The Coal Measures Amphibia of North America

Chapter XXV (1)

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THE STEREOSPONDYLOUS AMPHIBIA FROM THE COAL MEASURES OF NORTH AMERICA.

DEFINITION OF THE ORDER STEREOSPONDYLIA ZITTEL, 1887.

Zittel, Handbuch der Paleontologie, Bd. III, Abth. 1, p. 397, 1887.

Large terrestrial vertebrates; largest of the class. Skull equal to
one-fourth or one-third of the entire body in at least one species,
_Metoposaurus diagnosticus_ von Meyer (242). Lateral-line canals
always present (458) on the skulls as deeply impressed grooves which,
in life, were possibly roofed-over by a cartilaginous or other
connective-tissue membrane. The sensory organs undoubtedly being
supplied by the superficial ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal
nerve, branches of which pierced the cranial elements near the
grooves, no evidence of such openings in the bottoms of the grooves;
the condition probably being analogous to _Hydrolagus colei_ and
other chimæroids. Vertebræ stereospondylous, with well-developed
neural arches from which projected the well-developed zygapophyses,
sometimes slightly amphicœlous and pierced for the notochord, such
forms being uncertainly placed in the group. Tail unknown, possibly
short. Limbs and girdles well developed (243), phalangeal formula
unknown; carpus osseous and tarsus unknown. Pectoral girdle composed
of osseous scapulæ, clavicles, interclavicle, coracoid (?); clavicles
and interclavicle ventrally sculptured. Pelvic girdle composed of
osseous pubis, ischium, and ilium (242), the pubis a small plate, in
life largely cartilaginous, the three uniting by cartilaginous union
to form the acetabulum. Ventral armature unknown, possibly wanting.

Range: Pennsylvanian to Upper Triassic.

Distribution: North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.

=Family MASTODONSAURIDÆ Huxley, 1863.=

Huxley, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., XIX, p. 65, 1863.

Lydekker, R., Cat. Fossil Reptilia Amphibia, pt. IV, p. 141, 1890.

Skull triangular, and more or less elongated, with the cranial bones
very strongly sculptured, the occipital condyles ossified (49), and
large palatal vacuities; dentine of teeth with very complex plications
(502); no bony rings (242) in sclerotic; and no ventral scutes.
Bodies of vertebræ (49) fully ossified in the adult. There are large
palato-vomerine tusks on the inner side of the maxillary teeth; and
the palatines run parallel to the maxilla. The mandible has a large
postarticular process; and there is a small inner series of mandibular
teeth. In the type genus the pubes are separate from the ischia, and
do not enter into the formation of the acetabulum; and the sacral ribs
form kidney-shaped disks (393).

Represented in North America by a single tooth from the Carboniferous of Kansas. Described by Williston as Mastodonsaurus sp. (Kans. Univ. Quart., VI, pp. 209-210, pl. XXI). Represented in the Triassic of Wyoming by Anaschisma browni, Branson (49).

=Mastodonsaurus sp. indet.=

Williston, Kans. Univ. Quart., VI, p. 209, 1897.

The specimen preserved comprises the entire crown of a single vomerine (?) tooth, 38 mm. in length by 14 mm. in diameter at base (pl. 21, fig. 6). The immediate tip had been partly worn away in life, but was acuminate. It is composed of a dense blackish material, with the exterior smooth, shining black. It has about 20 narrow flutings, nearly straight, running from the base to the tip, separating shallow grooves. A transverse section of the base shows a narrow pulp-cavity not more than 5 mm. in diameter which extends in about the same proportional width to beyond the middle of the tooth, and in all probability to near the apex. The cross-section of the tooth throughout is nearly or quite circular.

A hemisection of the tooth was made near the middle, showing a structure most remarkably like that of _Mastodonsaurus_; so nearly alike, in fact, that there is no difference from the large figure given by Owen of a section of _Mastodonsaurus_ (502).

The discovery of this tooth in the Kansas Coal Measures is of great interest, proving, as it does, the presence of true labyrinthodonts from a lower horizon than elsewhere recorded. The discovery of _Eobaphetes kansensis_ Moodie in the Carboniferous of Washington County (473) would seem to indicate another labyrinthodont. The tooth from Louisville was possibly not the first evidence of labyrinthodonts in North America, since the discovery by Marsh of _Eosaurus acadianus_ from the Coal Measures of Nova Scotia, possibly a member of the Stereospondylia, antedates this discovery 30 years. The specimen is preserved in the Museum at the University of Kansas.

AMPHIBIAN FOOTPRINTS FROM THE COAL MEASURES.

Footprints may be said to be fairly common in the Coal Measures of North America. Especial attention has been given to the classification of these objects by G. F. Matthew (408-413), Dawson (208-210) and others. Hay (317, pp. 538-553) has given a catalogue of all the species described from the Coal Measures of North America, to which the reader is referred for further information in regard to these interesting evidences of former animal activities. The writer has not been interested in the taxonomy of footprints, but has studied such as have come to his notice (465). A description of the species _Dromopus agilis_ Marsh (fig. 43) is given here, because there is a large slab in the University of Kansas Museum which has not been figured. Since the chief interest in the present contribution is morphology, footprints are thus scantily dealt with. Leidy (374), Dawson (207), Moodie (465, pl. LXIV, fig. 1) and others have given various brief descriptions of Coal Measures footprints, probably all of which are evidences of Amphibia which are otherwise unknown.

=Dromopus agilis Marsh.=

Marsh, Jour. Sci. (3), XLVIII, p. 82, pl. ii, fig. 3; pl. iii, fig. 3,
1894.

Hay, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 179, p. 543, 1902.

Type: Specimen in the Yale University Museum.

Horizon and locality: Osage limestone (Coal Measures), near Osage City, Kansas.

In 1894 Professor Marsh described a collection of footprints which he had secured from Professor B. F. Mudge, of Manhattan, Kansas, who had collected them in Osage County, Kansas, in a rock quarry, having purchased a large quantity of rock from the quarrymen for that purpose. A preliminary note by Mudge (490) was published in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science and later copied in the American Journal of Science. Professor Marsh's description (406) of the remains is as follows:

"The impressions are well preserved in a calcareous shale, which
separates readily into thin slabs, each representing a surface of
the beach at the time the footprints were made upon it. A few shells
in the shale are sufficient to prove that the formation is marine
(no shells are evident in the slab at the Museum of the University
of Kansas, but the slab is quite arenaceous). Trails of annelids, or
perhaps of other invertebrates, are seen on some of the surfaces.
The footprints of vertebrate animals, however, are of paramount
importance, and the large number and variety of these here recorded
on a single surface, if they could be rightly interpreted, would form
an interesting chapter of land vertebrate life in the Carboniferous,
about which so little is at present known."

Professor Marsh's description of _Dromopus agilis_ is as follows:

"The third series of footprints is of special interest, and indicates
an animal very distinct from the two already described. The diagram
represents the impression of the phalanges sufficiently in detail to
indicate (406) their number and general form. A striking feature in
the fore and hind feet of this animal was the long, slender digits
terminated by sharp claws. Another point of interest, as recorded in
the footprints, is that the animal in walking swung the hind feet
outward, and so near the ground that the ends of the longer toes
sometimes made trails in the mud, marking accurately the sweep of the
foot. This would seem to indicate a comparatively short hind leg,
rather than the long, slender one which the footprints themselves
naturally suggest.

"The animal which made these interesting footprints was probably a
Lacertilian rather than an Amphibian, but there is also a possibility
that it was a primitive Dinosaur."

Further on Professor Marsh remarks (p. 84):

"So far as at present known, land vertebrate life began in the
Carboniferous age, no footprints of other remains of this kind having
been detected below the Subcarboniferous. That such remains will
eventually be found in the Devonian, there can be no reasonable doubt,
and perhaps even in the Silurian, if the land surfaces then existing
can be explored."

This last statement of Marsh's was, of course, partly demonstrated by the discovery of footprints in the Devonian rocks of Pennsylvania, which he described in 1896 as _Thinopus antiquus_. The footprints of _Dromopus agilis_ Marsh which are preserved in obverse in the University of Kansas Museum are of considerably greater length than those described by Professor Marsh. The measurements of one of the larger impressions are appended. There appear to be series of footprints of two different animals preserved on the large slab (5 by 7 feet), but their nature is essentially the same.

Measurements of Large Footprint.

mm.
Greatest length 200
Greatest width 90
Length of longest toe 120
Length of shortest toe 65
Width across heel 50

The slab is No. 5 of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, collected in 1873 by Professor B. F. Mudge at Osage, Kansas, and presented by him to the museum in 1875.

The following list of Carboniferous amphibian (?) footprints is compiled from Hay's Catalogue of Fossil Vertebrates of North America. It is given here for the sake of completeness. Three types of amphibian footprints are described in the body of this work and they constitute the kind of material which an ichnologist has for the basis of his conclusions. The material is not very satisfactory for the morphologist, though much can be determined as to the foot structure.

Horizon abbreviations
---------------------
CM = Coal Measures.
SC = Subcarboniferous.
Cmg = Carboniferous (millstone grit).

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE FOSSIL AMPHIBIA, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AMPHIBIA FROM THE COAL MEASURES OF NORTH AMERICA.

The following literature list, containing more than six hundred titles (1824-1916), is believed to be fairly complete. It certainly includes all of the important contributions to the subject of the fossil Amphibia. A few brief bibliographies of fossil Amphibia have appeared from time to time, in special memoirs on various faunas, such as: Broili (58), Schwarz (541), Fraas (242), von Ammon (7), and Case (98). None of these have attempted a complete survey of the field. The references given below have all, or nearly all, been compiled from the original sources and every effort has been made to have them complete and accurate.

1. Abel, O. 1912. Grundzüge der Paleobiologie der Wirbelthiere.
211-220, figs. 144-150.

2. Agassiz, L. 1862. Highly interesting discovery of new Sauroid
remains. Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, Jan., XXXIII, 138.

3. Alberti, Fr. v. 1834. Beitrag zu einer Monographic des bunten
Sandsteins, Muschelkalks und Keuper.

4. ----. 1864. Ueberblick ueber die Trias. 235-241.

5. Albrecht, P. 1883. Note sur le Basioccipital des Batraciens
Anoures. Bull, de Musee Roy. d'Hist. Nat. de Belgique, II,
195-198, with figs, and a plate.

6. American Naturalist. 1878. A new fauna, XII, 327-328 (Ed.).

7. Ammon, Ludwig Von. 1889. Die permischen Amphibien der Rheinpfalz,
Munich. 1-117, pls. 1-5, with extensive bibliography.

8. Andrews, C. W. 1895. Note on a specimen of Keraterpeton galvani
Huxley, from Staffordshire. Geol. Mag., Dec., IV, II, 81-84, fig.

9. Arldt, Theodor. 1907. Die Entwicklung der Kontinente und ihre
Lebewelt. 333, Karte 10.

10. ----. 1909. Die Stegocephalen und ihre Stellung unter den
Wirbelthieren. Naturw. Rundschau, XXIV, 353-355.

11. Atthey, T. 1876. On Anthracosaurus russelli. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., Ser. 4, XVIII, 146-167, pls. 8-11.

12. Bailey, W. H. 1866. On the new discovery of fossil reptiles in
the Carboniferous of southern Ireland. Geol. Mag., II, No. 20, 84.

13. ----. 1875. Description of a new species of Labyrinthodont
Amphibian from the Coal at Jarrow Colliery near Castlecomer,
Kilkenny. Rept. Brit. Assn. Adv. Sci., 62. (Describes
Anthracosaurus edgei.)

14. ----. 1884. Some additional notes on Anthracosaurus edgei Bailey.
Rept. Brit. Assn. Adv. Sci., 96-97 (1883).

15. Barkas, T. P. 1868. On the fauna of the low main Coal Seam,
Northumberland. Geol. Mag., V, 580.

16. ----. 1869. Unusual forms of Ctenoptychius. Geol. Mag., Jan., VI,
43, 2 woodcuts.

17. ----. 1869. On a supposed mammalian tooth from the Coal Measures.
Monthly Micros. Jour., II, 104, figs. 1-5.

18. ----. 1869. On the discovery of a molar of a large reptile in the
Northumberland Coal Measures. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., III, 419.
(Pteroplax cornuta.)

19. ----. 1869. Reptile Remains and Climadoxus. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., IV, 438-440.

20. ----. 1873. A manual of Coal Measure paleontology. London.

21. Barrell, Joseph. 1906. Origin and significance of Mauch Chunk
shale. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XVIII, 460.

22. Baur, George. 1886. Die älteste Tarsus (Archegosaurus). Zool.
Anz., No. 216, 9 Jahrg., 104-106.

23. ----. 1886. The oldest Tarsus (Archegosaurus). Amer. Nat., XX,
173-174.

24. ----. 1886. Ueber die Homologien einiger Schädelknochen der
Stegocephalen und Reptilien. Anat. Anz., I, No. 13, 348-350.

25. ----. 1886. Ueber die Morphologic der Wirbelsäule der Amnioten.
Biol. Centralb., VI, Nr. 11-12, 322-342, 353-363.

26. ----. 1887. On the morphology of ribs. Amer. Nat., Oct., 942-945
(_Archegosaurus_).

27. ----. 1887. Nachträgliche Notiz zu meinen Bemerkungen ueber die
Homologie der Schädelknochen der Stegocephalen und Reptilien.
Anat. Anz., 2, No. 21, 657-658.

28. ----. 1888. Morphogenie der Carpus und Tarsus der Wirbelthiere.
Pt. I, Batrachia. Jena, Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1-88, pls.
1-3, figs.

29. ----. 1894. Bemerkungen über die Osteologie der Schläfengegend
der höherer Wirbelthiere. Anat. Anz., X, 315-330.

30. ----. 1896. Bemerkungen über die Phylogenie der Schildkröten.
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31. ----. 1896. The Stegocephali. A phylogenetic study. Anat. Anz.,
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figures.

32. ----. 1897. Archegosaurus. Amer. Nat., XXXI, 975-980.

32_a_. ----. 1897. Ueber die systematische Stellung der Microsaurier.
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33. Bayer, Franz. 1880. Palæobatrachus bohemicus von Meyer, aus der
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34. Beasley, H. C. 1900. Notes on the type specimen of Cheirotherium
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36. Beyrich, Ernst. 1850. Ueber einige organische Reste der
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37. Bieber, V. 1880. Ueber zwei neue Batrachier der Böhm.
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LXXXII, Abth. I, 117, taf. iii, fig. 1.

38. Binney, E. W. 1883. Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc., VI, p. 42.

39. Blanchard, R. 1881. Sur les Glandes cloacale et Pelvien et sur la
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40. Blanford, W. T. 1884. Address to the geological section of the
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41. Bolkay, S. J. de. 1911. On a Pleistocene predecessor of Rana
fusca Rös. Mittheil. aus d. Jahrb. k. Ung. Geol. R., XIX, H. 3,
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42. Bolton, H. 1896. The animal life of the Lancashire Coal Measures.
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44. Boulenger, G. A. 1890. On the presence of pterygoid teeth in a
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localization of teeth on the palate in batrachians and reptiles.
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45. ----. 1904. On the characters and affinities of the Triassic
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46. ----. 1910. Les Batraciens et principalement ceux d'Europe. I.
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47. Bradley, Frank H. 1870. Geology of Grundy County. Geol. Surv.
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48. Branco, W. 1887. Weissia bavarica, nov. gen. et sp. von
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49. Branson, E. B. 1905. Structure and relationships of American
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50. ----. 1910. Amphibian footprints from the Mississippian of
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51. Braun, M. von. 1841. Bericht über die Versammlung deutscher
Naturforscher und Aertze. Braunschweig, 74-75. (Trematosaurus.)

52. Braun, M. 1878. Ueber äussere Hilfsorgane bei der Begattung von
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53. British Museum. 1905. A guide to the fossil reptiles, amphibians
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54. Brodie, P. B. 1859. On the occurrence of footsteps of
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55. Broili, F. 1899. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss von Eryops
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56. Broili, F. 1902. Beiträge zur Kenntniss von Diplocaulus Cope (D.
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57. ----. 1904. Stammreptilien. Anat. Anz., XXV, No. 23, 577-587.

58. ----. 1904. Permische Stegocephalen und Reptilien.
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59. ----. 1905. Beobachtungen an Cochleosaurus bohemicus.
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60. ----. 1906. Ein Stegocephalen Rest aus den Bayrischen Alpen.
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61. ----. 1908. Ueber die Rachitomen Wirbel der Stegocephalen.
Monatsberichten d. deutsch. geol. Gesell., 60, Nr. 8/10, 235-240,
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62. ----. 1908. Ueber Sclerocephalus aus der Gaskohle von Nürschan
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63. ----. 1908. Systematische und Biologische Bemerkungen zu der
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64. ----. 1909. Reviews of Literature. Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral. Geol.
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65. ----. 1913. Ueber zwei Stegocephalenreste aus dem texanischen
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66. ----. 1913. Unser Wissen über die ältesten Tetrapoden. Fortschr.
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67. Bronn, H. G. 1852-54. Lethea Geognostica, mit Atlas. Bd. I (2),
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68. Broom, R. 1903. On a new Stegocephalian (Batrachosuchus browni)
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69. ----. 1904. On a new South African Labyrinthodont (Cyclosaurus
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70. ----. 1907. On the geological horizons of the vertebrate genera
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71. ----. 1908. On a new Labyrinthodont (Rhinesuchus whaitsi) from
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72. ----. On the nomenclature of the elements of the amphibian
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73. ----. 1910. A comparison of the Permian reptiles of North America
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74. ----. 1913. On the structure of the mandible in the
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75. ----. 1913. Studies on the Permian temnospondylous
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76. Brown, Barnum. 1908. The Conard fissure, a Pleistocene bone
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77. Browne, M. 1893. On some vertebrate remains not hitherto recorded
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78. Brownrigg, W. B. 1865. Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc. Ireland, I, pt. 2,
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79. Budgett, J. S. 1902. On the structure of the larval Polypterus.
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80. Burmeister, H. 1840. Die Labyrinthodonten aus dem bunten
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81. ----. 1850. Die Labyrinthodonten aus dem Saarbrücken
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82. Butts, Edward. 1891. Recently discovered footprints of the
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83. ----. 1891. Footprints of new species of amphibians in the
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84. Carus, J. Victor. 1875. Labyrinthodontia. Handbuch der Zoologie,
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85. Case, E. C. 1898. The significance of certain changes in the
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86. ----. 1900. The vertebrates from the Permian bone bed of
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87. ----. 1902. On some vertebrate fossils from the Permian beds of
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88. ----. 1902. Paleontological notes. Jour. Geol., X, 256-261.

89. ----. 1903. New or little-known vertebrates from the Permian of
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90. ----. 1907. Additional description of the genus Zatrachys Cope.
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91. ----. 1907. Revision of the Pelyeosauria of North America. Pub.
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92. ----. 1908. On the value of the evidence furnished by vertebrate
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93. ----. 1908. Notes on the skull of Lysorophus tricarinatus Cope.
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94. ----. 1908. Description of vertebrate fossils from the vicinity
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95. ----. 1908. A great Permian delta and its vertebrate life, with
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96. ----. 1910. New or little-known reptiles and amphibians from the
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97. ----. 1911. A revision of the Cotylosauria of North America. Pub.
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98. ----. 1911. Revision of the Amphibia and Pisces of the Permian of
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99. ----. 1912. Paleozoic Reptilia and Amphibia. Bull. Geol. Soc.
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100. ----. 1915. The Permo-carboniferous beds of North America and
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101. Chamberlin, T. C. 1900. On the habitat of the early vertebrates.
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102. ----, and R. D. Salisbury. 1906. Geology, earth history.
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103. Clark, C. T. 1847. On the neighborhood of Bombay and certain beds
containing fossil frogs. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., III, 221-224.
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104. Colliery Guardian. Description of claspers of Amphibia. Mar. 10,
1871. (Barkas.)

105. Cope, E. D. 1865. On Amphibamus grandiceps, a new Batrachian from
the Coal Measures. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 134-137. Sec
also Geol. Surv. Ill., II, 135, fig., pl. 32, 1866.

106. ----. 1866. Remarks on extinct vertebrates of the Mesozoic Red
Sandstone. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 249. (Mastodonsaurus
durus.)

107. ----. 1866. Supplement to the description of vertebrates. Geol.
Surv. Ill., II, 135-141, fig., pl. 32, fig. 8. (Amphibamus.)

108. ----. 1866. On the structure and distribution of the genera of
the arciferous Anura. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., V,
67-112.

109. ----. 1866. On the families of Raniform Anura. Jour. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 189.

110. ----. 1868. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia of North America.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 208-221.

111. ----. 1868. Two Batrachians from North Carolina. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., XX, 211-212. (Pariostegus myops.)

112. ----. 1869. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves
of North America. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., XIV, 1-252, pls. 1-14.

113. ----. 1871. Observations on extinct Batrachia. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 53.

114. ----. 1871. Supplement to the synopsis of the extinct Batrachia
and Reptilia of North America. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XII, 41-52.

115. ----. 1871. Observations on the extinct Batrachian fauna of the
Carboniferous of Ohio (Linton). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XII, 177.

116. ----. 1872. Carboniferous reptiles of Ohio. Amer. Nat., VI, 46.

117. ----. 1873. Observations on the distribution of certain extinct
Vertebrata in North Carolina. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XII,
210-216.

118. ----. 1873. On some new Batrachia and Fishes from the Coal
Measures of Linton, Ohio. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 340-343.

119. ----. 1874. Supplement to the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia
and Aves of North America. I. Catalogue of the air-breathing
Vertebrata from the Coal Measures of Linton, Ohio. Trans. Amer.
Phil. Soc., XV, 261-278.

120. ----. 1875. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia,
with a systematic list of the higher groups and an essay on
geographical distribution based on the specimens contained in the
U. S. National Museum. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 7-12.

121. ----. 1875. Synopsis of the Vertebrata whose remains have been
preserved in the formations of North Carolina. Appendix "b" by
Kerr, W. C. Rept. Geol. Surv. N. C,, Raleigh, 29-52, pls. v-viii.

122. ----. 1875. The extinct Batrachia of Ohio. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 16.

123. Cope, E.D. 1875. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia from the Coal
Measures. Geol. Surv. Ohio, II, pt. II, 351-410, pls. xxvi-xlv.

124. ----. 1876. On some extinct reptiles and Batrachia from the
Judith River and Fox Hills Beds of Montana. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 357; Pal. Bull. 23.

125. ----. 1876. Description of some vertebrate remains from the
Fort Union Beds of Montana. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 260.
(Ceratodus hieroglyphus, an amphibian clasper?.)

126. ----. 1877. On the fossil remains of Reptilia and fishes from
Illinois. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 405.

127. ----. 1877. On the Vertebrata of the Bone Bed of eastern
Illinois. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 53-64.

128. ----. 1877. Report on the geology of the region of the Judith
River, Montana, and on vertebrate fossils obtained on or near the
Missouri River. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. of Territories,
in, art. XIX, Batrachia, 573, 576.

129. ----. 1877. Descriptions of Vertebrata from the Permian and
Triassic Formations. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 182-193.

130. ----. 1877. Extinct Vertebrata from North Carolina. Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soc., 17, 182.

131. ----. 1877. A continuation of researches among the Batrachia of
the Coal Measures of Ohio. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVI, 573-578.

132. ----. 1878. Description of extinct Batrachia and Reptilia from
the Permian of Texas. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 522-526.

133. ----. 1878. The vertebra: of Rachitomus. Amer. Nat., XII, 633.
(Eryops.)

134. ----. 1879. The relations of the horizons of extinct Vertebrata
of Europe and North America. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. of
the Territories, V, No. I, 33-34.

135. ----. 1880. Extinct Batrachia. Amer. Nat., XIV, 609-610. Reviews
Fritsch's and Wiedersheim's papers.

136. ----. 1880. The structure of the Permian Ganocephala. Amer. Nat.,
XIV, 383-384. (Eryops.)

137. ----. 1881. The Permian Formation of New Mexico. Amer. Nat., XV,
1020-1021. (Eryops and Zatrachys.)

138. ----. 1881. Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Permian Formation of
the United States. Amer. Nat., XV, 162-164.

139. ----. 1881. Ein Uebergangsglied von den Amphibien zu den
Reptilien (Cricotus). Auszug in Kosmos von Krause, Bd. 9, 230-231.

140. ----. 1881. On some new Batrachia and Reptilia from the Permian
Beds of Texas. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., VI, art. II, 79-82.

141. ----. 1882. Third contribution to the history of the Vertebrata
of the Permian Formation of Texas. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XX,
447-461; Pal. Bull. 35, 451.

142. ----. 1882. The Rachitomous Stegocephalia. Amer. Nat., XVI, 335.

143. ----. 1882. Permian Vertebrata. Amer. Nat., xvi, 925.

144. ----. 1883. Fourth contribution to the history of the Permian
Formation of Texas. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XX, 628-636.

145. ----. 1883. On some Vertebrata from the Permian of Illinois.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 108-110.

146. ----. 1884. The Batrachia of the Permian Period of North America.
Amer. Nat., XVIII, 26-39, pls. ii-v, 7 figs.

147. ----. 1884. Fifth contribution to the fauna of the Permian of
Texas and Indian Territory. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXII, 28-30,
pl. I; Pal. Bull. 39.

148. ----. 1884. Note on the phylogeny of the Vertebrata. Amer. Nat.,
XVIII, 1255-1256.

149. ----. 1885. The Batrachia of the Permian Beds of Bohemia and the
Labyrinthodon from the Bijori Group, India. Amer. Nat., XIX,
592-594.

150. ----. 1885. Paleontological nomenclature. Geol. Mag., London (3),
II, 575. (Batrachia for Amphibia.)

151. ----. 1885. The Batrachia of the Permian Beds of Bohemia. Geol.
Mag., London (3), II, 527.

152. ----. 1885. Second continuation of researches among the Batrachia
of the Coal Measures of Ohio. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXII,
405-408.

153. ----. 1885. On the evolution of the Vertebrata, progressive and
retrogressive. Amer. Nat., XIX, 244, Mar.

154. ----. 1886. On the structure and affinities of the Amphiumidæ.
Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXIII, No. 123, 442-445, July.

155. ----. 1886. The Batrachian intercentrum. Amer. Nat., XX, 76, 175.

156. ----. 1886. Systematic catalogue of the species of vertebrates
found in the Beds of the Permian Epoch of North America. Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc., XVI, 285-296, pls. ii-iii.

157. ----. 1887. A contribution to the history of the Vertebrata of
the Trias of North America. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXIV, 209.
(Eupelor durus.)

158. ---. 1888. On the intercentrum of terrestrial vertebrates. Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc., XVI, 243-253, pl. I, 6 figs.

159. ----. 1888. The Ossicula Auditus of the Batrachia. Amer. Nat.,
XXII, 464-467, pl. vi.

160. ----. 1888. The pineal eye in extinct vertebrates. Amer. Nat.,
XXII, 914-917, pls. xv-xviii.

161. ----. 1888. On the shoulder girdle and extremities of Eryops.
Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVI, 362-367, with plate.

162. ----. 1888. On the relation of the hyoid and otic elements of the
skeleton in the Batrachia. Jour. Morphol., II, 297-310.

163. ----. 1889. The Batrachia of North America. Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., No. 34, I-VI, 7-514, pls. i-lxxxvi.

164. ----. 1889. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata. Amer. Nat.,
XXIII, 849-877. (Published in 1898 as "Syllabus of Lectures.")

165. ----. 1892. A preliminary report on the vertebrate paleontology
of the Llano Estacado. Geol. Surv. Texas, 4th Ann. Rept., 12-17.

166. ----. 1892. On the phylogeny of Vertebrata. Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc., XXX, 278-280.

167. ----. 1892. On some new and little-known Paleozoic vertebrates.
Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXX, 221-229, pls. vii-viii.

168. ----. 1893. Fritsch's Fauna of the Gaskohle of Bohemia. Amer.
Nat., XXVII, 709.

169. ----. 1895. Some new Batrachia from the Permian Beds of Texas.
Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXXIV, 452-457, plate ix, Nov. 15.

170. ----. 1895. A Batra chianarmadillo. Amer. Nat., XXIX, 998, Nov.

171. ----. 1896. The Paleozoic reptilian order Cotylosauria. Amer.
Nat., XXX, 303. (Describes Eosauravus copei Williston, oldest
known reptile.)

172. ----. 1896. Permian land vertebrates with carapaces. Amer. Nat.,
XXX, 936, pl. xxi.

173. ----. 1896. The ancestry of the Testudinata. Amer. Nat., XXX, 399.

174. ----. 1896. Appendix on a species of Trimerorhachis. Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soc., XXXV, 137.

175. ----. 1896. The reptilian order Cotylosauria. Supplement: Some
new Batrachia from the Permian beds of Texas. Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc., XXXIV, 455.

176. ----. 1897. On new Paleozoic Vertebrata from Illinois, Ohio, and
Pennsylvania. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXXVI, 71-90, three plates.

177. ----. 1898. Syllabus of Lectures on the Vertebrata. Batrachia,
43-51. Published for University of Pennsylvania.

178. Cox, E. T. 1874. Colettosaurus indianænsis. 5th Ann. Rept. Geol.
Surv. Indiana, 247, pl. 1.

179. Credner, Hermann. 1881. Ueber Branchiosaurus amblystomus,
einen neuen Stegocephalen aus den Rothliegenden-Kalke von
Niederhässlich im Plauen'schen Gründe. Sitzungsb. naturf. Gesell.
zu Leipzig, 43.

180. ----. 1881. Die Stegocephalen und Saurier aus dem Rothliegenden
des Plauen'schen Grundes bei Dresden. I Theil: Einleitung und
Branchiosaurus gracilis. Zeit. d. deutsch. geol. Gesell., XXXIII,
298-329, taf. xv-xviii.

181. ----. 1881. Die Stegocephalen und Saurier, etc. II Theil:
Branchiosaurus amblystomus. Zeit. d. deutsch. geol. Gesell.,
XXXIII, 574-603, taf. xxii-xxiv.

182. ----. 1881. Ueber einige Stegocephalen (Labyrinthodonten) aus dem
sächsischen Rothliegenden. Sitzungsb. naturf. Gesell. Leipzig,
I-II. (Note on Branchiosaurus and Melanerpeton, 43, 45.)

183. ----. 1882. Ueber Melanerpeton Fritsch aus dem Rothliegenden-Kalk
von Niederhässlich im Plauen'schen Grundes. Sitzungsb. naturf.
Gesell. Leipzig, 45-47.

184. ----. 1882. Die Stegocephalen und Saurier, etc. III Theil:
Pelosaurus laticeps, Archegosaurus decheni, A. latirostris. Zeit.
d. deutsch. geol. Gesell., XXXIV, 213-237, tafeln xii-xiii.

185. ----. 1883. Die Stegocephalen und Saurier, etc. IV Theil:
Branchiosaurus gracilis, Acanthostoma vorax, Melanerpeton,
Discosaurus permianus. Zeit. d. deutsch. geol. Gesell., XXXV,
275-300, tafeln xi-xii.

186. ----. 1885. Die Stegocephalen aus dem Rothliegenden des
Plauen'schen Grundes bei Dresden. V Theil: Melanerpeton
pulcherrimum, Pelosaurus laticeps, Archegosaurus; Sparagmites
arciger, Hylonomus fritschii, Hyloplesion. Zeit. d. deutsch.
geol. Gesell., XXXVII, 694-736, tafeln xxvii-xxix.

187. ----. 1886. Die Stegocephalen aus dem Rothliegenden
des Plauen'schen Grundes bei Dresden. VI Theil: Die
Entwickelungsgeschichte von Branchiosaurus amblystomus Cred.
Zeit. d. deutsch. geol. Gesell., XXXVIII, 576-633, tafeln

188. Credner, Hermann. 1886. Archegosaurus Reste aus dem Rothliegenden
v. Offenbach. Zeit. d. deutsch. geol. Gesell., XXXVIII, 696.

189. ----. 1890. Die Stegocephalen und Saurier aus dem Rothliegenden
des Plauen'schen Grundes bei Dresden. IX Theil: Hylonomus
geinitzi, Petrobates truncatus, Discosaurus permianus. Zeit. d.
deutsch. geol. Gesell., XLII, 240-277, tafeln ix-xi, figs.

190. ----. 1887. Stegocephalen des Rothliegenden. Wandtafeln
mit Erläuterungen, Leipzig. Folio. Tafel i, Branchiosaurus
amblystomus; Tafel ii, Pelosaurus laticeps and Melanerpeton
pulcherrimum.

191. ----. 1888. Wandtafeln mit Stegocephalen des Rothliegenden. Neues
Jahrb. f. Mineral. Geol. II. Paleon., Bd. I, 67-69.

192. ----. 1891. Die Urvierfüssler (Eotetrapoda) des Sächsischen
Rothliegenden. Allgemein-verständliche naturwiss. Abhandl.,
Heft 15. Sonder-Abdruck aus der "Naturwissenschaftlichen
Wochenschrift," 4-52, 53 figs.

193. ----. 1893. Die Stegocephalen und Saurier aus dem Rothliegenden
des Plauen'schen Grundes bei Dresden. X Theil: Sclerocephalus
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XLV, 639-704, tafeln xxx-xxxii.

194. ----. 1893. Zur Histologie der Faltenzähne Paleozoischer
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195. ----. 1897. Elemente der Geologic. Amphibia, 489-494.

196. Cummins, W. F. 1908. The localities and horizons of Permian
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197. Cuvier, Georg. 1825. Des Batrachiens fossiles. Recherches sur
les Ossemens Fossiles, 3d ed., 431-444, V, pt. II. (Homo diluvii
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198. Davison, Alvin. 1895. A contribution to the anatomy and phylogeny
of Amphiuma means. Jour. Morphol., XI, 375-410, 2 pls. (See
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199. Davis, James W. 1883. On the occurrence of remains of
Labyrinthodonts in the Yorkdale rocks of Wensleydale
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200. Dawson, J. W. 1853. On the Coal Measures of the South Joggins,
Nova Scotia. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., X, 1-41, with bibliography
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201. ----. 1855. Acadian geology. Edinburgh, 1855, Amphibia, 160.

202. ----. 1887. Carboniferous quadrupeds. The Story of the Earth and
Man, 143-150. 9th ed.

203. ----. 1855. Notice of the discovery of a reptilian skull in the
Coal Measures of Pictou (Nova Scotia). Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.,
xi, 8-9.

204. ----. 1859. New species of reptiles from the Coal Formation
of Nova Scotia. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., xvi, 273. (Describes
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205. ----. 1860. On the terrestrial Molluska, a chilognathus Myriapod
and some new species from the Coal Formation of Nova Scotia.
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., xvi, 268.

206. ----. 1862. Additional remains of land animals in the Coal
Measures of Nova Scotia. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., XVIII, 5-7.

206_a_. ----. 1862. Descriptions of specimens of fossil Reptilia
discovered in the Coal Measures of the South Joggins, Nova
Scotia. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., XVIII, 238-244, pls. ix, x.

207. ----. 1863. Note on the footprint of a reptile from the coal of
Cape Breton. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, VIII, 430-431, 1
fig.; review in Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Geol. u. Paleon., 64, 752.

208. ----. 1863. Air-breathers of the Coal Period. Montreal, I-IV,
1-81, pls. 1-6. [A descriptive account of the remains of land
animals found in the Coal Formation of Nova Scotia, with remarks
on their bearing on the theories of the formation of coal and
of the origin of species.] See also Jour. Geol. Soc., XVI, 273;
XVIII, 5-19, 470; also Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Geol. u. Paleon.,
1864, 507.

209. ----. 1863. Notice of a new species of Dendrerpeton and of the
dermal covering of certain Carboniferous reptiles. Quart. Jour.
Geol. Soc., XIX, 469-473.

210. ----. 1863. Air-breathers of the Coal Period. Canadian Naturalist
and Geologist, VIII, 1-12, 81-92, 161-175, 268-295, with pls. 1-6.

211. ----. 1863. The Air-breathers of the Coal Period. Amer. Jour.
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212. ----. 1868. Land animals of the Coal Period. Acadian Geology,
1868, 2d ed., chap, XVIII, 353-382.

213. ----. 1870. Note on some new animal remains from the
Carboniferous and Devonian of Canada. Geol. Mag., VII, 87; Quart.
Jour. Geol. Soc., XXVI, 166-167; Canadian Naturalist (2), V,
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214. ----. 1876. On a recent discovery of Carboniferous Batrachians in
Nova Scotia. Amer. Jour. Sci. (3), XII, 440-447.

215. ----. 1878. Acadian geology. Supplement to 3d edition, London,
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216. ----. 1882. On the results of the recent explorations of the
erect trees containing animal remains in the Coal Formation of
Nova Scotia. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, CLXXIII, pt. n,
621-654. pls. 39-47.

217. ----. 1882. On the results of recent explorations of the
erect trees (Batrachia). Canadian Naturalist (2), X, 252-254.
(Abstract.)

218. ----. 1891. On new specimens of Dendrerpeton acadianum, with
remarks on other Carboniferous Amphibians. Geol. Mag. (3), VIII,
145-156, 4 figs.

219. ----. 1891. Note on Hylonomous lyelli, with photographic
reproduction of skeleton. Geol. Mag., n. s., Dec., III, VIII,
258-259, pl. 8.

220. ----. 1891. On the mode of occurrence of remains of land animals
in erect trees of Nova Scotia. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, IX, sec.
IV, 127-128.

221. ----. 1894. Some salient points in the science of the earth. The
Oldest Air-breathers, chap. X, 259-307, with restorations and
figures.

222. ----. 1894. Preliminary note on the recent discoveries of
Batrachians and other air-breathers in the Coal Formation of Nova
Scotia. Canadian Record of Science, VI, 1-7, 1 fig.

223. ----. 1895. Synopsis of the air-breathing animals of the
Paleozoic of Canada (up to 1894). Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, XII,
sec. IV, 71-78.

224. Deichmueller, J. V. 1882. Ueber "Die Stegocephalen aus dem
Rothliegenden des Plauen'schen Grundes bei Dresden. III Theil:
von H. Credner." Sitzungsb. Isis, Dresden, 71.

225. ----. 1884. Ueber Branchiosaurus petrolei, Nachträge zur Dyas
III. Mittheilungen des kgl. mineral, geol. u. praehist. Museum in
Dresden, Heft 6, Paleontol. Abhandl. aus dem Dresdener Museum,
5-17, Taf. I.

226. Dollo, Louis. 1884. Note sur le Batracien de Bernissart. Bull.
Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg., III, 85-93, pl. iii. (Hylæobatrachus
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227. ----. 1885. Les Labyrinthodontes. Rev. Quest. Scientif.
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228. ----. 1895. Sur la Phylogenie des Dipneustes. Bull. Soc. Beige
de Geol. Paleont. Hydrol., IX, 79-178, pls. v-x. (Discusses
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229. Dunlop, Robert. 1910. The fossil Amphibia in the Kilmarnock
Museum previous to the fire of November 26, 1909. Annals
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230. Eastman, Chas. R. 1902. The Carboniferous fish fauna of Mazon
Creek, Illinois. Jour. Geol., X, 535-541, with list of fossil
vertebrates.

231. ----. 1902. Translation of Zittel's Text-book of Paleontology,
vol. II, 114-139, figs. 193-235.

232. ----. 1907. Devonic fishes of the New York Formations. Memoir No.
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233. Eichwald, E. 1848. On Zygosaurus lucius from the Permian of
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234. ----. 1860. Lethæa rossica ou Paleontologie de la Russie, I,
Stuttgart. 1620-1633, tafeln 57-59, Labyrinthodonten.

235. Embleton and Atthey. 1874. On the skull and other bones of
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236. Emery, C. 1897. Die fossilen Reste von Archegosaurus und Eryops
und ihre Bedeutung für die Morphologic des Gliedmassenskelets.
Anat. Anz., xiv, No. 8, 201-208, figs. 1-7.

237. Emmons, E. 1857. Perm und Trias System in Nord Carolina. Edinb.
n. Phil. Jour., V, 370.

238. ----. 1857. Dictyocephalus elegans Leidy. American Geology, pt.
vi, Labyrinthodonts, 59, figs. 31-32.

239. ----. 1863. Dictyocephalus elegans Leidy. Manual of Geology, New
York. Labyrinthodonts, 180, 184.

240. Emmrich, A. 1852. Bericht ueber die Naturforscherversammlung in
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241. Etheridge, Robert. 1866. On the discovery of several new
Labyrinthodont reptiles in the Coal Measures of Ireland. Geol.
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242. Fraas, E. 1889. Die Labyrinthodonten der Schwäbischen Trias.
Paleontographica, xxxvi, 1-158, with bibliography.

243. ----. 1896. Die Schwäbischen Trias-Saurier. Festgabe des
königlichen naturalien Cabinets in Stuttgart zur 42 Versammlung
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244. Fraas, E. 1901. Labyrinthodon aus dem Buntsandstein von
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245. ----. 1903. Die geognostische Sammlung Würtembergs im
Parterre-Saal zugleich ein Leitfaden für die geologischen
Verhältnisse und die vorweltlichen Bewohner unseres Landes. 2d
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246. ----. 1903. Rana danubina H. von Meyer var. rara, O. Fraas aus
dem Obermiocän von Steinheim. Jahreshefte des Vereins f. vaterl.
Naturkunde in Würtemberg, Jahr. 1903, 105-110, with fig.

247. ----. 1909. Rana hauffiana n. sp. aus den Dysodilschiefern des
Randecker Maares. Jahreshefte des Vereins f. vaterl. Naturk. in
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247_a_. ----. 1913. Neue Labyrinthodonten aus der schwäbischen Trias.
Paleontographica, Bd. LX, 275-294, pls. xvi xxii, with text-figs.
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248. Frech, Fritz. 1901. Lethæa geognostica oder Beschreibung
und Abbildung der für die Gebirgsformation bezeichnendsten
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459-471, 22 figs., pl. 56.

249. Fritsch, Anton. 1870. Sitzungsberichte der k. Gesell. d. Wissen.,
April 27, 1870. (Describes 2 new species of Amphibia.)

250. ----. 1875. Ueber die Fauna des Pilsner und Rakonitzer Beckens.
Sitzungsb. d. k. Boehmischen Gesell. d. Wissenschft., March.

251. ----. 1883-1899. Fauna der Gaskohle und der Kalksteine der
Permformation Boehmens. Bd. I, 1-182, 116 figs. Tafeln i-xlviii;
Bd. II, 1-64, figs. 117-142, Tafeln xlix-lxx; Bd. iv, supplement
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on extinct Amphibia.

252. ----. 1895. Ueber neue Wirbelthiere aus der Permformation
Boehmens, nebst einer Uebersicht der aus derselben bekannt
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Wissenschaften, Prag, I.

253. ----. 1905. Vorläufige Notiz ueber Miscellanea Paleontologica
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254. Fritsch, Karl Freiherr. 1879. Referat ueber Gaudry's Sur les
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255. Fuchs, Hugo. 1909. Betrachtungen ueber die Schläfäengegend am
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figs.

256. Gadow, Hans. 1896. On the evolution of the vertebral column of
Amphibia and Amniota. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, ser. B,
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257. ----. 1901. Amphibia and reptiles. Cambridge Nat. Hist., VIII,
Stegocephala, So. London.

258. Gaudry, Albert. 1866. Note sur le Reptile découvert à Muse.
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259. ----. 1867. Mémoire sur le Reptile découvert par M. Frossard à
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260. ----. 1868. Note sur L'Actinodon frossardi. Bull. Soc. Geol. de
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261. ----. 1874. Les Êtres de Temps primaire. Revue Scientifique, ser.
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326. ----. 1913. Ueber Lysorophus aus dem Perm von Texas. Anat. Anz.,
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327. ----. 1913. The skull elements of the Permian Tetrapoda in the
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328. Huxley, Thomas Henry. 1859. On Dasyceps bucklandi (Labyrinthodon
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330. ----. 1859. On some Amphibian and reptilian remains from South
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The Coal Measures Amphibia of North AmericaChapter XXV (1)

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