Chapter XXV: Appendix: Tables of Sovereigns (2)

Lombardy, theme of, 103, 104.

Lorraine, duchy of Lower, 71, 181. _See also_ Brabant.

—— division of the duchy of, 55, 223.

Lorraine, 3, 14, 15, 17, 19, 23, 25, 26, 38, 47, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
66, 70, 71, 80, 215.

Lorris, 418.

—— peace of (1243), 414.

Lorsch, 122.

Lothair I., emperor, 56.

—— II. of Supplinburg, the emperor, 144, 206, 223–231, 264, 283.

—— king of the Franks, 38, 40, 69, 70.

—— of Hochstaden, bishop of Liége, 307.

—— son of Hugh of Provence, 28.

—— of Segni, 313, 314. _See_ Innocent III.

Lotharingia. _See_ Lorraine.

Louis the German, king of the East Franks, 13, 56.

—— IV., king of the Franks, 19, 23, 67, 68, 69, 83.

—— V. (d’Outremer), king of the Franks, 67–69, 70, 89.

—— VI., king of France, 82, 145, 149, 275–282, 352.

—— VII., the Young, king of France, 191–193, 229, 257, 281, 282–290,
340, 429.

—— VIII., the Lion, king of France, 322, 330, 331, 394, 396, 401,
405–407, 418.

—— IX., St., king of France, 10, 383, 387, 394, 402, 407–427, 456–457,
461–462, 484.

—— count of Blois, duke of Nicæa, 343, 349, 352.

—— duke of Bavaria, 487.

—— Landgrave of Thuringia, 300.

Lübeck, 264, 305, 488.

—— laws of, 377.

—— trade of, 378.

Lucca, 269, 483.

—— Anselm, bishop of, 116. _See_ Alexander II.

Lucera, Saracens at, 359, 360, 361, 366, 381, 391, 480, 487.

Lucius II., Pope, 241.

—— III., Pope, 270, 399, 410.

Ludolf, duke of Swabia, 20, 21, 28, 31, 37.

Ludolfings, the, 13, 14, 50.

Lund, 226.

—— archbishop of, 223, 253.

Lüneburg, 268.

—— Otto of. _See_ Otto.

Lusignan, Guy of, 302, 303. _See_ Guy.

—— Hugh de. _See_ Hugh.

—— kings of Cyprus, 303, 304, 311.

Lützen, 134.

Luxemburg, Hermann of. _See_ Hermann.

Lyons, 215, 387, 388, 390, 420, 480.

—— first council of (1245), 386, 387, 457.

—— second council of (1274), 440, 491.

Macedonia, 152, 155, 164, 170, 175, 340, 348, 353.

Macedonian dynasty, the, 165, 167.

Macon, 97, 416.

—— the bishop of, 199.

Madrid, 467.

Magdeburg, 35, 37, 45, 206, 226, 266.

—— laws of, 377.

—— archbishop of, 22, 26, 32, 34, 40, 262. _See also_ Norbert, St.

—— —— heads Saxon revolt, 123, 124.

Magi, the three, relics of, 255.

_Magna Carta_, 327.

—— _Curia Rationum_, the, 362.

—— _Curia_, the, 362.

Magnus, king of Denmark, 226.

Magyars, 3, 48, 55, 61, 167, 168, 266. _See_ Hungarians.

Mahmoud of Ghazni, 168, 169.

Maimonides, 432.

Maine, county of, 68, 88, 286, 395, 396, 416.

Mainz, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 32, 37, 40, 41, 46, 132, 144, 224.

—— diet of (1184), 268.

—— diet at (1235), 374.

—— archbishop of, 26, 27, 50, 52, 305, 489.

—— archbishops of. _See_ Arnold; Christian; Siegfried.

_Maîtres des Comptes_, the, 424.

Malek Shah, 172, 179.

Malta, 236.

Manasses, archbishop of Reims, 201.

Manchurian kingdom, 168.

Manfred, king of Sicily, son of Frederick II., 364, 391, 478–485.

Maniaces, George, 106.

Manicheans, 215, 216.

Mansourah, 454, 458, 459, 460.

Mantes, 277.

Mantua, 483.

Manuel I., Comnenus, 192–193, 236, 252, 263, 339–340.

Manzikert, battle of, 171, 172, 174.

Marathon, 170.

Marburg, Conrad of. _See_ Conrad.

March of Ancona, 380.

—— of Provence, 417.

—— the Spanish, 465, 466.

Marche, la, 89.

—— Hugh of. _See_ Hugh of Lusignan.

Margaret of Flanders, 417.

—— daughter of Louis VII., wife of the young king Henry (III.) of
England, 288, 290, 293.

—— of Hungary, 351.

—— of Provence, 417.

Margarito, admiral of Sicily, 306, 310.

Marks, the German, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 37, 96, 264.

Markwald of Anweiler, 310, 316, 317, 319.

Marle, Thomas de. _See_ Thomas.

Marozia, 29, 30, 38.

Marriage of clergy, 102, 115, 127.

Marseilles, 145, 188, 301, 419.

Martin della Torre, 483.

Mary of Antioch, wife of Manuel I., 340.

—— —— aunt of Hugh III. of Jerusalem, 459.

—— of Blois, wife of Baldwin IX. of Flanders, 343.

—— daughter of Stephen of Boulogne, 289.

—— countess of Champagne, daughter of Louis VII. and Eleanor, 290.

—— queen of Jerusalem, 453.

Mathematics under Frederick II., 363.

Matilda, wife of Henry the Fowler, 17.

—— the empress, wife of Henry V., 86, 144, 280, 286.

—— daughter of Henry of Anjou, wife of Henry the Lion, 265.

—— the countess of Tuscany, 109, 110, 116, 120, 131, 135, 136, 137,
138, 142, 144.

—— inheritance of the countess, 229, 231, 311, 318–319, 321, 328, 365.

Matthew, count of Boulogne, 291.

—— chancellor of Sicily, 301.

Mauclerc, Peter. _See_ Peter, duke of Brittany.

Maurienne, 287. _See also_ Savoy.

Meaux, treaty of, 409, 414.

Mecklenburg, bishopric of, 265.

Medicine, school of, at Salerno, 363.

—— study of, by the friars, 443.

Meissen, 16, 22, 34, 41, 43, 47, 266.

Meles, 104, 105.

Melfi, 106.

—— synod of (1059), 115.

Melun, 76.

Memleben, 35.

Mendicants, the, 382, 384, 434–441, 443, 444, 445, 446. _See also_
Friars, the.

—— the, and St. Louis, 422, 423.

—— the, in Italy, 367.

—— the, and Frederick II., 389.

Meran, Agnes of, 323. _See_ Agnes.

Merovingians, the, 69, 75.

Merseburg, 16, 17, 34.

Mesopotamia, northern, 158.

Messina, 106, 117, 118, 305, 312, 361, 480.

—— capture of, 301.

Methodius, 157.

Metz, 205.

—— Hermann of. _See_ Hermann.

Michael IV., eastern emperor, 165, 166.

—— V., eastern emperor, 166.

—— VI., Stratioticus, eastern emperor, 170, 171.

—— VII., eastern emperor, 171, 172, 173, 180.

—— VIII., Palæologus, eastern emperor, 354.

—— Cærularius. _See_ Cærularius.

—— Scot, 359, 363, 432.

—— St., monastery of, in Monte Gargano, 104.

Middle Kingdom (Burgundy), the, 3, 56. _See also_ Burgundy and Arelate,
266.

Miecislav, king of Poland, 54.

Mignano, the treaty of, 235.

Milan, 37, 115, 116, 128, 248, 254, 258, 259, 260, 261, 269, 270, 309,
381, 382, 483.

—— revolt and destruction of, 255–256, 257.

Milan, Aribert, archbishop of. _See_ Aribert.

—— church of St. Ambrose at, 255.

Military orders, the, 190, 207.

—— —— of Spain, 190, 470–471.

Millicent, heiress of Jerusalem, 185, 193.

_Ministeriales_, the, 58, 310, 320, 329, 330, 370.

_Minnesinger_, the, 272, 333, 377.

Minorites. _See_ Franciscans.

_Missi Dominici_, 20, 424.

Mohammed, 169.

Molême, 202.

Mondego, the, 467.

Mongols, the, 8, 15, 385, 456. _See also_ Tartars.

Monophysites, the, 155.

Montanists, the, 214.

Montaperto, battle of, 483–484.

Mont Cenis, pass of, 130, 259, 260.

Montebello, peace of, 261.

Monte Casino, 108, 112, 136.

—— —— Roffrid, abbot of, 317.

Montferrat, 259, 340.

—— counts of, 260.

—— _See_ Boniface and Conrad.

Montfort, Simon de (the elder). _See_ Simon.

—— —— (the younger). _See_ Simon.

—— Amaury de. _See_ Amaury.

—— Guy de. _See_ Guy.

Montlhéry, 276.

Montreal, barony of (Syria), 186.

Montreuil-sur-Mer, 76, 277.

Moors, Spanish, 158, 431, 433, 451.

Mopsuestia, brazen gates of, 160.

Moravia, 61.

Morena, the Sierra, 472.

Morimond, 204.

Morocco, 471.

Morosini, Thomas, patriarch of Constantinople.

Mortain, 87.

Mortemer, battle of, 79.

Mortmain, the law of, 159, 362.

Moses Maimonides (died 1204), 432.

Mosul, 158, 183, 184, 185, 191, 193.

Mouzon, 145, 146.

Mozarabs, the, 469–470, 474.

Mühlhausen, diet at, 320.

Munich founded, 266.

Murcia, 473.

Muret, battle of, 200, 401, 472.

Nangis, William of. _See_ William.

Nantes, 85.

—— county of, 287.

Naples, 10, 117, 118, 227, 306, 328, 385, 389, 480–488.

—— consolidation of the kingdom of, 227. _See also_ Sicily.

—— Frederick II.’s policy in, 360, 361.

—— University of, 363, 431, 447.

Narbonne, Duchy of, 409.

—— Raymond VI., Duke of. _See_ Raymond.

—— Simon de Montfort, Duke of, 401. _See_ Simon.

Navarre, 326.

—— kingdom of, 326, 409, 457, 465–466, 471, 472.

—— Theobald of. _See_ Theobald.

Navas de Tolosa, battle of Las, 332, 431, 471–472.

Nazareth, 368.

Necker Valley, the, 221.

Nepi, 249.

Netherlands, the, 266.

—— union of the, 291.

Neuilly, Fulk of, 332. _See_ Fulk.

Neustria, 3, 68.

Nicæa, 172, 179, 182, 192, 353, 354.

—— empire at, 351.

—— empire of, its union of Thessalonica (1241), 353.

—— Louis, Duke of. _See_ Louis of Blois.

Nicephorus II., Phocas, eastern emperor, 159, 160, 161, 163, 172, 184.

—— III. (1078–1081), 173.

Nicetas, 160, 161.

Nicholas I., Pope, 166.

—— II., Pope, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 125.

Nicopolis, theme of, 155.

Nicomedia, Louis, Duke of. _See_ Louis of Blois.

_Niebelungenlied_, the, 272.

Niel, king of Denmark, 226.

Nile, the, 454.

Niort, 406.

Nominalism, 210, 211, 212.

Norbert, St., archbishop of Magdeburg, 206, 207, 208, 212, 217, 226,
229, 233.

Nordalbingia, 371.

Nordheim, Otto of. _See_ Otto.

Normandy, 23, 66, 71, 75, 76, 79, 83–84, 87, 92, 96, 142, 268, 278,
286, 288, 394–396, 404, 415, 416.

—— its rivalry with Anjou, 87, 88.

Norman Conquest of England, 73, 115.

Normans in Naples and Sicily, 84, 104–105, 106, 108–109, 113, 114, 115,
116, 117, 118, 120, 126, 127, 135, 137, 261, 360, 361.

—— in Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Spain, Italy, 84.

—— in Brittany, 84, 85.

—— in Flanders, 85, 86.

—— in Macedonia and Thessaly, 174, 175.

—— the character of, 350.

Norsemen, the, 3, 83, 84, 156.

Norse mercenaries, 163.

North Mark, the, 226.

Norway, 53, 83.

Noureddin, 193, 195.

Novara, 260.

Noyon, 71, 277.

Numerals, Arabic, 363.

Nürnberg, 329.

Ochrida, 164.

Octavian, cardinal, bishop of Ostia, 324.

Octavian, 30. _See_ also John XII.

—— the cardinal, 256. _See_ Victor V.

Oder, the, 21, 264, 378.

Odo, king of the Franks, 66, 67, 70.

—— count of Champagne, king of Arles, 55.

—— of Cambrai, 212.

—— I., count of Chartres, Tours, and Blois, 78.

—— II., Count of Blois and Troyes, 78, 79, 87.

—— of Champagne. _See_ Urban II.

—— abbot of Cluny, 97.

—— of La Roche, 349.

—— of Turin, 122.

Olga, conversion of, 162.

Olona, the, 261.

Omar, the mosque of, 178.

Oporto, county of, 467, 470.

Oppenheim, 129.

Orléans, 76, 78, 84, 275, 276, 277.

Orseolo, Peter, Doge of Venice, 46.

Orthodoxy, Greek, 350.

Orvieto, 484.

Osma, 436.

Ostia, Ugolino, cardinal bishop of. _See_ Gregory IX.

—— Octavian, bishop of. _See_ Octavian.

Otbert, bishop of Liége, 141.

Otranto, 182, 367.

—— Straits of, 174, 175.

Otto I., the Great, emperor, 15, 18–27, 28, 30–32, 35, 37, 43, 45,
69,71, 247, 264.

—— II., 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 41, 44, 70, 103, 160, 162.

—— III., emperor, 39, 40–44, 47–50, 100, 247, 304–305.

—— IV., of Brunswick, 319–320;
king of Romans, 320, 322;
emperor, 327–332, 370, 371, 396.

—— Count Palatine of Bavaria, 489.

—— Duke of Bavaria, 122, 123.

—— of Freising (quoted), 230, 245, 247, 250.

—— son of Duke Ludolf, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria, 37.

—— of Lüneburg, first Duke of Brunswick, 375.

—— of Wittelsbach, 248, 255, 256, 268. (Nephew of above, 322).

—— of Nordheim, 121, 122, 124, 134, 223.

Ottocar I., king of Bohemia, 329, 379.

—— II., king of Bohemia, 379, 489–490.

Ottoman Turks, 355.

Ourique, battle of, 470.

_Outremer_, Louis IV., 68.

Oxford, the provisions of, 484.

—— University of, 430, 431.

Oxus, the, 168.

Padua, 256, 268, 441, 445, 483.

—— University of, 430.

—— St. Anthony of. _See_ Anthony, St.

Painting in the East, 157.

Palæologi, the, 8.

Palais, 211.

Palatinate, origin of the, 251, 308.

Palencia, University of, 431.

Palermo, 310, 312, 482.

—— archbishop of, 387, 391. _See also_ Walter.

—— Frederick II.’s palace at, 364.

—— siege of, 118.

Palestine, pilgrimages to, 177, 178.

—— Turkish conquest of, 179.

Pallavicino, the marquis, 483.

Pandects, the, 218.

Pandulf, prince of Capua and Benevento, 34.

—— of Capua, 105, 106.

—— papal agent in England, 326.

Pannonia, 155, 167.

Pantheism taught at Paris, 433.

Papacy, theory of the, 314.

—— Cluniac conception of the, 99.

Paraclete, monastery of the, 212.

Paris, 38, 68, 76, 81, 82, 83, 87, 240, 277, 290, 295, 378, 395, 404,
426, 446.

—— Hugh, count of, 73. _See_ Hugh Capet.

—— growth of, under Philip Augustus, 403.

—— heresy in, 433, 434.

—— parliament of, 425.

—— the schools of, 211–214, 240.

—— university of, 214, 313, 447. _See also_ University.

—— treaty of (1259), 416, 419.

—— Matthew, 408, 443.

—— William, bishop of. _See_ William.

_Parlamentum_ (municipal), 238.

_Parlement_ of Paris, the, 424, 425.

Parma, revolt of, 390.

—— Cadalus, bishop of, 116.

—— Roland of, 128.

Parthenay, Poitevin barons meet at, 413.

Paschal II., Pope, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145.

—— III., Antipope, 257–260.

_Pastoureaux_, the, 426.

Patarini, the, 115, 116, 128, 215.

_Patrician_ of Rome, the, 41, 49, 241.

Paterno, 47.

Patrimony of St. Peter, the, 30, 310, 318, 369.

Patzinaks, the, 174, 339.

Paulicians, the, 174, 215–216.

Pavia, 29, 41, 49, 53, 130, 218, 237, 248, 259–261, 262, 269, 487.

—— council at, 63, 256.

—— diet at, 59.

Payens, Hugh de. _See_ Hugh.

Peking, 168.

Pelagius, the legate, 454, 458.

Peloponnesus, 155, 164, 348, 351.

—— Franks of, 354.

Pennaforte, Raymond of. _See_ Raymond.

Pepo, 218.

Périgord, 406.

Périgueux, 415.

_Perils of the Last Times_, the, book on, 446.

Persia, 107, 158, 169, 179, 456.

—— Seljukians of, 183.

Perugia, 335, 434, 480.

Peter of Courtenay, count of Auxerre, Latin emperor in the East, 352,
353.

—— II., king of Aragon, 325, 326, 401, 472.

—— III., king of Aragon, 475, 476.

—— king of Hungary, 61.

—— count of Alençon, 416.

—— de Bruys, 208, 214, 215.

—— of Castelnau, 399.

—— de la Châtre, archbishop of Bourges, 284.

—— Damiani, 100, 108, 112, 115, 116, 121, 123, 125, 205.

—— the Hermit, 179, 180–181.

—— Lombard, 213, 432.

—— Mauclerc, duke of Brittany, 395, 408, 409.

—— the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, 199, 213, 214.

—— della Vigna, 364, 387, 390, 391.

Petrobrusians, 214–215.

_Pfahlbürger_, the, 373, 374.

Philip the Arabian, emperor, 320.

—— II., of Swabia, king of the Romans, 309, 311, 316, 318, 319–322,
326, 342, 344.

—— I., king of France, 79, 80–82, 86, 127, 138, 141, 180, 274, 275,
281.

—— II., Augustus, king of France, 10, 267, 290–294, 299, 301–303, 308,
315, 322–325, 330–331, 393–397, 400–406, 408, 416, 423, 426, 453.

—— III., the Bold, king of France, 415, 419, 426, 462.

—— IV., the Fair, king of France, 10, 417, 422, 425.

—— of Alsace, count of Flanders, 289, 291, 292, 301, 303.

—— of Heinsberg, archbishop of Cologne, 266, 270.

—— Hurepel, count of Boulogne, 408, 409.

Philippopolis, 349.

Philosophy, study of, 100, 429, 432, 446.

Photius, the Patriarch, 167.

Piacenza, 382.

—— synod at (1095), 138.

Picardy, 76.

Piedmont, 259.

Pierleone, the house of, 228.

—— Giordano, 241.

—— Peter, 228. _See_ Anacletus II.

Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, 52, 54.

Pilgrimages to Palestine, 177, 178.

Pindus, Mount, 164.

Pisa, 185, 188, 228, 230, 239, 269, 305, 306, 309, 310, 318, 328, 337,
338, 342, 384, 487, 489.

—— synod at, 230.

—— university of, 430.

—— Leonard of. _See_ Leonard.

Plantagenet, the house of, 88. _See also_ Anjou.

Po, the river, 29.

_Podestà_, office of, 255, 258, 263.

Poitiers, 89, 90, 286, 413, 418.

Poitou, 70, 281, 330, 331, 395, 396, 409, 413, 414, 415, 416.

—— Adelaide of, 69. _See_ Adelaide.

—— Alfonse of. _See_ Alfonse.

—— Agnes of. _See_ Agnes.

—— William of. _See_ William, 52, 56.

—— Ebles, count of, 89. _See_ Ebles.

—— Otto IV., count of, 319–320. _See_ Otto.

Poland, 4, 5, 34, 37, 45, 48, 54, 60, 61, 123–124, 226, 252, 326, 358,
378, 379, 380.

—— dukes of, 34, 40.

Poles, Lausitz handed over to, 49.

Pomerania, 226, 233, 380.

—— bishopric of, 265.

—— Slavonic dukes of, 378.

Pontigny, 204.

Pontius, abbot of Cluny, 199.

_Poor Men of Assisi_, the. _See_ Franciscans.

—— —— of Lyons, the, 215.

Poppo, bishop of Brixen. _See_ Damasus II.

Porée, Gilbert de la. _See_ Gilbert.

Portugal, county of, 470.

—— kingdom of, 469, 470, 471, 475.

—— papal overlordship over, 325.

Poverty, Franciscan doctrine of, 389.

Pragmatic Sanction of St. Louis, the alleged, 423.

Prague, 38, 43, 61.

Praxedis of Russia, second wife of Henry IV., 138.

Preachers, Order of. _See_ Dominicans.

Preaching in the Middle Ages, 441.

—— _Brothers of St. Romanus of Toulouse_, the, 437.

_Præfectus urbis_, the, 318.

Prémontré, 206, 226.

Premonstratensian Canons, 206–207, 265, 436. _See_ Canons Regular.

Prespa, 164.

Presthlava, battle of, 162.

_Prévôté_, the court of the, 425.

Procession of the Holy Ghost, the, 139.

_Protospatharii_, 45.

_Protovestiarius_, 45.

Provence, 28, 145, 214, 228, 397, 410, 417, 418, 419, 485.

—— language of, 89, 90. _See also_ _Langue d’oc_.

—— poets of, 363, 364. _See also_ Troubadours, the.

—— Louis VIII. against, 406.

—— Raymond VI., marquis of, 398.

—— and Raymond VII., 401.

—— Raymond Berengar, count of. _See_ Raymond Berengar.

Prussia, 43, 379, 380, 451.

_Publicani_, the, 215.

Puiset, Hugh du, 277.

_Pullani_, 194, 459.

Pyrenees, the, 90, 419, 465.

Pyrrhus, 39.

_Quadrivium_, the, 209.

Quedlinburg, 16, 17, 22.

Quercy, 287.

—— lower, 416.

Ragewin (quoted), 252, 253, 271.

Rainald of Dassel, archbishop of Cologne, 252, 253, 255, 257, 259, 265.

Rainerius of Bieda, 140. _See also_ Paschal II.

Ramiro, lord of Aragon, 466–467.

Ranulf, Norman chief, 105, 106.

Ratisbon, 488.

—— Albertus Magnus, bishop of. _See_ Albertus.

—— Berthold of. _See_ Berthold.

Ravenna, 46, 135, 136, 218, 364, 384.

—— archbishop of, 44.

—— Guibert of. _See_ Guibert.

—— Romuald of, 100. _See_ Romuald.

Raymond I., count of Toulouse, 91.

—— IV. of Saint-Gilles, count of Toulouse, 181, 183, 398;
count of Tripoli, 184.

—— V., count of Toulouse, 287.

—— VI., count of Toulouse, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402.

—— VII., count of Toulouse, 401, 402, 406, 408, 409, 413, 414, 418.

—— count of Antioch, 285, 339.

—— of Le Puy, grand master of the Hospital, 190.

—— of Pennaforte, 382.

—— of Toledo, 432.

—— count of Tripoli, regent of Jerusalem, 193, 195.

—— Berengar II., of Provence, count of Barcelona, 470.

—— —— V., count of Provence, 417, 418.

—— Roger, viscount of Béziers, 399, 400.

Realism, 210, 211, 212.

Rectorate of the university of Paris, the, 430.

Rectors of Lombard League, 259.

Reggio, 130, 131.

Reginald, Apulian baron, 230, 231.

_Regnum_, the, 391, 428, 430.

Regular canons, the, 97, 204–206, 438. _See also_ Canons, regular.

Reichenau, 209.

Reims, 41, 42, 43, 44, 68, 70, 75, 77, 79, 201, 209, 229, 283, 290,
307.

—— archbishops, 86, 87. _See also_ Adalbero, William.

—— synod at, 102.

—— council of (1148), 213.

Renascence, the 12th century, 2, 7, 100, 429.

Rennes, 85.

Rhineland, the, 19, 51, 251, 307.

—— League of the cities of, 488, 491.

Rhodes, 463.

Rhodope, the, as boundary, 155.

Rhone, the, 88, 396.

Richard, earl of Cornwall, king of the Romans, 418, 421, 456, 475, 479,
489–491.

—— I., king of England, 288, 289, 292, 293, 294, 299, 301–303, 305,
308–309, 319, 320, 321, 341, 342, 378, 394, 395, 397, 453.

—— of Aversa, afterwards also of Capua, 108, 114, 115, 127.

—— the Justiciar, first duke of Burgundy, 88.

—— duke of Normandy, 83.

—— count of Segni, 318.

Richenza, wife of Lothair of Supplinburg, 223.

Riga, bishopric of, 379.

Ripen, 22.

Riviera, the, 27.

Robert of Courtenay, Latin emperor in the East, 353.

—— I., king of France, son of Robert the Strong, 66, 67, 68.

—— II., the Pious, king of France, 42, 52, 77.

—— of Arbrissel, 201, 217.

—— count of Artois, 383, 407, 416, 420, 458.

—— of Clari, 349.

—— count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, 416.

—— count of Dreux, 285.

—— Fitzwalter, 454.

—— count of Flanders, 141.

—— the Old, younger son of Robert II. of France, and first Capetian
duke of Burgundy, 78, 79, 88–89.

—— the Strong, 67, 87.

—— duke of Normandy, father of William the Conqueror, 178.

—— duke of Normandy, son of William the Conqueror, 181, 278.

—— Guiscard, son of Tancred of Hauteville, 107, 114, 115, 117, 118,
127, 135, 137, 174, 175, 180, 182, 194, 227, 236.

—— of Molême, 202.

Robertian house, the, 3, 4, 23, 70, 71, 89.

Rochelle, La, 406.

Roffrid, abbot of Monte Casino, 317.

Roger I. of Hauteville, afterwards count of Sicily, brother of Robert
Guiscard, 108, 114, 117–118, 127, 137, 139, 227.

—— II., count, and afterwards first king of Sicily, 194, 227, 228–231,
235–237, 248, 269, 301, 316, 340.

—— duke, son of Roger, king of Sicily, 301.

—— son of Tancred of Lecce, joint king of Sicily, 310.

—— archbishop of York, 291.

Roland of Parma, 128.

—— the cardinal. _See_ Bandinelli, Roland, and Alexander III.

Rolf, duke of the Normans, 3, 83, 85.

Rollo. _See_ Rolf.

Romagna, 260, 261, 310, 316, 317, 319.

—— feudalisation of, 118.

—— towns of, 380.

Romance languages, literature of the, 89, 91, 397.

—— writers of, 7, 157, 377, 378.

Romanesque architecture, 7, 378, 415.

Romania, emperor of, 348.

Romanus, St., of Toulouse, 437.

—— I., Lecapenus, Eastern emperor, 152.

—— II., Eastern emperor, 158, 159.

—— III., 165.

—— IV., Diogenes, Eastern emperor, 171, 172.

Romano, house of, 381, 482–483.

—— Alberic da. _See_ Alberic.

—— Eccelin da. _See_ Eccelin.

Romans and Henry V., 142.

Rome, Henry IV. takes, 10, 83, 135.

—— sack of, by Robert Guiscard, 136.

—— receives Urban II., 139.

—— Alexander III. driven out of, 257;
restored to, 258.

—— captured by Frederick I., 258.

—— Arnold of Brescia in, 249–250.

—— subjection of, to Innocent III., 318–319.

—— council at, 384. _See also_ Councils.

—— rebellion against Gregory IX. in, 368, 382, 383.

—— Innocent IV. flees from, 386.

—— St. Angelo, castle of, 229.

—— the commune of, 240–241. _See also_ Commune of Rome, the.

—— St. John’s in the Lateran, 124. _See also_ Lateran.

—— St. Mary on the Aventine, convent of, 110.

—— St Peter’s, tumult at, 142, 143.

—— church of St Peter at, 300.

—— St. Peter ad Vincula, church of, 124.

Romuald, St., 46, 100.

Roncaglia, diet at (1154), 248.

—— diet at, 254–255.

Roscelin, 210, 212.

Rothenburg, Frederick of. _See_ Frederick.

Rouen, French of, 83.

Rouergue, 287, 398.

Roum, Seljukian kingdom of, 179, 181–183, 192, 299–300, 342, 351.

Roussillon, 398, 419.

Rudolf III., king of Arles (993–1032), 53, 55.

—— duke of Burgundy, king of the French, 67, 68, 69.

—— of Burgundy, king of Italy, 28.

—— king of Transjurane Burgundy, 88.

—— of Hapsburg, king of the Romans, 491.

—— of Swabia, 132, 133, 134.

—— of Wied, 270.

Rügen, 226, 265.

Rurik, 162.

Russia, 34, 157, 162, 378, 379, 385.

—— Anne of, wife of Henry I. of France. _See_ Anne.

Ruy Diaz. _See_ the Cid.

_Sacerdotium_, the, 391, 428, 430, 431, 448.

_Sachsenspiegel_, the, 377.

Sack, Friars of the, 440.

Safed, Castle of the Templars at, 461.

Saint-Amour, William of. _See_ William, 446.

—— Cher, Hugh of. _See_ Hugh.

—— Denis, 212.

—— —— Abbey of, 275, 276.

—— Gallen, 209.

—— Gildas de Rhuys, 212.

—— Gilles, 214, 485.

—— —— church of, 400.

—— —— Peter of Castelnau murdered at, 399.

—— —— house of, 402.

—— Jean d’Angely, 406.

—— Maurice of Magdeburg, 22, 35.

—— Pol, Counts of, 86.

—— Quentin, 86.

—— Rufus, 249.

—— Victor, 213.

—— —— abbey of, 211.

Sainte Geneviève, Mont, 211.

Saintes, 418.

—— battle of (1242), 414.

Saintonge, 281, 406, 414, 416.

Saladin, 195–196, 271, 301–303, 453.

_Saladin Tithe_, the, 299.

Salef, the river, 300.

Salerno, 38, 49, 50, 136, 230, 328.

—— Lombard princes of, 103, 156.

—— school of medicine at, 363.

Salisbury, William Longsword, Earl of, 330, 458.

Salza, Hermann of. _See_ Hermann.

Salzburg, 45.

—— Archbishop of, 260.

Samos, 348.

Samothrace, 348.

Samuel, king of Bulgaria, 163, 164.

San Germano, 235, 480.

—— —— Treaty of, 369, 380.

Sanchia, wife of Richard of Cornwall, 418.

Sancho, King of Portugal, 325.

—— IX. of Castile, 470.

—— son of Alfonso X. of Castile, 475.

—— the Great, King of Navarre, 466–467.

—— King of Navarre, 326, 409.

—— of Gascony, 90.

Santiago, 290.

—— order of, 471.

Sanudo, house of, 352.

Saône, 88.

Sardinia, 239, 310.

—— granted to Enzio, 382.

Saracens, the, 3, 5, 8, 27, 30, 39, 117, 118, 155, 159, 161, 163, 166.

—— in Sicily, 103, 106, 136, 235–236, 317, 360.

—— and Frederick II., 391.

—— from Lucera, 321. _See_ Lucera.

—— invade the Campagna, 386.

Saragossa, 468, 469, 470.

Saumur, court of Alfonse at, 413.

Savelli, house of, 364.

Savoy, 287, 419. _See also_ Maurienne.

—— Count of, Thomas. _See_ Thomas.

Saxon nation, the, 13–14;
its policy, 45;
kings and emperors, 13–50.

—— colonies, 264.

—— revolt, 123, 124.

—— —— against Henry IV., 140.

Saxony, castles in, 123.

—— duchy of, 223, 231, 232.

—— duchy of, divided, 268.

Scandinavia, 22, 83, 121, 226, 248, 349.

—— and the Crusades, 298–299.

Scheldt, the, 85.

Schism between Eastern and Western Churches, the, 355, 387.

Schleswig, 22.

Scholasticism, 2, 209–214, 410, 446.

Schools, Mussulman, 43.

Schwerin, bishopric of, 264.

—— Henry of. _See_ Henry.

Science in 11th and 12th centuries, 100.

—— under Frederick II., 362, 363.

Scotland, the king of, 288.

—— and Normans, 84.

Scot, Michael. _See_ Michael.

Scutari, Crusaders encamp at, 345.

Secular Canons, 205, 226.

Segni, Lothaire of. _See_ Innocent III.

—— Richard, Count of. _See_ Richard.

Seine, 68, 437.

Seljuk, 168.

Seljukian Turks, the, 138, 166, 167–168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 179, 183,
191, 339, 340. _See also_ Turks.

Seljukians, the, of Roum, decay of, 351.

Senate, the Roman, 241, 271.

_Senator, Summus_, the Roman, 318, 485.

_Sénéchaussées_, the, 424.

Senlis, 76, 277.

Sens, 277.

—— council of, 213, 240, 281.

—— archbishop of, 75, 291.

—— Henry, archbishop of. _See_ Henry.

_Sentences, the Book of_, 213.

Sepulchre, Church of the Holy, 8, 178, 189, 300.

Sergius, Prince of Naples, 105.

Servians, the, 167, 339.

Servite Friars, the, 440.

Seville, 473.

—— Ameers of, 467.

Sicily, 8, 38, 39, 161, 227–231, 235–237, 252–253, 300, 306–307,
309–310, 311–312, 328, 331, 364, 387, 421, 481, 484, 485, 486.

—— Normans in, 84, 117, 118, 126, 127, 340–341.

—— ecclesiastical privilege of, 316.

—— Papal rights over, 325, 369.

—— under Innocent III., 316–318.

—— in the 11th century, 103, 104,106.

—— organisation of the kingdom of, 235–237.

—— Frederick II.’s policy in, 359, 360, 361, 382.

—— Charles, king of. _See_ Charles.

—— Constance of. _See_ Constance.

—— Henry, king of. _See_ Henry.

—— Manfred, king of. _See_ Manfred.

—— Roger of. _See_ Roger.

—— Tancred, king of. _See_ Tancred.

—— William of. _See_ William.

Sidon, barony of, 186.

Siegfried, archbishop of Mainz, 132, 178, 329, 384.

Siegburg, Abbey of, 123.

—— on the Trave, 227.

Siena, 112, 483.

_Siete Partidas_, the, 475.

Silesia, 61, 380.

Silistria, 164.

Simeon, king of the Bulgarians, 152, 157.

Simon de Montfort, Count of Toulouse, 343, 344, 400, 401, 402.

—— de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, 415, 456.

—— of Tournai, 433.

Simony, 102, 127, 129, 138.

—— condemned at Sutri, 63.

—— St. Louis and, 423.

Siponto, 479.

Slavonia, 155.

Slavs, the, 3, 16, 21, 22, 38, 41, 48, 60, 61, 155, 157, 162, 164, 167,
226, 248, 264, 378, 379.

Slingers in John Zimisces’ army, 162.

Soana, 110.

Sobeslav, Duke of Bohemia, 226.

Soest, laws of, 377.

Soissons, councils at, 210, 212.

_Song of the Sun_, St. Francis, 442.

Spain, 10, 158, 300, 325, 326, 464–477.

—— Arab civilisation in, 169.

—— Normans in, 84.

—— Universities of, 431, 432.

Speyer, 130, 143, 192, 232, 266.

—— Bishop of, 141.

Spalato, 453.

Spoleto, duchy of, 319, 366, 384.

—— Duke of. _See_ Conrad of Urslingen.

Sporades, the, 348.

Spree, the, 16.

_Stabat Mater Dolorosa_, the, 442.

_Statutum in favorem principum_, Henry ‘VII.’s’ (1231), 372.

Stedinger, the, 373.

Steel, workers in, at Lucera, 360, 361.

Stephen IX., Pope, 109, 112, 114.

—— King of England, third son of Stephen, Count of Blois, 87, 280, 286,
289.

—— St., Duke, afterwards King of Hungary, 45, 54, 178.

—— Count of Blois and Chartres (Crusader), 87, 181, 183.

—— the Shepherd, leader of the Crusade of the Children, 452.

—— Harding, abbot of Cîteaux, 202.

_Studium_, the, 428, 448.

—— _Generale_, the, 410, 430, 431. _See_ University.

Strasburg, 145, 147.

—— Gottfried of. _See_ Gottfried.

_Strategos_, the, 156.

Styria, 478, 490.

Subiaco, 27.

Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis, 276, 277, 281, 283, 284, 285.

Suidgar of Bamberg, 63. _See_ Clement II.

Suessa, Thaddæus of. _See_ Thaddæus.

Suidas, 157.

Suleiman, conqueror of Nicæa, 172, 179.

_Summa Theologiæ_, Alexander of Hales’, 446.

Sunnites, 178.

Supplinburg, 223.

—— Lothair of. _See_ Lothair.

Susa, 259, 261.

Sutri, Synod at (1046), 63, 101.

Svend, king of Denmark, 248, 252.

Sviatoslav, 162, 163.

Swabia, 2, 15, 20, 28, 37, 56, 123, 133, 269, 329.

—— cities of, 124.

—— Conrad of, candidate for Empire. _See_ Conrad.

—— Ernest of, 52. _See_ Ernest.

—— Frederick, Duke of, 259. _See_ Frederick.

—— Gisela, Duchess of, 51, 52. _See_ Gisela.

—— Henry III., Duke of, 59. _See_ Henry.

—— Rudolf of, 132. _See_ Rudolf.

Swabian Alp, the, 220.

Sweden, 253.

Swegen, 83.

Sybil, Queen of Jerusalem, 193, 302.

Sylvester I., Pope, 44.

—— II., Pope, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49. _See also_ Gerbert.

—— III., Antipope, 63.

Synod at Bari, 139.

—— at Basel, 116.

—— at Clermont (1095), 138, 139.

—— of Constantinople, (867), 166.

—— of Milan, 115.

—— at Piacenza (1095), 138.

—— of Reims, 41, 42.

—— at Reims, 103.

—— at Rome (963), 33.

—— —— (1075), 127.

—— —— (1084), 135.

—— Lateran (1059), 113.

—— at St. Peter’s, 32.

—— at Vatican (1076), 128.

—— of Sutri, 63, 101, 125.

—— at Vienne, 145.

Syria, 8, 158, 160, 163, 168, 170, 178, 355, 426, 451, 454, 455.

—— Christians in, 379.

—— conquest of, by Omar, 178.

—— Seljukian kingdom of, 179.

Syracuse, 106, 361.

Tagliacozzo, battle of, 487.

Tagus, the, 467, 469, 471.

Taillebourg, battle of, 414.

Tanaro, the, 259.

Tancred the Crusader, 182, 184.

—— of Hauteville, 106, 114.

—— of Lecce, king of Sicily, 301, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 317.

Taranto, 38, 317.

—— gulf of, 39, 156.

—— principality of, 478.

Tarsus, loss of, 155.

—— brazen gates of, 160.

Tartars, the, 165, 351, 385, 387, 459, 460.

Taurus, the, 155, 159, 179, 183.

Templars, the, 189–190, 194, 208, 398, 456, 470.

Tinchebrai, battle of, 278.

Terracina, 137, 257.

Tertiaries, the, 440.

Teutonic Order, the, 190, 366, 379, 380.

Thaddæus of Suessa, 387, 390.

Thankmar, 17, 19.

Thebes, Counts of, 349.

Themes, 155;
Constantine’s _On the Themes_, 154.

Theobald the Young, King of Navarre, 420.

—— the Great, Count (II. of Champagne, and IV. of Blois), 87, 280, 284,
286, 289.

—— III., Count of Champagne, 343, 344.

—— IV., the Great, Count of Champagne, and King of Navarre, 408, 456.

—— V., the Good, Count of Blois, 289, 290, 291, 301, 303.

—— of Liége, 462, 491. _See_ Gregory X.

Theodora, 29, 30.

—— the Younger, 30, 38.

—— Comnena, daughter of Manuel I., 193.

—— daughter of Romanus II., 161.

—— daughter of Constantine VIII., 65, 167, 170.

Theodore Angelus, 353.

—— I., Lascaris, 351, 352, 353.

Theology, study of, 100, 429, 432, 445.

—— Faculty of, at Toulouse, 410.

Theophano, widow of Romanus II., 159.

—— daughter of Romanus II., empress of Otto II., 34, 38, 40, 41, 42,
160, 161, 162.

Thessalonica, 155, 156, 164, 312, 341, 352.

—— fall of, 353.

—— king of, 348.

—— and Constantinople, rivalry of, 351.

—— union of Nicæa and (1241), 353.

Thessaly, 164, 175, 348.

Thierry of Alsace, Count of Flanders, 278, 279, 289.

Thomas, Count of Savoy, 417.

—— of Acre, St., knights of, 190.

—— St., of Aquino, 363, 442, 447.

—— St., archbishop of Canterbury, 6, 257, 258, 260, 288, 291, 307.

—— of Celano, 442.

—— of Marle, 277.

Thrace, 345, 348, 351, 353.

Thurgau, Werner, Count of. _See_ Werner.

Thuringia, 122, 123, 323.

—— Henry Raspe of. _See_ Henry.

—— Hermann of. _See_ Hermann.

—— Landgrave of, 367.

—— St. Elizabeth of, 382.

Ticino, the, 261.

Tiepolo, Podestà of Milan, 381, 382.

Tithes, 373.

Tivoli, 46, 135.

Todi, Jacapone da. _See_ Jacopone.

Toeny, Ralph de, 105.

Togrul Beg, 168, 169.

Toledo, 467, 469, 472.

—— Ameers of, 467.

—— Raymond of, 432.

Torre, Martin della, 483.

Torricella, battle of, 483.

Tortona, 248.

Tortosa, 470, 471.

Toul, 102.

—— Bruno of. _See_ Leo IX.

Toulouse, 287, 289, 397, 398, 401, 402, 407, 409, 410, 415, 417, 418.

—— county of, 90, 91, 96, 217, 397.

—— Counts of. _See_ Alfonse, Amaury, Raymond.

—— the bishop of, and St. Dominic, 436.

—— cathedral of, 415.

—— heretics in, 399.

—— Louis VI.’s expedition against, 283–384.

—— Louis VIII.’s expedition against, 407.

—— Synod at (1160), 257.

—— University of, 431.

—— the war of (1158), 287.

Touraine, 76, 87, 88, 286, 395, 396, 416.

Tournai, 330, 331.

—— Simon of. _See_ Simon.

—— the school of, 211.

Tournaments in the East, 339.

Tours, 69, 75, 204, 406.

—— Council at (1163), 257, 288.

—— St Martin’s at, 69.

—— Odo I., Count of, 78.

Towns, the, 9, 22.

—— German, new, built by Henry the Fowler, 16.

—— —— under Frederick I., 272.

—— —— under Frederick II., 373, 376, 377.

—— the Italian, 237–239, 362.

—— French, and Philip Augustus, 403.

—— French, and St. Louis, 425.

—— Greek, 38.

Trade, 9, 10.

—— German, under Frederick II., 376.

—— St. Louis and, 425.

—— the Venetians and Eastern, 348.

Tre Fontane, abbey of, 241.

Treaty of Abbeville (1258), (confirmed at Paris in 1259), 416.

—— of Amiens (1279), 416.

—— of Augsburg (1184), 269.

—— of Aumâle, 292.

—— of Clair-on-Epte, 83.

—— of Constance (1153), 248, 249.

—— —— (1183), 263, 264.

—— of Corbeil (1258), 419.

—— of Fulda, 305.

—— of Lorris (1243), 414.

—— of Meaux, 409, 414.

—— of Mignano, 235.

—— of Paris (1259), 416, 419.

—— of San Germano (1230), 369.

—— of Verdun, 9, 56, 68, 72, 91.

—— of Worms (1193), 308.

Trebizond, 351.

—— lords of, 353.

Treviso, 258, 381.

Trial by combat, 424.

Tribur, Diets of, 122, 129.

Trier, archbishopric of, 270.

—— the archbishop of, 490.

Tripoli (Syria), 184, 188, 195, 196, 236, 461, 463.

_Trivium_, the, 209.

Troja, 105.

—— Walter, bishop of. _See_ Walter.

Trondhjem, archbishopric of, 249.

Troubadours, the, 333, 364, 377, 397, 410, 419.

Troyes, 78, 408, 484.

—— bishops of, 86, 87.

Tunis, 237, 421, 426, 461, 462.

Turks, the, 8, 138, 158, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 355,
387, 456.

—— the Ottoman. _See_ Ottoman.

—— Seljukian, the. _See_ Seljukians.

Turin, 390.

—— Odo of. _See_ Odo.

Tuscany, 138, 260, 261, 269, 309, 318, 328, 380, 390, 483, 486.

—— feudalisation of, 118.

—— Marquis of. _See_ Philip of Swabia.

—— the towns in, 239.

Tusculum, Counts of, 49, 59, 63, 112, 116.

—— destruction of, 306.

Tyre, 186, 196, 302.

Tyrol, county of, 323.

Uberti, Farinata degli, 483.

Ueberlingen, 55.

Ugolino, cardinal, 435, 437, 439, 445. _See also_ Gregory IX.

Ulrich, bishop of Halberstadt, 266.

_Ultramarinus_, Louis IV., 68.

Umbria, 380.

Universities, the, 2, 7, 10, 214, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 446, 447,
448.

University of Bologna, 218, 219, 255, 313, 429, 430.

—— Naples, 363, 431.

—— Oxford, 430, 431.

—— Padua, 430.

—— Palencia, 431.

—— Paris, 214, 313, 403, 423, 429, 430, 445, 447.

—— Pisa, 430.

—— Toulouse, 410, 414, 431.

Unstrut, battle at Hohenburg on, 124, 223.

—— Flarchheim on the, 133.

Uranus, Greek general, 164.

Urban II., Pope, 81, 137, 138, 139, 140, 180, 182, 196, 198, 210, 229,
316.

—— III., Pope, 270, 271, 298.

—— IV., Pope, 354, 447, 484–485, 491.

Urslingen, Conrad of, 310, 319.

Usurers, Lombard, Cahorsin, and Jewish, 426.

Utrecht, death of Conrad II. at, 59.

—— —— Henry V. at, 149.

Val Camonica, the, 258.

Valdemar II. of Denmark, 264, 265, 267, 331, 371, 378.

Valdez, Peter, 215, 217.

Valence, 398.

Valencia, 469, 470, 473.

Val-ès-Dunes, battle at, 79.

Valois absorbed by Philip I. of France, 81.

Vallombrosa, Order of, 100.

Van, Lake, 171.

Varangians, the, 163, 175.

Varaville, battle at, 79.

Vatatzes, John, 353.

Vaucouleurs, 330.

Vaudois, the, 215.

Vendôme, 76.

Venice, 39, 46, 156, 185, 188, 226, 258, 259, 262, 263, 266, 332,
337–350, 354, 355, 459, 460, 479, 482.

—— St. Mark’s Church at, 263.

Ventadour, Bernard of. _See_ Bernard.

Vercelli, 260.

Verdun, treaty of, 56, 68, 72, 91.

Vermandois, the, 81, 86, 291, 293.

—— Herbert, Count of. _See_ Herbert.

—— Hugh, Count of. _See_ Hugh.

Verona, 29, 37, 39, 270, 381, 487.

—— _La Chiusa di_, 258.

—— league of, 258.

—— march of, 258.

Vexin, the, 81, 275, 288, 292.

Vézelai, 191, 300.

Vicelin, missionary, 226.

Vicenza, 258, 381.

Victor II., Pope, 109–112, 114.

—— III., Pope, 136.

—— IV., Antipope, 234, 256, 257, 288.

—— St., abbey of, 205–206.

Victorines, 205–206.

Vidin, 164.

Vienna, Frederick II. enters, in 1237, 375.

Vienne, 145.

Vikings, the, 162;
in Normandy, 83;
and Flanders, 86.

Vilaine, the, 85.

Villani (quoted), 484.

_Villefranches_ of St. Louis, 426.

Villehardouin, Geoffrey of, prince of Achaia, 343, 349.

_Villeneuves_, 415, 426.

Viterbo, 140, 384, 482, 484.

Vitry, the assault of, 284.

—— county of, 87.

—— James of, 333.

Vittoria, 390.

Vladimir, St., 378.

Vogelweide, Walter von der, 332, 378.

_Vogt_, 25.

Vratislav of Bohemia, 252.

Wagrians, the, 21, 226.

Waldenses, the. _See_ Vaudois.

Wales, 9, 84, 85.

Walter of Brienne, 317-318.

—— the Penniless, 181.

—— archbishop of Palermo, 300.

—— bishop of Troja, 317-318.

—— von der Vogelweide, 332, 378.

War, private, 362, 374.

Wartburg, the, 378, 388.

Weiblingen, 221.

Weinsberg, the battle of, 232.

Welf, house of. _See_ Guelf.

—— Duke of Bavaria, 137, 139.

—— Count (_temp._ Conrad III.), 233.

—— VI., of Bavaria, 246, 259, 268.

—— VII., 259.

Wenceslas III. (1230-1253), 379.

Wends, the, 5, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 26, 37, 39, 40.

Werner of Kyburg, Count of the Thurgau, 54.

Weser, the, 268, 373.

Westphalia, 19, 266, 268, 377.

White Friars, the, 440. _See_ Carmelites.

—— Monks, the, 204. _See_ Cistercians.

Widukind, Saxon monk, 16, 99.

—— of Corvey, 25.

Wied, Rudolf of. _See_ Rudolf, 270.

Willegis, archbishop of Mainz, 40, 41, 46.

William, Count of Holland, King of the Romans, 388, 482, 488.

—— I., the Conqueror, King of England, 8, 81, 84, 86, 115, 126, 174,
178, 235.

—— II., Rufus, King of England, 138, 139, 141, 275.

—— I., the Bad, King of Sicily, 249, 252-253, 340.

—— II., the Good, King of Sicily, 262, 269, 298, 301.

—— III., King of Sicily, 310.

—— the Pious, Duke of Aquitaine, 97.

—— I. or III., Tow-head, Duke of Aquitaine, 89.

—— V., the Great, Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitou, 52, 56, 62.

—— son of William V. of Aquitaine, 53.

—— VIII., Duke of Aquitaine, 90.

—— X., Duke of Aquitaine, 90, 280, 281.

—— of Apulia, Norman chronicler, 105.

—— of Auvergne, bishop of Paris, 422.

—— of Blois, archbishop of Reims, 290, 291.

—— of Champeaux, bishop of Châlons, 145, 211, 212.

—— Clito, 278.

—— of Conches, 211.

—— the Great, Count of Franche-Comté, 145.

—— abbot of Hirschau, 199.

—— of the Iron Arm, 106, 107.

—— archbishop of Mainz, son of Otto I., 25, 27, 35.

—— of Nangis, 414.

—— of Saint-Amour, 446.

—— of Tyre (quoted), 196.

Winchester, the Earl of, 454.

—— Henry, bishop of, 87.

Wittelsbach, house of, 331.

—— Otto of. _See_ Otto.

Wolfram of Eschenbach, 378.

Worms, 50, 101, 124, 251, 372, 374.

—— Concordat of, 147, 149, 225, 307.

—— Diet at (1179), 266.

—— Treaty of (1193), 308.

Würzburg, Diets at, 146, (1165) 257, (1180) 267;
oath at, 262, 265;
(1196), 311.

Xanten, 19, 206.

Xeres, 473.

Yorkshire, Otto IV., Earl of, 319.

York. _See_ Roger, archbishop of, 291.

Yussuf, Ameer of Andalous, 468-469.

Zähringen, the Duchy of, 222, 223.

Zallaca, battle of, 468.

Zangi, 191, 192, 195.

Zara, capture of (1202), 344, 346.

Zeiz, 34.

Zimisces, John. _See_ John Zimisces.

Zoe, Eastern empress, 165, 166, 167.

Zürich, 240.

-----

Footnote 1:

Giesebrecht’s _Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit_ gives a full
account of German and Italian history from 919 to the latter part of
the reign of Frederick I. Richter and Kohl’s _Annalen des deutschen
Reichs im Zeitalter der Ottonen und der Salier_, includes an excellent
series of extracts from the original sources. Prutz’s
_Staatengeschichte des Abendlands im Mittelalter_ (vol. i. Oncken’s
Series) is a popular working-up of the whole period. A French account
is in Zeller’s _Histoire de l’Allemagne_; while Lavisse and Rambaud’s
_Histoire générale du iv^e Siècle à nos jours_, vols. i. and ii., is
certainly the best presentation of the general history of the early
Middle Ages. Bryce’s remarkable essay on _The Holy Roman Empire_, and
Fisher’s detailed _Medieval Empire_ are the best books in English. The
facts are related in Henderson’s _History of Germany during the Middle
Ages_, and in Milman’s _History of Latin Christianity_. Gregorovius’
_Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter_ is now translated.

Footnote 2:

For authorities see note to chapter ii.

Footnote 3:

Havet’s _Lettres de Gerbert_ (Picard’s ‘Collection de Textes’), with
the editor’s introduction, are a chief authority for Gerbert’s history
and policy. See also an article on Gerbert by Mr. R. Allen, in the
_English Historical Review_, vol. vii. pp. 625-668.

Footnote 4:

Luchaire’s _Institutions Monarchiques de la France sous les Premiers
Capétiens (987-1180)_ includes, besides its detailed studies of
institutions, an admirable summary of the political history. Special
works include Lot’s _Les Derniers Carolingiens_, Monod’s _Études sur
l’Histoire de Hugues Capet_, and Pfister’s _Étude sur le Règne de
Robert le Pieux_.

Footnote 5:

Moeller’s _Church History_ (translated from the German), gives a bald
but full and learned summary of the ecclesiastical history of the
whole period. Gieseler’s _Church History_ (also translated), is
valuable for its numerous citations of original texts. Besides
Gibbon’s famous fifty-sixth chapter on the Normans in Italy, Delarc’s
_Les Normands en Italie (1016-1073)_ gives an elaborate and careful
account of the Norman history in Italy up to the accession of Gregory
VII.

Footnote 6:

Stephen’s _Hildebrand and his Times_ (‘Epochs of Church History’),
gives a useful summary of the life and work of the future Gregory
VII.; see also Stephen’s essay on Hildebrand in his _Essays on
Ecclesiastical Biography_. Bowden’s _Life and Pontificate of Gregory
VII._, and Villemain’s _Histoire de Gregoire VII._ give fuller
accounts.

Footnote 7:

See the life of David [d. (?) 1139], Bishop of Bangor, by the present
writer, in the _Dictionary of National Biography_, vol. xiv. pp.
115-117.

Footnote 8:

The text of the Concordat of Worms, and many other German
constitutional documents, can be studied in Altmann and Bernheim’s
useful _Ausgewählte Urkunden zur Verfassungsgeschichte Deutschlands im
Mittelalter_.

Footnote 9:

The best English book on later Byzantine history is Finlay’s _History
of Greece_, which covers the whole period. Oman’s _Byzantine Empire_
(‘Story of the Nations’) is a readable summary. Gibbon’s _Decline and
Fall_ must always be consulted. Schlumberger’s _Un Empereur byzantin
au X^e siècle_, _Nicéphore Phocas_, and _L’Epopée byzantine à la fin
du X^e siècle_, present attractive aspects of the subject in a recent
light.

Footnote 10:

The best short book on the Crusades in English is Archer and
Kingsford’s _The Crusades_ (‘Story of the Nations’). Kugler,
_Geschichte der Kreuzzüge_ (Oncken’s Series), is a fuller but dry
survey of the whole subject. H. von Sybel’s _History and Literature of
the Crusades_ (translated from the German) is one of the earliest of
modern critical works. Mr. Archer’s article in the _English Hist.
Review_, iv. 89-105, determines some points. Gibbon’s Chapters LVIII.
and LIX. should always be read. Röhricht’s _Geschichte des Königreichs
Jerusalem_ is invaluable for the internal history.

Footnote 11:

Besides the dry pages of Möller and Gieseler, reference can be made to
Montalembert’s picturesque _Monks of the West_, and Maitland’s _Dark
Ages_, while J. H. Newman’s _Lives of English Saints_ tells the story
of some of the monastic heroes with rare sympathy and power. An idea
of the monastic life can be got from good biographies, such as
Church’s _Life of St. Anselm_, or Morison’s _Life of St. Bernard_.
Poole’s _Illustrations of the History of Mediæval Thought_, and
Rashdall’s _Universities of the Middle Ages_ (chap. ii. ‘Abelard and
the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century,’ and chap. iv. §§ 1 and 2)
give admirable accounts of the intellectual movements of the time.
Hardwick’s _History of the Christian Church in the Middle Ages_ is a
succinct one-volume summary of general Church history.

Footnote 12:

See on this subject Enlart’s _Origines de l’Architecture gothique en
Italie_ (Bibliothéque de l’Ecole française de Rome).

Footnote 13:

Poole, _Illustrations of the History of Mediæval Thought_, p. 106,
quotes the local chronicle’s account of the teaching of Odo of Cambrai
at the Abbey of St. Martin’s, Tournai.

Footnote 14:

See on this subject Clerval, _Les écoles de Chartres au moyen âge_.

Footnote 15:

To the books enumerated in chapter i. may now be added, Busk’s
discursive but detailed _Mediæval Popes, Kings, Emperors and
Crusaders, from 1125 to 1268_. Bernhardi’s _Lothar von Supplinburg_
and _Konrad III._ deal specially with the two reigns covered in this
chapter.

Footnote 16:

‘Rex venit ante fores, jurans prius Urbis honores,
Post homo fit papæ, sumit quo dante coronam.’

_Ann. Colon. Max. s.a._ 1133, Pertz, _Mon. Hist. Germ. SS._ vol.
xvii.; Ragewinus, _Gesta Fred. Imp. ib._ xx. 422.

Footnote 17:

On the whole subject of the constitution of the Italian towns see
Hegel, _Geschichte der Städteverfassung von Italien_ (1847),
Heinemann, _Zur Entstehung der Städteverfassung in Italien_ (1896),
whose views Hegel contests; or for their more general history, Lanzi,
_Storia dei communi italiani_ (1881-1884), and Sismondi’s
old-fashioned _Histoire des Républiques Italiennes_.

Footnote 18:

Among the modern authorities for this period may be quoted Prutz’s
_Kaiser Friedrich I._, Reuter’s _Geschichte Alexanders des Dritten und
der Kirche seiner Zeit_, and Ficker’s _Forschungen zur Reichs- und
Rechtsgeschichte in Italien_. Giesebrecht’s great work, unluckily,
ends with the fall of Henry the Lion. Raumer’s _Geschichte der
Hohenstaufen_ is quite antiquated. A full account of Frederick’s
Italian struggle is to be found in English in Testa’s _History of the
War of Frederick I. against the Communes of Lombardy_ (1877). Otto of
Freising is a first-rate original chronicler.

Footnote 19:

On Frederick’s relations to the Middle Kingdom, see Fournier’s
_Royaume d’Arles et de Vienne, 1138-1378_.

Footnote 20:

‘Debes enim ante oculos mentis reducere ... qualiter imperialis
insigne coronae libentissime _conferens_, benignissimo gremio suo tuae
sublimitatis apicem studuerit confovere ... sed si majora _beneficia_
de manu nostra excellentia tua suscepisset ... non immerito
gauderemus.’ Ragewinus, _Gesta Frederici Imperatoris_, in Pertz,
_Scriptores_, xx. 421.

Footnote 21:

Besides M. Luchaire’s _Institutions Monarchiques_, his _Louis VI. le
Gros, Annales de sa vie et de son règne_ and his _Etudes sur les actes
de Louis VII._, are of capital importance for this period. Hirsch’s
_Studien zur Geschichte Ludwigs VII. von Frankreich_, and Delisle’s
_Catalogue des Actes de Philippe Auguste_, well illustrate the latter
part of the chapter. Hutton’s short _Philip Augustus_ (‘Foreign
Statesmen Series’) is a readable summary, while W. Walker’s _On the
Increase of the Royal Power in France under Philip Augustus_ is also
useful. Miss Norgate’s _England under the Angevin Kings_ is fullest
for the struggle of France and Anjou.

Footnote 22:

_Vie de Louis le Gros_, par Suger. Ed. Molinier in Picard’s Collection
de textes pour servir à l’étude et à l’enseignement de l’histoire.

Footnote 23:

See on this subject Luchaire’s _Les Communes françaises à l’époque des
Capétiens directs_.

Footnote 24:

To the authorities mentioned in chapter viii., may be added for the
Third Crusade, the _Itinerarium Regis Ricardi_ (Rolls Series), with
Dr. Stubbs’ Introductions, Ambroise’s _Estoire de la guerre sainte_,
ed. G. Paris, and Archer’s useful, though popular, _Crusade of Richard
I._ Toeche’s _Kaiser Heinrich VI._ is the standard modern authority
for Henry VI.’s reign; some of its results are usefully criticised in
Bloch’s _Forschungen zur Politik Kaiser Heinrichs VI. in den Jahren
1191-1194_.

Footnote 25:

Among the numerous treatises written in Germany on the political
significance of Richard I.’s captivity may be mentioned, besides
Toeche and Bloch, Kindt’s _Gründe der Gefangenschaft Richards I. von
England_, and Kneller’s _Des Richards Löwenherz deutsche
Gefangenschaft_. Compare _English Historical Review_, viii. 334-336,
and ix. 746.

Footnote 26:

The late M. Luchaire has recently published studies of the chief
aspects of Innocent III.’s career in four little volumes, popular in
form, but solid in substance. Milman’s _Latin Christianity_, vol. v.,
will be found useful as far as it goes. The imperial history is
treated in detail by Winkelmann, _Philipp von Schwaben und Otto IV.
von Braunschweig_.

Footnote 27:

To the authorities mentioned under Chapter VII. may now be added
Pears’ _Fall of Constantinople, being the Story of the Fourth
Crusade_.

Footnote 28:

Huillard-Bréholles’ _Historia Diplomatica Friderici Secundi_ contains
a magnificent collection of Frederick’s acts, and a whole volume of
introduction, which is the best general commentary on his reign. The
same writer’s _Pierre de la Vigne_ should also be studied. T. L.
Kington’s _History of Frederick II._ (2 vols.) is a sound and
elaborate English version of the Emperor’s career. For Frederick’s
religious ideas, see also Gebhart’s _L’Italie Mystique_. There is a
good essay on Frederick II. in Freeman’s _Historical Essays_, First
Series. Freeman’s over-emphasis of the continuity of imperial
tradition may be usefully contrasted with the view held by Mr. E.
Jenks, in his interesting _Law and Politics in the Middle Ages_, ‘that
the Frank Empire in both its stages was a sham Empire.’ The
magnificent editions of the registers of the thirteenth century Popes,
now being published, mainly by the French school at Rome, will afford
a solid basis for the detailed history of the Papacy.

Footnote 29:

It is printed in Altmann and Bernheim, _Ausgewählte Urkunden_, pp.
18-20.

Footnote 30:

Altmann and Bernheim, _Ausgewählte Urkunden_, pp. 20-22.

Footnote 31:

A good account of this ‘Capture of a General Council’ is given by Mr.
G. C. Macaulay in the _English Historical Review_, vol. vi. (1891),
pp. 1-17.

Footnote 32:

Delisle’s _Catalogue des Actes de Philippe Auguste_ and Hutton’s
_Philip Augustus_ cover the early part of this period. For the fall of
John, see Bémont’s _Condamnation de Jean Sans Terre_, in _Revue
Historique_, xxxii., 33-74, 290-311. For the Albigensian Crusade, see
Peyrat’s _Histoire des Albigeois_, and Douai’s _Les Albigeois_, and
Lea’s _History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages_. For the reign
of Louis VIII., the best work is Petit-Dutaillis’ _Règne de Louis
VIII._, in the Bibliothèque de l’école des hautes Études. For St.
Louis, Wallon’s _Histoire de Saint Louis_ is a useful but not an
original summary. Joinville’s contemporary _Vie de Saint Louis_ should
above all be studied. Boutaric’s _Saint Louis et Alfonse de Poitiers_,
the essay in vol. vii. of the _Nouvelle histoire de Languedoc_, and
Sternfeld’s _Karl von Anjou als Graf von Provence_ show well the
process of the Southward expansion of France. For Louis’ relations to
the Papacy consult Berger’s _Saint-Louis et Innocent IV._ See also
Lecoy de la Marche’s _Saint Louis sa famille et sa cour_ in _Revue des
questions historiques_, t. xxiv., and Beugnot’s _Essai sur les
constitutions de Saint Louis_. Ch. V. Langlois’ _Règne de Philippe le
Hardi_ gives an admirable summary of the state of France as it was
left at St. Louis’ death.

Footnote 33:

Petit-Dutaillis’ _Louis VIII._, pp. 30-183, gives by far the best
account of this expedition.

Footnote 34:

Miss Farnell’s _Lives of the Troubadours, with Specimens of their
Poetry_, gives this (p. 222) and other illustrations of Provençal
feeling. Luchaire’s _Innocent III. et la Croisade des Albigeois_ is
useful for the whole subject.

Footnote 35:

See Curie Seimbres’ _Essai sur les villes fondées dans le sud-ouest de
la France aux xiii^e et xiv^e siècles sous le nom de bastides_
[Toulouse, 1880].

Footnote 36:

See on this subject M. Bémont’s _Simon de Montfort_. On the general
position of the English Dukes of Guienne, see the _Rôles Gascons_, now
being published in the _Documents inédits sur l’histoire de France_,
with M. Bémont’s invaluable introductory sketch.

Footnote 37:

See Tout’s _Edward I._ (Twelve English Statesmen), pp. 86-92.

Footnote 38:

Denifle’s _Universitäten des Mittelalters_ (vol. i.), and Rashdall’s
_Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages_ supply full information as
to the organisation and studies of the universities. Hauréau’s _De la
philosophie scholastique_ (2 vols.) summarises clearly the activity
and teaching of the schoolmen. For the Franciscans, Hase’s _Franz von
Assisi_ and Sabatier’s brilliant _Saint François d’Assise_, and
Müller’s _Anfänge des Minoritenordens und der Bussbruderschaften_.
Brewer’s _Monumenta Franciscana_ and Little’s _Grey Friars at Oxford_
illustrate their activity in England. For the Dominicans, Lacordaire’s
_Vie de Saint Dominique_, Caro’s _Saint Dominique et les Dominicains_,
and Lecoy de la Marche’s _La Chaire française au moyen âge_. For the
heretics and their repression, besides Lea’s _History of the
Inquisition_, J. Havet’s _L’hérésie et le bras séculier au moyen âge_.
The extracts from original authorities in Gieseler, and Möller’s
careful summary, remain very useful.

Footnote 39:

Rex Francorum qui terrestrium rex regum est tum propter ejus cœlestem
inunctionem tum propter suam potestatem et militiæ eminentiam.—_Hist.
Major_, V. 480.

Footnote 40:

Besides the general authorities referred to in an earlier chapter,
special reference may be made to important recent monographs such as
Röhricht’s _Die Kreuzzugsbewegung im Jahre 1217_ (_Forschungen zur
deutschen Geschichte_, 1876), _Die Belagerung von Damiette_ (Raumer’s
_Historisches Taschenbuch_, 1876), and Riant’s article on Edward I.’s
Crusade in the _Archives de l’Orient Latin_. Joinville is
indispensable for St. Louis’s Egyptian Crusade.

Footnote 41:

The authenticity of the story of the Children’s Crusade, challenged by
Winkelmann, _Geschichte Friedrichs des Zweiten_, is upheld by the
great authority of Röhricht in his article on _Der Kinderkreuzzug_ in
the _Historische Zeitschrift_, vol. 36.

Footnote 42: