Chapter VIII

CONNEXION BETWEEN THE ROMAN LAND SYSTEM AND THE LATER MANORIAL SYSTEM.

1. Importance of the Continental evidence 252

2. The connexion between the Saxon 'ham,' the German 'heim,' and the Frankish 'villa' 253

3. The Roman 'villa,' its easy transition into the later manor, and its tendency to become the predominant type of estate 263

4. The smaller tenants on the 'Ager Publicus' in Roman provinces--The veterans 272

5. The smaller tenants on the 'Ager Publicus' (_continued_)--the 'læti' 280

6. The 'tributum' of the later Empire 289

7. The 'sordida munera' of the later Empire 295

8. The tendency towards a manorial management of the 'Ager Publicus,' or Imperial domain 300

9. The succession to semi-servile holdings, and methods of cultivation 308

10. The transition from the Roman to the later manorial system 316

CHAPTER IX. THE GERMAN SIDE OF THE CONTINENTAL EVIDENCE.

1. The German tribal system and its tendency towards the manorial system 336

2. The tribal households of German settlers 346

CHAPTER X. THE CONNEXION BETWEEN THE OPEN-FIELD SYSTEM AND SERFDOM OF ENGLAND AND OF THE ROMAN PROVINCES OF GERMANY AND GAUL.

1. The open-field system in England and in Germany compared 368

2. The boundaries or 'marchæ' 375

3. The three fields, or 'zelgen' 376

4. The division of the fields into furlongs and acres 380

5. The holdings--the 'yard-land' or 'hub' 389

6. The hide, the 'hof,' and the 'centuria' 395

7. The gafol and gafol-yrth 399

8. The boon-work and week-work of the serf 403

9. The creation of serfs and the growth of serfdom 405

10. The confusion in the status of the tenants on English and German manors 407

11. Result of the comparison 409

CHAPTER XI. RESULT OF THE EVIDENCE.

1. The method of the English settlements 412

2. Local evidence of continuity between Roman and English villages 424

3. Conclusion 437