Chapter VII: Part IV: The Fabric (2)

The churchwardens' accounts for bread and wine at the three communions are accurately recorded after the Restoration, as well as their expenses for the journey required to procure them--the ride to Kendal being charged as 8d., or if only to Ambleside 4d. Unluckily, however, only the sum expended is given, and not the amount of wine. In 1666 the three sacraments cost the parish 9s. 9d., 9s. 3d., and 9d. 3d. respectively; in 1668, 6s. 11d., 8s. 3d., and 8s. 3d.; in 1669, 10s. 3d., 10s. 3d., and 7s. 9d. From 1681 the accounts kept separately for Grasmere and for Loughrigg with Rydal each show an expenditure for bread and wine; but the Langdale division, which had now acquired the privilege of a Communion in its own chapel once a year, was apparently let off. The expenses for that year were set down as £1 13s. 3d.; Grasmere paying £1 0s. 1d. and Loughrigg and Rydal 13s. 2d.; the division being based probably upon the number of communicants in each township. In 1691 the total expenditure was £2 6s. 6d., and it remained at much this figure till 1729. The charge from that time became a fixed one, Grasmere paying 7s. 2d., 6s. 6d., and 7s. 2d. for the Christmas, Whitsuntide, and Michaelmas celebrations (which included two journeys); and Loughrigg and Rydal, 4s. 4d., 5s., and 4s. 4d. (one journey), and it remained at these figures till 1821, when there was a change of rectors. From this date the charge was exceedingly irregular, figuring occasionally as high as £2 7s. 10d., while sometimes it does not appear at all, the bread only being accounted for. Then it dropped greatly. From 1833 Loughrigg and Rydal ceased to pay--in consideration, no doubt, of the celebrations held in the new chapel in Rydal; and Grasmere figured at a sum under £1, or not at all! By a new arrangement in 1842 Loughrigg and Rydal recommenced its contribution, though on a new basis of irregular payments; and this continued until the break-up of the old order in 1857, when it joined for the last time at the sacramental bread and wine provided at the old parish church, paying 4s. 9d., while Grasmere paid 14s. 3d.

It may be of interest to note that with the new order and the new rector (who kept a book in which he entered particulars of the communicants) the bread and wine for Grasmere alone cost £2 5s. 9d. When, in 1860, it rose to £4 10s., the sum included 8s. paid by the rector to the wardens in place of his Easter provision. This ancient rectorial charge is mentioned for the last time in 1865. It was probably coincident also with the appointment of the Rev. Fletcher Fleming, that the old order of sacraments four times in the year was changed to a monthly celebration.

The following extracts from the accounts, besides others interspersed in the text, show that the townships carried out their separate obligations until the Vestry revolution of 1856-7, a period of almost 200 years. They apparently gave out their share of the work to their own townsmen. John Birkett, who received 1s. for a "yeat stoop," in 1755, for the Loughrigg and Beneath Moss Gate, was a Rydal man. The ale charged 1s. 8d. in the public auction, when that township let the contract for the repair of its benches in 1783, was doubtless drunk at the Fleming's Inn in Rydal, where such scenes were frequent.

1667 to John Hawkrigg for mending gresmyr-yeat 1s 4d

1668 for glassing one window for gresmyr 3s 6d

1669 It. to Milles Mackereth for a Gammer & Crake & loupp to
gresmyre Church yeats 1s 9d.

1670 for mending sliper of our Church yeats 1d

1678 For langdall yeat & laughrigg yeat for Irron-worke 6d; also
"for mending Churchyard wale for laughrigg third" 1s 6d.

1680 Loughrigg and beneath Moss repaire "our window" 1s 0d

1683 Grasmere repairs windows, 8d., "yeats" 1s. 0d., and Lou. &
b. M. the "Church wals" 10.

1730 Lou. and b. M. makes a new gate 16s 6d.

1751 Langdale makes a new gate 10s 7d

1755 Lou. and b. M. makes new gate 8s 0d. and mends wall 4s 4d

1759 Grasmere and Langdale repair their walls

1761 Grasmere mends gates 1s 10d.; while mending of the church
porch, 4s 6d is entered in general charges

1768 Grasmere "glasses" windows 9s 6d

1769 All three gates are repaired, and Grasmere mends her windows

1773 Loughrigg and beneath Moss makes new gates and stulps 11s
11d, also repairs wall 10s 0d, Langdale does the latter 7s 6d

1775 Grasmere sells old gates for 4s 0d

1776 Lou. and b. M. works on wall £3 5s 0d

1777 Grasmere collects material for wall 19s 4d. Langdale makes
new gate 9s 0d

1780 Grasmere raises wall from the school-house to where it
meets "Rydal third" £1 17s 3d. All the townships repair their
windows

1782 Lou. and b. M. again repairs wall, evidently with
thoroughness, giving 1s 0d in ale to the men who work the
foundation in water (of the river). The leading of stones for 5
days with 2 horses cost £1 0s 0d. Total £2 3s 6d

1790 Langdale pays "for new stoops for Langdale gate & hanging"
4s 3d while all three townships mend windows--Grasmere for its
"third" 6s 10d, Langdale 10-1/2d, and Lou. and b. M. is 6-1/2d

1799 Lou. and b. M. pays "To mending Rydale Gates" 1s 0d

1806 Lou. and b. M. pays £1 5s 6d for a new gate, to Edward
Wilson of Grasmere

1811 Lou. and b. M. repairs "Church Garth Wall" £1 11s 9d; and
gate 2s 6d, to John Watson, smith, of Grasmere

1819 Lou. and b. M. repairs wall, 15s 0d; and windows 15s 3d

1822 Lou. and b. M. mends and paints church gates 6s 4d

1832 Lou. and b. M. glazes windows 1s 9d

1835 Lou. and b. M. pays for new gate £1 0s 0d

1840 Lou. and b. M. repairs windows 5s 1-1/2d

1842 Langdale pays 9s 0d to Edward Wilson for new gate

1852 Lou. and b. M. repairs wall 7s 10d; and mends and paints
gate 4s 3d

1856 The three townships repair separately for the last time:
Grasmere painting gate and windows at 7s 6d; "Rydall and
Loughrigg" (now styled) painting her gate at 2s 0d and Langdale
hers at 1s 6d

* * * * *

[The churchwardens' accounts are in 3 volumes:

The 2nd volume of these is missing, but there is a copy. This
copy begins in 1732, overlapping by three years the first
volume, which ends in 1735; but the copy of the 2nd volume only
goes as far as 1782, and the 3rd volume begins in 1790, leaving
a gap of eight years.]--ED.

CLEANING AND REPAIRS

The townships joined at many general repairs, as well as at the cleaning of the church, and the expenses of maintaining worship within it. It is interesting to note how extremely small these expenses were. The cleaning, or "dressing," as it was called, of the church, the greasing of the bells, the washing of the linen, the writing of the register, the whipping of dogs out of church, and the "drawing" of the accounts, all appear to have been paid for at the Restoration at the rate of 1s. each per annum. This moderate fee was presently raised to 1s. 6d., 2s. 6d., 3s., or 3s. 6d., but never rose higher for over a hundred years. The "surpcloth and table-cloth" were washed twice in the year 1662 for 1s., but from 1664 onward three times were allowed for 3s., and by 1702 the laundress had secured an additional 6d. for mending. The cleaning of the windows "and sentences" (which were presumably touched up with paint) became a regular charge at 1s., and the burnishing of the church plate was 6d.

But there were other expenses, belonging to the general charge, which, being irregular but frequently recurrent, were troublesome to the wardens and Eighteen, whose business it was to lay such a rate annually on the inhabitants of the parish as should cover the outlay. Such was the repair of the church roof, which was often needed; even the moss (which it was the custom to stuff within the rigging to arrest and absorb the wet which ran down from the ill-fitting slates) required frequent replenishing. Accordingly, after sundry payments made for "mossing church" or "mending slates," the Eighteen entered into a contract, in 1686, with two Grasmere wallers for the upkeep of the whole of the church roof, except the choir, for nine years, for the sum of 7s. 6d. a year. In 1704 one William Grigg obtained the contract for three years at the same rate, and undertook to keep the roof in a sound state "as to Slatt and Moss (excepting upon extraordinary Storms whereby the roof shall suffer much Damage which shall be referred to the Eighteen the Easter following)." Grigg, however, made no bad-weather demands, and it was only in 1714, a year after the contract had been transferred to Edward Hird, that "a violent storme" caused the spending of 18s. beyond the stipulated 7s. 6d. The parson and Eighteen then (1715) transferred the contract to Stephen Haukrigge. The sum was perhaps too small, for in 1718 John Warriner secured 8s. 6d. on the contract. "An extraordinary Storme" in 1719 cost only an extra 3s. The contract, which afterwards rose to 11s. 6d., had ceased by 1732, and odd sums for repair occur from time to time, such as 13s. in 1733 and the same in 1734, with 3s. 3d. for slates and carriage. But little was apparently done, and by 1809 the roof seems to have been in a bad condition, for the ominous item occurs "To cleaning Snow out of Church 2s. 0d." It was radically repaired in 1814, when £37 1s. 11d. was spent on the slates, £11 on timber, which was paid to Lady Fleming, the wood being doubtless felled in Bainriggs, and the extraordinary sum of £1 13s. 6d. on ale to the workmen and "letting" the contract.

THE BELLS.

Grasmere's pleasant chime of three bells is undoubtedly an old one. The metal of the existing bells that sends its resonance through the vale may be that of the first bells, though robbed of antique inscription or mark by recasting. It is quite possible that at the Restoration there still hung in the tower the Pre-Reformation triad, stamped with an invocation to some saint in Longobardic characters or with a quaint inscription in Black Letter; for the Rev. H. Whitehead discovered in Cumberland many an ancient bell that had escaped confiscation and the melting-pot in the dark days of Henry VIII.'s ruthless robberies and his successor's drastic commission.[144]

[144] 7 Ed. VI., 1553. See _Transactions_, Cumberland and
Westmorland Antiquarian Society, vols. 6 and 14.

They were then, however, in a bad state, and the churchwardens immediately proceeded to have them set in order, as the accounts show.

It is clear from the items that one of the wardens, Michael Knott, rode to Cockermouth in search of a bell-founder, and that one was procured whose name was John Langsha; also that he came over to Grasmere and did the work there.

Now Mr. Whitehead considered that there was no bell-foundry in Cockermouth at this date. When its three bells were recast in 1673-4 the expenses of the bell-founders' journey were paid, and they apparently dug a pit in the churchyard and cast the great bell there.[145] Such a method was resorted to when the remoteness of the church or the badness of the roads made the carriage of the bells a difficulty.[146]

[145] _Church Bells of Cockermouth. Translations_, vol. 14, p.
295.

[146] _Bells of England_, J. J. Raven, p. 190.

Who, then, was John Langsha? Until more evidence is forthcoming we must suppose him to have been an itinerant founder. He or the firm he worked for may have had head-quarters in some town of Cumberland, and travelled thence to wherever they were called. According to Mr. Whitehead, there was a bell-foundry of some repute at Penrith in the seventeenth century. The account books do not show how this renovation of the Grasmere bells was paid for. The wardens paid John his "earnest," and a small item that remained after he left; otherwise the only sum of consequence that appears is 9s. for two new bell-ropes.

Only casual expenses in connection with the bells are given after this for some time. For instance, in 1669 the item occurs, "in drinke when we did turne midlmost bell," 2s. 6d. But the presentment of 1707 certainly discloses the serious condition of one bell, which was then cracked; and the reliance of the wardens on the "discretion" of their rector was misplaced, as nothing was done. There would seem to have been no good founder at this time in the adjacent counties; for when the bells of Brigham were renewed in 1711, under the incumbency of Roger Fleming (another son of Sir Daniel), a Gloucester firm of founders was actually called to the rescue. The bells, however, went no further than Kendal, where there was, adjacent to the church, a bell-house which could be hired, and there the Gloucester man superintended the casting of them.[147]

[147] "Church Bells of Brigham," _Transactions_, Cumberland
and Westmorland Antiquarian Society, vol. 14, p. 283. It seems
strange that there was no reliable bell-founder in Kendal, where,
in the seventeenth century, there was a goodly number of workers
in metal. (See _Boke off Recorde_.) Of these the Washingtons were
apparently the most accredited workmen. A Richard of the name
"besydes Kendal" at the Dissolution, bought the house of the
Friars in Penrith, with its bell. (_Transactions_, Cumberland and
Westmorland Antiquarian Society, vol. 6, p. 435.) The Richard
of the next century was busy with arms during the Civil Wars,
and worked for Rydal Hall. Mr. R. Godfrey ("Westmorland Bells,"
_Transactions_, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian Society,
vol. 6, p. 84) considers that the Crosthwaite bell, dated 1695,
was cast by Christopher Hodson in Kendal. In the preceding
century one of this name (spelt Hodgson) appears among the
freemen of the city, while a John and a Robert stand in the later
list of freemen armourers and hardwaremen, though the mark for
"foreigner" stands after their names.

At Grasmere, procrastination prevailed. The wardens, in 1723, admitted "The Bells are not firme & in good order, but they are agreed to make them good as soon as possible." In 1727 they again admitted the bells to be out of order, but the ropes (it was declared) were "good & firm." In 1729 the bells still waited to be repaired "upon a convenient opportunity." In 1731 the great plunge into expense was at last taken. "One of our bells is in good order, The Other two are recasting at York & the ropes are making, & everything hastning forwards to have them in good order." Accordingly, the accounts for 1732 show the enormous outlay incurred of £40 3s. 9-1/2d., and next year of £49 3s. "Towards Casting the Bells and other Charges;" besides £3 14s. 5d. for "Charges for a Ringing loft."

It is of interest to note that the Grasmere folk, in their bell troubles, returned to their old ecclesiastical centre at York, whence their first bells would come, and where there were good founders. The inscriptions on the two largest bells, in an ornamental border running round the crown, are as follows:--

GLORIA IN ALTISSIMIS DEO 1731

ED HIRD JOH WILSON GEO
HE HIRD WIL RIGG MACKERETH

CHURCH E Seller
WARDENS Ebor

in. dia.
SOLI DEO GLORIA 1731 E Seller
Ebor

Each bell carries besides on the waist below the founder's name, the arms and crest of the Flemings of Rydal. Arms: _Gules, a fret, argent_. Crest: _A serpent nowed, holding a garland of olives and vines in his mouth, all proper_. Motto: PAX, COPIA, SAPIENTIA, on a shield 5-1/4 by 3-3/4 inches.

Information about our bell-founder may be found in Mr.

J. E. Poppleton's _Bells in the West Riding of Yorkshire_.[148] At the Restoration, and for nearly a century afterwards, a firm of Sellers worked at a foundry in Jubbergate, York. William, the first known of the family, founded a bell which yet hangs in Eskdale Church, Cumberland. Edward, who followed, died in 1724, and was succeeded by his son, the founder of the Grasmere bells. The second Edward used the same signatory mark as his father, and it was the custom of both to give, after the Latin inscription--and provided there was no donor--the names of the rector and churchwardens who were in office at the time of the founding. The Fleming coat-of-arms undoubtedly stands for Dr. George Fleming, then rector.

[148] _Yorkshire Arch. Journal_, vols. 16, 17, and 18.

A catastrophe is disclosed by the presentment of 1798, when the "least bell" was "burst and unringable." It remained in this condition for eleven years, when a private individual came to the rescue. Its inscription runs:--

COPIA PAX SAPIENTIA Re-cast at the expence of Mrs. Dorothy Knott
1809 T MEARS & Son of London

Dorothy Knott was probably daughter of John Knott, of the Howe in Applethwaite, born 1728, and of the family who removed from Grasmere to Rydal.[149] From her benefaction to the school, we learn that she lived in Ambleside, where spinster ladies of means were wont to settle.

[149] For the Knott family, see "A Westmorland Township,"
_Westmorland Gazette_, May 7th, 1810.

The firm of Mears, who cast the bell, worked at the noted old foundry in Whitechapel.[150] If this bell went to London, its journey was a long one. But the turnpike roads were now made, which must have facilitated carriage, and the bell would arrive by what is now the Wishing Gate road. An old man living in Grasmere in 1886 used to tell of his grandmother, who remembered the church bells having been brought by sledge over the top of White Moss, then the only road into the valley.[151] These must have been Seller's bells, for it is just possible for three generations to bridge the 155 years; and this traditional touch helps us to realize the remoteness of the valley in those days, which no wheeled traffic could reach.

[150] Raven's _Bells of England_, pp. 212-16.

[151] W. Wilson's "Former Social Life in Cumberland and
Westmorland," _Transactions_, Cumberland and Westmorland
Antiquarian Society, 1886.

When odd work was done in the belfry in 1775, a letter from the bell-founder cost 5d. for porterage.

Casual repairs continued to be done in the place.

John Watson, the smith of Winterseeds, tinkered the bells in 1807; and three years after, when the little bell had arrived from London, the two others were also down, for he was paid £3 14s. 8d. for repairing them, and John Hartley received the considerable sum of £11 14s. 6d. for hanging them. In 1764 bell-wheels and clappers were repaired. The head-stocking of the great bell and two bell-clappers, in 1767, cost £3 7s. 9d. Again, in 1773, 1774, and 1775, head-stocks, clappers, and repairs to ringing-loft cost about £1. The ropes in 1769 cost 7s. 4-1/2d.

It is clear that Sabbath bell-ringing was for long one of those boon services which the Grasmere parishioner gave willingly to his church. Ringing on Gunpowder Plot day, and some occasions of national rejoicing and sorrow were paid for; but until 1692 nothing is put down in the accounts for ringing, only a small item for grease for the bells. In that year, however, the Eighteen entered into a contract with the clerk, who was to procure men to ring on Sundays and Holy Days, and to furnish the necessary grease, at the rate of 10s. a year. Next year, on its renewal with Thomas Knott, the sum was dropped to 8s. 6d. "and what more as the Eighteen shall think fit." However, the new clerk, Robert Harrison, in 1695 secured 10s., and at this figure it remained for some fifty years. After a gap of eight years in the accounts, the item reappears in 1751 at £1, and from that time onwards it fluctuates between the sums of 10s., 13s. 4d., £1, even once in 1759 touching £1 10s., as the Eighteen were parsimoniously or liberally inclined. Finally, after a halt at 15s., it rose in 1794 to £1 1s., and from that slowly mounted until by 1814 it had reached £2 15s. 6d., at which it remained for eleven years. From 1826 it rose again, and between 1831 and 1858 it stood at £3 6s. £1 was then added.

The tower was an irregular source of expense, as the following items show:--

1665 the makeing of ye steple door 3s 6d

1694 For mending the Garret: Flags 6d

1697 Lime for church and steeple £1 17s 1d; this item includes
"charge for Bargaining." "For sand" 3s 0d. "For
Rough-Casting the steeple" £4 0s 0d

1717 For repairing the Steeple loft and two Doors
02: 14: 00

1718 Edwin Green, one of the Eighteen, is paid 4s 0d "for
attending when the steeple was repaired."

1734 For a lock to ye Steeple door 8d

Work was done on the steeple and steeple window in 1757; and in 1767 a load of "slape" cost 1s. and lime 2s. 6d. The work of white-washing recurred frequently. Church and steeple were entirely rough-cast in 1773, at the considerable cost of £13,[152] the east window (presumably of the north aisle) being at the same time repaired. The interior was done in 1780 for £1 5s. 6d., and the exterior both of church and steeple in 1791--which with the pointing of the windows came to £3 15s. The townships repaired their individual windows next year, this being repeated more radically in 1801.

[152] The tower and all the body of the church was rough-cast in
1910 at a cost of £200 5s. 1d.--ED.

The years 1803 and 1804 show that drastic work was done. One item stands "To expenses of Letting white-washing the Church 8s. 0d."--a sum spent mainly of course in copious draughts of ale. Another is "To writing Contracts of Letting 1s. 6d." The amount actually paid for "mending Roof of Church, and Whitewashing Church in and Out, and Pinning up all Broken places in the Ruff Cast & Plaster," was £8 12s.--certainly a modest one. Church and tower were whitewashed in 1815 for £5 18s., and Edward Wilson, carpenter, received 18s. for a "Craddle to White Wash Steeple." The process was repeated in 1832 at a cost of £2 17s. 7-1/2d., and again in 1842, when Levi Hodgson was paid £4 15s. 9d. for the work.

The scraping, smoothing, and daubing to which the church was constantly subjected, may account for the mutilated state of such bits of freestone (shallow mouldings, &c.) as are yet visible. In what year Addison's decorations were effaced by a coat of whitewash is not known. It is supposed that the black boards, painted with texts, which yet hang in the church, replaced them, as being more convenient for the whitewashers. If so, the once admired art of the painter was allowed little more than fifty years in which to delight and instruct the people; for one board gives, with the names of the churchwardens, the date 1741. It is singular that in that year the accounts show no unwonted expense.

An item that occurred from time to time for "mending sentences" was changed in 1763 to an annual charge of 1s. for "cleaning church windows and sentences."

Many little odd expenses there were: such as the "hack" or pick, which, from its constant work on the graves, often wanted "laying," or a new shaft, at 3d. A fresh one and a "Cald-rake" were bought in 1715 for 1s. 6d.; while in 1802 "laying Mattock" cost 1s. 9d., and "New Coolrake" 1s. 6d. In 1824 a new spade cost 3s. 9d. Occasionally the church chest wanted "gimmers" or hinges, or new locks, a pair of which cost, in 1752, 1s. 4d. An "iron chest" was bought in 1816 for £7 17s. 6d. The ladder was mended often, and a new one in 1734 cost 9s. The "Corps Cloth," procured before 1798, when it was mended at 4d., required "Dying and Pressing" in 1803 at 3s. 3d.; and it was renewed in 1823 for £2 15s. A new bier cost, in 1812, 11s. 6d. In 1821 a small hearse was built by Edward Wilson, which could travel on the improved, but still narrow roads of the parish. Its use was paid for; but in some years it was not had out at all, so--as its initial cost was £14 9s., and the clerk was paid presently 5s. a year for attending it, and a "Hearse House" was soon found necessary (£11 15s.)--it was not a paying affair.

Edward repaired the "Corpes Stool" for 2s. in 1847.

"A booke of Canons" was bought in 1665 at 3s. 3d.; a register book in 1685 at 11s., and again in 1784 at 8s.; a book of articles in 1691 at 1s.; and in 1692 "a Paper Booke for Registring ye poor" at 2s. 9d., as well as an Act of Parliament "for Setling ye Poor" at 3d.

But besides regular and casual expenses ever increasing, there were special acquisitions too costly to be dealt with in the ordinary yearly accounts. Such was the church plate, and the bells (as we have seen), and, presumably, the clock, which at an unknown date replaced the dial. The present clock was, according to the terrier, presented in 1817, and was supplied by a Mr. Bellman, of Broughton-in-Furness. The bill of 7s. 6d., paid to "Late Mr. Bellman for dressing church clock," was not entered until 1820, though the previous year the regular charge started "To John Watson for attending clock & keeping water from it," which was £1 3s. 6d. for that year and afterwards 2s. 6d. less. The old clock existed till recently.

The church porch, like the tower, was repaired at the general charge. This, in 1761, cost only 4s. 6d. The outer doors of the porch were renewed in 1821. Edward Wilson contracted for the wood-work for £5, while John Watson executed the iron-work for £3 5s. 8d. The priest's door was renewed also, being doubtless paid for by the rector. These doors remain, and the initials of the Winterseeds smith, which he stamped upon his work, may be seen.

At the opening of the nineteenth century the condition of the church floor and of the antique forms had become a matter for serious consideration. Nothing effectual, however, could be done in the way of levelling and paving until the custom of burying within the church had ceased. Even then there was reluctance and difficulty, for the soil was full of bones, and so close to the surface did these lie, that, according to tradition, many were gathered and laid elsewhere, when the alteration finally was made. This was radically undertaken in 1840. The floor, which until then was below the level of the ground outside, was filled in and paved. The old benches were removed, and pews set up in their place. Foreign timber--deal painted--was for the first time used instead of native oak, and the wood-work was given to an Ambleside man. The cost of the renovation, which included repairs to roof and renewal of windows, amounted to £300, and this was raised by subscription--Queen Adelaide (who was visiting the district) contributing £50.

The abolition of the forms could not do other than tend to the breaking up of old customs. The pews were no doubt apportioned to the various households, in Grasmere township at least; while the question of the rightful share possessed by the sister townships in this altered accommodation was left open, as the events of 1856 show (see Church Rates). With household pews, men and women sat together. The western door, hitherto used by the men, and outside which (according to tradition) all secular notices had been given out, was now made up. £1 1s. had been paid, as late as 1816, "To John Watson for Hanging of Men's Door." At the same time the tower-arch was walled up, and the tower used for a vestry--the old wooden one being cleared away. The font was brought into the church. The expenses of the old vestry fire, which had risen to 5s., cease accordingly, and those of lighting the "stove"--placed presumably in the church itself--begin at 12s. a year. Comfort was now thought of. Straw matting had indeed been procured for the communion rail in 1780 (3s. 1d.); it was bought in 1844 for 11s. 4d.

The era of subscriptions raised the rate of church expenses enormously, as has been seen in the 1840 renovation. In 1876 the rough-casting of the church outside was done by subscription, and contracted for at £30; £70 13s. 0-1/2d. being altogether expended upon that and new spouts and painting clock, a sum which should be compared with the cost on previous occasions.

The Rev. E. Jefferies, who was the first rector--certainly after the days of Dr. Fleming--to take a zealous interest in the fabric, reconstructed in 1841 the entire east wall at his own expense.[153] He also presented the two carved chairs that stand within the sanctuary. He made with his own hands a communion-table[154] and foot-stools; the latter remain.

[153] See Middleton's Guide.

[154] This table is now in use at a Mission room in Ulverston
parish.

Another great renovation was carried out in 1879-80 under Mr. Fletcher. Like the last, its cost was defrayed by offerings (£660), and much of the work done in 1840 was now undone. The deal pews were cleared away and the existing oak benches substituted--Grasmere workmen being employed. The tower arch was again opened out, and the font replaced. A vestry was partitioned off the north-east angle of the church, which was formerly known as the Langdale choir. New pulpit, font-cover, communion-table, and Litany-desk were provided in 1884, and five years later the lectern was given by Miss Agar, of Silverhow, in memory of her aunt. The alms-dishes that hang on the south wall were found a few years ago in the old tithe-barn, which has been turned into a parish-room.

THE CHURCHYARD.

From the Restoration there is evidence that the garth outside the church was cared for. It was surrounded, as we have seen, with stout rough-cast walls, which were divided among the townships for upkeep. The space within them was not strictly divided, yet the older graves show that there was an inclination for each township to lay its dead adjacent to its own gateway and stretch of wall. The keeping in order of the grassy space, with its ever-increasing mounds, fell to the general charge. An item stands in 1673, "For dresing weeds out of ye Church yard," 1s. 6d.; and a charge becomes frequent for "repairing church-yard walks, 4s. 6d.," or "cleaning church-yard," 2s. 6d. Three days at this in 1631 cost 6s. 9d.

Grasmere township paid in 1661 "For our P't of the Dyell" 1s. This must have proved an unsatisfactory time-teller, as in 1683 4s. was paid "For a diall & post." A post alone cost, in 1732, 1s. 9d., and again in 1743 a new dial-post was fixed at 3s. 9d.

Trees were planted from time to time. Young ashes were set in 1684 at a cost of 1s. 6d. The yew tree, though no longer needed for the bow, was still grown. A fresh one, planted in 1706, at a cost of 1s., perhaps took the place of the old one blown down in the gale of December 18th, 1687.[155] This, too, which would now have numbered over 200 years, appears to have gone. The existing trees were planted in 1819 through the instrumentality of the poet Wordsworth (from a sum supplied by his friend, Sir George Beaumont), and he continued to care for them.

[155] December 18th, 1687: "There hath been three very great
Windes lately viz. Nov. 10, 87. at night, Dec. 3, 87. at night,
and yester-night and all this day which was ye worst, & which
hath blowne down ye great Ewe-tree in Gresmere Church Yard, the
very tall Firr Tree at Ambleside, & many trees in Rydal Demesne,
etc. It was accompanied with much snow."--Sir D. F.'s Account
Book.

The poet himself lies beneath their shade. Of the countless graves that stud this ancient burying-place, it is his that draws the pilgrims from afar; and the yard, encircled by its yews and the great mountains, has perhaps inspired more and better poetry than any other plot in England. Hartley Coleridge, Sir John Richardson, Green and Hull the artists, are buried here, and their graves may be found by referring to the short Guide issued by Mr. Peterson.

Wordsworth's monument, a medallion by Woolner, is within the church. The beautiful inscription is a translation of Keble's Latin dedication of his Oxford Lectures on Poetry to Wordsworth.

EXTRACTS FROM CHURCHWARDENS' ACCOUNTS AND PRESENTMENTS

GRESMYRE.

The First day of Apprill in the XIIIJth of the Kings Ma'tyes
Reigne A treue & A P'fect Acount of ye Disbursment of James
Benson & Robert Watson Church Wardens For the yeare last past.

li s d

Anno Domini 1661 as Followeth

Imprimus for mending & mossing the Church 00 07 04
Ittem for mending the Font stone 00 02 08
Ittem for the Font Couer[156] 00 02 08
Ittem soldering the lead in the Font stone 00 00 06
Ittem For a Quission for the pulpitt 00 02 02
Ittem For A table cloth 00 01 04
Ittem For A Raill at the pullpit side 00 00 10
Ittem For our p't of the Dyell 00 01 00
Ittem For mending the great bell Leather 00 00 02
Ittem For our p'te of A surp cloth we bought 00 01 08
Ittem For Drissing the Church 00 00 04
Ittem For greace to ye bells For our p'te 00 00 04
Ittem For Lime for ye windowes & Fireing for
glasser 00 00 04
Ittem payed to ye glasser for mending our p'te of
windowes 00 06 00
Ittem For A new botle to the Church 00 03 00
Ittem payed For bread and wine 00 08 04
Ittem payed to John Jackson for lying 2 graues 00 00 04
Ittem For writting this yeare 00 00 04
Ittem for Two Journeyes to Ambleside 00 00 08
--------
li s d

The sume totall 02 09 0

[156] The old font cover (see engraving) is lost.

Two churchwardens sign by a mark at the bottom. This is clearly an account for Grasmere township alone.

GRESMYRE.

A Booke For the whole p'rish Concerning the Church Affaires, For
the Churchwardens to writte their Accounts, euery yeare & to
subscribe their names to the same mad The 23th day of Apprill
1662.

Church wardens For this present year.
Gresmyre Michaell Knott Langdell James Harrison
Willm Watson John Harrison

Laughrigg Ridell Amblesid' Thomas Partrigge
Thomas Braythwaitt

li s d

Imprimis for our Journey to Kendal to be sworne 00 06 00
Ittem for paper 00 00 03
Ittem for dresing of ye Church 00 01 00
Ittem for binding ye Church bible 00 01 00
Ittem for ye bell Founder John Langsha in earnest 00 05 00
Ittem for Ringing up on Cronoc'on Day 00 01 06
Ittem disbursed for ye Comon prayer book 00 10 06
Ittem for mending ye midle bell Ropp 00 01 00
Ittem to James Harrison for makeing ye sentences
w'in ye church 00 01 00
Ittem to Michaell Knott for a Journey to cockermouth
for bell founder 00 02 00
Ittem left behind unpayed when bell founder was
at grismyre 00 01 06
Ittem for writting ye P'sentm't for ye whole p'rish 00 01 00
Itt for writting ye P'sentm't into 3 P'ts 00 01 00
Itt payed to ye Archbishopp men 01 09 06
Itt for Ringing upon gunpowder treason day 00 01 00
It for our Journey to ye lord Bishopp men 00 08 00
Ittem for setting up ye Kings armes & Charges in
Drinke 00 16 06
A slott to ye west doore of gresmyre owne Charges 00 01 09
for bread & wine in owne Charges 00 09 08
for grease to ye belles 00 01 0
washing the surp cloth & table cloth twice in ye
yeare 00 01 0
for makeing up ye raill in ye quire 01 01 0
Ittem for Driueing wedges in ye Frame of ye bells 00 00 03
Ittem for gammers for ye Raill doore 00 01 8
Itt. for setting Church (wardens?) nome in ye
Church 00 00 06
Itt for lyeing Flagges at Raill 00 00 03
Ittem for two new bell-roppes 00 09 00
Ittem for writting 00 01 0
Ittem for mending ye midle bell Claper leather 00 0 06
Itt to John Newton for quorter of 2 men y't com
to sett up ye Kings Armes in ye Church 00 02 0
Finis ye 21th of Aprill 1663.
The sume tottall 06 16 04

Churchwardens' Accounts for 1790.

Grasmere April the 6th being Easter Tuesday
Churchwardens chosen for the ensuing Year.

For Grasmere James Fleming for Knott houses
John Allison for Thompson's Underhelme
For Langdales John Benson for Milnbeck
Edward Tysons for Fieldside
For Rydal & Loughrigg--Edward Park for late Edward Benson's
High Close
For Ambleside--Thomas Lycott.

General Charge. £ s. d.

To Ringing on Sundays & Holydays & to Grease &
greasing the Bells 13 4
To dressing Church and Church Yard 2 6
To cleaning Church Windows and Sentences 1 0
To washing Church Linen 3s 6d, to cleaning Church
plate 6d 4 0
To the Rushbearers 2s 6d, to drawing the accounts 3s 5 6
To writing Marriage Register 1s, to drawing copy of
Register 2s 6d 3 6
To Dogwhipper 3s to Steeple Window mending 3-1/2d
Repairing Choir Door 4 5-1/2
To Bell ropes mending 1s, to 4 Bushels of Lime &
Carriage for Steeple Roof 7s 4d 8 4
----------
£2 2 7-1/2
----------

For Grasmere in particular. £ s. d.

Received by Assessments for Repairs of Church &
Schoolhouse 4 3 4
Rec.d of the old Churchwardens 6 11-1/2
------------
£4 10 3-1/2
------------

Disbursements. £ s. d.

To the old Churchwardens going out of their office
& Journey 1 4
To the new churchwardens entering on their office
& Journey 1 4
Paid to the Commissary for their part of one Presentment
and Prayer Books 7 7-1/4
To Bread & Wine & Carriage at Whitsuntide 7 2
To Bread & Wine at Michaelmas 6 6
To Bread & Wine & Carr: at Christmas 7 2
To writing their part of one Presentment 1 0
To Charges at laying Church Rate 1s, to repairing
school windows 1s 3d 2 3
To repairing Church windows in Grasmere Third 6 10
To Wine at Xtmas 1786 lost by Leakage of the Wood
bottle & unsettled before 6 10-3/4
Their Third part of General Charge 14 2-1/2
-----------
£3 2 3-1/2
-----------
Remains 1 8 0

For Loughrigge & beneath Moss. £ s. d.

Received by Assessment for Repairs of the Church 1 13 4-1/2
Recd. of the old Churchwarden 1 13 4
Recd. for one burial in the Church 3 4
Recd. of Ambleside Churchwarden 5 0-1/4
------------
£3 15 0-3/4

Disbursements.

To the old Churchwarden going out of Office & Journey 8
To the new Churchwarden entering on his Office &
Journey 8
Paid to the Commissary for his part of one Presentment
& prayer Books 5 0-3/4
To writing his part of one Presentment 6
To Bread & Wine at Whitsuntide 4 4
To Bread & Wine & Carriage at Michaelmas 5 0
To Bread & Wine at Christmas 4 4
To Charges at laying Church Fees 1s, to repairing
Church Windows 1s 6-1/2d 2 6-1/2
To flagging a grave 2d To Wine lost by Leakage of
w'd bottle at Xmas 1786 4s 7-1/4d 4 9-1/4
His Third part of General Charge 14 2-1/2
---------------
2 2 1
---------------
Remains 1 12 11-3/4
---------------

* * * * *

The account for Langdale does not appear.