Chapter I: Front Matter

THE EVOLUTION OF STATES

AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH POLITICS

_BY THE SAME AUTHOR._

ESSAYS TOWARDS A CRITICAL METHOD.
NEW ESSAYS TOWARDS A CRITICAL METHOD.
WINNOWINGS FROM WORDSWORTH.
WALT WHITMAN: An Appreciation.
MONTAIGNE AND SHAKESPEARE. (Second Edition, with additional Essays on
cognate subjects.)
BUCKLE AND HIS CRITICS: a Sociological Study.
THE SAXON AND THE CELT: a Sociological Study.
MODERN HUMANISTS: Essays on Carlyle, Mill, Emerson, Arnold, Ruskin, and
Spencer. (Fourth Edition.)
THE FALLACY OF SAVING: a Study in Economics.
THE EIGHT HOURS QUESTION: a Study in Economics. (Second Edition.)
THE DYNAMICS OF RELIGION: an Essay in English Culture-History.
By "M.W. Wiseman."
A SHORT HISTORY OF FREETHOUGHT, Ancient and Modern. (Second Edition:
2 vols.)
PATRIOTISM AND EMPIRE. (Third Edition.)
STUDIES IN RELIGIOUS FALLACY.
WRECKING THE EMPIRE.
A SHORT HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
CHRISTIANITY AND MYTHOLOGY. (Second Edition.)
CRITICISMS. 2 vols.
TENNYSON AND BROWNING AS TEACHERS.
ESSAYS IN ETHICS.
ESSAYS IN SOCIOLOGY. 2 vols.
LETTERS ON REASONING. (Second Edition.)
DID SHAKESPEARE WRITE "TITUS ANDRONICUS"?
PIONEER HUMANISTS: Essays on Machiavelli, Bacon, Hobbes, Spinoza,
Shaftesbury, Mandeville, Gibbon, and Mary Wollstonecraft.
TRADE AND TARIFFS.
COURSES OF STUDY.
CHAMBERLAIN: A STUDY.
PAPERS FOR THE PEOPLE.
CHARLES BRADLAUGH. By Mrs. Bradlaugh Bonner. Part II. by J.M.R.
PAGAN CHRISTS: Studies in Comparative Hierology. (Second Edition,
Revised and Expanded.)
THE MEANING OF LIBERALISM.

THE

EVOLUTION OF STATES

AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH POLITICS

BY

J.M. ROBERTSON

LONDON: WATTS & CO., 17 JOHNSON'S COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C. 1912

"The sociologist has three main quests--first, he must try to discover the conditions that determine mere aggregation and concourse. Secondly, he must try to discover the law that governs social choices--the law, that is, of the subjective process. Thirdly, he must try to discover also the law that governs the natural selection and the survival of choices--the law, that is, of the objective process."

--_Professor Giddings._

CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFACE vii

PART I.

POLITICAL FORCES IN ANCIENT HISTORY

CHAP. I.--THE SUBJECT-MATTER 1

II.--ROMAN POLITICAL EVOLUTION 8

III.--GREEK POLITICAL EVOLUTION 36

IV.--THE LAWS OF SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 54

PART II.

ECONOMIC FORCES IN ANCIENT HISTORY

CHAP. I.--ROMAN ECONOMIC EVOLUTION 75

II.--GREEK ECONOMIC EVOLUTION 98

PART III.

CULTURE FORCES IN ANTIQUITY

CHAP. I.--GREECE 121

II.--THE SARACENS 146

III.--ROME 158

EPILOGUE--A GENERAL VIEW OF DECADENCE 170

PART IV.

THE CASE OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS

NOTE ON LITERATURE 181

CHAP. I.--THE BEGINNINGS 183

II.--THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EVOLUTION 209

III.--THE POLITICAL COLLAPSE 233