Chapter XXIV: Appendix: Tables of Sovereigns (1)

(1) POPES.

John X., 914–928.

Leo VI., 928–929.

Stephen VII., 929–931.

John XI., 931–936.

Leo VII., 936–939.

Stephen VIII., 939–942.

Martin III. or Marinus II., 942–946.

Agapet II., 946–955.

John XII., 955–963.

Leo VIII., 963–964.

Benedict V., 964–965.

John XIII., 965–972.

Benedict VI., 972–974.

Benedict VII., 974–983.

John XIV., 983–984.

Boniface VII., Antipope, 974–984;
recognised, 984–985.

John XV., 985–996.

Gregory V., 996–999.

John XVI., 997–998 (partisan of Crescentius).

Sylvester II., 999–1003.

John XVII., 1003.

John XVIII., 1003–1009.

Sergius IV., 1009–1012.

Benedict VIII., 1012–1024.

John XIX., 1024–1033.

Benedict IX., 1033–1046. } deposed in 1046. [Antipope, Sylvester III., 1044–1046.] } deposed in 1046. Gregory VI., 1044–1046. } deposed in 1046.

Clement II., 1046–1047.

Damasus II., 1048.

Leo IX., 1048–1054.

Victor II., 1055–1057.

Stephen IX., 1057–1058.
[Antipope, Benedict X., 1058–1059.]

Nicholas II., 1058–1061.

Alexander II., 1061–1073.
[Antipope, Honorius, 1061–1062.]

Gregory VII., 1073–1085.
[Antipope, Clement III., 1080–1100.]

Victor III., 1086–1087.

Urban II., 1088–1099.

Paschal II., 1099–1118.
[Antipopes, Albert, Theodoric, and Sylvester IV.]

Gelasius II., 1118–1119.
[Antipope, Gregory VIII., 1118–1121.]

Calixtus II., 1119–1124.

Honorius II., 1124–1130.

Innocent II., 1130–1143.
[Antipopes, Anacletus, 1130–1138.
Victor, 1138 (abdicated).]

Celestine II., 1143–1144.

Lucius II., 1144–1145.

Eugenius III., 1145–1153.

Anastasius IV., 1153–1154.

Adrian IV., 1154–1159.

Alexander III., 1159–1181.
[Antipopes, Victor, 1159–1164.
Paschal III., 1164–1168.
Calixtus III., 1168–1178.
Lando, 1178–1180.]

Lucius III., 1181–1185.

Urban III., 1185–1187.

Gregory VIII., 1187.

Clement III., 1187–1191.

Celestine III., 1191–1198.

Innocent III., 1198–1216.

Honorius III., 1216–1227.

Gregory IX., 1227–1241.

Celestine IV., 1241.

Innocent IV., 1243–1254.

Alexander IV., 1254–1261.

Urban IV., 1261–1264.

Clement IV., 1265–1268.

Gregory X., 1271–1276.

(2) EMPERORS AND KINGS OF THE ROMANS.

Henry I. (the Fowler), 918–936.

*Otto I. (the Great), 936–973.

*Otto II., 973–983.

*Otto III., 983–1002.

*Henry II. (the Saint), 1002–1024.

*Conrad II. (the Salic), 1024–1039.

*Henry III. (the Black), 1039–1056.

*Henry IV., 1056–1106.
[Rivals—Rudolf of Swabia, 1077–1080.
Hermann of Luxemburg, 1082–1093.
Conrad of Franconia, 1093–1101.]

*Henry V., 1106–1125.

*Lothair II., 1125–1138.

Conrad III., 1138–1152.

*Frederick I. (Barbarossa), 1152–1190.

*Henry VI., 1190–1197.

*Otto IV., 1197–1212, } Rivals. Philip II., 1197–1208, } Rivals.

*Frederick II., 1212–1250.
[Rivals—Henry Raspe, 1246–1247;
William of Holland, 1247–1256.]

Conrad IV., 1250–1254.

The Great Interregnum, 1254–1273.

Richard, Earl of Cornwall, } Rivals, 1257–1272. Alfonso X., King of Castile, } Rivals, 1257–1272.

* An asterisk is affixed to these Kings who were crowned Emperors by the Pope.

(3) EASTERN EMPERORS.

Constantine VII. (Porphyrogenitus), 912–959.
[Joint-rulers—Alexander, 912–913.
Romanus I. (Lecapenus), 919–945.]

Romanus II., 959–963.

Basil II. (Bulgaroctonus), 963–1025.
[Joint-rulers—Nicephorus II. (Phocas), 963–969.
John I. (Zimisces), 969–976.]

Constantine VIII., 1025–1028.

Romanus III. (Argyrus), 1028–1034.

Michael IV. (the Paphlagonian), 1034–1041.

Michael V., 1041–1042.

Constantine IX. (Monomachus), 1042–1054.

Theodora, 1054–1057.

Michael VI. (Stratioticus), 1057.

Isaac I. (Comnenus), 1057–1059.

Constantine X. (Ducas), 1059–1067.

Michael VII. (Ducas), 1067–1078.
[Joint-ruler—Romanus IV. (Diogenes), 1068–1071.]

Nicephorus III. (Botaniates), 1078–1081.

Alexius I. (Comnenus), 1081–1118.

John II. (Comnenus), 1118–1143.

Manuel I. (Comnenus), 1143–1180.

Alexius II. (Comnenus), 1180–1183.

Andronicus I. (Comnenus), 1183–1185.

Isaac II. (Angelus), 1185–1195.

Alexius III. (Angelus), 1195–1203.

Isaac II. (restored) } Joint-rulers 1203–1204. Alexius IV. (Angelus) } Joint-rulers 1203–1204.

Alexius V. (Ducas), 1204.

(4) LATIN EMPERORS OF THE EAST.

Baldwin I., 1204–1205.

Henry of Flanders, 1205–1216.

Peter of Courtenay, 1216–1219.

Robert, 1219–1228.

Baldwin II., 1228–1261.

(5) KINGS OF JERUSALEM.

Godfrey of Boulogne, 1099–1100 [refused the title].

Baldwin I. of Edessa, 1100–1118.

Baldwin II. of Edessa, 1118–1130.

Fulk of Anjou, 1130–1143.

Baldwin III., 1143–1163.

Amalric I., 1163–1174.

Baldwin IV. (the Leper), 1173–1185.

Baldwin V. (the Child), 1185–1186.

Guy of Lusignan, 1186–1194.

[Conrad of Montferrat, 1191–1192.]

[Henry of Champagne, 1192–1197.]

Amalric II. of Lusignan, 1197–1205.

Amalric III., 1205–1206.

John of Brienne, 1210–1225.

Iolande of Brienne, 1225–1228.

Frederick II., 1228–1250.

Hugh of Lusignan (King of Cyprus), 1268–1284.

(6) KINGS OF FRANCE.

Charles the Simple, 896–929.

[Rivals—Robert of Paris, 922–923;
Rudolf of Burgundy, 923–936.]

Rudolf of Burgundy, 929–936.

Louis IV., 936–954.

Lothaire, 954–986.

Louis V., 986–987.

Hugh Capet, 987–996.

Robert II., 996–1031.

Henry I., 1031–1060.

Philip I., 1060–1108.

Louis VI., 1108–1137.

Louis VII., 1137–1180.

Philip II., Augustus, 1180–1223.

Louis VIII., 1223–1226.

Louis IX. (Saint Louis), 1226–1270.

INDEX

Aachen, 18, 46, 51, 139, 141, 258, 331, 371.

—— palace at, 46, 80.

Aarhus, 22.

Aba, king of Hungary, 61.

Abbassides, the, 158, 465.

Abbeville, 416.

Abelard, 7, 208, 211–214, 239, 240, 241, 429, 432.

Abotrites, the, 21, 226, 227, 264.

Abul Cassim, 39.

Acarnania, 348.

Acerra, Diepold of. _See_ Diepold.

Achaia, Villehardouin, Prince of, 349.

—— Princes of, 355.

Acre, 186, 192, 300, 302–303, 304, 312, 337, 368, 453, 461, 462, 463.

—— battle of, 459–460.

—— St. Thomas of. _See_ Thomas, St.

Adalbero, Archbishop of Reims, 44, 70, 71, 74, 77.

—— Archbishop of Trier, 231.

Adalbert, St., 43, 45, 379.

—— Archbishop of Bremen, 121, 122, 123, 223, 236.

—— —— of Mainz, 144, 146, 231.

Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, 87.

—— of Champagne, third wife of Louis VII., 290, 291.

Adelaide of Burgundy, wife of Otto I., 28, 29, 31, 41.

—— of Maurienne, queen of Louis VI., 282.

—— of Poitou, 69.

Adenulfus, Duke of Benevento, 106.

Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy, 182, 183.

Adige, the, 29, 258.

Adolf of Holstein, 265.

—— Archbishop of Cologne, 311.

Adrian IV., Pope, 249–250, 252–254, 256.

Adrianople, 155, 162, 299, 348;
battle at, 351.

Ægean, islands of, 158, 348;
crusaders in, 345.

Ætolia, 348.

Affonso Henriquez, king of Portugal, 325, 470–471, 475.

Afghanistan, 168.

Africa, 158, 170, 236–237, 468, 409, 471.

—— Christianity in, 103.

Agenais, the, 416.

Agnes of Poitou, wife of Henry III., 62, 121, 122, 128.

—— daughter of Henry IV., 221.

—— wife of Henry of Brunswick, and daughter of Conrad, Count Palatine,
308, 319.

—— of France, daughter of Louis VII., and wife of Alexius II., 340.

—— of Meran, wife of Philip Augustus, 323–324, 408.

Agriculture under Frederick I., 272.

Aigues Mortes, 457.

Ain Talut, battle of, 460.

Aix (in Provence), 417, 418.

Alan ‘of the Twisted Beard,’ first Count of Brittany, 85.

Alarcos, battle of, 471.

Albania, 164, 348; Greeks in, 350.

Alberic I., Marquis of Camerino, 30.

—— II., 30, 38.

—— 381.

—— da Romano, 483.

Albert the Bear, the Margrave, 226, 232, 233, 251, 264, 265, 268.

—— of Brabant, claimant to Liège, 307.

—— of Buxhöwden, 379.

—— the Great, 378, 447.

Albi, 216.

Albigenses, the, 216–217, 334, 394, 397, 398, 401, 419, 433, 436.

Albigensian Crusade, the, 332. _See also_ Albigenses.

Albigeois, 287.

Albina, daughter of Tancred, 317.

Alcantara, Order of, 207, 471.

Alençon, Peter, Count of. _See_ Peter.

Aleppo, 158, 195;
Ameer of, 159–160.

Alessandria founded (1168), 259, 260;
besieged, 261, 382.

Alexander II., Pope, 116, 124, 145.

—— III., Pope, 6, 256, 257–264, 269–270, 288, 471.

—— IV., Pope, 444, 446, 481–484, 490.

—— joint-emperor of Eastern Empire, 152.

—— of Hales, 445, 446, 447.

Alexandria, 195, 458.

Alexius I., Comnenus, 173–175, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184–185, 336–338.

—— II., Comnenus, 340.

—— III., 312, 342, 345.

—— IV., Angelus, 342, 344–346.

—— V. (Ducas), Murzuphlus, 346.

Alfonse of Poitiers, Count of Poitou, 407, 408, 410, 413, 414, 415,
416, 417, 418, 458.

—— Jordan, Count of Toulouse, 283–284, 287.

Alfonso, king of Leon, 326.

—— I., of Aragon, 467, 470.

—— VI., of Castile, 467, 468, 469.

—— VIII., king of Castile, 395, 421, 431, 467, 468, 469.

—— X., the Wise, of Castile, 10, 473, 475–476, 487, 490.

Alfred, king of Wessex, 15, 25.

Algarve, 473, 475.

—— Spanish, 473.

Algebra, Arabic, 363.

Alice, daughter of Louis VII. and Constance of Castile, betrothed to
Richard of Aquitaine, 288, 290, 293, 302.

—— of Champagne. _See_ Adela.

—— queen of Cyprus, 409.

Almansor, 466.

Almohades, the, 469–472.

Almoravides, the, 468–471.

Alp Arslan, Seljukian Sultan, 169, 171, 172, 179.

Amalfi, 117, 227.

Amalric I., king of Jerusalem, 185, 193.

—— II., of Lusignan, 453.

—— III., of Lusignan, 453.

—— of Bena, 433.

—— of Montfort, 456. _See_ Amaury.

Amaury, abbot of Cîteaux, 399, 400.

—— de Montfort, 402, 406.

Amiens, 291, 292.

—— treaty of, 416.

Anacletus II., Antipope, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 241, 281.

Anagni, 257, 262;
meeting of Gregory IX. and Frederick II. at, 369.

Anastasius IV., Pope, 249.

Ancona, 310;
siege of, 261, 310;
March of, 384.

Andalous (Andalusia), 464, 468, 470, 471, 472, 473.

Andechs-Meran, house of, 323.

Andernach, 19.

Andrew, king of Hungary, 61, 326, 452, 453, 454.

Andronicus Comnenus, 340–341.

Angelus, house of, 341–346, 351, 353.

Angevins. _See_ Anjou.

Angoulême, Isabella of. _See_ Isabella.

Ani captured, 169.

Aniane, Benedict of, 97.

Anjou, county of, 71, 76, 79, 87, 88;
rise of the house of, 286–287, 395–396, 404, 415, 416, 417.
_See_ Bertrada, Charles, Fulk, Geoffrey, Henry, Joan, John, Richard.

Anna Comnena, 107, 173, 337, 338.

Anne of Russia, wife of Henry I. of France, 79.

Anno, Archbishop of Cologne, 116, 121, 122, 123.

Anselm, St., of Canterbury, 7, 100, 139, 141, 210.

—— of Laon, 211.

—— Bishop of Lucca. _See_ Alexander II.

Anthony, St., of Padua, 441, 445.

Antioch, 160, 163, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 192, 195, 196, 285–300,
453;
principality of, 117, 460;
capture of by Bibars, 460.

—— Frederick of. _See_ Frederick.

Anweiler, Markwald of. _See_ Markwald.

Aosta, 210.

Apulia, 10, 11, 50, 166, 227, 228, 230, 253, 261, 306–307, 309–310,
311–312, 316–318, 328, 367, 369, 374, 390, 458, 479;
the Normans and, 105, 106, 114, 117.

Aquileia, 29;
patriarch of, 50.

Aquino, St Thomas of. _See_ Thomas, St.

Aquitaine, 75, 89, 90, 280–281, 286–287, 395, 396, 398, 406, 415, 416;
barons of, 76;
dukes of, 91.
_See also_ William V. of;
William the Pious of, and Eleanor of.

Arabs, the, 39;
of South Italy, 34;
and Aristotle, 432;
civilisation of, 169, 170;
and Holy Sepulchre, 178;
and Frederick II., 360, 361.

Aragon, 215, 229, 325, 326, 327, 467, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475–476.

—— kings of. _See_ Peter II. and James I.

Aral, Sea of, 456.

Arbrissel, Robert of. _See_ Robert.

Archers, Norman, 175.

Archipelago, Duchy of the, 352.

Architecture, Romanesque, 7.
_See also_ Romanesque.

—— Gothic, 7, 378, 403.
_See also_ Gothic.

Ardoin of Ivrea, 49, 52, 106.

Arelate, the, 3, 23, 53, 55, 56, 80, 266, 289, 308, 320, 386, 398, 417,
419.

Arezzo, 100.

Argenton, 320.

Argyrus, son of Meles, 107.

Aribert, archbishop of Milan, 53, 58, 59, 238.

Aribo, archbishop of Mainz, 50, 51, 52.

Aristotle, 214, 447;
translations by Michael Scot of, 363;
study of, 432;
Averroes’ commentaries on, 433.

Arles, kingdom of. _See_ Arelate.

—— kings of, Conrad, 51.
_See_ Rudolf III.;
Constance of. _See_ Constance;
archbishop of, 418.

Armenia, 155, 170, 171, 326;
kingdom of, 303, 311, 453, 454;
attacked by Togrul Beg, 169.

Armenian kingdom in Cilicia, the, 179.

Armenians, the, 165, 339.

Arnold of Brescia, 208, 213, 234, 239–242, 249–250.

—— archbishop of Mainz, 250.

Arnulf of Carinthia, 13.

—— duke of Bavaria, 15, 18, 20.

—— (2), Count Palatine, 19.

—— archbishop of Reims, 42, 44.

Arpad, house of, 61.

Arthur, legend of, 378.

—— duke of Brittany, 395.

Artois, 86, 291, 292.

—— Robert of. _See_ Robert.

Art, 2, 7, 10.

Arts in East, 157;
under Frederick II., 362, 363.

Arundel, Earl of, 454.

Ascalon, battle of, 183;
barony of, 186.

Asia, 169;
nobles of, 171.

—— Central, 167, 168.

—— Minor, 4, 155, 163, 172, 179, 182–183, 192, 351.

Assisi, 333, 388, 434, 435, 439;
St. Francis’ chapel at, 439.

Assizes of Jerusalem, 186, 355.

—— of Romania, 355.

Asti, 260;
captured, 261.

Atabeks, rise of the, 191, 195.

Athelstan, 15, 68.

Athens, Odo, Lord of, 349;
dukes of, 355.

Athos, Mount, 157.

Attalia, 192.

Attica, 155.

Attila, 167.

Augsburg, 23;
treaty at, 269.

Augustine of Hippo, St., 205, 440.

Augustus. _See_ Philip Augustus, King of France.

Aumâle, the peace of, 292.

Aurillac, 42, 43, 209.

Austin, St., rule of, 437.

—— Canons, 204–206.

—— Friars, the, 440.

Austria, 23, 37, 223, 329;
the duchy of, created, 251, 265;
dukes of, 353, 375, 478, 479, 490.
_See_ Frederick and Leopold.

Auvergne, 89, 90, 287, 289, 407, 413, 415;
Synod in, 138;
and Hugh Capet, 76;
William of. _See_ William.

Auxerre, Peter of. _See_ Peter.

Aventine, palace on, 44.

Averroes, 432, 433, 466.

Averroists, the, 433.

Aversa, 107;
foundation of, 105.

Avignon, 398, 406, 448.

Ayoub, 457.

Ayoubites, the, 455.

_Azymites_, 350.

Bacon, Roger, friar, 447, 451.

Badajoz, 468.

Bagdad, 158, 169, 170, 465.

_Baillage_, the court of the, 425.

_Baillis_, the, 404, 424.

Bailiffs, Frederick II.’s, 362.

Balearic Islands, the, 473.

Balkans, the, 163.

Baltic, the, 21, 380.

Baldwin of Boulogne, first Count of Edessa, 182, 184, 185.

—— —— the younger, 182.

—— of the Iron Arm, first Count of Flanders, 85.

—— V., Count of Flanders, 80, 86.

—— VII., Count of Flanders, 278.

—— IX., Count of Flanders, 343. _See also_ Baldwin I., Latin Emperor in
the East.

—— Count of Hainault, 291.

—— I., King of Jerusalem, 185. _See also_ Baldwin of Boulogne, and
Baldwin, Count of Edessa.

—— II., King of Jerusalem, 185. _See also_ Baldwin of Boulogne the
younger.

—— III., King of Jerusalem, 185, 193.

—— IV., King of Jerusalem, 193.

—— I., Latin Emperor in the East, 348, 351, 352.

—— II., Latin Emperor in the East, 353, 354, 355, 387.

Bamberg, 225.

—— cathedral of, consecrated, 50.

—— Suidgar, bishop of, 63. _See_ Clement II.

Bandinelli, Roland, 253–254, 256. _See also_ Alexander III.

Barbarians, invasions of, 15.

Barbarossa. _See_ Frederick I.

Barcelona, 43, 91, 419.

—— county of, 465, 466, 470.

Bari, 38, 103, 104, 107, 117, 118, 156, 172, 174, 230.

—— Synod of, 139.

Barral des Baux, 418.

Basil, dynasty of, 170.

—— I., the Macedonian, Eastern Emperor, 152, 167.

—— II., Eastern Emperor, 159, 163, 164, 165, 167.

—— St., shrine of, 171.

_Basilica_, the, code of laws, 154.

Basilius, chamberlain of John Zimisces, 162, 163.

Basque language, the, 90.

_Bastides_, 415.

Baty, Tartar chief, 385.

Bavaria, 2, 15, 16, 18, 19, 28, 37, 40, 47, 56, 58, 64, 121, 133, 139,
231, 232, 248, 266, 268, 329.

—— Otto of Wittelsbach, Count Palatine of. _See_ Otto.

—— Welf or Guelf, Duke of. _See_ Welf.

Beatrice of Provence, 418, 485.

—— wife of Otto IV., 329.

—— wife (1) of Boniface of Tuscany, (2) of Godfrey the Bearded, 109.

Beatrix of Savoy, 417.

Beaucaire, 418.

—— Seneschal of, 413.

Beauce, the, 78, 277.

Beaugency, Council of, 285.

_Beauséant_, 190.

Beauvais, 277.

Bec, Le, abbey of, 48, 100, 209, 210.

Becket. _See_ Thomas, St., archbishop of Canterbury.

Bela II., King of Hungary, 226.

—— III., King of Hungary, 299.

Bena, Amalric of. _See_ Amalric.

Benedict V., Pope, 33.

—— VIII., Pope, 48, 50, 63. 105.

—— IX., Pope, 63.

—— X., Antipope, 112, 113.

—— St., of Nursia, rule of, 94, 98.

—— St., of Aniane, 97.

Benedictine nuns, 438.

Benedictines, the, 443.

Benefices, feudal, become hereditary, 56, 57.

Benevento, 34, 107, 127, 485.

—— Lombard dukes of, 103.

Berbers, the, 468, 469.

Berengar, the Emperor, 27, 28.

—— of Ivrea, King of Italy, 28, 29, 30, 33.

—— of Tours, 111, 114, 209.

Berengaria of Castile, 326.

—— of Navarre, queen of Richard I., 302.

Bergamo, 259, 269.

Bernard, St., 7, 189, 191–192, 199, 202, 207–208, 209, 212–214, 215,
228–229, 232, 234–235, 240, 241, 242, 276, 281–282, 285, 432, 470.

—— of Anhalt, 268.

—— of Ventadour, 397.

—— Sylvester, 211.

Bernardone, John. _See_ Francis, St. Berno of Cluny, 97.

Bernward, St., bishop of Hildesheim, 41, 45, 46.

Berri, 76, 90, 287.

Bertha of Sulzbach, wife of Manuel I., 192. _See also_ Irene.

—— Empress of Henry IV., and daughter of Odo of Turin, 122, 123, 130,
138.

—— of Holland, repudiated by Philip I. of France, 80, 81, 275.

—— widow of Odo I. wife of Robert II., 78.

Berthold of Hohenburg, 480.

—— of Zähringen, 222, 248, 251.

—— Duke of Bavaria, 18.

—— of Ratisbon, 441, 442.

Bertrada of Montfort, Countess of Anjou, 80, 138, 278.

Bertrand de Born, 397.

Bessin, the, 83.

Besançon, 130.

—— Diet at, 252, 253, 254, 268.

Bethlehem, 368.

Béziers, Raymond Roger, Viscount of. _See_ Raymond Roger.

Biandrate, Counts of, 260.

Bibars, the Sultan, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463.

Bieda, 140.

Billung, Hermann, the Margrave, 19, 21, 23, 35.

Billungs, the, 232.

Birthen, 19.

Black Forest, 54.

Blanche of Castile wife of Louis VIII., 395, 407, 408, 410, 420, 426.

Blaye, 414.

Blois, 286, 289–291, 343.

—— the house of, 76, 79, 86, 87, 277, 279–280, 286, 291–292, 416.

Bobbio, 44.

Bogomilians, 174, 216.

Bohemia, 5, 23, 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 60, 61, 142, 215, 226, 252, 326,
329.

Bohemund, son of Robert Guiscard, prince of Antioch, 47, 175, 182, 184,
185, 194.

Boleslav, king of Poland, 54.

—— king of Bohemia, 23.

—— duke of Poland, 48, 226.

—— IV., king of Poland, 252.

Bologna, 219, 237, 247, 259, 269, 382, 386, 391, 437, 444, 445.

—— schools and university of, 218, 219, 255, 313, 429, 430.

Bonaventura, St., 447.

Boniface of Tuscany, 109.

—— of Montferrat, king of Thessalonica, 344, 345, 347, 348, 351, 352.

_Boni homines_ (municipal), 238.

Bordeaux, English seneschal of, 413.

—— siege of, 414.

Born, Bertrand de. _See_ Bertrand.

Borrel, Count of Barcelona, 43.

Boso, founder of kingdom of Provence, brother of Richard the Justiciar,
88.

Bouchard the Venerable, 76.

Boulogne, 286, 287, 291.

—— the Counts of, 86, 87, 330. _See_ also Eustace, Philip, Stephen.

—— Godfrey of. _See_ Godfrey.

Bourbon, 417.

Bourges, 75, 81, 277, 287.

—— Peter, archbishop of. _See_ Châtre, Peter de la.

Bouvines, battle of, 331, 393, 396.

Bowides, the, 158, 169.

Brabant, the Dukes of, 307, 308, 330, 388.

Braga, Burdinus of. _See_ Gregory VIII.

Brancaleone, senator of Rome, 482.

Brandenburg, 16, 22, 223, 378, 490.

—— the Margraves of, 378.

Breakspear, Nicholas, 249. _See also_ Adrian IV.

Brennabor. _See_ Brandenburg.

Bremen, 226, 379.

—— Adalbert of. _See_ Adalbert.

—— archbishopric of, 223, 265.

Brenner Pass, the, 31, 50, 53, 134, 248, 250.

Brenner, the, 487.

Brescia, 239, 240, 381, 382.

—— Arnold of. _See_ Arnold.

Bretislav, Duke of Bohemia, 60, 61.

Brienne, house of, 355.

—— John of. _See_ John.

—— Iolande or Isabella of. _See_ Isabella.

—— Walter of. _See_ Walter.

Brindisi, 367, 368, 452.

Brittany, 75, 84, 85, 91, 212, 395, 408, 416.

—— Arthur of. _See_ Arthur.

—— Peter of. _See_ Peter.

Brixen, Poppo, bishop of. _See_ Damasus II.

Bruno, archbishop of Cologne, 24, 25, 31.

—— bishop of Toul. _See_ Leo IX.

—— St., founder of the Carthusian order, 200–201, 209.

—— cousin of Otto III. _See_ Gregory V.

Brunswick, 265, 268, 331.

—— Egbert of, 121. _See_ Egbert.

—— new duchy of, 375.

Bruys, Peter de. _See_ Peter.

Bulgaria, 34, 155, 157, 162–164, 167, 168, 192, 215, 326, 341–342,
361–352, 353.

Burdinus of Braga. _See_ Gregory VIII.

Burgundy, 28, 55, 59, 60, 67, 69, 116, 138, 202, 228, 260, 289, 413,
416.

—— Frederick I.’s policy in, 248, 251–252, 270, 478, 479.

—— as buffer-state, 56.

—— Conrad II.’s policy in, 58.

—— dialect of, 90.

—— duchy of, history of, 88, 89.

—— Robert II.’s conquest of, 78.

—— duchy of, Capetian, 76.

—— Free County of, 145.

—— kingdom of, 3, 55. _See also_ Arelate, and Arles, kingdom of.

Burgundies, consolidation of the two, 4.

Burkhard, Duke of Swabia, 37.

—— bishop of Worms, 50.

Buxhöwden, Albert of. _See_ Albert.

Byzantine power in South Italy, 160.

—— Empire, the, 161–175;
in the twelfth century, 336–342.

Byzantium. _See_ Constantinople.

_Byzants_, the, 156.

Cadalus, Bishop of Parma. _See_ Honorius II., 116.

Cadiz, 473.

Caen, French of, 83.

Cærularius, Michael, Patriarch of Constantinople, 103, 109, 167.

Cæsarea captured by Seljukians, 171.

Cæsar, title of, renewed, 270.

Cahors, 287, 415.

Cahorsins, 426.

Cairo, 195, 465.

Cairoan, 158, 178.

Calabria, 39, 53, 114, 115, 166, 201, 227, 230, 486.

—— Greeks of, 53.

—— Theme of, 156.

Calatrava, 470, 471, 472.

—— Order of, 207, 470–471.

Caliphate, break-up of, 168, 169, 178.

—— of Bagdad, destroyed by the Tartars, 460.

Caliphs, Abbasside, 158.

—— Fatimite, 117, 158, 178.

—— Ommeyad, 158.

—— —— at Cordova, 465–466.

Calixtus II., Pope, 145, 146, 147, 149, 202.

—— Antipope, 260, 263.

Camaldoli, order of, 100, 219.

Camerino, 30.

Campagna, Saracens in the, 386.

Cannæ, battle of, 105.

Canon Law, the, 219–220, 382.

Canonists, the, 432.

Canons, Regular, 6, 204–206, 226, 438.

—— —— in cathedrals, 205, 226.

—— Secular, 226.

Canossa, 143, 263.

—— Henry IV. at, 131, 132.

—— siege of, 137.

Canterbury, 210.

—— disputed election to, 325.

—— shrine of St. Thomas at, 289.

—— Anselm of. _See_ Anselm, St.

—— Thomas of. _See_ Thomas, St.

Canute the Great, King of Denmark and England, 53.

—— VI., King of Denmark, 265, 270, 320, 323, 326.

Capet, Hugh. _See_ Hugh.

Cappadocia, 161, 171, 172.

Capua, 34, 50, 106, 114, 227, 328, 362, 485.

—— Dukes of, 103.

—— Norman principality of, 117.

Carcassonne, 400, 409, 414, 418.

—— the _ville_ and _cité_ of, 425, 426.

—— Seneschal of, 413.

Cardinal, Peire, 398.

Carinthia, 37.

—— Arnulf of. _See_ Arnulf.

—— Conrad of. _See_ Conrad.

Carmel, Mount, hermits of. _See_ Carmelites.

Carmelites, 440.

Carniola, 37.

Carolingian Empire, the, 15.

Carolingians, West Frankish, fall of the, 40.

Carolings, the, 2, 3, 13, 14, 17, 23, 26, 31, 38, 47, 51, 66, 67, 69,
70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 97.

_Carta Caritatis_, the, 202, 204.

Carthage, 461, 462.

Carthusians, the, 6, 200–201, 257, 290.

_Cas Royal_, the, 425.

Casciano, battle of, 483.

Cassim, Abul, 39.

Castel del Monte, 364.

Castelnau, Peter of. _See_ Peter.

Castile, 10, 229, 336, 420, 431, 465, 466, 467–469, 471, 472, 473–476.

—— Blanche of. _See_ Blanche.

Castle, the feudal, 3, 9.

—— building in the Latin East, 188.

Castrogiovanni, battle of, 118.

Catalans, the, 355, 361.

Catalonia, 465.

_Catapan_, the, 103.

Cathari, the, 215, 334, 388, 433.

Cavalry, feudal, 3, 175.

Cavalry, heavy, in army of John Zimisces, 162.

—— Greek, 171.

—— Saxon, 16.

Celano, Thomas of. _See_ Thomas.

Celestine II., Pope, 241.

—— III., Pope, 271, 305–306, 309–313, 314, 323, 233.

—— IV., Pope, 385.

_Centumgravii_, the, 373.

Cevennes, the, 90.

Châlon, 213.

—— the Bishop of, 203.

Châlons, Bishops of, 86. _See also_ William.

Chamberlains, Frederick II.’s, 362.

_Chambre des Comptes_, the, 425.

Champagne, 76, 79, 86, 87, 284, 286, 289–291, 343, 413, 416.

—— its union with Blois, 280.

—— Odo of. _See_ Urban II., 137.

—— Counts of. _See_ Odo, Theobald, Henry of.

Champeaux, William of, 145. _See_ William.

Chancellor, the Episcopal, of the University of Paris, 430.

Chandax, Saracen stronghold, 159.

_Chansons de Geste_, 84.

Charente, the, 414, 416.

Charismians, 456, 457.

Charlemagne, romances of, 378. _See_ Charles the Great.

Charles the Bald, 56, 85.

—— the Great, 3, 4, 22, 31, 46, 151, 230, 378.

—— —— House of, 70, 72, 73. _See_ Carolingians.

—— —— Canonisation of, 258.

—— Martel, 170.

—— the Simple, 14, 15, 17, 66, 67, 68, 83.

—— of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, 354, 355, 407, 408, 416, 418,
419, 421, 447, 458, 461, 462, 484, 488.

—— of Denmark, Count of Flanders (the Good), 278.

—— Duke of Lower Lorraine, uncle of Louis V., 71, 77.

_Charter of Charity_, the, 202, 204.

Chateau Gaillard, castle of, 394.

Châtre, Peter de la, Archbishop of Bourges, 284. _See_ Peter.

Chartres, 286.

—— the School of, 211, 213, 214.

—— Ivo, Bishop of. _See_ Ivo.

—— House of, 78, 87. _See also_ Blois, house of.

Chartreuse, la Grande, 289. _See also_ Carthusians.

Cherson, theme of, 155.

Chester, Earl of, 454.

Chiavenna, 206, 261.

Children, the Crusade of the, 452.

China, 168, 174, 385.

Chios, 348.

_Chiusa di Verona, La_, 258.

Chivalry, 2.

Chrodegang, the rule of, 205.

Christian, Archbishop of Mainz, 262.

—— first Bishop of the Prussians, 379.

Cid, the, 467–469.

Cilicia, 155, 159, 160, 271, 300, 339.

—— Armenian kingdom in, 183.

Cistercians, the, 6, 201–204, 257, 265, 290, 399, 438, 443.

—— in Spain, 470–471.

Citeaux, 202–204, 206, 290, 385.

Civitate, battle of (1017), 105.

—— battle of (1053), 108, 114.

—— Diet at (1232), 372.

Civil Law, the, 7, 217–219.

Clair-on-Epte, Treaty of, 83.

Clairvaux, 202, 204, 234, 385. _See also_ Bernard, St.

Clara Scifi. _See_ Clare, St.

Clare, St., 439.

Clares, the Poor. _See_ Claresses.

Claresses, 439.

Clari, Robert of. _See_ Robert.

Classics, study of, in 11th and 12th centuries, 100.

Clement II., Pope, 63, 64.

—— III., Pope, 271, 278, 305, 313.

—— III., Antipope, 134, 135, 140.

—— IV., 485–491.

Clermont, Council of, 138, 139, 180–181.

—— Innocent II.’s Synod at, 229.

Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, Robert of. _See_ Robert.

Clito. _See_ William the Clito.

Cluny, 5, 6, 25, 56, 63, 84, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 120, 125, 126, 137,
145, 178, 199, 203, 209, 213, 228, 229, 384, 387, 420.

—— and Gregory VII., 125, 126.

Cluniac ideals, 51.

Cluniacs, the, 41, 50, 51, 52, 92.

Coblenz, 140, 231.

Coimbra, county of, 467, 470.

Coinage, St. Louis and the, 425.

Cologne, 121, 141, 144, 201, 206, 255, 268, 320, 321, 330, 331, 378.

—— archbishops of, 25, 50, 51, 52, 262, 305, 307. _See also_ Adolf,
Anno, Engelbert, Philip, Pilgrim, and Rainold.

—— Diet at (1198), 320.

—— School of, 447.

Colonisation, German, 264, 265, 266.

Colombières, 294.

Columban, St., 44.

Combat, trial by, 424.

Comedies, Latin, 25.

_Comites Imperialis Militiæ_, 45.

Commerce, Greek, 157, 158.

—— treaty of, between Sviatoslav and John Zimisces, 162.

—— under Frederick I., 272.

Comminges, Count of, 401.

Commune of Rome, the, 240–241, 250, 253, 318–319.

Communes, the French, 282, 429.

—— the Italian, 237–239.

Como, 261, 269.

Company of Death, the, 262.

Compiègne, synod at, 323, 324.

Comnenus, dynasty of, 171–173, 336–340, 350, 351, 355.

Conan, Duke of Brittany, 287.

Conceptualism, 212.

Conches, William of. _See_ William.

Concordat of Worms (1122), 147, 148, 149, 225.

Congregational idea, 199–200, 204.

Congregation of Cluny, the, 97, 100.

Conrad I., king of the Germans, 12, 13, 14.

—— II., the Salic, Emperor, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 78, 101, 106,
224.

—— III., 192–193, 231–234, 236, 242–243, 245–246, 283, 340.

—— IV., 456, 459, 460, 478–480.

—— of Franconia, son of Henry IV. (Anti-Cæsar), 1093 137, 139, 140.

—— Duke of Franconia, son of Frederick of Büren, 222, 224, 225, 231.
_See also_ Conrad III.

—— son of Frederick II., king of the Romans, 368, 375, 383, 385, 388,
391. _See also_ Conrad IV.

—— Duke of Swabia, 51. _See_ Conrad II.

—— Duke of Carinthia, cousin of Conrad II. of Swabia, 51, 58, 101.

—— father of Conrad of Carinthia, 51, 101.

—— Count Palatine of the Rhine, half-brother of Frederick Barbarossa,
251, 308.

—— of Hochstaden, archbishop of Cologne, 488–490.

—— of Marburg, Franciscan, 373, 382.

—— of Montferrat, king of Jerusalem, 302–303, 341, 453.

—— the Pacific, king of Arles, 23, 51, 55.

—— the Red, Duke of Lorraine, 20, 21, 23, 29, 51.

—— of Urslingen, 310.

Conradin, 459, 480, 482, 486–487.

_Conseil, Grand_, the, 424.

_Consolamentum_, the, 216.

Constance, 55.

—— Diet of, 62.

—— the treaty of (1153), 248, 249.

—— treaty of (1183), 263–264, 309.

Constance of Arles, 78.

—— of Brittany, 287.

—— of Castile, queen of Louis VII., 290.

—— of Sicily, wife of Henry VI., 269, 270, 301, 305, 306, 310, 316–317.

—— sister of Louis VII., Countess of Toulouse, 287, 398.

Constantine I., 144, 177.

—— VII., Porphyrogenitus, 152–158, 162, 163.

—— VIII., 159–165.

—— IX., Monomachus, 109, 166.

—— X., Ducas, 171.

Constantinople, 8, 34, 45, 152, 156, 157, 158, 162, 163, 164, 182, 192,
193, 236, 322, 337, 338, 339, 341, 353, 354.

—— church of St. Sophia in, 341, 348, 350.

—— Fourth Crusade turned against, 345, 346.

—— organisation of, 348.

—— sack of, 351.

—— and Thessalonica, rivalry of, 351

_Consuetudines Cluniacenses_, 97.

_Consuls_ (municipal), 238, 263.

Conti, house of, 313.

_Conversi_, 200, 201, 440.

Corbeil, 76.

—— treaty of (1258), 419.

Corbogha, Ameer of Mosul, 183.

Cordova, 43, 473.

—— the Caliphs of, 465–466.

—— Mosque and cathedral of, 473.

—— Schools of, 466.

Corfu, Robert Guiscard dies at, 136.

Corinth, Marquises of, 349.

Cornwall, Richard, Earl of. _See_ Richard.

Corsairs, Moorish, 159.

Corsi, house of, 228.

Corsica, 239, 310.

Cortenuova, battle of, 381.

_Cortes_ of Spain, the, 474.

Cortona, Elias of. _See_ Elias.

Corvey, 25, 122.

Cos, 348.

Côtentin, the, 83, 106.

Cotrone, 39.

Coucy, the forest of, 206.

—— house of, 277.

Council of Beaugency, 285.

—— at Genoa (1241), 384.

—— at Ingelheim, 69.

—— the first General Lateran (1123), 149.

—— the second General Lateran (1139), 234, 240.

—— the third General Lateran (1179), 269.

—— the fourth General Lateran (1215), 315, 334, 437, 452.

—— General, at Lyons, the first (1245), 386, 387.

—— ——the second (1274), 440, 457, 462.

—— at Mantua, 116.

—— at Pavia (1046), 63.

—— of Pavia (1159), 256.

—— at Reims (1119), 145.

—— at Rome, summoned by Gregory IX., 384.

—— of Sens, 240.

—— —— (1131), 281.

—— of Sutri (1046), 63.

—— at Tours (1163), 257, 288.

—— at Worms (1076), 128.

Councils. _See also_ Synods.

Courçon, Cardinal, his statutes for the University of Paris, 433.

Courtenay, Peter of. _See_ Peter

_Credentia_ (municipal), 238.

Crema, 255.

—— Guy of. _See_ Paschal III.

Cremona, 28, 261, 269, 270, 309, 382, 383, 390, 483.

—— Diet at, 366.

—— Liutprand of. _See_ Liutprand.

Crescentii, the, 35, 112.

Crescentius I., 38.

—— II., John, son of the above, 41, 42, 43.

—— III., son of the above, 49, 50.

Crete, 155, 158, 159, 348, 355.

Crimea, the, 156.

Cross, the True, 178, 195.

Croton, 39.

Crown, the Iron, 137.

Crusade, the first, 138, 175, 179.

—— the second, 191–193, 208, 232–233, 284–285.

—— the third, 294, 295–304, 393.

—— the fourth, 8, 156, 343–346, 450.

—— the fifth, 452–455.

—— the sixth, 420, 421, 457–459.

—— the seventh, 425, 461–462.

—— the last, 450–463.

—— of Edward I., 462.

—— of the Children, the, 452.

—— projected by Henry VI., 311, 312.

—— preached by Urban IV., 354, 355.

Crusades, the, 2, 10, 39, 40, 84, 92, 139, 140, 170, 271, 348, 349,
350, 351, 364, 394.

—— their effects on the Byzantine Empire, 337.

—— Frederick II.’s, 364, 365, 366, 379, 455.

—— Innocent III. and the, 332–333.

—— Innocent IV. and the, 387.

—— the Albigensian, 394, 399, 400, 401, 405, 406, 407, 409.

_Curia Regis_, the, 424.

Cunigunde, Empress of Henry II., 48.

Cyclades, duchy of the, 348, 352.

Cyprus, 157, 160, 161, 301, 302, 303, 304, 340–341, 342, 351, 355, 457,
459.

—— the kings of, 463.

Cyril, 157.

Czechs, the, 266, 379. _See also_ Bohemia.

Dalmatia, 155, 345.

Damascus, 160, 192, 193, 195, 456.

Damasus II., Pope, 64, 101.

Damiani, Peter. _See_ Peter.

Damietta, 365, 454, 455, 458.

Dandolo, Henry, Doge of Venice, 343, 344, 348, 349.

Danes, the, 15, 16, 23, 37, 40, 155, 163, 178.

Dante, 363, 390, 392, 449.

Dardanelles, the, 345.

Dark Ages, end of, 3–4, 96.

Dassel. _See_ Rainald of Dassel.

Dauphiny, 301, 214.

David, monk, 142.

_De Consideratione_, Bernard’s, 242.

Decretals of Gregory IX., the, 382.

_Decretum_ of Gratian, the, 219.

Dedi, the Margrave, 122, 123.

Demetrius, king of Thessalonica, 352, 353.

_Demiurgus_, the, 216.

Denmark, 34, 83, 84, 248, 320, 321, 323, 326, 331, 383.

—— Canute of. _See_ Canute.

—— Engelbert’s war with, 371.

—— German influence over, 226.

—— Valdemar II. of. _See_ Valdemar.

Desiderius, Abbot of Monte Casino. _See_ Victor III.

Dialects, Romance, 89, 90.

Diepold of Acerra, 317–318, 328.

_Dies Iræ_, the, 442.

Diet at Civitate (1232), 372.

—— of Cologne (1198), 320.

—— of Constance, 62.

—— at Forchheim, 132.

—— of Mühlhausen, 320.

—— at Pavia, 59.

—— of Roncaglia (1154), 248.

—— —— (1158), 254–255.

—— at Tribur, 122.

—— at Verona (983), 39.

Diets, 48.

—— at Besançon, 252, 253, 254, 268.

—— at Mainz, 268, 374.

—— of Worms (1179), 266.

—— of Würzburg, 146, 257, 267.

Diocletian, 270.

Dionysius the Areopagite, St., 212.

Dominic de Guzman, St., 316, 333, 367, 399, 410, 434, 436, 437, 438,
439, 441, 444.

Dominicans, the, 436–439, 440, 441, 442, 444, 445, 446.

—— in Germany and Italy, 373.

—— and St. Louis, 422, 423.

—— at Toulouse, 410, 413, 414.

Dordogne, 90, 406.

Dorylæum, battle of, 183.

Dorystolum, battle of, 162.

Douai, 85.

Douro, the, 465, 467.

Drogo, son of Tancred of Hauteville, 106, 107, 114.

Dreux, 285.

Ducas, house of, 172, 353.

Dudo of St. Quentin, 83.

Durance, the, 417.

Durazzo. _See_ Dyrrhachium.

Düsseldorf, 121.

Dyrrhachium (Durazzo), 164, 175, 180, 352.

—— theme of, 155.

Eadgifu, daughter of Edward the Elder, 68.

East Mark, the, 223. _See also_ Austria.

Eberhard, Duke of Franconia, 12, 18–19.

Ebles, Count of Poitou, 89.

Ebro, the, 465.

Eckhard, Margrave of Meissen, 41, 43, 47.

Eccelin da Romano, 381, 382, 390, 482–483.

Edessa, 163, 184.

—— county of, 183.

—— fall of, 191.

Edith, daughter of Edward the Elder of Wessex, 15, 35.

Edmund of England, son of Henry III., 480, 481, 484.

Edward the Elder of Wessex, 15, 68, 89.

—— I. of England, 10, 416, 443, 461, 462.

Egbert, Count of Brunswick, 121.

—— Margrave of Meissen, 223.

Eger, Golden Bull of, 331.

Egypt, 158, 178, 195, 343, 359, 420, 426, 454, 456.

Eisenach, 378.

El Hakim, 178.

Elbe, the, 21, 40, 48, 264, 268.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of Henry II. of England, 9, 192, 281, 283,
284, 285–286, 288, 289, 290, 292, 395.

—— sister of John, 395.

—— of Provence, Queen of Henry III. of England, 417.

Electors, the seven, 489.

Elias of Cortona, friar, 436, 445.

Elizabeth, St., of Thuringia, 382, 388.

El-Kamil, Sultan of Egypt, 368, 454, 455.

Elster, battle of the, 134.

Emeric, King of Hungary, 326.

_Emirs-ul-Omra_, 158.

Engelbert, St., archbishop of Cologne, 370, 371, 372, 378.

England, 3, 10, 15, 53, 80, 87, 229, 265, 267, 288, 327, 374, 375, 396,
414.

—— and Frederick II., 374, 375.

—— and the Guelfs, 265, 268.

—— imperial overlordship over, 308.

—— and Innocent III., 327.

_Enquesteurs_, the, 424.

Enzio, son of Frederick II., 382, 385, 390, 391.

Ephesus, bishopric of, 173.

Epic, the, 7.

Epirus, 155, 348, 350, 351.

—— Despot of, 352, 353, 354.

Erfurt, 268.

Ernest, Duke of Swabia, 51, 52, 54.

Es-Saleh Ayoub, 456, 459.

Eschenbach, Wolfram of. _See_ Wolfram.

Esthonians, the, 379.

Etampes, 76, 277.

Eubœa, 348.

Eudocia, widow of Constantine X., 171.

Eugenius III., Pope, 208, 213, 241–242, 249.

Euphrates, the, 163, 183.

Eustace of Boulogne, brother of Godfrey, 182.

—— —— son of King Stephen, 287.

—— of Flanders, 343.

Evora, Order of, 471.

Evreux, 395.

Exchequer Court, the (France), 424.

Faculties, University, 430.

Faenza, 384.

Farfa, 27.

Fatimites, the, 117, 178, 183, 195.

Federation of Lombard cities, 258, 259, 260.

Ferdinand I., first king of Castile, 466.

—— III., Saint, king of Castile, 473.

Ferrand, Count of Flanders, 330.

Ferrara, 483.

Ferté, La, abbey of, 204.

Feudal system, 13.

Feudalisation of South Italy, 118.

Feudalism, 1, 2, 5, 10, 13, 27, 448,
French, 73, 74, 350;
in Brittany, 85;
in Syria, 186;
in the 11th century, 96;
under Frederick I., 272;
growth of, 57;
political weakness of, 4.

Fiesco, Sinobaldo, 386.

_Filioque_ Clause, the, 350.

Finland, Gulf of, 379.

Fiorentino, 391.

Flanders, 85, 278, 291, 330, 343, 416.

—— Counts of. _See_ Baldwin, Charles, Ferrand, Philip, Robert, Thierry.

Flarchheim, battle of (1080), 133.

Flemings, the, 91, 350;
colonies of, 264;
of Constantinople, 351.

Fleury, 82.

Flora, 391.

Florence, 483–484, 486;
Hildebrand at, 112;
Conrad, son of Henry IV., dies at, 140.

_Fodrum_, the, 264.

Foggia, 391;
Frederick II.’s summer palace at, 364.

Foix, 419;
counts of, 401.

Foligno, 384.

Folmar, archdeacon, 270, 271.

Forchheim, Diet at, 132.

Fontevrault, order of, 201.

Fortore, the, 108.

Fossalta, 391.

Foulquois, Guy, 485. _See also_ Clement IV.

Fowler, the. _See_ Henry.

Franche-Comté, 145.

Francia, 68.

Francis, St., of Assisi, 7, 316, 333, 382, 388, 434, 435, 436, 437,
438, 439, 441, 442, 451;
and Gregory IX., 367;
and Sultan of Egypt, 435.

Franciscans, the, 434, 435, 436, 438, 439, 441, 442, 443, 447;
in Germany and Italy, 373;
and St. Louis, 422, 423.

Franconia, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20;
Duke of, 12, 56.

Frangipani, house of, 228.

Franks, the, 13, 19, 20, 26, 156, 174, 344–347;
character of the, 350;
the West, 14, 19, 66;
West, kingdom of, 72, 82;
in the East, 13, 88;
kings of, 67;
of Peloponnesus, 354, 355.

Frankfurt, 245, 311, 388, 489–490;
treaty of, 232.

Frascati, 306.

Fraticelli, the, 389, 442.

Frederick I., the Emperor (Barbarossa), 6, 243, 245–273, 292, 342, 370,
377, 428, 432.

—— II., 6, 10, 299–300, 305, 310, 315, 316–318, 328–332, 358–392, 394,
396, 408, 420, 429, 431, 451, 452, 455, 456, 482.

—— —— will of, 478.

—— archbishop of Mainz, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25.

—— of Büren (1), Duke of Swabia, 220, 222.

—— of Hohenstaufen (2), Duke of Swabia, son of above, 222, 224, 225,
231.

—— of Rothenburg, Duke of Swabia, 248, 259, 271.

—— of Hohenstaufen (3), Duke of Swabia, 232. _See also_ Frederick I.,
Barbarossa.

—— younger son of Frederick I., Duke of Swabia, 271, 300.

—— son of Henry VII., 478, 479.

—— of Antioch, 390.

—— brother of Godfrey of Lorraine. _See_ Stephen IX.

—— of Austria, 378.

—— nominal Duke of Austria, 487.

Freinet, 27.

French in Sicily, 317.

—— —— the, and the Council of Lyons, 386.

—— language, 72, 91.

Friars, the Mendicant, 7, 367, 382, 391, 437–444.
_See_ also Mendicants; the Grey.
_See_ Franciscans;
the Austin, 440;
the White, 440.
_See also_ Carmelites; the Black.
_See_ Dominicans.

Friars of the Sack, 440.

Friesland, 144, 373.

Fritzlar, 12.

Friuli, 37, 372, 373.

Fulcher of Chartres, quoted, 189.

Fulda, treaty of, 305.

—— peace of, 307.

Fulk (I.), the Red, Count of Anjou, 87, 88.

Fulk (III.), the Black, of Anjou, 178;
king of Jerusalem, 185, 286.

—— (IV.), le Réchin, Count of Anjou, 80, 81, 278.

—— (V.), Count of Anjou and king of Jerusalem, 280.

—— of Neuilly, 332, 342, 343.

Gabriel, 164.

Gaeta, 258.

—— John of. _See_ Gelasius II.

Galilee, barony of, 186.

Gandersheim, 25, 45, 46.

Gargano, Monte, 104.

Garlande, family of, 277.

—— Stephen de, 277.

Garonne, the, 90, 406.

Gascon language, the, 90.

Gascony, 89, 90, 406.

—— English dukes of, 415.

Gaza, 457.

Gebhard. _See_ Pope Victor II.

Gelasius II., Pope, 144.

_General Courts_, Frederick II.’s, 362.

Genghiz Khan , 385, 456.

Geneva, 55.

Genoa, 185, 188, 228, 239, 257, 260, 304, 305, 306, 309, 310, 337, 340,
386, 459, 460, 482.

—— council at, 384.

_Gens des Comptes_, the, 425.

Geoffrey the Bearded, Count of Anjou, 88.

—— Martel, Count of Anjou, 79, 88.

—— Count of Anjou, father of Henry II., 88, 185, 280, 286.

—— son of Henry II., Duke of Brittany, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293, 294.

Georgians, the, subdued, 169.

Gerard, Grand Master of the Hospital, 190.

Gerbert of Aurillac, St., 42, 43, 44, 70, 71, 74, 77, 100, 309. _See
also_ Sylvester II.

Gerberga, queen of Louis IV., 23.

Gerhard, Count, 223.

Gero, the Margrave, 19, 21, 23.

Gerstungen, 124.

Gertrude, daughter of Lothair II., wife of Henry the Proud, 224, 232.

—— daughter of Henry the Lion, 265.

Ghazni, 168, 169.

Ghibelline, origin of the name, 221.

Ghibellines, 224–225, 246, 307–309, 320–322, 327–331, 381, 386, 390,
391.

—— Italian, 482–488.

Gibraltar, Straits of, 468.

Giglio, island of, 384.

Gilbert de la Porée, 208, 213.

Giotto, 436.

Girgenti, 118.

Gironde, the, 90, 414.

Gisela, Duchess of Swabia, Empress of Conrad II., 51, 52, 55, 60.

Giselbert, Duke of Lorraine, 19, 23.

Gnesen, 38, 252.

—— archbishopric of, 45, 226.

Gnostics, the, 216.

Godfrey of Boulogne (Bouillon), Duke of Lorraine and crusading leader,
152, 181, 184–185.

—— Duke of Lorraine, 112, 122, 123.

Golden Horn, the, 337.

Gorm the Old, King of Denmark, 16.

Goslar, 64.

Gothic architecture, 7, 378, 403, 415, 426.

—— —— in the East, 157.

—— —— in Italy, 203.

—— —— in Germany, 378.

—— —— in southern France, 415.

Gottfried of Strasburg, 378.

Grammont, order of, 200.

Gran, 45.

Granada, kingdom of, 472.

Grandella, battle of, 485–486.

Gratian, 7, 219, 382.

Greeks, character of, 350.

—— expulsion of, from Italy, 166.

—— in Sicily, 236.

—— in south of Italy, 3, 34, 53.

Gregory I., St., Pope, 209.

—— V., Pope, 42, 43, 44, 51.

—— VI., Pope, 63, 110.

—— VII. Pope, 80, 81, 116, 117, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129–136, 140,
143, 180, 182, 198, 210. _See also_ Hildebrand.

—— VIII., Pope, 271, 298.

—— —— Antipope, 144.

—— IX., Pope, 367–369, 382–385, 410, 420, 431, 433, 435, 436, 440, 442,
444, 456, 481. _See also_ Ugolino, cardinal.

—— X., Pope, 462, 491–492.

—— cardinal of St. Angelo, 228. _See also_ Innocent II.

Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, 386.

Guadalquivir, the, 472, 473.

Guadarrama, the, 465, 467.

Guadiana, the, 470.

Gualbert, St. John, 100.

Guelf, Duke of Bavaria, 137. _See also_ Welf.

—— house of, origin of the, 222, 224, 225.

Guelfs, the, 245–246, 265, 268, 331, 370, 371, 375, 382, 390, 394.

—— Italian, 482–488.

—— and Hohenstaufen, struggle of, 307–309.

—— renewed struggle of, 320–322, 327–331.

Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, elected Antipope. _See_ Clement III.

Guido, archbishop of Milan, 115.

—— cardinal, 240.

—— Marquis of Tuscany, 30.

Guienne, 281. _See also_ Gascony and Aquitaine.

Guilds, merchant, 429.

Guilhems, the, of Poitiers, 90, 395–396.

Guiscard, meaning of the name, 107. _See also_ Robert Guiscard.

Guthrum, 3.

Guy, archbishop of Vienne. _See_ Calixtus II.

—— of Crema. _See_ Paschal III.

—— of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem and Cyprus, 193, 195, 302–303.

—— de Montfort, 486.

Guzman, Dominic de. _See_ Dominic, St.

Haco, King of Norway, 388.

Hainault, 291, 417.

Halberstadt, Ulrich of. _See_ Ulrich.

Hales, Alexander of, 445. _See_ Alexander.

Hamburg, 22, 488.

Hamdanides, the, 158, 159.

Hanseatic League, origin of the, 488.

Harding, or Stephen, abbot of Cîteaux, 202.

Harold, King of England, 72, 73.

—— Blue Tooth, King of Denmark, 83.

Harran, battle of, 184, 185.

Harzburg, castle of, 124.

Harz Mountains, the, 17, 35.

Hastings, battle of, 80, 162, 175.

Hattin, battle of, 195.

Hauteville, Roger of. _See_ Roger.

Havel, the, 16.

Havelberg, 22.

Havellers, the, 16.

Hawking, treatise by Frederick II. on, 359.

Hedwig, Duchess of Swabia, 37.

Heidelberg, 251.

Heinsberg, Philip of. _See_ Philip.

Helena, mother of Constantine, 177, 178.

Hellas, theme of, 155.

Heloisa, 212.

Henfrid of Toron, 302.

Henry I., the Fowler, King of the Germans, 3, 4, 12–18, 21, 45.

—— II. (emperor), 47–50, 52, 54, 55, 105, 257.

—— III. (king), succeeds to Conrad II., 54, 59, 60;
(emperor), 61, 62, 63, 80, 101, 102, 107, 108, 109, 113, 120–122.

—— IV. (emperor), 64, 65, 116, 120, 141, 180, 181, 220.

—— V. (king), 140;
(emperor), 141, 147, 149, 223, 246.

—— VI. (king), 269, 270;
(emperor), 304–312, 314, 328, 329, 342, 428, 453.

—— ‘VII.’, son of Frederick II., 331, 364, 365;
Duke of Swabia, 371;
king of Romans, 371, 372, 375, 377, 380.

—— I. of Normandy and England, 88, 141, 145, 149, 277, 278, 280, 283.

—— II. of England, Normandy and Anjou, 6, 88, 195, 235, 243, 257, 260,
267, 268, 269, 270, 286–294, 299, 361, 393, 413, 423.

—— ‘III.’, son of Henry II. of England, 288, 289, 290, 291–292.

—— III. of England, 327, 374, 396, 406, 408, 409, 414, 415, 416, 418,
419, 421, 479, 481, 489.

—— VIII. of England, 389.

—— I., king of France, 61, 78–80, 89, 102, 103.

—— I. Duke of Bavaria, 18, 19, 20, 23, 28, 35.

—— II. the Quarrelsome, Duke of Bavaria, 37, 40, 47.

—— Duke of Bavaria, 58. _See also_ Henry III., emperor.

—— the Black, Duke of Bavaria, 222, 224, 246.

—— the Proud, Duke of Bavaria, son of Henry the Black, 224, 225, 229,
231, 232.

—— the Lion, son of Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria, 232, 233, 246,
248, 250, 251, 260–261, 264–269, 273, 271, 292, 305, 309.

—— of Brunswick, eldest son of Henry the Lion, 306–307, 308, 319.

—— son of Frederick II. and Isabella of England, 459, 478, 479.

—— of Castile, brother of Alfonso X., 487.

—— of Champagne, king of Jerusalem, 453.

—— Duke of Burgundy, uncle of Robert I., 78.

—— Duke of Burgundy, afterwards Henry I. of France, 78. _See_ Henry I.
of France.

—— of Cluny, 214, 217.

—— archbishop of Mainz, 248.

—— Jasomirgott, Duke of Austria, 250–251.

—— archbishop of Sens, 281.

—— the Liberal, Count of Champagne, 289, 290, 291.

—— II. of Champagne, king of Jerusalem, 301, 303, 409.

—— of Kalden, 328, 329.

—— of Flanders, 343;
afterwards Latin Emperor of the East, 352.

—— of Schwerin, 371.

—— Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia, 388.

Heraclius, the Emperor, 184.

Herbert, Count of Vermandois, 67.

Heresy, 115, 214–217, 433–434, 444, 451;
Monophysite, 155;
and Frederick II., 365, 373;
in Lombardy, 383;
Innocent IV. and, 387;
in Provence, 397, 398, 399;
in Anjou, 406;
Albigensian, 410;
and St. Louis, 426;
in Spain and Italy, 433;
and the Mendicants, 444, 446.

Hermann, bishop of Metz, 129.

—— of Luxemburg, 143.

—— Count Palatine, 250, 251.

—— of Thuringia, 378.

—— of Salza, 366, 368, 369, 374, 379, 383, 451.

Hermits, 201.

Hersfeld, 124.

Hierarchy, Cluniac conception of the, 99.

Hildebrand, 6, 8, 84, 101, 102, 110, 111, 112, 143, 145, 149, 198–199,
209, 247, 314. _See_ Gregory VII.

Hildesheim, 41.

Hirschau, 199.

Hochstaden, Lothair of, bishop of Liège. _See_ Lothair.

Hohenburg, battle of, 124, 128.

Hohenstaufen, the, 5, 269, 348, 377, 378, 394, 421;
castle of, 221;
house of, 221–223;
ruin of, 370;
policy of, 373;
fall of the, 478–488.

Holland, William, Count of, 330. _See_ William, King of the Romans.

Holstein, renounced by Valdemar II. 371;
Adolf of. _See_ Adolf.

Holy Roman Empire, 56, 60.

Honorius II., Antipope, 116;
Pope, 189, 225, 227–228.

—— III., Pope, 364, 365, 366, 406, 408, 410, 435, 437, 439.

Hospitallers, 194, 398, 456, 463, 470.

Hrotswitha, 25.

Hugh of Provence, 28, 30.

—— the Great, 23, 67, 68, 69.

—— Capet, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78.

—— the Great, brother of Philip I. of France, Count of Vermandois, 86,
181, 291.

—— of Cluny, 86, 130, 131, 145.

—— de Payens, 189, 190.

—— du Puiset, 277.

—— Duke of Burgundy, 301, 303.

—— de Lusignan, Count of La Marche, 395, 406, 408, 413, 414.

—— III. of Lusignan, king of Cyprus and Jerusalem, 453, 459.

—— of Saint-Cher, 447.

Humphrey, son of Tancred of Hauteville, 106, 108, 114.

Hungarians, 5, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 27, 48, 162, 339;
against Conrad II., 54;
and Henry III., 60, 61.

Hungary, 34, 45, 192, 226, 299, 326, 340, 385;
Stephen, king of (_see_ Stephen);
against Henry V., 142;
conversion of, 178;
king of, 344;
Margaret of. _See_ Margaret.

Huns, the, 167.

Hyacinth, the cardinal. 305. _See also_ Celestine III.

Ibelin, house of, 459;
lordship of, 186.

Iconium, 192.

Ida of Lorraine, 181.

—— Countess of Boulogne, 291.

Ikshidites, the, 158, 160, 168, 178.

Imad-ed-din Zangi. _See_ Zangi.

Incoronata, forest of the, 364.

India, Turkish state in, 168.

Infantry, Varangian heavy-armed, 175.

Ingeborg of Denmark, wife of Philip Augustus, 322–325, 328.

Ingelheim, Council at, 69.

—— Henry IV. abdicates at, 141.

Innocent II., Pope, 208, 213, 228–231, 233–234, 235–237, 240–241, 253,
281, 283, 284.

—— III., Pope, 6, 313–335, 342–343, 347, 350, 358, 364, 366, 393, 395,
399, 401, 428, 434, 435, 437, 444, 452, 453, 471, 472.

—— IV., Pope, 386–390, 420, 446, 457, 479–481.

Inquisition, Episcopal, 399, 410.

—— Papal, 325–326, 382, 444.

Interregnum, the Great, 421, 489–492.

Interdict imposed on France (1200–1201), 324.

—— on Lombard cities, 366.

_Introduction to the Eternal Gospel_, the, 446.

Investiture Contest, 6, 120–150.

Iolande, wife of Peter of Courtenay, 352.

—— or Isabella de Brienne, 366, 455. _See_ Isabella.

Ionian Islands, 348, 349, 350, 355.

Ireland, 9, 84, 85.

Irene, daughter of Isaac Angelus, and wife of Philip of Swabia, 310,
311.

—— or Bertha, wife of Manuel I. and sister-in-law of Conrad III., 340.

—— _See_ Margaret of Hungary.

Irnerius, 7, 218–219.

Isaac I., Angelus, 299, 310, 311.

—— II., Angelus, 341–342, 345, 346, 351.

—— I., Comnenus, 171.

—— Comnenus, Emperor of Cyprus, 301, 341.

—— Comnenus, son of Alexius I., 338.

Isabella of Angoulême, queen of John of England, 395, 413.

—— of Aragon, queen of Philip III., 419.

—— of Brienne, wife of Frederick II., 366, 368, 375.

—— of England, wife of Frederick II., 374.

—— of Hainault, wife of Philip Augustus, 291, 322–323.

—— of Jerusalem, wife of Conrad of Montferrat, 202–303;
Isabella, wife of Amalric of Lusignan, 453.

—— of Vermandois, 291, 292.

Isère, the, 417.

Isle de France, the, 76, 403, 408.

—— conquest of the, 276–277.

Ivo, bishop of Chartres, 143, 219, 281.

Ivrea, 28, 49.

—— Ardoin of, 52.

Jacopone da Todi, 442.

Jacobin Convent at Paris, the, 437, 445.

Jaen, 473.

Jaffa, 184, 303, 461.

Jaffa-Ascalon, barony of, 186.

James I., king of Aragon, 419, 461, 472–473.

—— of Court Palais, 484. _See also_ Urban IV.

—— of Compostella, Saint, shrine of, 289.

—— of Vitry, 333.

Jaroslav the Great, of Russia, 378.

Jerome, St., 177.

Jerusalem, 177, 178, 183, 285, 300, 366, 368, 451, 453, 454, 457, 459,
478.

—— expulsion of Fatimites from, 179.

—— kingdom of, 184–196, 302–304, 451–463.

—— organisation of the kingdom of, 186–189.

—— capture of, by Saladin, 195–196, 271.

Jesi, 390.

Jews, the, and Aristotle, 432.

—— influence on Frederick II. of, 360.

—— St. Louis and the, 426.

—— of Spain, 433, 465, 466, 472, 474.

—— in Syria, 188.

Joachim the Abbot, 388, 391, 434, 446.

Joan of Anjou, Countess of Toulouse, 398.

—— of Toulouse, marries Alfonse of Poitiers, 413.

Joanna, widow of William II. of Sicily, 301.

Jocelin I. of Courtenay, Count of Edessa, 191.

—— II. of Courtenay, Count of Edessa, 191.

Johanitsa, Tsar of the Bulgarians, 351.

John X., Pope, 30.

—— XI., Pope, 30.

—— XII., Pope, 30, 32, 33.

—— XIII., 33, 34.

—— XIX., Pope, 53, 63.

—— Ducas, 172.

—— II., Comnenus, 338–339.

—— III., Ducas, 353, 354.

—— Vatatzes, 353.

—— I., Zimisces, 34, 161, 162, 163, 172.

—— the Orphanotrophos, 166.

—— king of England, 308, 315, 321, 325–326, 327, 330, 331, 395, 396,
398, 451, 452.

—— de Brienne, king of Jerusalem, 353, 368, 453, 454, 455, 458.

—— Prince of Bulgaria, 326.

—— of Gaeta. _See_ Gelasius II.

—— Gualbert, St., 100.

—— Saint, Knights of. _See_ Hospitallers.

Joinville, biographer of St Louis, 420, 457, 461.

_Judices Palatii Ordinarii_, 45.

Judith, Duchess of Bavaria, 20, 37.

—— daughter of Henry the Black, 222.

Julian, St., Order of, 471.

_Justicia_, of Aragon, the, 474.

Justiciar, Grand, Frederick II.’s, 362.

_Justiciarius Curiæ_, the, 374.

Justices, Frederick II.’s, 362.

Justinian, the Emperor, 165.

_Kaisercronik_, the, 272.

Kaiserswerth, 121.

Kalden, Henry of. _See_ Henry.

Kerak, 188, 195.

Kerak-Montreal, barony of, 186.

Kerman, Seljukian kingdom of, 179.

Khorassan, conquest of, 168.

Kiev, 162, 385.

Kilidj Arslan, Sultan of Roum, 179, 182, 183, 299, 300.

Knights of St. John, 190. _See_ Hospitallers.

—— of St. Thomas of Acre, 190.

—— of the Sword, Order of, 379, 380.

—— of the Temple, 190. _See_ Templars.

Kutuz, Sultan of Egypt, 460.

Kyburg, Werner of. _See_ Werner.

Ladislas, king of the Bulgarians, 164.

Lambert, bishop of Ostia, 227. _See_ Honorius II.

Lance, the Holy, invention of the, 183.

Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 100, 209, 210.

_Langue d’oc_, the, 89, 90, 91, 377, 394, 397, 415.

Languedoc, 398, 399, 402, 410, 426, 433, 436.

—— civilisation of, 401, 417.

—— St. Anthony in, 441.

_Langue d’oil_, the, 89, 394, 396, 415, 419.

Laon, 69, 77, 212.

—— Anselm of. _See_ Anselm.

Larissa, siege of, 175.

Lascaris, Theodore, 353.

Lateran, the, 124, 229.

—— Council, the first General (1124), 149.

—— —— the second General (1139), 234, 240.

—— —— the third General (1179), 269.

—— —— the fourth General (1215), 315, 334, 437, 452.

Latin bishops in East, 167.

—— churches in East, 167.

Latini, Brunetto, 449.

Latins, the, in Peloponnesus, 355.

Lausitz, 22, 49, 54.

Lavoro, Terra di, 105.

Law, revival of the study of, 217–290.

—— German, under Frederick II., 376, 377.

Learning in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, 100, 209–214;
in the thirteenth century, 428–432.

Lecce, 317.

—— Tancred of. _See_ Tancred.

Lechfeld, the battle of, 23, 35.

Legnano, battle of, 261–262.

Leicester, Earl of, 486.

Leo VIII., Pope, 33.

—— IX., Pope, 64, 80, 101, 102, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 124, 138,
209, 253.

—— the Isaurian, Eastern emperor, 170, 184.

—— VI., the Philosopher, Eastern emperor, 152, 154, 157, 170.

—— king of Armenia, 326.

Leon, kingdom of, 326, 467, 471, 472, 473.

Leonard of Pisa, 363.

Leonine City, the, 229.

Leopold, duke of Austria, 224, 308.

Lepers, hospital for, 161.

Lesbos, 348.

Levant trade, 185.

Lido, the, 344.

Liége, 141.

—— disputed election to bishopric of, 307.

Lille, 85.

Limoges, 200, 415.

—— cathedral of, 416.

Limousin, the, 89, 96, 395, 406.

Lisbon, 441, 469, 470, 471.

Literature, epic, 7.

—— German national, under Frederick I., 272.

—— German, under Frederick II., 376, 377.

—— of _langue d’oc_, 91.

—— of the Troubadours, 397.

—— vernacular, 9, 10, 448.

—— —— Italian, under Frederick II., 363.

Lithuanians, the, 379.

Liutgarde, daughter of Otto the Great, wife of Conrad the Red, 20, 51.

Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, 28, 30, 156, 160.

Livonians, the, 379.

Loches, 211.

Lodi, 259, 269.

_Logothetes_, 43.

Loire, the, 68, 69, 81, 85, 89, 90, 406.

Lombard League, the, 252, 258, 260, 261, 262, 269, 305, 319, 380, 381,
383, 429.

Lombard usurers, 426.

Lombards of Southern Italy, 50, 107, 114, 137, 263.

—— of Thessalonica, 351.

Lombardy, 59, 132, 135, 156, 215, 254–256, 258, 260, 366, 388, 391,
433.

—— growth of municipal autonomy in, 237–239.

—— the Patarini in, 115.