th Olympiad.

580. _Phidon_ is overthrown. Two men chosen by lot, out of the city _Elis_, to preside in the Olympic Games.

572. _Draco_ is Archon of the _Athenians_, and makes laws for them.

568. The _Amphictions_ make war upon the _Cirrheans_, by the advice of _Solon_, and take _Cirrha_. _Clisthenes_, _Alcmæon_ and _Eurolicus_ commanded the forces of the _Amphictions_, and were contemporary to _Phidon_. For _Leocides_ the son of _Phidon_, and _Megacles_ the son of _Alcmæon,_ at one and the same time, courted _Agarista_ the daughter of _Clisthenes_.

569. _Nebuchadnezzar_ invades _Egypt_. _Darius_ the _Mede_ Reigns.

562. _Solon_, being Archon of the _Athenians_, makes laws for them.

557. _Periander_ dies, and _Corinth_ becomes free from Tyrants.

555. _Nabonadius_ Reigns at _Babylon_. His Mother _Nitocris_ adorns and fortifies that City.

550. _Pisistratus_ becomes Tyrant at _Athens._ The Conference between _Crœsus_ and _Solon_.

549. _Solon_ dies, _Hegestratus_ being Archon of _Athens_.

544. _Sardes_ is taken by _Cyrus_. _Darius_ the _Mede_ recoins the _Lydian_ money into _Darics_.

538. _Babylon_ is taken by _Cyrus_.

536. _Cyrus_ overcomes _Darius_ the _Mede_, and translates the Empire to the _Persians_. The _Jews_ return from Captivity, and found the second Temple.

529. _Cyrus_ dies. _Cambyses_ Reigns,

521. _Darius_ the son of _Hystaspes_ Reigns. The _Magi_ are slain. The various Religions of the several Nations of _Persia_, which consisted in the worship of their ancient Kings, are abolished; and by the influence of _Hystaspes_ and _Zoroaster_, the worship of One God, at Altars, without Temples is set up in all _Persia_.

520. The second Temple is built at _Jerusalem_ by the command of _Darius_.

515. The second Temple is finished and dedicated.

513. _Harmodius_ and _Aristogiton_, slay _Hipparchus_ the son of _Pisistratus_, Tyrant of the _Athenians._

508. The Kings of the _Romans_ expelled, and Consuls erected.

491. The Battle of _Marathon_.

485. _Xerxes_ Reigns.

480. The Passage of _Xerxes_ over the _Hellespont_ into _Greece_, and Battles of _Thermopylæ_ and _Salamis_.

464. _Artaxerxes Longimanus_ Reigns.

457. _Ezra_ returns into _Judæa_. _Johanan_ the father of _Jaddua_ was now grown up, having a chamber in the Temple.

444. _Nehemiah_ returns into _Judæa_. _Herodotus_ writes.

431. The _Peloponnesian_ war begins.

428. _Nehemiah_ drives away _Manasseh_ the brother of _Jaddua_, because he had married _Nicaso_ the daughter of _Sanballat_.

424. _Darius Nothus_ Reigns.

422. _Sanballat_ builds a Temple in _Mount Gerizim_ and makes his son-in-law _Manasseh_ the first High-Priest thereof.

412. Hitherto the Priests and Levites were numbered, and written in the Chronicles of the _Jews_, before the death of _Nehemiah_: at which time either _Johanan_ or _Jaddua_ was High-Priest, And here Ends the Sacred History of the _Jews_.

405. _Artaxerxes Mnemon_ Reigns. The end of the _Peloponnesian_ war.

359. _Artaxerxes Ochus_ Reigns.

338. _Arogus_ Reigns.

336. _Darius Codomannus_ Reigns.

332. The _Persian_ Empire conquered by _Alexander_ the great.

331. _Darius Codomannus_, the last King of _Persia_, slain.

* * * * *

THE

CHRONOLOGY

OF ANCIENT KINGDOMS AMENDED.

* * * * *

CHAP. I.

_Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the _Greeks_._

All Nations, before they began to keep exact accounts of Time, have been prone to raise their Antiquities; and this humour has been promoted, by the Contentions between Nations about their Originals. _Herodotus_ [3] tells us, that the Priests of _Egypt_ reckoned from the Reign of _Menes_ to that of _Sethon_, who put _Sennacherib_ to flight, three hundred forty and one Generations of men, and as many Priests of _Vulcan_, and as many Kings of _Egypt_: and that three hundred Generations make ten thousand years; _for_, saith he, _three Generations of men make an hundred years_: and the remaining forty and one Generations make 1340 years: and so the whole time from the Reign of _Menes_ to that of _Sethon_ was 11340 years. And by this way of reckoning, and allotting longer Reigns to the Gods of _Egypt_ than to the Kings which followed them, _Herodotus_ tells us from the Priests of _Egypt_, that from _Pan_ to _Amosis_ were 15000 years, and from _Hercules_ to _Amosis_ 17000 years. So also the _Chaldæans_ boasted of their Antiquity; for _Callisthenes_, the Disciple of _Aristotle_, sent Astronomical Observations from _Babylon_ to _Greece_, said to be of 1903 years standing before the times of _Alexander_ the great. And the _Chaldæans_ boasted further, that they had observed the Stars 473000 years; and there were others who made the Kingdoms of _Assyria_, _Media_ and _Damascus_, much older than the truth.

Some of the _Greeks_ called the times before the Reign of _Ogyges_, Unknown, because they had No History of them; those between his flood and the beginning of the Olympiads, Fabulous, because their History was much mixed with Poetical Fables: and those after the beginning of the Olympiads, Historical, because their History was free from such Fables. The fabulous Ages wanted a good Chronology, and so also did the Historical, for the first 60 or 70 Olympiads.

The _Europeans_, had no Chronology before the times of the _Persian_ Empire: and whatsoever Chronology they now have of ancienter times, hath been framed since, by reasoning and conjecture. In the beginning of that Monarchy, _Acusilaus_ made _Phoroneus_ as old as _Ogyges_ and his flood, and that flood 1020 years older than the first Olympiad; which is above 680 years older than the truth: and to make out this reckoning his followers have encreased the Reigns of Kings in length and number. _Plutarch_ [4] tells us that the Philosophers anciently delivered their Opinions in Verse, as _Orpheus_, _Hesiod_, _Parmenides_, _Xenophanes_, _Empedocles_, _Thales_; but afterwards left off the use of Verses; and that _Aristarchus_, _Timocharis_, _Aristillus_, _Hipparchus_, did not make Astronomy the more contemptible by describing it in Prose; after _Eudoxus_, _Hesiod_, and _Thales_ had wrote of it in Verse. _Solon_ wrote [5] in Verse, and all the Seven Wise Men were addicted to Poetry, as _Anaximenes_ [6] affirmed. 'Till those days the _Greeks_ wrote only in Verse, and while they did so there could be no Chronology, nor any other History, than such as was mixed with poetical fancies. _Pliny_, [7] in reckoning up the Inventors of things, tells us, _that _Pherecydes Syrius_ taught to compose discourses in Prose in the Reign of _Cyrus_, and _Cadmus Milesius_ to write History._ And in [8] another place he saith _that _Cadmus Milesius_ was the first that wrote in Prose_. _Josephus_ tells us [9] that _Cadmus Milesius_ and _Acusilaus_ were but a little before the expedition of the _Persians_ against the _Greeks_: and _Suidas_ [10] calls _Acusilaus_ a most ancient Historian, and saith that _he wrote Genealogies out of tables of brass, which his father, as was reported, found in a corner of his house_. Who hid them there may be doubted: For the _Greeks_ [11] had no publick table or inscription older than the Laws of _Draco_. _Pherecydes Atheniensis_, in the Reign of _Darius Hystaspis_, or soon after, wrote of the Antiquities and ancient Genealogies of the _Athenians_, in ten books; and was one of the first _European_ writers of this kind, and one of the best; whence he had the name of _Genealogus_; and by _Dionysius [12] Halicarnassensis_ is said to be second to none of the Genealogers. _Epimenides_, not the Philosopher, but an Historian, wrote also of the ancient Genealogies: and _Hellanicus_, who was twelve years older than _Herodotus_, digested his History by the Ages or Successions of the Priestesses of _Juno Argiva_. Others digested theirs by those of the Archons of _Athens_, or Kings of the _Lacedæmonians_. _Hippias_ the _Elean_ published a Breviary of the Olympiads, supported by no certain arguments, as _Plutarch_ [13] tells us: he lived in the 105th Olympiad, and was derided by _Plato_ for his Ignorance. This Breviary seems to have contained nothing more than a short account of the Victors in every Olympiad. Then [14] _Ephorus_, the disciple of _Isocrates_, formed a Chronological History of _Greece_, beginning with the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and ending with the Siege of _Perinthus_, in the twentieth year of _Philip_ the father of _Alexander_ the great, that is, eleven years before the fall of the _Persian_ Empire: but [15] he digested things by Generations, and the reckoning by the Olympiads, or by any other _Æra_, was not yet in use among the _Greeks_. The _Arundelian_ Marbles were composed sixty years after the death of _Alexander_ the great (_An._ 4. _Olymp._ 128.) and yet mention not the Olympiads, nor any other standing _Æra_, but reckon backwards from the time then present. But Chronology was now reduced to a reckoning by Years; and in the next Olympiad _Timæus Siculus_ improved it: for he wrote a History in Several books, down to his own times, according to the Olympiads; comparing the _Ephori_, the Kings of _Sparta_, the Archons of _Athens_, and the Priestesses of _Argos_ with the Olympic Victors, so as to make the Olympiads, and the Genealogies and Successions of Kings and Priestesses, and the Poetical Histories suit with one another, according to the best of his judgment: and where he left off, _Polybius_ began, and carried on the History. _Eratosthenes_ wrote above an hundred years after the death of _Alexander_ the great: He was followed by _Apollodorus_; and these two have been followed ever since by Chronologers.

But how uncertain their Chronology is, and how doubtful it was reputed by the _Greeks_ of those times, may be understood by these passages of _Plutarch_. _Some reckon _Lycurgus__, saith he, [16] _contemporary to _Iphitus_, and to have been his companion in ordering the Olympic festivals, amongst whom was _Aristotle_ the Philosopher; arguing from the Olympic Disc, which had the name of _Lycurgus_ upon it. Others supputing the times by the Kings of _Lacedæmon_, as _Eratosthenes_ and _Apollodorus_, affirm that he was not a few years older than the first Olympiad._ He began to flourish in the 17th or 18th Olympiad, and at length _Aristotle_ made him as old as the first Olympiad; and so did _Epaminondas_, as he is cited by _Ælian_ and _Plutarch_: and then _Eratosthenes_, _Apollodorus_, and their followers, made him above an hundred years older.

And in another place _Plutarch_ [17] tells us: _The Congress of _Solon_ with _Crœsus_, some think they can confute by Chronology. But a History so illustrious, and verified by so many witnesses, and which is more, so agreeable to the manners of _Solon_, and worthy of the greatness of his mind, and of his wisdom, I cannot persuade my self to reject because of some Chronological Canons, as they call them, which hundreds of authors correcting, have not yet been able to constitute any thing certain, in which they could agree amongst themselves, about repugnancies._

As for the Chronology of the _Latines_, that is still more uncertain. _Plutarch_ [18] represents great uncertainties in the Originals of _Rome_, and so doth _Servius_ [19]. The old Records of the _Latines_ were burnt [20] by the _Gauls_, an hundred and twenty years after the Regifuge, and sixty-four years before the death of _Alexander_ the great: and _Quintus Fabius Pictor_, [21] the oldest Historian of the _Latines_, lived an hundred years later than that King, and took almost all things from _Diocles Peparethius_, a _Greek_. The Chronologers of _Gallia_, _Spain_, _Germany_, _Scythia_, _Swedeland_, _Britain_ and _Ireland_ are of a date still later; for _Scythia_ beyond the _Danube_ had no letters, 'till _Ulphilas_ their Bishop formed them; which was about six hundred years after the death of _Alexander_ the great: and _Germany_ had none 'till it received them, from the western Empire of the _Latines_, above seven hundred years after the death of that King. The _Hunns_, had none in the days of _Procopius_, who flourished 850 years after the death of that King: and _Sweden_ and _Norway_ received them still later. And things said to be done above one or two hundred years before the use of letters, are of little credit.

_Diodorus_, [22] in the beginning of his History tells us, that he did not define by any certain space the times preceding the _Trojan_ War, because he had no certain foundation to rely upon: but from the _Trojan_ war, according to the reckoning of _Apollodorus_, whom he followed, there were eighty years to the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_; and that from that Period to the first Olympiad, there were three hundred and twenty eight years, computing the times from the Kings of the _Lacedæmonians_. _Apollodorus_ followed _Eratosthenes_, and both of them followed _Thucydides_, in reckoning eighty years from the _Trojan_ war to the Return of the _Heraclides_: but in reckoning 328 years from that Return to the first Olympiad, _Diodorus_ tells us, that the times were computed from the Kings of the _Lacedæmonians_; and _Plutarch_ [23] tells us, that _Apollodorus_, _Eratosthenes_ and others followed that computation: and since this reckoning is still received by Chronologers, and was gathered by computing the times from the Kings of the _Lacedæmonians_, that is from their number, let us re-examin that Computation.

The _Egyptians_ reckoned the Reigns of Kings equipollent to Generations of men, and three Generations to an hundred years, as above; and so did the _Greeks_ and _Latines_: and accordingly they have made their Kings Reign one with another thirty and three years a-piece, and above. For they make the seven Kings of _Rome_ who preceded the Consuls to have Reigned 244 years, which is 35 years a-piece: and the first twelve Kings of _Sicyon_, _Ægialeus_, _Europs_, &c. to have Reigned 529 years, which is 44 years a-piece: and the first eight Kings of _Argos_, _Inachus_, _Phoroneus_, &c. to have Reigned 371 years, which is above 46 years a-piece: and between the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and the end of the first _Messenian_ war, the ten Kings of _Sparta_ in one Race; _Eurysthenes_, _Agis_, _Echestratus_, _Labotas_, _Doryagus_, _Agesilaus_, _Archelaus_, _Teleclus_, _Alcamenes_, and _Polydorus_: the nine in the other Race; _Procles_, _Sous_, _Eurypon_, _Prytanis_, _Eunomus_, _Polydectes_, _Charilaus_, _Nicander_, _Theopompus_: the ten Kings of _Messene_; _Cresphontes_, _Epytus_, _Glaucus_, _Isthmius_, _Dotadas_, _Sibotas_, _Phintas_, _Antiochus_, _Euphaes_, _Aristodemus_: and the nine of _Arcadia_; _Cypselus_, _Olæas_, _Buchalion_, _Phialus_, _Simus_, _Pompus_, _Ægineta_, _Polymnestor_, _Æchmis_, according to Chronologers, took up 379 years: which is 38 years a-piece to the ten Kings, and 42 years a-piece to the nine. And the five Kings of the Race of _Eurysthenes_, between the end of the first _Messenian_ war, and the beginning of the Reign of _Darius Hystaspis_; _Eurycrates_, _Anaxander_, _Eurycrates II_, _Leon_, _Anaxandrides_, Reigned 202 years, which is above 40 years a-piece.

Thus the _Greek_ Chronologers, who follow _Timæus_ and _Eratosthenes_, have made the Kings of their several Cities, who lived before the times of the _Persian_ Empire, to Reign about 35 or 40 years a-piece, one with another; which is a length so much beyond the course of nature, as is not to be credited. For by the ordinary course of nature Kings Reign, one with another, about eighteen or twenty years a-piece: and if in some instances they Reign, one with another, five or six years longer, in others they Reign as much shorter: eighteen or twenty years is a medium. So the eighteen Kings of _Judah_ who succeeded _Solomon_, Reigned 390 years, which is one with another 22 years a-piece. The fifteen Kings of _Israel_ after _Solomon_, Reigned 259 years, which is 17¼ years a-piece. The eighteen Kings of _Babylon_, _Nabonassar_ &c. Reigned 209 years, which is 11⅔ years a-piece. The ten Kings of _Persia_; _Cyrus_, _Cambyses_, &c. Reigned 208 years, which is almost 21 years a piece. The sixteen Successors of _Alexander_ the great, and of his brother and son in _Syria_; _Seleucus_, _Antiochus Soter_, &c. Reigned 244 years, after the breaking of that Monarchy into various Kingdoms, which is 15¼ years a-piece. The eleven Kings of _Egypt_; _Ptolomæus Lagi_, &c. Reigned 277 years, counted from the same Period, which is 25 years a-piece. The eight in _Macedonia_; _Cassander_, &c. Reigned 138 years, which is 17¼ years a-piece. The thirty Kings of _England_; _William_ the Conqueror, _William Rufus_, &c. Reigned 648 years, which is 21½ years a-piece. The first twenty four Kings of _France_; _Pharamundus_, &c. Reigned 458 years, which is 19 years a-piece: the next twenty four Kings of _France_; _Ludovicus Balbus_, &c. 451 years, which is 18¾ years a-piece: the next fifteen, _Philip Valesius_, &c. 315 years, which is 21 years a-piece: and all the sixty three Kings of _France_, 1224 years, which is 19½ years a-piece. Generations from father to son, may be reckoned one with another at about 33 or 34 years a-piece, or about three Generations to an hundred years: but if the reckoning proceed by the eldest sons, they are shorter, so that three of them may be reckoned at about 75 or 80 years: and the Reigns of Kings are still shorter, because Kings are succeeded not only by their eldest sons, but sometimes by their brothers, and sometimes they are slain or deposed; and succeeded by others of an equal or greater age, especially in elective or turbulent Kingdoms. In the later Ages, since Chronology hath been exact, there is scarce an instance to be found of ten Kings Reigning any where in continual Succession above 260 years: but _Timæus_ and his followers, and I think also some of his Predecessors, after the example of the _Egyptians_, have taken the Reigns of Kings for Generations, and reckoned three Generations to an hundred, and sometimes to an hundred and twenty years; and founded the Technical Chronology of the _Greeks_ upon this way of reckoning. Let the reckoning be reduced to the course of nature, by putting the Reigns of Kings one with another, at about eighteen or twenty years a-piece: and the ten Kings of _Sparta_ by one Race, the nine by another Race, the ten Kings of _Messene_, and the nine of _Arcadia_, above mentioned, between the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and the end of the first _Messenian_ war, will scarce take up above 180 or 190 years: whereas according to Chronologers they took up 379 years.

For confirming this reckoning, I may add another argument. _Euryleon_ the son of _Ægeus_, [24] commanded the main body of the _Messenians_ in the fifth year of the first _Messenian_ war, and was in the fifth Generation from _Oiolicus_ the son _Theras_, the brother-in-law of _Aristodemus_, and tutor to his sons _Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_, as _Pausanias_ [25] relates: and by consequence, from the return of the _Heraclides_, which was in the days of _Theras_, to the battle which was in the fifth year of this war, there were six Generations, which, as I conceive, being for the most part by the eldest sons, will scarce exceed thirty years to a Generation; and so may amount unto 170 or 180 years. That war lasted 19 or 20 years: add the last 15 years, and there will be about 190 years to the end of that war: whereas the followers of _Timæus_ make it about 379 years, which is above sixty years to a Generation.

By these arguments, Chronologers have lengthned the time, between the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ and the first _Messenian_ war, adding to it about 190 years: and they have also lengthned the time, between that war and the rise of the _Persian_ Empire. For in the Race of the _Spartan_ Kings, descended from _Eurysthenes_; after _Polydorus_, reigned [26] these Kings, _Eurycrates_, _Anaxander_, _Eurycratides_, _Leon_, _Anaxandrides_, _Clomenes_, _Leonidas_, &c. And in the other Race descended from _Procles_; after _Theopompus_, reigned [27] these, _Anaxandrides_, _Archidemus_, _Anaxileus_, _Leutychides_, _Hippocratides_, _Ariston_, _Demaratus_, _Leutychides_ II. &c. according to _Herodotus_. These Kings reigned 'till the sixth year of _Xerxes_, in which _Leonidas_ was slain by the _Persians_ at _Thermopylæ_; and _Leutychides_ II. soon after, flying from _Sparta_ to _Tegea_, died there. The seven Reigns of the Kings of _Sparta_, which follow _Polydorus_, being added to the ten Reigns above mentioned, which began with that of _Eurysthenes_; make up seventeen Reigns of Kings, between the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ and the sixth year of _Xerxes_: and the eight Reigns following _Theopompus_, being added to the nine Reigns above mentioned, which began with that of _Procles_, make up also seventeen Reigns: and these seventeen Reigns, at twenty years a-piece one with another, amount unto three hundred and forty years. Count these 340 years upwards from the sixth year of _Xerxes_, and one or two years more for the war of the _Heraclides_, and Reign of _Aristodemus_, the father of _Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_; and they will place the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, 159 years after the death of _Solomon_, and 46 years before the first Olympiad, in which _Coræbus_ was victor. But the followers of _Timæus_ have placed this Return two hundred and eighty years earlier. Now this being the computation upon which the _Greeks_, as you have heard from _Diodorus_ and _Plutarch_, have founded the Chronology of their Kingdoms, which were ancienter than the _Persian_ Empire; that Chronology is to be rectified, by shortening the times which preceded the death of _Cyrus_, in the proportion of almost two to one; for the times which follow the death of _Cyrus_ are not much amiss.

The Artificial Chronologers, have made _Lycurgus_, the legislator, as old as _Iphitus_, the restorer of the Olympiads; and _Iphitus_, an hundred and twelve years, older than the first Olympiad: and, to help out the Hypothesis, they have feigned twenty eight Olympiads older than the first Olympiad, wherein _Coræbus_ was victor. But these things were feigned, after the days of _Thucydides_ and _Plato_: for _Socrates_ died three years after the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, and _Plato_ [28] introduceth him saying, that _the institutions of _Lycurgus_ were but of three hundred years standing, or not much more_. And [29] _Thucydides_, in the reading followed by _Stephanus_, saith, that _the _Lacedæmonians_, had from ancient times used good laws, and been free from tyranny; and that from the time that they had used one and the same administration of their commonwealth, to the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, there were three hundred years and a few more_. Count three hundred years back from the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, and they will place the Legislature of _Lycurgus_ upon the 19th Olympiad. And, according to _Socrates_, it might be upon the 22d or 23d. _Athenæus_ [30] tells us out of ancient authors (_Hellanicus_, _Sosimus_ and _Hieronymus_) that _Lycurgus_ the Legislator, was contemporary to _Terpander_ the Musician; and that _Terpander_ was the first man who got the victory in the _Carnea_, in a solemnity of music instituted in those festivals in the 26th Olympiad. He overcame four times in those _Pythic_ games, and therefore lived at least 'till the 29th Olympiad: and beginning to flourish in the days of _Lycurgus_, it is not likely that _Lycurgus_ began to flourish, much before the 18th Olympiad. The name of _Lycurgus_ being on the Olympic Disc, _Aristotle_ concluded thence, that _Lycurgus_ was the companion of _Iphitus_, in restoring the Olympic games: and this argument might be the ground of the opinion of Chronologers, that _Lycurgus_ and _Iphitus_ were contemporary. But _Iphitus_ did not restore all the Olympic games. He [31] restored indeed the Racing in the first Olympiad, _Coræbus_ being victor. In the 14th Olympiad, the double _stadium_ was added, _Hypænus_ being victor. And in the 18th Olympiad the _Quinquertium_ and Wrestling were added, _Lampus_ and _Eurybatus_, two _Spartans_, being victors: And the Disc was one of the games of the _Quinquertium_. [32] _Pausanias_ tells us that there were three Discs kept in the Olympic treasury at _Altis_: these therefore having the name of _Lycurgus_ upon them, shew that they were given by him, at the institution of the _Quinquertium_, in the 18th Olympiad. Now _Polydectes_ King of _Sparta_, being slain before the birth of his son _Charillus_ or _Charilaus_, left the Kingdom to _Lycurgus_ his brother; and _Lycurgus_, upon the birth of _Charillus_, became tutor to the child; and after about eight months travelled into _Crete_ and _Asia_, till the child grew up, and brought back with him the poems of _Homer_; and soon after published his laws, suppose upon the 22d or 23d Olympiad; for he was then growing old: and _Terpander_ was a Lyric Poet, and began to flourish about this time; for [33] he imitated _Orpheus_ and _Homer_, and sung _Homer's_ verses and his own, and wrote the laws of _Lycurgus_ in verse, and was victor in the _Pythic_ games in the 26th Olympiad, as above. He was the first who distinguished the modes of Lyric music by several names. _Ardalus_ and _Clonas_ soon after did the like for wind music: and from henceforward, by the encouragement of the _Pythic_ games, now instituted, several eminent Musicians and Poets flourished in _Greece_: as _Archilochus_, _Eumelus Corinthius_, _Polymnestus_, _Thaletas_, _Xenodemus_, _Xenocritus_, _Sacadas_, _Tyrtæus_, _Tlesilla_, _Rhianus_, _Alcman_, _Arion_, _Stesichorus_, _Mimnermnus_, _Alcæus_, _Sappho_, _Theognis_, _Anacreon_, _Ibycus_, _Simonides_, _Æschylus_, _Pindar_, by whom the Music and Poetry of the _Greeks_ were brought to perfection.

_Lycurgus_, published his laws in the Reign of _Agesilaus_, the son and successor of _Doryagus_, in the Race of the Kings of _Sparta_ descended from _Eurysthenes_. From the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, to the end of the Reign of _Agesilaus_, there were six Reigns: and from the same Return to the end of the Reign of _Polydectes_, in the Race of the _Spartan_ Kings descended from _Procles_, there were also six Reigns: and these Reigns, at twenty years a-piece one with another, amount unto 120 years; besides the short Reign of _Aristodemus_, the father of _Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_, which might amount to a year or two: for _Aristodemus_ came to the crown, as [34] _Herodotus_ and the _Lacedæmonians_ themselves affirmed. The times of the deaths of _Agesilaus_ and _Polydectes_ are not certainly known: but it may be presumed that _Lycurgus_ did not meddle with the Olympic games before he came to the Kingdom; and therefore _Polydectes_ died in the beginning of the 18th Olympiad, or but a very little before. If it may be supposed that the 20th Olympiad was in, or very near to the middle time between the deaths of the two Kings _Polydectes_ and _Agesilaus_, and from thence be counted upwards the aforesaid 120 years, and one year more for the Reign of _Aristodemus_; the reckoning will place the Return of the _Heraclides_, about 45 years before the beginning of the Olympiads.

_Iphitus_, who restored the Olympic games, [35] was descended from _Oxylus_, the son of _Hæmon_, the son of _Thoas_, the son of _Andræmon_: _Hercules_ and _Andræmon_ married two sisters: _Thoas_ warred at _Troy_: _Oxylus_ returned into _Peloponnesus_ with the _Heraclides_. In this return he commanded the body of the _Ætolians_, and recovered _Elea_; [36] from whence his ancestor _Ætolus_, the son of _Endymion_, the son of _Aethlius_, had been driven by _Salmoneus_ the grandson of _Hellen_. By the friendship of the _Heraclides_, _Oxylus_ had the care of the Olympic Temple committed to him: and the _Heraclides_, for his service done them, granted further upon oath that the country of the _Eleans_ should be free from invasions, and be defended by them from all armed force: And when the _Eleans_ were thus consecrated, _Oxylus_ restored the Olympic games: and after they had been again intermitted, _Iphitus_ their King [37] restored them, and made them quadrennial. _Iphitus_ is by some reckoned the son of _Hæmon_, by others the son of _Praxonidas_, the son of _Hæmon_: but _Hæmon_ being the father of _Oxylus_, I would reckon _Iphitus_ the son of _Praxonidas_, the son of _Oxylus_, the son of _Hæmon_. And by this reckoning the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ will be two Generations by the eldest sons, or about 52 years, before the Olympiads.

_Pausanias_ [38] represents that _Melas_ the son of _Antissus_, of the posterity of _Gonussa_ the daughter of _Sicyon_, was not above six Generations older than _Cypselus_ King of _Corinth_; and that he was contemporary to _Aletes_, who returned with the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_. The Reign of _Cypselus_ began _An._ 2, Olymp. 31, according to Chronologers; and six Generations, at about 30 years to a Generation, amount unto 180 years. Count those years backwards from _An._ 2, Olymp. 31, and they will place the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ 58 years before the first Olympiad. But it might not be so early, if the Reign of _Cypselus_ began three or four Olympiads later; for he reigned before the _Persian_ Empire began.

_Hercules_ the _Argonaut_ was the father of _Hyllus_; the father of _Cleodius_; the father of _Aristomachus_; the father of _Temenus_, _Cresphontes_, and _Aristodemus_, who led the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ and _Eurystheus_, who was of the same age with _Hercules_, was slain in the first attempt of the _Heraclides_ to return: _Hyllus_ was slain in the second attempt, _Cleodius_ in the third attempt, _Aristomachus_ in the fourth attempt, and _Aristodemus_ died as soon as they were returned, and left the Kingdom of _Sparta_ to his sons _Eurysthenes_ and _Procles_. Whence their Return was four Generations later than the _Argonautic_ expedition: And these Generations were short ones, being by the chief of the family, and suit with the reckoning of _Thucydides_ and the Ancients, that the taking of _Troy_ was about 75 or eighty years before the return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_; and the _Argonautic_ expedition one Generation earlier than the taking of _Troy_. Count therefore eighty years backward from the Return of the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_ to the _Trojan_ war, and the taking of _Troy_ will be about 76 years after the death of _Solomon_: And the _Argonautic_ expedition, which was one Generation earlier, will be about 43 years after it. From the taking of _Troy_ to the Return of the _Heraclides_, could scarce be more than eighty years, because _Orestes_ the son of _Agamemnon_ was a youth at the taking of _Troy_, and his sons _Penthilus_ and _Tisamenus_ lived till the Return of the _Heraclides_.

_Æsculapius_ and _Hercules_ were _Argonauts_, and _Hippocrates_ was the eighteenth inclusively by the father's side from _Æsculapius_, and the nineteenth from _Hercules_ by the mother's side: and because these Generations, being taken notice of by writers, were most probably by the principal of the family, and so for the most part by the eldest sons; we may reckon about 28 or at the most about 30 years to a Generation. And thus the seventeen intervals by the father's side, and eighteen by the mother's, will at a middle reckoning amount unto about 507 years: which counted backwards from the beginning of the _Peloponnesian_ war, at which time _Hippocrates_ began to flourish, will reach up to the 43d year after the death of _Solomon_, and there place the _Argonautic_ expedition.

When the _Romans_ conquered the _Carthaginians_, the Archives of _Carthage_ came into their hands: And thence _Appian_, in his history of the _Punic_ wars, tells in round numbers that _Carthage_ stood seven hundred years: and [39] _Solinus_ adds the odd number of years in these words: _Adrymeto atque Carthagini author est a Tyro populus. Urbem istam, ut Cato in Oratione Senatoria autumat; cum rex Hiarbas rerum in Libya potiretur, Elissa mulier extruxit, domo Phœnix & Carthadam dixit, quod Phœnicum ore exprimit civitatem novam; mox sermone verso Carthago dicta est, quæ post annos septingentos triginta septem exciditur quam fuerat extructa_. _Elissa_ was _Dido_, and _Carthage_ was destroyed in the Consulship of _Lentulus_ and _Mummius_, in the year of the _Julian Period_ 4568; from whence count backwards _737_ years, and the _Encænia_ or Dedication of the City, will fall upon the 16th year of _Pygmalion_, the brother of _Dido_, and King of _Tyre_. She fled in the seventh year of _Pygmalion_, but the _Æra_ of the City began with its _Encænia_. Now _Virgil_, and his Scholiast _Servius_, who might have some things from the archives of _Tyre_ and _Cyprus_, as well as from those of _Carthage_, relate that _Teucer_ came from the war of _Troy_ to _Cyprus_, in the days of _Dido_, a little before the Reign of her brother _Pygmalion_; and, in conjunction with her father, seized _Cyprus_, and ejected _Cinyras_: and the Marbles say that _Teucer_ came to _Cyprus_ seven years after the destruction of _Troy_, and built _Salamis_; and _Apollodorus_, that _Cinyras_ married _Metharme_ the daughter of _Pygmalion_, and built _Paphos_. Therefore, if the _Romans_, in the days of _Augustus_, followed not altogether the artificial Chronology of _Eratosthenes_, but had these things from the records of _Carthage_, _Cyprus_, or _Tyre_; the arrival of _Teucer_ at _Cyprus_ will be in the Reign of the predecessor of _Pygmalion_: and by consequence the destruction of _Troy_, about 76 years later than the death of _Solomon_.

_Dionysius Halicarnassensis_ [40] tells us, that in the time of the _Trojan_ war, _Latinus_ was King of the _Aborigines_ in _Italy_, and that in the sixteenth Age after that war, _Romulus_ built _Rome_. By Ages he means Reigns of Kings: for after _Latinus_ he names sixteen Kings of the _Latines_, the last of which was _Numitor_, in whose days _Romulus_ built _Rome_: for _Romulus_ was contemporary to _Numitor_, and after him _Dionysius_ and others reckon six Kings more over _Rome_, to the beginning of the Consuls. Now these twenty and two Reigns, at about 18 years to a Reign one with another, for many of these Kings were slain, took up 396 years; which counted back from the consulship of _Junius Brutus_ and _Valerius Publicola_, the two first Consuls, place the _Trojan_ war about 78 years after the death of _Solomon_.

The expedition of _Sesostris_ was one Generation earlier than the _Argonautic_ expedition: for in his return back into _Egypt_ he left _Æetes_ in _Colchis_, and _Æetes_ reigned there 'till the _Argonautic_ expedition; and _Prometheus_ was left by _Sesostris_ with a body of men at _Mount Caucasus_, to guard that pass, and after thirty years was released by _Hercules_ the _Argonaut_: and _Phlyas_ and _Eumedon_, the sons of the great _Bacchus_, so the Poets call _Sesostris_, and of _Ariadne_ the daughter of _Minos_, were _Argonauts_. At the return of _Sesostris_ into _Egypt_, his brother _Danaus_ fled from him into _Greece_ with his fifty daughters, in a long ship; after the pattern of which the ship _Argo_ was built: and _Argus_, the son of _Danaus_, was the master-builder thereof. _Nauplius_ the _Argonaut_ was born in _Greece_, of _Amymone_, one of the daughters of _Danaus_, and of _Neptune_, the brother and admiral of _Sesostris_: And two others of the daughters of _Danaus_ married _Archander_ and _Archilites_, the sons of _Achæus_, the son of _Creusa_, the daughter of _Erechtheus_ King of _Athens_: and therefore the daughters of _Danaus_ were three Generations younger than _Erechtheus_; and by consequence contemporary to _Theseus_ the son of _Ægeus_, the adopted son of _Pandion_, the son of _Erechtheus_. _Theseus_, in the time of the _Argonautic_ expedition, was of about 50 years of age, and so was born about the 33d year of _Solomon_: for he stole _Helena_ [41] just before that expedition, being then 50 years old, and she but seven, or as some say ten. _Pirithous_ the son of _Ixion_ helped _Theseus_ to steal _Helena_, and then [42] _Theseus_ went with _Pirithous_ to steal _Persephone_, the daughter of _Aidoneus_, or _Orcus_, King of the _Molossians_, and was taken in the action: and whilst he lay in prison, _Castor_ and _Pollux_ returning from the _Argonautic_ expedition, released their sister _Helena_, and captivated _Æthra_ the mother of _Theseus_. Now the daughters of _Danaus_ being contemporary to _Theseus_, and some of their sons being _Argonauts_, _Danaus_ with his daughters fled from his brother _Sesostris_ into _Greece_ about one Generation before the _Argonautic_ expedition; and therefore _Sesostris_ returned into _Egypt_ in the Reign of _Rehoboam_. He came out of _Egypt_ in the fifth year of _Rehoboam_, [43] and spent nine years in that expedition, against the Eastern Nations and _Greece_; and therefore returned back into _Egypt_, in the fourteenth year of _Rehoboam_. _Sesac_ and _Sesostris_ were therefore Kings of all _Egypt_, at one and the same time: and they agree not only in the time, but also in their actions and conquests. God gave _Sesac_ ממלכות הארצות _the Kingdoms of the lands_, 2 Chron. xii. Where _Herodotus_ describes the expedition of _Sesostris_, _Josephus_ [44] tells us that he described the expedition of _Sesac_, and attributed his actions to _Sesostris_, erring only in the name of the King. Corruptions of names are frequent in history; _Sesostris_ was otherwise called _Sesochris_, _Sesochis_, _Sesoosis_, _Sethosis_, _Sesonchis_, _Sesonchosis_. Take away the _Greek_ termination, and the names become _Sesost_, _Sesoch_, _Sesoos_, _Sethos_, _Sesonch_: which names differ very little from _Sesach_. _Sesonchis_ and _Sesach_ differ no more than _Memphis_ and _Moph_, two names of the same city. _Josephus_ [45] tells us also, from _Manetho_, that _Sethosis_ was the brother of _Armais_, and that these brothers were otherwise called _Ægyptus_ and _Danaus_; and that upon the return of _Sethosis_ or _Ægyptus_, from his great conquests into _Egypt_, _Armais_ or _Danaus_ fled from him into _Greece_.

_Egypt_ was at first divided into many small Kingdoms, like other nations; and grew into one monarchy by degrees: and the father of _Solomon's_ Queen, was the first King of _Egypt_, who came into _Phœnicia_ with an Army: but he only took _Gezir_, and gave it to his daughter. _Sesac_, the next King, came out of _Egypt_ with an army of _Libyans_, _Troglodites_ and _Ethiopians_, 2 Chron. xii. 3. and therefore was then King of all those countries; and we do not read in Scripture, that any former King of _Egypt_; who Reigned over all those nations, came out of _Egypt_ with a great army to conquer other countries. The sacred history of the _Israelites_, from the days of _Abraham_ to the days of _Solomon_, admits of no such conqueror. _Sesostris_ reigned over all the same nations of the _Libyans_, _Troglodites_ and _Ethiopians_, and came out of _Egypt_ with a great army to conquer other Kingdoms. The Shepherds reigned long in the lower part of _Egypt_, and were expelled thence, just before the building of _Jerusalem_ and the Temple; according to _Manetho_; and whilst they Reigned in the lower part of _Egypt_, the upper part thereof was under other Kings: and while _Egypt_ was divided into several Kingdoms, there was no room for any such King of all _Egypt_ as _Sesostris_; and no historian makes him later than _Sesac_: and therefore he was one and the same King of _Egypt_ with _Sesac_. This is no new opinion: _Josephus_ discovered it when he affirmed that _Herodotus_ erred, in ascribing the actions of _Sesac_ to _Sesostris_, and that the error was only in the name of the King: for this is as much as to say, that the true name of him who did those things described by _Herodotus_, was _Sesac_; and that _Herodotus_ erred only in calling him _Sesostris_; or that he was called _Sesostris_ by a corruption of his name. Our great Chronologer, _Sir John Marsham_, was also of opinion that _Sesostris_ was _Sesac_: and if this be granted, it is then most certain, that _Sesostris_ came out of _Egypt_ in the fifth year of _Rehoboam_ to invade the nations, and returned back into _Egypt_ in the 14th year of that King; and that _Danaus_ then flying from his brother, came into _Greece_ within a year or two after: and the _Argonautic_ expedition being one Generation later than that invasion, and than the coming of _Danaus_ into _Greece_, was certainly about 40 or 45 years later than the death of _Solomon_. _Prometheus_ stay'd on _Mount Caucasus_ [46] thirty years, and then was released by _Hercules_: and therefore the _Argonautic_ expedition was thirty years after _Prometheus_ had been left on _Mount Caucasus_ by _Sesostris_, that is, about 44 years after the death of _Solomon_.

All nations, before the just length of the Solar year was known, reckoned months by the course of the moon; and years by the [47] returns of winter and summer, spring and autumn: and in making Calendars for their Festivals, reckoned thirty days to a Lunar month, and twelve Lunar months to a year; taking the nearest round numbers: whence came the division of the Ecliptic into 360 degrees. So in the time of _Noah_'s flood, when the Moon could not be seen, _Noah_ reckoned thirty days to a month: but if the Moon appeared a day or two before the end of the month, [48] they began the next month with the first day of her appearing: and this was done generally, 'till the _Egyptians_ of _Thebais_ found the length of the Solar year. So [49] _Diodorus_ tells us that _the _Egyptians_ of _Thebais_ use no intercalary months, nor subduct any days_ [from the month] _as is done by most of the _Greeks__. And [50] _Cicero_, _est consuetudo Siculorum cæterorumque Græcorum, quod suos dies mensesque congruere volunt cum Solis Lunæque ratione, ut nonnumquam siquid discrepet, eximant unum aliquem diem aut summum biduum ex mense_ [civili dierum triginta] _quos illi_ εξαιρεσιμους _dies nominant_. And _Proclus_, upon _Hesiod_'s τριακας mentions the same thing. And [51] _Geminus_: Προθεσις γαρ ην τοις αρχαιοις, τους μεν μηνας αγειν κατα σεληνην, τους δε ενιαυτους καθ' ‛ηλιον. Το γαρ ‛υπο των νομων, και των χρησμων παραγγελλομενον, το θυειν κατα γ', ηγουν τα πατρια, μηνας, ‛ημερας, ενιαυτους: τουτο διελαβον απαντες ‛οι ‛Ελληνες τωι τους μεν ‛ενιαυτους συμφωνως αγειν τωι ‛ηλιωι· τας δε ‛ημερας και τους μηνας τηι σεληνη. εστι δε το μεν καθ' ‛ηλιον αγειν τους ενιαυτους, το περι τας αυτας ‛ωρας του ενιαυτου τας αυτας θυσιας τοις θεοις επιτελειθαι, και την μεν εαρινην θυσιαν δια παντος κατα το εαρ συντελειθαι· την δε θερινην, κατα το θερος· ‛ομοιως δε και κατα τους λοιπους καιρους του ετους τας αυτας θυσιας πιπτειν. Τουτο γαρ ‛υπελαβον προσηνες, και κεχαρισμενον ειναι τοις θεοις. Τουτο δ' αλλως ουκ αν δυναιτο γενεσθαι, ει μη ‛αι τροπαι, και ‛αι ισημεριαι περι τους αυτους τοπους γιγνοιντο. Το δε κατα σεληνην αγειν τας ‛ημερας, τοιουτον εστι· το ακολουθως τοις της σεληνης φωτισμοις τας προσηγοριας των ‛ημερων γινεσθαι. απο γαρ των της σεληνης φωτισμων ‛αι προσηγοριαι των ‛ημερων κατωνομασθησαν. Εν ‛ηι μεν γαρ ‛ημεραι νεα ‛η σεληνη φαινεται, κατα συναλοιφην νεομηνια προσηγορευθη· εν ‛ηι δε ‛ημεραι την δευτεραν φασιν ποιειται, δευτεραν προσηγορευσαν· την δε κατα μεσον του μηνος γινομενην φασιν της σεληνης, απο αυτου του συμβαινοντος διχομηνιαν εκαλεσαν. και καθολου δε πασας τας ‛ημερας απο των της σεληνης φωτισματων προσωνομασαν. ‛οθεν και την τριακοστην του μηνος ‛ημεραν εσχατην ουσαν απο αυτου του συμβαινοντος τριακαδα εκαλεσαν. _Propositum enim fuit veteribus, menses quidem agere secundum Lunam, annos vero secundum Solem. Quod enim a legibus & Oraculis præcipiebatur, ut sacrificarent secundum tria, videlicet patria, menses, dies, annos; hoc ita distincte faciebant universi Græci, ut annos agerent congruenter cum Sole, dies vero & menses cum Luna. Porro secundum Solem annos agere, est circa easdem tempestates anni eadem sacrificia Diis perfici, & vernum sacrificium semper in vere consummari, æstivum autem in æstate: similiter & in reliquis anni temporibus eadem sacrificia cadere. Hoc enim putabant acceptum & gratum esse Diis. Hoc autem aliter fieri non posset nisi conversiones solstitiales & æquinoctia in iisdem Zodiaci locis fierent. Secundum Lunam vero dies agere est tale ut congruant cum Lunæ illuminationibus appellationes dierum. Nam a Lunæ illuminationibus appellationes dierum sunt denominatæ. In qua enim die Luna apparet nova, ea per Synalœphen, seu compositionem νεομηνια id est, Novilunium appellatur. In qua vero die secundam facit apparitionem, eam secundam Lunam vocarunt. Apparitionem Lunæ quæ circa medium mensis fit, ab ipso eventu διχομηνιαν, id est medietatem mensis nominarunt. Ac summatim, omnes dies a Lunæ illuminationibus denominarunt. Unde etiam tricesimam mensis diem, cum ultima sit, ab ipso eventu τριακαδα vocarunt_.

The ancient Calendar year of the _Greeks_ consisted therefore of twelve Lunar months, and every month of thirty days: and these years and months they corrected from time to time, by the courses of the Sun and Moon, omitting a day or two in the month, as often as they found the month too long for the course of the Moon; and adding a month to the year, as often as they found the twelve Lunar months too short for the return of the four seasons. _Cleobulus_, [52] one of the seven wise men of _Greece_, alluded to this year of the _Greeks_, in his Parable of one father who had twelve sons, each of which had thirty daughters half white and half black: and _Thales_ [53] called the last day of the month τριακαδα, the thirtieth: and _Solon_ counted the ten last days of the month backward from the thirtieth, calling that day ενην και νεαν, the old and the new, or the last day of the old month and the first day of the new: for he introduced months of 29 and 30 days alternately, making the thirtieth day of every other month to be the first day of the next month.

To the twelve Lunar months [54] the ancient _Greeks_ added a thirteenth, every other year, which made their _Dieteris_; and because this reckoning made their year too long by a month in eight years, they omitted an intercalary month once in eight years, which made their _Octaeteris_, one half of which was their _Tetraeteris_: And these Periods seem to have been almost as old as the religions of _Greece_, being used in divers of their _Sacra_. The [55] _Octaeteris_ was the _Annus magnus_ of _Cadmus_ and _Minos_, and seems to have been brought into _Greece_ and _Crete_ by the _Phœnicians_, who came thither with _Cadmus_ and _Europa_, and to have continued 'till after the days of _Herodotus_: for in counting the length of seventy years [56], he reckons thirty days to a Lunar month, and twelve such months, or 360 days, to the ordinary year, without the intercalary months, and 25 such months to the _Dieteris_: and according to the number of days in the Calendar year of the _Greeks_, _Demetrius Phalereus_ had 360 Statues erected to him by the _Athenians_. But the _Greeks_, _Cleostratus_, _Harpalus_, and others, to make their months agree better with the course of the Moon, in the times of the _Persian_ Empire, varied the manner of intercaling the three months in the _Octaeteris_; and _Meton_ found out the Cycle of intercaling seven months in nineteen years.

The Ancient year of the _Latines_ was also Luni-solar; for _Plutarch_ [57] tells us, that the year of _Numa_ consisted of twelve Lunar months, with intercalary months to make up what the twelve Lunar months wanted of the Solar year. The Ancient year of the _Egyptians_ was also Luni-solar, and continued to be so 'till the days of _Hyperion_, or _Osiris_, a King of _Egypt_, the father of _Helius_ and _Selene_, or _Orus_ and _Bubaste_: For the _Israelites_ brought this year out of _Egypt_; and _Diodorus_ tells [58] us that _Ouranus_ the father of _Hyperion_ used this year, and [59] that in the Temple of _Osiris_ the Priests appointed thereunto filled 360 Milk Bowls every day: I think he means one Bowl every day, in all 360, to count the number of days in the Calendar year, and thereby to find out the difference between this and the true Solar year: for the year of 360 days was the year, to the end of which they added five days.

That the _Israelites_ used the Luni-solar year is beyond question. Their months began with their new Moons. Their first month was called _Abib_, from the earing of Corn in that month. Their Passover was kept upon the fourteenth day of the first month, the Moon being then in the full: and if the Corn was not then ripe enough for offering the first Fruits, the Festival was put off, by adding an intercalary month to the end of the year; and the harvest was got in before the Pentecost, and the other Fruits gathered before the Feast of the seventh month.

_Simplicius_ in his commentary [60] on the first of _Aristotle_'s _Physical Acroasis_, tells us, that _some begin the year upon the Summer Solstice, as the People of _Attica_; or upon the Autumnal Equinox, as the People of _Asia_; or in Winter, as the _Romans_; or about the Vernal Equinox, as the _Arabians_ and People of _Damascus_: and the month began, according to some, upon the Full Moon, or upon the New._ The years of all these Nations were therefore Luni-solar, and kept to the four Seasons: and the _Roman_ year began at first in Spring, as I seem to gather from the Names of their Months, _Quintilis_, _Sextilis_, _September_, _October_, _November_, _December_: and the beginning was afterwards removed to Winter. The ancient civil year of the _Assyrians_ and _Babylonians_ was also Luni-solar: for this year was also used by the _Samaritans_, who came from several parts of the _Assyrian_ Empire; and the _Jews_ who came from _Babylon_ called the months of their Luni-solar year after the Names of the months of the _Babylonian_ year: and _Berosus_ [61] tells us that the _Babylonians_ celebrated the Feast _Sacæa_ upon the 16th day of the month _Lous_, which was a Lunar month of the _Macedonians_, and kept to one and the same Season of the year: and the _Arabians_, a Nation who peopled _Babylon_, use Lunar months to this day. _Suidas_ [62] tells us, that the _Sarus_ of the _Chaldeans_ contains 222 Lunar months, which are eighteen years, consisting each of twelve Lunar months, besides six intercalary months: and when [63] _Cyrus_ cut the River _Gindus_ into 360 Channels, he seems to have alluded unto the number of days in the Calendar year of the _Medes_ and _Persians_: and the Emperor _Julian_ [64] writes, _For when all other People, that I may say it in one word, accommodate their months to the course of the Moon, we alone with the _Egyptians_ measure the days of the year by the course of the Sun._