Chapter I: Preface

The absence of any existing text-book, narrating with any approach to fulness the history of the period with which this work is concerned, induced the writer to think that the most useful course that he could pursue would be to cover as much of the whole ground as his space allowed. Finding that there was not room to treat all the aspects of European history with the same fulness, the author resolved to limit himself to the central struggle between the Papacy and the Empire, and to the events directly connected with it. He has therefore only busied himself with the affairs of Scandinavia, the Baltic lands, and the Slavonic kingdoms of the East so far as they stand in direct relation to the main currents of European history. The history of the Mohammedan Powers has been treated in the same way, and even Christian Spain has only been allowed a very small number of pages. This necessary limitation has afforded more room for the main purpose of the writer, which has been to narrate, with some amount of detail, the political and ecclesiastical history of the chief states of Southern and Western Europe, and in particular of Germany, Italy, France, and the Eastern Empire. The expansion of the Latin and Catholic world at the expense of both the Orthodox Greeks and the Mohammedans, stands so much in the forefront of the history of the period that it could not be neglected, though the writer has avoided treating the Crusades in much detail. Some account of the general movements of thought and of the development of the ecclesiastical system and of the religious orders seemed to him necessary for the understanding even of the political history of a time when everything was subordinated to the authority of the Church. He has, however, endeavoured to bring this into some sort of connection with the political history of the period, and has not felt it in his power to enlarge upon the general history of civilisation in the way adopted by the very valuable _Histoire Générale de l’Europe_, edited by MM. Lavisse and Rambaud. He has, however, frequently availed himself of the help of that book in his selection and arrangement of his facts, and would like to refer his readers to it for such parts of the history as do not fall within his scheme. He has indicated in notes at the beginning of the various chapters some useful authorities in which readers will find a more detailed account of various aspects of the time.

In conclusion, the writer must express his thanks to his wife, who has helped him materially in nearly every part of the book, and has taken the chief share in preparing the maps, tables, and index.

In preparing for fresh impressions such errors have been corrected as the author has been able to find.

MANCHESTER, _Dec. 1908_.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION, 1

II. THE SAXON KINGS OF THE GERMANS, AND THE REVIVAL OF THE
ROMAN EMPIRE BY OTTO I. (919–973), 12

III. THE GERMAN EMPIRE AT THE HEIGHT OF ITS POWER. THE LATER
SAXON AND EARLY SALIAN EMPERORS (973–1056), 36

IV. FRANCE AND ITS VASSAL STATES UNDER THE LAST CAROLINGIANS
AND THE EARLY CAPETIANS (929–1108), 66

V. THE CLUNIAC REFORMATION (910–1073), AND ITALY IN THE
ELEVENTH CENTURY, 96

VI. THE INVESTITURE CONTEST (1056–1125), 120

VII. THE EASTERN EMPIRE AND THE SELJUKIAN TURKS (912–1095), 151

VIII. THE EARLY CRUSADES AND THE LATIN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM
(1095–1187), 177

IX. THE MONASTIC MOVEMENT AND THE TWELFTH CENTURY RENASCENCE, 198

X. GERMANY AND ITALY (1125–1152), 221

XI. FREDERICK BARBAROSSA AND ALEXANDER III. THE RENEWED
CONFLICT BETWEEN PAPACY AND EMPIRE (1152–1190), 245

XII. FRANCE, NORMANDY, AND ANJOU, AND THE BEGINNINGS OF THE
GREATNESS OF THE CAPETIAN MONARCHY (1108–1189), 274

XIII. THE THIRD CRUSADE AND THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. (1187–1197), 295

XIV. EUROPE IN THE DAYS OF INNOCENT III. (1198–1216), 313

XV. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY; THE FOURTH
CRUSADE, AND THE LATIN EMPIRE IN THE EAST (1095–1261), 336

XVI. FREDERICK II. AND THE PAPACY (1216–1250), 358

XVII. FRANCE UNDER PHILIP AUGUSTUS AND ST. LOUIS (1180–1270), 393

XVIII. THE UNIVERSITIES AND THE FRIARS, 428

XIX. THE LAST CRUSADES AND THE EAST IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY, 450

XX. THE GROWTH OF CHRISTIAN SPAIN, 464

XXI. THE FALL OF THE HOHENSTAUFEN AND THE GREAT INTERREGNUM
(1250–1273), 478

MAPS

1. Germany under the Saxon and Swabian Emperors, 11
2. Ecclesiastical Divisions of Germany, 24
3. France, showing the great fiefs, 93
4. South Italy before the Norman Conquest, 104
5. Middle Italy in the Eleventh Century, 111
6. The Eastern Empire in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries, 153
7. The Crusading States in Syria in the Twelfth Century, 185
8. Dominions of Saladin in 1193, 196
9. Possessions of the Guelfs in the days of Henry the Lion, 267
10. France in 1189, 293
11. The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 347
12. France and its neighbour lands in 1270, 426
13. Spain at the end of the Twelfth Century, 476
14. Spain at the end of the Thirteenth Century, 477

GENEALOGICAL TABLES

1. The Crescentii, 35
2. The Saxon and Salian Emperors, 65
3. The Capetian Kings of France, 94–95
4. The House of Tancred of Hauteville, 119
5. The Macedonian Dynasty, 176
6. The Early Kings of Jerusalem, 197
7. The Guelfs and the Hohenstaufen, 244
8. The House of Blois, 279
9. The Comneni and Angeli, 356
10. The Latin Emperors of Constantinople, 357