Chapter II (3)

[27] There were 22 cases of 'Lerewyt' recorded on the manor rolls in the first 10 years of Edward III.

[28] See a case in 25 Ed. III.

[29] See a case of this in 6 Ed. III.

[30] See under 6 Ed. III.

[31]

Rot. Hund. No. of Acres in Acres in virgates a virgate a hide in each hide II. p. 629 VI. 40 240 VI. 28 168 IV. 48 192 631 VI. 30 180 635 VI. 25 150 636 IV. 30 120 V. 25 125 637 VIII. 15 120 640 IV. 30 120 640 V. 25 125 645 IV. 30 120 646 V. 26 130 648 IV. 30 120 653 IV. 30 120 654 IV. 30 120 656 IV. 24 144 658 V. 25 125 660 V. 25 125 661 VI. 20 120

[32] _Hundred Rolls, Oxon._

II. 708. Every virgate gives scutage 2s. 6d.,
2 virgates give scutage 5s.,
1 virgate gives scutage 2s. 6d.,
4 virgates give scutage 10s.,
2 virgates give scutage 5s.,
each when the scutage is 40s..

II. 709. 4 virgates give scutage 8s.,
5 virgates give scutage 11s. 5d.,
each when the scutage is 40s..

II. 830. 1 hide gives scutage for a fourth part of a scutum.

From these instances it is evident that normally 4 virgates = 1 hide, and 4 hides make a knight's fee.

[33]

_Hundred Rolls, Beds._

II. 321. Carucate of 120 acres.
324 Carucate of 80 acres.
325 Carucate of 100 acres.
326 Carucate of 120 acres.

II. 328. Carucate of 200 acres.
329 Carucate of 80 acres.
332 Carucate of 100 acres.

[34] _Hundred Rolls, Bedfordshire._--'Et sunt illi villani ita servi quod non possunt maritare filias nisi ad voluntatem domini' (II. 329).

'Nec pullos sibi pullatos mas- (II. 328).

_Buckinghamshire._--'Sunt ad voluntatem domini, et ad alia facienda quæ ad servilem conditionem pertinent' (II. 335–6). And so on.

[35] II. 744 _b_.

[36] II. 758 _a_.

[37] In another manor in Huntingdonshire certain cottiers ought to make summonses. II. 616.

[38] The Latin text is badly printed here, but the original has been inspected.

[39] II. 642 _a_.

[40] II. 613 _b_.

[41] II. 554 _b_.

[42] II. 535 _b_.

[43] _Fleta_, lib. 2, c. 71. Compare also '_Extenta Manerii_:' _Statutes of the Realm_, i. p. 242.

[44] _Fleta_, lib. 2, c. 72.

[45] _Fleta_, lib. 2. c. 73.

[46] Augmentation Office, _Miscellaneous Books_, Nos. 56 and 57.

[47] _The Domesday of St. Paul's_, edited by Archdeacon Hale, Camden Society, 1858.

[48] Pp. 38 _et seq._

[49] P. 42.

[50] P. 64.

[51] 'In manerio isto sexcies xx. acre faciunt hidam, et xxx. acre faciunt virgatam' (p. 64).

[52] 'Cum vi. hidis trium solandarum' (p. 58).

[53] _Sutton_, where mention is made of a 'solanda quæ per se habet duas hidas' (p. 93).

[54] _Draitone_, 'cum una hida de solande' (p. 99).

[55] For the _sullung_ of Kent, see Mr. Elton's _Tenures of Kent_.

[56] Published in the Rolls Series.

[57] iii. p. cix.

[58] iii. p. 55. 'Quatuor virgatæ terræ continentes unam hidam.'

[59] Edited by Archdeacon Hale, in the Camden Society's Series, 1865.

[60] P. 10 _b._

[61] P. 14 _b._

[62] Worcester Cartulary, p. 15 _a._ Of the common customs of the villeins on the manor of Newenham--to give '_Thac_' on Martinmas Day; for pigs above a year old (sows excepted), 1d., and for pigs not above a year, ½d.; to sell neither ox nor horse without licence; to give 1d. toll on selling an ox or horse; also 'aid' and '_leyrwite_' (fine for a daughter's incontinence); to redeem his sons, if they leave the land; to pay '_gersuma_' for his daughters; no one to leave the land, nor to make his son a clerk, without licence; natives coming of age, unless they directly serve their father or mother, to perform 3 '_benripæ_'; and '_forinseci_' (_i.e._ villeins not born in the manor) shall do likewise; to carry at the summons of the '_serviens_' (bailiff or serjeant) besides the work: and if he carry '_ex necessitate_,' to be quit of [a day's] work; to give at death his best chattel (_catallum_); the successor to make a fine, as he can; the widow to stay on the land as long as she continues the service; all to attend their own mill; 'Cotmanni' to guard and take prisoners [to jail].

[63] 'Et idem faciet _averagium_ apud Bristoll' et apud Wellias per totum annum, et apud Pridie, et post hokeday apud Bruggewauter, cum affro suo ducente bladum domini, caseum, et lanam, et cetera omnia quæ sibi serviens præcipere voluerit, et habebit unam quadrantem et dayuam suam quietam. Et debet facere _averagium_ apud Axebrugge et ad navem quotiens dominus voluerit, et nichil habebit propter idem averagium.'--_Proceedings of Archæological Institute_, Salisbury, p. 203. App. to _Notice of the Custumal of Bleadon_, pp. 182–210.

[64] _Gloucester Cartulary_, vol. iii. p. 78.

[65] '_Radacre_' in other places, pp. 80, 116.

[66] _Gloucester Cartulary_, vol. iii. p. 118.

[67] _Worcester Cartulary_, p. 14 _b._

[68] _Worcester Cartulary_, p. 15_a._

[69] _Surtees Society_, p. 57.

[70] P. 57.

[71] P. 59.

[72] Published by the Bannatyne Club, 1846.

[73] Vol. ii. p. 462.

[74] P. 461.

[75] P. 455.

[76] P. 361.

[77] P. 18.

[78] _Acts of Parliament of Scotland_, App. V. p. 387.

[79] _Analysis_, p. 232.

[80] Id. p. 232.

[81] _Domesday of St. Paul's_, p. 1.

[82] _Id._ p. 7.

[83] _Id._ pp. 28, 33, 48, 53, 86.

[84] _Id._ pp. 99, 104.

[85] _Gloucester Cart._ pp. 55, 61, 64.

[86] _Winton_, vol. i. p. 400 (A.D. 1249–92).

[87] _Rot. Red. Kelso_, p. 461.

[88] _Ib._ p. 456.

[89] P. 566.

[90] P. 579.

[91] P. 568. 'Villani de Southby-dyk tenent villam suam ad firmam et reddunt v. libras, et invenient viii^{xx.} homines ad metendum in autumpno et xxxvi. quadrigas (_i.e._ waggons) ad quadriganda blada apud Octonam' (_i.e._ a neighbouring village where was probably the bishop's chief granary) (568 _a_).

[92] 'Faber (de Wermouth tenet) xii. acras pro ferramentis carucæ et carbones invenit' (567 _a_).

'Faber (de Queryndonshire) tenet xii. acras pro ferramento carucæ fabricando' (596 _b_).

'Faber 1 bovat' pro suo servicio' (569 _a_).

Compare _Hundred Rolls_, p. 551 _a_, and _Domesday of St. Paul's_, p. 67.

[93] 'Carpentarius (de Wermouth) qui senex habet in vita sua xii. acras pro carucis et herceis (_i.e._ harrows) faciendis' (567 _a_).

[94] 'Punder (de Neubotill) tenet xii. acras et habet de unaquaque caruca de Neubotill, de Bydyk et de Heryngton (_i.e._ three villatæ) unam travam bladi et reddit xl. (vel lx.) gallinas et ccc. ova' (p. 568 _a_).

[95] (In Seggefeeld). 'Johannes præpositus habet ii. bovatas pro servicio suo et si servicium præposituræ dimiserit, reddit et operatur sicut alii Firmarii' (570 _a_).

[96] P. 572.

[97] P. 575.

[98] _Bede_, bk. i. c.xxx

[99] Published by the Camden Society, 1849, as an appendix to the _Chronicon Petroburgense_.

[100] P. 157.

[101] The love-feast (_caritas_) of St. Peter may possibly, like the fairs of St. Cuthbert, be a survival of ancient pagan sacrifices allowed to continue by the permission of Pope Gregory the Great. See Hazlitt under 'Wakes' and 'Fairs.' And Du Cange under 'Caritas.'

[102] In the next place mentioned 20 men hold 20 virgates, and 13 hold 6½ virgates among them, or half a virgate each; and so on. In one place 8 villani hold 1 hide and 1 virgate among them (_i.e._ 2 probably hold virgates, and 6 of them half-virgates), and 2 others hold 1 virgate each. In another, 20 _pleni villani_ [of 1 virgate each] and 29 _semi-villani_ [of half-virgate each] hold in all 34 virgates and a half. In another, 8 villani hold 8 bovates, and 3 bovates are waste. In the rest of the record it is generally assumed that the 'pleni villani' have a virgate each, and the 'dimidii villani' half a virgate each.

[103] The following are instances of the villein plough teams:--

The holders of 40 virgates hold 22 plough teams. The holders of 20 virgates hold 12 plough teams. The holders of 20 virgates hold 9 plough teams. The holders of 8 virgates hold 2 plough teams.

There seems to have been as nearly as possible one plough team to each two virgates, which at two oxen the virgate would give four oxen to the plough instead of eight. Speaking generally, it may therefore be said that there were on the Peterborough manors the greater ploughs of the lord's demense with their separate teams of eight oxen belonging to the lord, and the lesser ploughs of the villani, to work which two clubbed together, for which four oxen made a sufficient team; and it would seem, further, that not only had the villani to work at the great manorial ploughs, but also to do service for their lord with their own lesser ploughs in addition. This seems to explain the expressions used in the Gloucester cartulary that the demesne land of this or that manor can be ploughed with so many ploughs of eight head of oxen in the team '_cum consuetudinibus villatæ_;' and also the mention in Fleta of the '_carucæ adjutrices_' of the villani.

[104] 'Galfridus Snow tenet quoddam tenementum nativum vocatum _Snowes_. . . . Willelmus Biesten tenet tenementum nativum vocatum _Biestes_,' and so on.

Extent of 'Byrchsingeseie,' near Colchester.

_Leger Book of St. John the Baptist_, Colchester.

Wrest Park MSS., No. 57.

I am indebted to Earl Cowper for the opportunity of referring to this interesting MS., containing valuable examples of extents of manors from the reign of Edward I., and of the services of the tenants. See particularly the extent of '_Wycham_,' 17 Ed. I., as a good example of the three field system and serfdom.

[105] Pp. 162–4, &c.

[106] The question of the _personal status_ of the villein tenant is a different one from that of villein _tenure_. Sir H. S. Maine (_Early Law and Custom_, p. 333) and Mr. F. Pollock (in his _Notes on Early English Land Law_, 'Law Mag. and Review' for May 1882) have pointed out that, according to Bracton, free men might be subject to villein tenure and its incidents (except the _merchetum_ on marriage of a daughter) and yet personally be free, as contrasted with the nativi' or villeins by blood. Compare Bracton f. 4 b with f. 26 a and 208 b. The question of the origin of the confusion of status in serfdom will be referred to hereafter.

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