Chapter XXIII: Appendix

THE MANOR OF HITCHIN (PORTMAN AND FOREIGN) IN THE COUNTY OF HERTFORD.

«1891. Oct. 21»

'At the Court [Leet and] of the View of Frank pledge of our Sovereign Lord the King with the General Court Baron of William Wilshere, Esquire, Lord Firmar of the said manor of his Majesty, holden in and for the manor aforesaid, on Thursday, the twenty-first day of October, One thousand eight hundred and nineteen, Before Joseph Eade, Gentleman, Steward of the said manor, and by adjournment on Monday, the first day of November next following, before the said Joseph Eade, the Steward aforesaid.

'The jurors for our Lord the King and the Homage of this Court having diligently enquired into the boundaries, extent, rights, jurisdictions, and customs of the said manor, and the rights, powers, and duties of the lord and tenants thereof, and having also enquired what lands in the township of Hitchin and in the hamlet of Walsworth respectively within this manor are subject to common of pasture for the commonable cattle of the occupiers of messuages, cottages, and land within the said township and hamlet respectively, and for what descriptions and number of cattle, and at what times of the year and in what manner such rights of common are by the custom of this manor to be exercised, and what payments are by such custom due in respect thereof, they do upon their oaths find and present as follows:--

'That the manor comprises the township of Hitchin and the hamlet of Walsworth, in the parish of Hitchin, the [p444] lesser manors of the Rectory of Hitchin, of Moremead, otherwise Charlton, and of the Priory of the Biggin, being comprehended within the boundaries of the said manor of Hitchin, which also extends into the hamlets of Langley and Preston in the said parish of Hitchin, and into the parishes of Ickleford, Ippollitts, Kimpton, Kingswalden, and Offley.

«Boundaries.»

'That the following are the boundaries of the township of Hitchin with the hamlet of Walsworth (that is to say), beginning at Orton Head, proceeding from thence to Burford Ray, and from thence to a water mill called Hide Mill, and from thence to Wilberry Hills; from thence to a place called Bossendell, from thence to a water mill called Purwell Mill, and from thence to a brook or river called Ippollitts' Brook, and from thence to Maydencroft Lane, and from thence to a place called Wellhead, and from thence to a place called Stubborn Bush, and from thence to a place called Offley Cross, and from thence to Five Borough Hills, and from thence back to Orton Head, where the boundaries commenced. And that all the land in the parish of Hitchin lying on the north side of the river which runneth from Purwell Mill to Hide Mill is within the hamlet of Walsworth, and that the following lands on the south side of the same river are also within the same hamlet of Walsworth (vizt.), Walsworth Common, containing about fourteen acres; the land of Sir Francis Sykes called the Leys, on the south side of Walsworth Common, containing about four acres; the land of William Lucas and Joseph Lucas, called the Hills, containing about two acres; and nine acres or thereabouts, part of the land of Sir Francis Sykes, called the Shadwells, the residue of the land called the Shadwells on the north side of the river.

«Jurisdiction.»

'That the lord of the manor of Hitchin hath Court Leet View of Frank pledge and Court Baron, and that the jurisdiction of the Court Leet and View of Frank pledge extendeth over the whole of the township of Hitchin and the hamlet of Walsworth. That a Court Leet and Court of the View of Frank pledge and Great Court Baron are accustomed to be holden for the said manor within one month [p445] after the Feast of Saint Michael the Archangel in every year, and may also be holden within one month after the Feast of Easter. And that general or special Courts Baron and customary Courts are holden at the pleasure of the lord or of his steward.

'That in the Court Leet yearly holden after the Feast of St. Michael the Archangel the jurors for our Lord the King are accustomed to elect and present to the lord two constables and six headboroughs (vizt.), two headboroughs for Bancroft Ward, two for Bridge Ward, and two for Tilehouse Street Ward (each such constable and headborough having right and being bound to execute the office through the whole leet), and likewise two ale conners, two leather searchers and sealers, and a bellman who is also the watchman and cryer of the town. And they present that Bancroft Ward contains Bancroft Street, including the Swan Inn, Silver Street, Portmill Lane, and the churchyard, church and vicarage house, and the alley leading out of Bancroft now called Quaker's Alley. That Bridge Ward contains the east and north sides of the market place, and part of the south side thereof to the house of John Whitney, formerly called the Maidenhead Inn, Mary's Street, otherwise Angel Street, now called Sun Street, Bull Street, now called Bridge Street, to the river; Bull Corner, Back Street, otherwise Dead Street, from the south to the north extremities thereof; Biggin Lane with the Biggin and Hollow Lane. And that Tilehouse Street Ward contains Tilehouse Street, Bucklersbury to the Swan Inn, and the west side and the remainder of the south side of the market place.

PRESENTMENTS OF THE HOMAGE.

«Reliefs.»

'And the Homage of this Court do also further present that freeholders holding of the said manor do pay to the lord by way of relief upon the death of the preceding tenant one year's quitrent, but that nothing is due to the lord upon the alienation of freehold.

«Fines on admissions.»

'That the fines upon admissions of copyholders, whether by descent or purchase, are, and beyond the memory of [p446] man have been, certain (to wit), half a year's quitrent; and that where any number of tenants are admitted jointly in one copy, no greater fine than one half year's quitrent is due for the admission of all the joint tenants.

«Power of leasing.»

'The Homage also present that by the custom of the manor the customary tenants may without licence let their copyholds for three years and no longer, but that they may by licence of the lord let the same for any term not exceeding twenty-one years; and that the lord is upon every such licence entitled to a fine of one year's quitrent of the premises to be demised.

«Forfeiture.»

'The Homage present that the freehold tenants of the said manor forfeit their estates to the lord thereof for treason and for murders and other felonies; and that the copyholders forfeit their estates for the like crimes, and for committing or suffering their copyholds to be wasted, for wilfully refusing to perform their services, and for leasing their copyholds for more than three years without licence.

'The Homage also present that by the custom of this manor copyholds are granted by copy or court roll for the term of forty years, and that a tenant outliving the said term is entitled to be re-admitted for the like term upon payment of the customary fine of half a year's quitrent.

«Heriots.»

'The Homage present that there are no heriots due or payable to the lord of this manor for any of the tenements holden thereof.

«Woods and trees.»

'The Homage also present that, all woods, underwoods, and trees growing upon the copyhold lands holden of the said manor were by King James the First, by his Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of England, bearing date the fourteenth day of March, in the 6th year of his reign (in consideration of two hundred and sixty-six pounds sixteen shillings paid to his Majesty's use), granted to Thomas Goddesden and Thomas Chapman, two copyholders of the said manor, and their heirs and assigns, in trust to the use of themselves and the rest of the copyholders of the said manor; and that the copyhold tenants of the said manor are by virtue of such grant entitled to cut all timber and [p447] other trees growing on their copyholds, and to dispose thereof at their will.

«Grain sold in the market toll free.»

'The Homage also present that no toll has ever been paid or ought to be paid for any kind of corn or grain sold in the market of Hitchin.

«Common pound and stocks.»

'They also present that from the time whereof the memory of man is not to the contrary, the lord of this manor has been used to find and provide a common pound and stocks for the use of the tenants of this manor.

'And the Homage do further present that by the custom of this manor the lord may, with the consent of the Homage, grant by copy of court roll any part of the waste thereof, to be holden in fee according to the custom of the manor, at a reasonable rent and by the customary services, or may with such consent grant or demise the same for any lesser estate or interest.

COMMONS WITHIN THE TOWNSHIP OF HITCHIN.

'And the Homage of this Court do further present that the commonable land within the manor and township of Hitchin consists of--

«1st. Green Commons in the township of Hitchin.»

'Divers parcels of ground called the Green Commons, the soil whereof remains in the lord of the said manor (that is to say):

'Butts Close, containing eight acres or thereabouts; Orton Mead, containing forty acres or thereabouts, exclusively of the Haydons, and extending from the Old Road from Hitchin to Pirton by Orton Head Spring west unto the way which passes through Orton Mill Yard east; and that the Haydons on the east of the last mentioned way, containing four acres or thereabouts, are parts of the same common, and include a parcel of ground containing one rood and thirteen perches or thereabouts adjoining the river, which have been fenced from the rest of the common by Samuel Allen; and the ground called the Plats lying between Bury Mead and Cock Mead, containing two acres or thereabouts, including the slip of ground between the river and the way leading to the mill of the said John [p448] Ransom, lately called Burnt Mill, and now called Grove Mill, which hath been fenced off and planted by John Ransom.

«2nd. Lammas Meadows.»

'And of the lands of divers persons called the Lammas Meadows in Cock Mead, which contain eighteen acres or thereabouts, and in Bury Mead, which contains forty-five acres or thereabouts, including a parcel of land of the Rev. Woollaston Pym, clerk, called Old Hale.

«3rd. Common fields.»

'And of the open and unenclosed land within the several common fields, called Purwell Field, Welshman's Croft, Burford Field, Spital Field, Moremead Field, and Bury Field.

«Right of common.»

'That the occupier of every ancient messuage or cottage within the township of Hitchin hath a right of common for such cattle and at such times as are hereinafter specified upon the Green Commons and the Lammas Meadows, but no person hath any right of common within this township as appurtenant to or in respect of any messuage or cottage built since the expiration of the 13th year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, unless the same shall have been erected on the site of an ancient messuage then standing.

'That any person having right of common in respect of the messuage or cottage in his actual occupation may turn on the Green Commons and the Lammas Meadows two cows and one bullock, or cow calf under the age of two years.

«Common bull.»

'That the rectors impropriate of the rectory of the parish of Hitchin or their lessees of the said rectory are bound to find a bull for the cows of the said township, and to go with the herd thereof, and that no other bull or bull calf may be turned on the commons.

'That Butts Close is the sole cow common from the 6th day of April, being Old Lady-day inclusive, to the 12th day of May also inclusive, and after that time is used for collecting in the morning the herd going out to the other commons.

'That Orton Mead, including the Haydons, is an open common upon and from the thirteenth day of May, called Old May-day, till the fourteenth day of February, called Old Candlemas Day. [p449]

'That the Plats are an open common upon and from Whitsunday till the 6th day of April.

'That Cock Mead and Bury Mead became commonable on the thirteenth day of August, called Old Lammas Day, and continue open till the 6th day of April.

'That the common fields called Bury Field and Welshman's Croft are commonable for cows only from the time when the corn is cut and carried therefrom until the twelfth day of November, called All Saints', and that the close of Thomas Wilshire, gentleman, called Bury Field Close, is part of the common field called Bury Field, and the closes of John Crouch Priest, called Ickleford Closes, are part of Welshman's Croft, and are respectively commonable at the same times with the other parts of such respective common fields.

'That every occupier of an ancient messuage or cottage hath right of common upon the Green Commons, except Butts Close, for one gelding from and after the thirteenth day of August until the fourteenth day of February.

'That no person entitled to common for his cattle may turn or suffer the same to remain on any of the commons between the hours of six in the evening and six in the morning.

'That it is the duty of the Homage at every Great Court Baron holden next after the Feast of St. Michael to appoint a herdsman for this township, and that every commoner turning his cows upon the commons is bound to pay a reasonable sum, to be from time to time assessed by the Homage, for the expenses of scouring the ditches, repairing the fences and hedges, and doing other necessary works for the preservation of the commons and for the wages of the herdsman. And the Homage of this Court assess and present such payments at one shilling for every head of cattle turned on the commons, payable by each commoner on the first day in every year on which he shall turn his cattle upon the commons, to be paid to the foreman of the Homage of the preceding Court Baron, and applied in and towards such expenses. And that the further sum of threepence be paid on Monday weekly for every head of cattle which any [p450] commoner shall turn or keep on the commons for the wages of the herdsman.

'That the cattle to be depastured on the commons ought to be delivered or sent by the owners to Butts Close between the hours of six and eight of the morning from the sixth day of April to the eleventh day of October, both inclusive; and after the eleventh of October between the hours of seven and nine of the morning. And that it is the duty of the herdsman to attend there during such hours, and to receive into his care the cattle brought to him, and to conduct them to the proper commons, and to attend and watch them there during the day, and to return them to the respective owners at six o'clock in the evening or as near thereto as may be; but no cow which is not brought to the herdsman within the hours before appointed for collecting the herd is considered as part of the herd or to be under the herdsman's care; and that no horned cattle ought to be received into the herd without sufficient knobs on their horns.

SHEEP COMMONS.

«The common fields.»

'That every occupier of unenclosed land in any of the common fields of the said township hath common of pasture for his sheep levant and couchant thereon over the residue of the unenclosed land in the same common field, in every year from the time when the corn is cut and carried until the same be again sown with corn, and during the whole of the fallow season, save that no sheep may be depastured on the land in Bury Field and Welshman's Croft between the harvest and the twelfth day of November, the herbage thereof from the harvest to the twelfth day of November being reserved for the cows.

«The three seasons.»

'That the common fields within the township of Hitchin have immemorially been and ought to be kept and cultivated in three successive seasons of tilthgrain, etchgrain, and fallow.

'That the last fallow season of Purwell Field and Welshman's Croft was from the harvest of 1816 until the wheat sowing in the autumn of 1817; and that the fallow season [p451] of those fields commenced again at the close of the last harvest. That the last fallow season of Burford Field and Spital Field was from the harvest of the year 1817 until the wheat sowing in the autumn of the year 1818. And the last fallow season of Moremead Field and Bury Field was from the harvest of 1818 until the wheat sowing of 1819.

'That no person hath any right of common for sheep on any of the Green Commons or Lammas ground within this township except on Old Hale and on the closes of John Crouch Priest, called Ickleford Closes, which are commonable for sheep at the same time with the field called Welshman's Croft.

«Right of enclosure giving up right of common.»

'The Homage find and present that every owner and every occupier of land in any of the common fields of this township may at his will and pleasure enclose and fence any of his land lying in the common fields of this township (other than and except land in Bury Field and Welshman's Croft), and may, so long as the same shall remain so enclosed and fenced, hold such land, whether the same belong to one or to more than one proprietor, exempt from any right or power of any other owner or occupier of land in the said township to common or depasture his sheep on the land so enclosed and fenced (no right of common on other land being claimed in respect of the land so enclosed and fenced).

'The Homage also find and present that the commonable lands in the hamlet of Walsworth within this manor consist of--

«Walsworth Common.»

'A parcel of meadow ground called Walsworth Common, containing fourteen acres or thereabouts, the soil whereof remains in the lord of the manor.

'And of certain parcels of meadow called Lammas Meadow (that is to say), the Leys, part of the estate of Sir Francis Sykes adjoining to Walsworth Common, and containing four acres or thereabouts; Ickleford Mead, containing two acres or thereabouts; Ralph's Pightle, adjoining to Highover Moor, containing one acre or thereabouts, Woolgroves, containing three acres or thereabouts, lying near to the mill of John Ransom, heretofore called Burnt Mill, and now called Grove Mill. [p452]

'A close called the Hills, containing two acres or thereabouts, on the west side of the road from Hitchin to Baldock, and a parcel of land called the Shadwells on the east side of the same road, and divided by the river, containing twelve acres or thereabouts.

'And they find and present that four several parcels of land hereinafter described have been by John Ransom enclosed and fenced out from the said Lammas ground called Woolgroves, and are now by him held in severalty.

'And that the same are and always have been parts of the commonable land of the said hamlet (to wit): A piece of land containing twenty-one perches or thereabouts on the south-west side of the present course of the river, and between the same and the old course; a piece of land containing twelve perches or thereabouts, now by the alteration of the course of the river surrounded by water; a piece of land on the north-east side of Woolgroves, containing one rood and twenty-two perches or thereabouts; and a piece of land at the south-east corner of Woolgroves, containing one rood or thereabouts.

'And the Homage find and present that the occupier of every ancient messuage or cottage within the hamlet of Walsworth hath a right to turn and depasture on the commonable land thereof, in respect of and as appurtenant to his messuage or cottage, two cows and a bullock or yearling cow calf upon and from the thirteenth day of May, called Old May-day, until the sixth day of April, called Old Lady-day, and one horse upon and from the said thirteenth day of May until the thirteenth day of August, called Old Lammas-day, and hath a right to turn the like number of cattle upon the Lammas ground in Walsworth upon and from Old Lammas-day until Old Lady-day. That no person hath a right to common or turn any sheep upon the said common called Walsworth Commons, and that no sheep may be turned on the Lammas ground of Walsworth between Old Lammas-day and the last day of November.

'The Homage also present that it is the duty of the Homage of this Court at every Great Court Baron yearly holden next after the Feast of St. Michael, upon the [p453] application and request of any of the persons entitled to common the cattle upon the commons within the hamlet of Walsworth, to appoint a herdsman for the said hamlet, and to fix and assess a reasonable sum to be paid to him for his wages, and also a reasonable sum to be paid by the commoners for draining and fencing the commons.

'This Court was then adjourned to Monday, the first day of November next.

'Signed THOS. JEEVES (Foreman).
SAMUEL SMITH.
JOHN MARSHALL.
WILLM. DUNNAGE.
WM. BLOOM.
ROBT. NEWTON.
WILLM. HALL.
WM. MARTIN.
THOS. WALLER.
GEO. BEAVER.
W. SWORDER.
JOHN MOORE.'

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

_Acre_, the 'selio,' or strip in the open field (40 x 4 rods),
3, 106, 385. A day's work in ploughing, 124. Reason of its
shape, 124. Welsh acre, _see_ 'Erw'

_Ager_, _agellus_, _agellulus_, territory of a manor, 167

_Ager publicus_, tenants on, 272–288. Tendencies towards
manorial methods of management, 300, 308

_Agri decumates_, occupied by Alamannic tribes, 282–288.
Position of tenants on, 311

_Agri occupatorii_, with irregular boundaries, 277, and
sometimes scattered ownership, 278

_Agrimensores_ (Roman), methods of centuriation, 250, 276, 279

_Aillt_, or _altud._ _See_ 'Taeog.' Compare Aldiones of
Lombardic Laws and Saxon 'althud' = foreigner, 281

_Alamanni_, German tribes, offshoots of, Hermundori, Thuringi,
&c., 282. Some deported into Britain, 285. Conquered by
Julian, 286

_Alfred the Great_, his founding the New Minster at Winchester,
160. Services of serfs on his manor of Hysseburne, 162.
His sketch of growth of a new _ham_, 169. His Boethius
quoted, 168

_Amobr_, fee on marriage of females under Welsh laws, 195

_Andecena_, day work of serf under Bavarian laws same shape as
English acre, 325, 386, 391

_Angariæ and parangariæ_, carrying or post-horse services
(_see_ Roman 'sordida munera'), 297, and so any forced
service, 298. Manorial services, 324–327

_Anwänder_, German 'headland,' 381

_Archenfeld_, in Wales, survey of, in Domesday Book, 182, 206–7

_Averagium_ manorial carrying service from _avera_ or _affri_,
beasts of burden, 298, _n._; at Bleadon, 57

_Balk_, the unploughed turf between two acre strips in the
open fields. 4; in 'Piers the Plowman,' 19; in Cambridge
terrier, 20; in Welsh laws, 119; a Welsh word, 382

_Ballibetogh_, cluster of 16 taths or homesteads, 215–224

_Bally_, Irish townland, 221, 223

_Battle Abbey Records_ (A.D. 1284–7), 49

_Bede_, complaint of lavish grants of manors to monasteries, 168

_Bees_, Welsh Law of, 207

_Bene-work_ or _Boon-work_. _See_ Precariæ

_Black Death_, 20; influence on villenage, 31

_Boc-land_, land of inheritance permanently made over by
charter or deed, 168, 171

_Boldon Book_ (A.D. 1183), evidence of, 68–72

_Book of St. Chad_, Welsh charters in margins of, 209

_Booths_, making of, by villani, for fairs of St. Cuthbert, 71

_Bordarii_, or cottagers (from 'bord,' a cottage), 76; in
Domesday Survey, 95; normal holding about 5 acres, 97;
mentioned in Liber Niger of Peterborough, 97

_Boundaries_, method of describing, in Hitchin Manor, 9; in
Saxon charters, 107, 111. Manor of King Edwy (Tidenham),
149; in Lorsch charters, 331. Roman method, 9. _See also_,
375

_Bovate_ (_Bovata terræ_), the half yard-land contributing
_one_ ox to the team of eight, 61. 2 bovates in Boldon
Book = virgate, 68

_Brehon Laws_, 226, 231, 232

_Breyr_, free Welsh tribesman, 192

_Britain_, Belgic districts of, pre-Roman settled agriculture
in, 245. Exports of corn during Roman rule, 247, 286. The
marling of the land described by Pliny, 250. Analogous to
'one-field system' of North Germany, 372

_Bucenobantes_, deported into Britain, 287

_Butts_, strips in open fields abutting others, 6

_Cæsar_, description of British and Belgic agriculture, 246.
Ditto of chiefs and tribesmen in Gaul, 305. Description of
German tribal system, 336–338

_Cambridge_, terrier of open fields of, in fourteenth or
fifteenth century, 19, 20

_Carpenter_, village official having his holding free, 70

_Caruca_ (_see_ Carucate), plough team of eight oxen, yoked
four to a yoke, 62, 74, 123; _carucæ adjutrices_, or
smaller teams of villeins, 48, 74, 85; variations in team,
64, 74; of Domesday Survey, 85

_Carucate_, unit of assessment = land of a _caruca_ (_see_
Caruca), connexion with hide, 40. Used in Domesday Survey,
85

_Centenarii_, Roman and Frankish officials, 300–303

_Centuria_, division of land by Roman _Agrimensores_ of 200 or
240 jugera, 276. Divided into eight normal single holdings
of 25 or 30, or double holdings of 50 or 60 jugera, 276

_Centuriation._ _See_ Agrimensores

_Ceorl_= husbandman; a wide term embracing, like 'geneat,' the
lower class of freemen and serfs above the slaves, 110, 144

_Chamavi_, pagus chamaviorum, 285

_Co-aration_, or co-operative ploughing by contributors to team
of eight oxen, 117. Described in Welsh Laws as 'Cyvar,'
118–124; in Ireland, 226; in Palestine, 314; in Roman
provinces, 278

_Coloni_, position of, on the later Roman villa, 266.
Right of lord to compel son to continue his parent's
holding and services, 267. Often barbarians, 269.
Like _usufructuarii_, 309, _n._ Possibly with single
succession, 308–310

_Commendation_, surrender, putting a freeman under the
_patrocinium_ or lordship of another, instances of,
305. Salvian's description of, 307. Effect of, 307–310.
Practice continues under Alamannic and Bavarian laws,
allowing surrenders to the Church, 316–335

_Continuity_ of English village sites, 424–436

_Cornage, cornagium_, tribute on horned cattle, 71

_Co-tillage._ _See_ Co-aration

_Cotsetla_, or cottier, in 'Rectitudines', = bordarius in
Domesday Survey, 130; his services, &c., 130–131

_Cottier tenants_, holders in villenage of a few scattered
strips in open fields, 24, 29, 34, 69

_Cyvar._ _See_ Co-aration

'_Daer_' and '_Saer_' tenancy in Ireland, 231

_Davies, Sir John_, his surveys in Ireland and description of
the Irish tribal system, 214–231

_Dawnbwyd_, food rent of Welsh taeogs, 198

_Decuriæ_, of slaves on Roman villa, 264

_Dimetian_ Code of South Wales. _See_ 'Wales, Ancient Laws of'

_Domesday Survey_ (A.D. 1086). Manors everywhere, 82. Lord's
demesne and land in villenage, 84. Assessment by hides and
carucates, 84; in Kent by solins, 85; _liberi homines_
and _sochmanni_ in Danish district, 86–89. Tenants in
villenage, villani, bordarii or cottarii, and servi,
89. The villani holders of virgates or yard-lands, 91;
examples from surveys of Middlesex, Herts, and Liber
Eliensis, 92–94. Bordarii hold about five acres each, more
or less, 95–97. Survey of Villa of Westminster, 97–101;
area of arable land in England, and how much of it held in
the yard-lands of villani, 101–104. Survey of portions of
Wales, 182–184, 211

_Doles_, or Dǽls, i.e. pieces or strips, hence 'gedal-land,'
110; and run-dale (or run-rig) system of taking strips
in rotation or scattered about, 228 (_see also_ Doles of
Meadow-land, 25)

_Drengage_, hunting service (Boldon Book), 71

_Ebediw_, Welsh death payment or heriot, 195

Edward the Confessor, his dying vision of the open fields round
Westminster, 100

_Einzelhöfe_, German single farms in Westphalia, 371

_Enclosure Acts_, 4,000 between 1760–1844, 13

_English settlements_, methods of, 412–423

_Ergastulum_, prison for slaves on Roman villa, 264

_Erw_, Welsh acre, the actual strips in open fields described
in Welsh Laws, 119

_Etch_, crop sown on stubble, 377

_Ethelbert_, Laws of, _hams_ and _tuns_ in private ownership
and mention of læts, 173–174

_Faber_, or village blacksmith, holds his virgate free of
services, 70

_Fleta_ (temp. Ed. I.), description of manor in, 45

_Forera_ (Saxon foryrthe), or headland, 20, 108

_Frankpledge_, View of, 10

_Franks_, their inroads, 283; deported into Belgic Gaul, 284

_Frisians_, 285. Tribute in hides, 306, _n._

_Furlong_ (shot, or quarentena), division of open fields 'a
furrow long,' divided into strips or acres, 4; in Saxon
open fields, 108; German, Gewann, 380

_Gafol_ (from German _Gaben_, _Abgaben_, food gifts under
German tribal system), tribute, 144, 145; in money and
in kind, of villein tenants. Perhaps survival of Roman
tributum based upon tribal food rents (_see_ 'Roman
tributum,' and 'jugatio,' 'gwestva'); of villani, on
English manors, 78; of _gebur_, on Saxon manors, 132,
140–142, 155, 162. Marked a semi-servile condition, 146,
326

_Gafol-land_, 137. _See_ Geneat-land

_Gafol-gilder_, payer of gafol or tribute, 145

_Gafol-yrth_, the ploughing of generally three acre strips
and sowing by the gebur, from his own barn, and reaping
and carrying of crop to lord's barn by way of rent; in
'Rectitudines,' 132–140; on Hysseburne Manor of King
Alfred, 162; in South Germany in seventh century, 326 _et
seq._ Possibly survival of the _agrarium_ or tenth of
produce on Roman provincial tithe lands, 399–403

_Gavael_, the tribal homestead and holding in N. Wales, 200–202

_Gavelkind_, Irish _gabal-cined_, distinguished by equal
division among heirs, 220, 352

_Gebur_, villanus proper, or owner of a yard-land normally
of thirty acres with outfit of two oxen and seed, in
'Rectitudines,' 131–133. His services described, 131–133,
and 137–143; his gafol and week-work in respect of
yard-land, 142; his outfit or 'setene,' 133, 143; in laws
of Ine, 147. Services and gafol on Tidenham Manor of King
Edwy, 154. In High German 'Gebur and Gipur' = vicinus,
394, and compare 278

_Gedal-land_, land divided into strips (Laws of Ine), 110.
_See_ Doles

_Geneat_, a wide term covering all tenants in villenage, 129,
137, 154. Servile condition of, liable to have life taken
by lord, 146

_Geneat-land_, land in villenage as opposed to 'thane's
inland,' or land in demesne, 116. Sometimes called
'gesettes-land' and 'gafol-land, 128, 150; 'gyrds of
gafol-land,' 150

_Geset-land_, land set or let out to husbandmen, 128. _See_
'Geneat-land'

_Gored Acres_, strips in open fields pointed at one end, 6, 20;
in Saxon open fields, 108

_Gwely_, the Welsh family couch (lectus), also a name for a
family holding, 195; in Record of Carnarvon, 194

_Gwentian Code_, of South Wales. _See_ 'Wales, Ancient Laws of'

_Gwestva_, food rent of Welsh tribesmen, and _tunc pound_ in
lieu of it, 195; early evidence of, in Ine's laws, 209–213

_Gyrd_ (a rod-virga)

_Gyrdland._ _See_ Yardland. _See_ 169–172

_Ham_ (hem, heim, haim), in Saxon, like 'tun,' generally
= villa or manor, 126, 254. A private estate with a
village community in serfdom upon it, 127. Geographical
distribution of suffix, 255. _See_ Villa

_Headland_, strip at head of strips in a furlong on which the
plough was turned, 4. Latin '_forera_,' Welsh '_pentir_,'
Scotch '_headrig_,' German '_anwänder_,' 5, 380. In Saxon
open fields, 108

_Hide_, normal holding of a free family (hence Latin _casatum_
and the _familia_ of Bede), but in later records
corresponding with the full plough team of eight oxen,
and so = four yard-lands. Used as the unit of assessment
for early times, 38. Perhaps from Roman times. Compare
Roman _tributum_, 290–294. Connexion with carucate and
yard-land, 36. Normal hide, 120 a., 37. Double hide of
240 a., 37, 39, 51, 54. Possible origin of word, 398. The
_hide_, the _hof_, and the _centuria_ compared, 395

_Hitchin_ (Herts), its 'open fields,' 1–7. Map of township
and of an estate therein, _opposite title-page_. Map of
Purwell field, 6. Its village community described in Manor
Rolls of 1819, 8, and appendix. Boundaries, 9. Officers,
10. Common fields, 11. Its Celtic name _Hiz_, 429. Roman
remains, 430. Continuity of villages in Hitchin district
from Celtic and Roman and Saxon times, 424–436

_Hiwisc_, Saxon for family holding, 162, 395

_Honey_, Welsh rents in. _See_ Gwestva, 207, 211–213

_Hordwell_, boundaries of, in Saxon Charter, 107

_Hundred Rolls_ of Edward I., A.D. 1279, evidence of, as to the
prevalence of the Manor, the open-field system and serfdom
in five Midland Counties, 32, _et seq._

_Husband-lands_ in Kelso and Newminster Records = virgate or
yard-land, 61

_Hydarii_, holders of hides, 52

_Hysseburne_, Manor of Stoke by, on the river Itchin near
Winchester, held by King Alfred, 160. Serfdom and services
of ceorls on, 162

_Ine, Laws of_ (A.D. 688), evidence of open-field system, 109.
Acre strips, 110. Yardlands, 142. Hides and half hides,
147. Geneats, geburs, gafol, week-work, 147. Welsh food
rents, 212–213

_Ing_, suffix to local names; whether denotes clan settlements
and where found, 354–367

_Inquisitio Eliensis_ mentions liberi homines and sochmanni,
87. Mentions villani as holding virgates, &c., 94.
Mentions both bordarii and cottarii, 96

_Isle of Man_, early division of land into ballys and quarters,
222

_Jugatio._ _See_ Roman tributum

_Jugerum_, size and form of, 387

_Jugum._ (_See_ Roman tributum.) Roman unit of assessment,
289–295. Description of, in Syrian Code, 291. Analogy to
virgate and hide, and sulung, 292

_Jüngsten-Recht_, right of youngest to succeed to holding,
352–354. See also under Welsh laws, 193, 197

_Kelso, Abbey of_, '_Rotulus redituum_,' _stuht_ or outfit to
tenants of, 61

_Lammas land_, meadows owned in strips, but commonable after
Lammas Day, in Hitchin Manor, 11; in laws of Ine, 110

_Læn-land_, lands granted as a benefice for life to a thane, 168

_Læti_, conquered barbarians deported and settled on public
lands during later Roman rule, chiefly in Belgic Gaul and
Britain, 280–289

_Leges Alamannorum_ (A.D. 622), surrenders to Church allowed
under, 317; services of _servi_ and _coloni_ of the Church
under, 323

_Leges Baiuwariorum_ (7th century) surrenders under, 317.
Services of _coloni_ and _servi_ of the Church under, 325

_Leges Ripuariorum_, 304

_Lex Salica_, use of 'villa' in a manorial sense, 259–262, 303

_Lex Visigothorum_ (A.D. 650 about) in division of land between
Romans and Visigoths, fifty aripennes allotted _per
singula aratra_, 276 _n._

_Liber Niger_ of Peterborough Abbey (A.D. 1125), nearest
evidence to the Domesday Survey, 72 _et seq._

_Libere tenentes_, holders of portions of demesne-land, i.e.
land _not_ in villenage, 33. Villeins holding yard-lands
in villenage may be _libere tenentes_ of other land
besides, 34. Increasing in later times, 54. Absent from
Domesday survey generally, 86; Archdeacon Hale's theory of
their presence disproved, 86–87 _n._

_Liberi homines_, of Domesday Survey in Danish districts, 86,
102

_Lince, or lynch_, acre strip in open fields formed into a
terrace by always turning the sod downwards in ploughing a
hill side, 5; sketch of, 5; in Saxon open fields, 108; in
Yorkshire 'reean' and Germany 'rain' = _lince_ or _balk_,
381

_Lingones_, 284

_Lorsch_ (Lauresham), instances of surrenders to the Abbey of,
329–333

_Maenol_, cluster of tribal homesteads in Welsh laws, in North
Wales of sixteen homesteads paying between them the _tunc
pound_, 202. In South Wales the _maenol_ is a group of
twelve _trevs_, each paying _tunc pound_, 203–4

_Manor_, or _villa_, in Saxon, _ham_ or _tun_. An estate
of a lord or thane with a village community generally
in serfdom upon it. Hitchin Manor and its connexion
with open-field system, 1–13. Manors before Domesday
Survey--Winslow, 22; Hundred Rolls, 32; described in
Fleta, 45; Battle Abbey and St. Paul's, 49; Gloucester
and Worcester, 55; Bleadon, 57; Newminster and Kelso,
60. In Boldon Book, 68; in Liber Niger of Peterborough,
72; summary, 76. In Domesday Survey manors everywhere,
82 _et seq._ Westminster, 97. Saxon 'hams' and 'tuns'
were manors, 126 _et seq._ Manor of Tidenham, of King
Edwy, 148. Hysseburne, of King Alfred, 160. Creation of
new manors, 166. Terra Regis composed of manors, 167.
'Hams' and 'tuns' in King Ethelbert's laws, manors, i.e.,
in private ownership with semi-servile tenants (_læts_)
upon them, 173. There were manors in England before St.
Augustine's arrival, 175. English and Frankish identical,
253. Villa of Salic Laws probably a manor on Terra Regis,
259–263. Likeness of Roman villa to, 263–272 (_see_
Roman 'Villa'). Villas, or fiscal districts of Imperial
officials, tend to become manors, 300–305. Transition
from villas to manors under Alamannic and Bavarian laws
in South Germany, 316–335. Frankish manors, their tenants
and services, 333. Manorial tendencies of German tribal
system, 346

_Monetary System_, Gallic and Welsh pound of 240 pence of
silver divided into twelve unciæ each of a score pence,
204. The Gallic system in Roman times, 234, 292

_Nervii_, 284

_Newminster Abbey_, cartulary of, 60

_No Man's Land_, or 'Jack's Land,' odds and ends of lands in
open fields, 6. In Saxon boundaries, 108

_Open-Field System in England_; remains of open fields
described, 1, _et seq._ Divided into acre or half-acre
strips, 2, and furlongs or shots, 4. Holdings in bundles
of scattered strips, 7; _i.e._, hides, half-hides,
yard-lands, &c. (to which refer). Wide prevalence of
system in England, 13. The shell of a village community,
8–13--which was in serfdom, 76–80. The English system,
the _three-field system_, _i.e._, in three fields,
representing three-course rotation of crops, 11. Traced
back in Winslow manor rolls (Ed. III.), 20 _et seq._; in
Gloucester and Worcester surveys, 55; Battle Abbey and
St. Paul's records, 49; Newminster and Kelso records,
60; Boldon Book, 68; Liber Niger of Peterborough, 72.
Summary of post-Domesday evidence, 76. Prevalence in
Saxon times, shown by use of the word _æcera_, 106, and
by occurrence of _gored acres_, _head-lands_, _furlongs_,
_linces_, &c., in the boundaries appended to charters,
108. Evidence of division of fields into acre strips in
seventh century in _Laws of Ine_, 109–110. Holdings in
hides, half-hides and yard-lands, 110–117. Scattering of
strips in a holding the result of co-operative ploughing,
117–125. The three-field system would grow out of the
simple form of tribal system, by addition of rotation of
crops in three courses, settlement, and serfdom, 368–370.
_Welsh open-field system_, 181, 213, with division into
'_erws_,' or acres, 119. Scattering of strips in a holding
arising from co-aration, 121. The system 'co-aration of
the waste,' _i.e._ of grass land which went back into
grass, 192, 227, 244, 251. Like that of the Germania of
Tacitus, 369, 412. No fixed 'yard-lands' or rotation of
crops, 251, 413. _Irish and Scotch open-field system_ like
the Welsh; modern remains of, in _Rundale_ or _Run-rig_
system, 214–231. _German_ open-field systems, 369–411;
different kinds of, _Feldgraswirthschaft_ resembling that
described by Tacitus and Welsh 'co-aration of waste,'
371. One-field system of N. Germany, 372–373. Forest and
marsh system, 372. Three-field system in S. Germany,
373. Comparison of, with English, and connexion with
Roman province, 375–409. Absent from N. Germany, and so
could not have been introduced into England by the Saxon
invaders, 373, 409, 411. Rotation of crops, perhaps of
Roman introduction, 410, 411. Wide prevalence of forms of
open-field system, 249. Description of, in Palestine, 314.
Mention of, by Siculus Flaccus, 278. Possibly in use on
Roman tithe lands, 315. Remains of the simple tribal form
of, in modern rundale or run-rig of Ireland and Scotland,
quite distinct from the remains of the three-field form in
England, 437–439. Described by Tusser as uneconomical, 17,
and by Arthur Young, 16

_Parangariæ_, extra carrying services, _see_ 'angariæ'

_Paraveredi_, extra post-horses (_see_ Roman 'sordida
munera'), 297, from _veredus_ a post-horse, 298. Manorial
_Parafretus_, 325–334

_Patrocinium._ _See_ 'Commendation'

_Pfahl-graben_, the Roman _limes_ on the side of Germany, 282

_Pflicht-theil_, survival of late Roman law, obliging a fixed
proportion of a man's property to go equally to his sons.
In Bavaria, 313. Compare Bavarian laws of the seventh
century, 317, and Syrian code of fifth century, 312

_Piers the Plowman_, his 'faire felde,' an open field divided
into half-acre strips and furlongs, by balks, 18–19

_Plough-bote_, or _Plough-erw_, the strips set apart in the
co-ploughing, for the carpenter, or repair of plough, 121.
(_See_ Carpenter)

_Plough team_, normal English manorial common plough team of 8
oxen (_see_ 'Caruca'). Welsh do., also of 8 oxen, 121–2.
Scotch also, 62–66. 6, 10, or 12 oxen in Servia, 387
_n._ In India, 388. Single yoke of 2 oxen in Egypt and
Palestine, 314, 387; and in Sicily, 275, and Spain, 276

_Polyptique d'Irminon_, Abbot of St. Germain des Prés, and M.
Guérard's Introduction quoted, 265, 298, 641

_Præpositus_ of a manor elected by tenants, 48. Holds one wista
without services at Alciston, 50. Holds his two bovates
free (Boldon Book), 70. Word used for Welsh 'maer,' 184

_Precaria_, a benefice or holding at will of lord or for life
only, 319, 333

_Precariæ_ or Boon-works, work at will of lord, 78. On Saxon
Manors, 140, 157. In South Germany, 327. Sometimes
survivals of the Roman 'sordida munera,' 327, 403

_Priest_, his place in village community often with his
yard-land, 90–111, 115

_Probus_ introduces vine culture on the Rhine, 288. Deports
Burgundians and Vandals into Britain, 283. Colonised with
Læti Rhine Valley and Belgic Gaul, 283

_Punder_, keeper of the village pound, 69, 70

_Quarentena._ _See_ Furlong. Length of furrow 40 poles long

_Rain_, German for 'balk' as in Yorkshire 'reean' = linch, 381

_Randir_, from _rhan_, a division, and _tir_, land; a share of
land under Welsh laws, 200. A cluster of three homesteads
in South Wales, 204; and four randirs in the _trev_, 204;
but in North Wales a subdivision of the homestead, 200

'_Rectitudines Singularum Personarum_' (10th century?),
evidence of, 129 _et seq._ Dr. Leo's work upon, 164

_Redon, Cartulaire de_, quoted, 385

_Rhætia_, semi-servile barbarian settlers in, 288. _Sordida
munera_ in, 296–299. Roman custom, in present Bavaria as
to land tenure, 313. Transition from Roman to Mediæval
manor in, 316–335

_Rig_, strip in Irish and Scotch open fields, 3. Hence Run-rig
system

_Roman jugatio sive capitatio_, 289, 295. _See_ Roman tributum

_Roman_ '_sordida munera_,' 295–299. Some of them survive in
manorial services, 324, 325, 327, 334, 404

_Roman tributum_ of later Empire, 289–295. Roman _jugatio_ and
Saxon hidage compared, _id._, and 397

_Roman Veterans_ settled on _ager publicus_ with single or
double yokes of oxen and seed for about 30 or 60 jugera,
272–276

_Roman Villa._ _See_ Villa

_Run-rig_ or _Rundale_, the Irish and Scotch modern open-field
system, 3. Survival of methods of tribal system now used
in subdivision of holdings among heirs, 226, 230, 438–440

_St. Bertin_, Abbey of Sitdiu at, Grimbald brought by King
Alfred from thence, 160; Chartularium Sithiensis, and
surveys of estates of, 255–6; villa or manor of Sitdiu,
272, 366; suffix 'inghem' to names of manors, 356

_St. Gall_, records of Abbey, surrenders to, 316–324

_St. Paul's_ (Domesday of), A.D. 1222, 51

_Salian Franks_ in Toxandria, 286

_Scattered Ownership_, in open fields, 7. Characteristic
of 'yard-land' in Winslow manor rolls, 23. In Saxon
open fields, 111. In Welsh laws, 118. Resulted from
co-ploughing, 121. Under runrig system, 226–229

_Scutage_, 1d. per acre or 1l. per double hide of 240 a.,
or 40s. per _scutum_, to which four ordinary hides
contributed, 38

_Seliones_, the acre or half-acre strips into which the open
fields were divided, separated by turf _balks_, 2, 3, 19,
119

_Servi_ (_slaves_), in Domesday Survey, 89, 93–95. Saxon
_Theow_ 164–166, 175. Welsh _caeth_, 199, 238. On Roman
Villa, 263. Arranged in _decuriæ_, 264. Under Alamannic
and Bavarian laws, 317, 323–326

_Services_ of _villani_, chiefly of three kinds: (1) Gafol,
(2) precariæ or boon-work, (3) week-work (refer to these
heads), 41. In Hundred Rolls, 41. Domesday of St. Paul's,
53. Gloucester and Worcester records, 58. In Kelso
records, 67. Boldon Book, 68. Liber Niger of Peterborough,
73. Summary of post-Domesday evidence, 78. On Saxon
manors, in 'Rectitudines,' 130, 137–147. On Tidenham manor
of King Edwy, 154. On Hysseburne manor of King Alfred,
162. In Saxon '_weork-ræden_,' 158. Of cottiers (or
bordarii) in Hundred Rolls, 44. Gloucester and Worcester,
58, 69. Of Saxon 'cotsetle,' 130, 141. On German and
English manors compared, 399–405

_Setene_, outfit of holder of Saxon yard-land, 133, 139. _See_
Stuht

_Shot_, 4 (_see_ furlong), Saxon 'sceot,' a division, occurs at
Passau, 380

_Siculus Flaccus_ mentions open fields, irregular boundaries,
and scattered ownership, on _agri occupatorii_, 274–278

_Sochmanni_, a class of tenants on manors chiefly in the
Danish districts, 34. Mentioned in Hundred Rolls in
Cambridgeshire, 34; in Domesday Survey, 87, 102

_Solanda_, in Domesday of St. Paul's = double hide of 240 a., 54

_Solin_, _sullung_, of Kent, plough land from 'Suhl,' a plough,
54; divided into 'yokes' (= yard-lands), 54; sullung = 4
gyrdlands and to ½ sullung, outfit of four oxen, A.D. 835,
139. _See also_, 395

_Stuht_, Kelso records, outfit of two oxen, &c., with
husband-land (yard-land), 61. Compare '_setene_' of the
Saxon gebur with yard-land, 133 and 139, and outfit of
Roman veteran, 274; and see under Bavarian Laws, 326

_Succession to holdings_, under the tribal system to all sons
of tribesmen equally, 193, 234, 340; to yard-lands and
other holdings in serfdom _single_ by regrant, 23–24, 133,
176; so probably in the case of semi-servile holdings of
_usufructuarii_ under Roman law, 308

_Supercilia_, or linches, mentioned by _Agrimensores_, 277

_Syrian Code_ of fifth century, 291–294

_Tacitus_, description of German tribal system in the
_Germania_, 338–343

_Tacogs_ (or aillts), Welsh tenants without Welsh blood or
rights of inheritance, not tribesmen--their 'register
land' (tir cyfrif), 191; arranged in separate clusters
or trevs with equality within each, 197; their 'register
land,' 197; their dues to their lord and other incidents,
198–199

_Tate, or Tath_, the Irish homestead, analogous to Welsh
'tyddyn,' 214, 231. _See_ Tribal system, Irish

_Thane_, Lord of a ham. Thane's inland = Lord's demesne land,
128. Thane's law or duties in 'Rectitudines,' 129; his
services, 134; a soldier and servant of king, 135; his
'fyrd,' 136; _trinoda necessitas_, 134

_Theows_, slaves on Saxon estates, 144; their position, 164.
Example from 'Ælfric's Dialogue,' 165

_Three-Field System._ (_See_ Open-field system.) Form of the
open-field system with three-course rotation of crops

_Tidenham_, Manor of King Edwy. Description of, and of services
of geneats and geburs upon, A.D. 956, 148–159. _Cytweras_
and _hæcweras_, for salmon fishing, 152

_Tir-bwrdd_ = terra mensalia, 198

_Tir-gwelyawg_, family land of Welsh free tribesmen, 191

_Tir-cyfrif_, register land of taeogs, 101

_Tir-kyllydus_, Welsh geldable land, 191

_Tithes_ of Church under Saxon laws taken in actual strips or
acres 'as they were traversed by the plough,' 114; acres
of tithes in Domesday Survey, 117; Ethelwulf's grant, 114

_Tithe lands_ of Sicily, 275; of modern Palestine, 314. (_See_
'_Agri decumates_.')

_Trev_, cluster of Welsh free tribesmen's homesteads, four in
North Wales, 200–202; twelve in South Wales, 204. _Taeog_
trevs, 203

_Treviri_, 284

_Tricassi_, 284

_Tribal System in Wales_, 181–213. Welsh districts and traces
of, in Domesday Survey, 182, 206–7. Food rents in D.S.,
185. Welsh land system described by Giraldus Cambrensis,
186–189. In Ancient Laws of Wales, 189 _et seq._ The
free tribesmen of Welsh blood, 190. Homesteads scattered
about, but grouped into clusters for payment of food
rents, 190. Their family land (tir-gwelyawg), 190–191.
Their right to a tyddyn (homestead), five free 'erws'
and co-tillage of waste, 192. The tribal household with
equality within it among brothers, first cousins, and
second cousins, 193. The gwely or family couch, 194. The
_gwestva_, or food rent, and tunc pound in lieu of it,
195. Other obligations of tribesmen, 195. The _taeogs or
aillts_ (see these words) not tribesmen, their tenure and
rules of equality, 197. Land divisions under Welsh Codes
connected with the _gwestva_ and food rents, 199–208.
Early evidence of payment of gwestva and of food rents of
taeogs, 208–213. Shifting of holdings under tribal system,
205. Cluster of twelve tyddyns in Gwent and sixteen in
N. Wales pay _tunc pound_, 202, 203. _In Ireland and
Scotland_, 214–231. Clusters of sixteen tates or taths
(Welsh tyddyn), 215–217. Sir John Davies's surveys and
description of tribal system, Tanistry, and Gavelkind,
215–220. Example of a Sept deported from Cumberland, 219.
Ancient division of Bally or townland into _quarters_
and _tates_, 221, 224. Quarters and names of tates still
traceable on Ordnance Survey, 223–224. Names of tates not
personal, owing to tribal distributions and shiftings of
tribal households from tate to tate, 224.

Irish open-field system--rundale or run-rig--226–228. Similar
system in Scotland, 228–229. Tribal system in its earlier
stages, 231–245. Tenacity with which tribal division among
sons maintained, 234. The tribal house, 239. Blood money,
242. Wide prevalence of tribal system, 244. Absent from
S.E. or Belgic districts of England at Roman conquest,
245. _In Germany_, description of tribal system by Cæsar,
336–337. Description of, by Tacitus, 338–342. Husbandry
like Welsh co-tillage of the waste for one year only,
343–345. Manorial tendencies of German system: tribesmen
have their _servi_ who are 'like _coloni_,' 345–346.
The manor in embryo, 346. Tribal households of German
settlers--local names ending in 'ing'--whether clan
settlements or perhaps as manorial as others, 346–367

_Tun_, generally in Saxon = ham or manor, (to which refer), 255

_Tunc pound_, payment in lieu of Welsh _gwestva_ (to which
refer) paid to the Prince of Wales, 196

_Tusser_, his description of 'Champion' or open-field
husbandry, 17

_Tyddyn_, the Welsh homestead, 192–193. Compare Irish 'tate' or
'tath' and Bohemian 'dĕdiny,' 355

_Uchelwyr_, free Welsh tribesman, 192

_Venedotian_ Code of North Wales. _See_ Wales, Ancient Laws of

_Veredus_, post horse, derivation of word, 298

_Villa_, word interchangeable with _manor_, _ham_, _tun_, 126,
254. Frankish _heim_ or _villa_ on _Terra Regis_ was a
manor and unit of jurisdiction, 257, 262. _The Roman
villa_, an estate under a villicus, worked by slaves, 263.
Its _cohortes_ and _ergastulum_, 263–264. Slaves arranged
in _decuriæ_, 264. _Coloni_, often barbarians on a villa,
266. Likeness to a manor increasing, 267–268. Burgundians
shared villas with Romans, 269. Villas transferred to
Church, 270. And continued under German rule to be villas,
270. And became gradually mediæval manors with villages
upon them, 271. Villas surrendered under Alamannic and
Bavarian laws to the Church, 317 _et seq._

_Village Community or Villata_, under a manor, 8. Hitchin
example. _See_ Hitchin. Its common or open fields: arable,
11; meadow and pasture, 11. Its officials, 10, 70

_Villani_, holders of land in villenage, 29. Sometimes _nativi_
and _adscripti glebæ_, 29. Pay heriot or relief; widows
have dower; make wills proved in Manor Court, 30. The
yard-land the normal holding of full villanus with two
oxen, 27 (_see_ Yard-land). Sometimes they hold the
demesne land at farm, 69. Sometimes farm whole manor, 70.
_Pleni-villani_ and _semi-villani_, 74

_Villenage._ _See_ Villani. Breaking up in 14th century, 31.
Its death-blow the Black Death and Wat Tyler's rebellion,
31–32. Incidents of, in Worcestershire, 56. General
incidents, 80. _See_ Servius

_Virgarii_, holders of Virgates, 50

_Virgate._ See Yardland.

_Wales, Ancient Laws of_, ascribed to Howel Dda (10th century),
189. Contemporary with Saxon Laws, 190. _See_ 'Tribal
System' of, 181–213. Parts of, mentioned in Domesday
Survey, 182, 185

_Wat Tyler's_ rebellion, 31

_Week-work._ The distinctive service of the serf in villenage,
78 (and see for details 'Services'), in _Rectitudines_,
week-work of gebur three days a week, 131, 141. In
services of Tidenham unlimited, 155. So in those of
Hysseburne, 163. In laws of Alamanni (A.D. 622) three
days on estates of Church, 323. So in Bavarian laws (7th
century), 326. Unless lord has found everything, 326. On
Lorsch manors three days, 334. _See also_, 404

_Wele_, Welsh holding in _Record of Carnarvon_. _See_ 'Gwely,'
193–195

_Westminster_, description of its manor and open fields in
Domesday Survey, 97–101

_Winslow_, Court Rolls of, 20–32

_Wista_, in Battle Abbey records = ½ hide--the _Great Wista_ =
½ double hide, 50

_Wizenburg_, surrenders to Abbey of, 329. Interchange between
_villas_ and _heims_ in records of, 258

_Yard-land_ (_gyrd-landes_, _virgata terræ_), normal holding
of villanus with two oxen in the common plough of eight
oxen--a bundle of mostly thirty scattered strips in
the open fields = German 'hub.' Example of yard-land
in Winslow Manor rolls, 24. Rotation in the strips,
27. Large area in yard-lands, 28. Held in villenage by
villani, 29. Evidence of Hundred Rolls, 33. Variation in
acreage and connexion with 'hide,' 36, 55 = husband-land
of two bovates in the North, 61, 67. Normal holding of
villanus in _Liber Niger_ of Peterborough, 73. Normal
holding of villanus of Domesday Survey, 91–95. Large
proportion of arable land of England held in yard-lands
at date of survey, 101. Saxon 'gyrd-lands,' 111, 117. In
'Rectitudines,' 133. In 'Laws of Ine,' 142. A bundle of
scattered strips resulting from co-operative ploughing,
117–125. With single succession (_see_ 'Succession') which
is the mark of serfdom of the holders, 176, 370

_Yoke of Land_ (mentioned in Domesday Survey of Kent) =
yard-land. Division of the _sullung_ or double hide in
Kent, 54. Compared with Roman _jugum_. _See_ Jugum

_Yoke_, _short_ for two oxen, _long_ for four oxen abreast in
Welsh laws, 120

_Youngest_ son, custom for, to succeed to holding. _See_
Jüngsten-Recht

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LONDON AND ETON, ENGLAND

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Transcriber's note:

Original punctuation and spelling were generally retained.

Illustrations are moved from inside paragraphs to between paragraphs.

Footnotes are renumbered and moved from the ends of pages to the ends of chapters.

The List of Maps and Plates was reformatted slightly to eliminate the original ditto marks ahead of each page number. Ditto marks have also been removed elsewhere, adding repetitive text as necessary. Large curley brackets, "{" or "}", meant to indicate combination or grouping of information on two or more lines, have been eliminated from this ebook. Such information has been recast appropriately to retain the original meaning.

Page 142: No anchor was found for the footnote; a new anchor was therefore inserted thus: "an otherwise almost unintelligible passage in the laws of King Ine[170]".

Page 144, first footnote: The text looks like "twihinde mek"; this has been changed to "twihinde men".

Page 207: changed "rendered as gwesta" to "rendered as gwestva".

Page 216–217: "ballibeatach" is also spelled "bailebiatagh" on these pages.

Page 261: changed "in the sense of 'court'--king's court,'--just as in" to "in the sense of 'court'--'king's court,'--just as in", by adding the single quote.

Page 340: The first footnote on this page lacks the volume number for the reference _Germania_. The second edition of the book contains the same footnote, but shows the volume number as "xxv", which has been inserted herein.

Page 391: The third footnote is rendered "_Id._ 37–8" herein, based on the second edition of the book. The current (reprint of the fourth) edition was illegible.

Index, under "Hide": "Double hide of, 240 a" changed to "Double hide of 240 a".

Index, under "Polyptique d'Irminon": It says "Introduction quoted, 265, 298, 641", but there is no page 641 in the book. However, footnote number 594 refers to page 641 of M. Guérard's Introduction.