Chapter IV: Industrial Evolution (2)

Favourites, royal, 382-83, 415, 468

Federalism, in Greece, 51-52;
in Italy, 233;
in Netherlands, 295, 309;
in Switzerland, 331, 332 _sq._

Ferdinand, Duke, 224

Ferguson, cited, 14

Ferrero, on Roman character, 8 _n._;
on Roman trade, 11 _n._, 76 _n._, 79 _n._, 83 _sq._;
as sociologist, 75;
on Roman civilisation, 176

Feudalism, 199 _sq._, 295, 335, 371, 374, 395

Filmer, 441 _n._, 442, 443

Finance, Roman, 77 _sq._, 92 _sq._, 119-20, 175;
Byzantine, 96, 116;
Greek, 106 _sq._;
Spanish, 309, 311;
Papal, 221, 223;
Dutch, 310-11, 328;
Portuguese, 363, 364;
English, 88, 397-98, 419, 420

Finland, 278, 283 _n._

Finlay, as sociologist, 38;
on Roman finance, 78;
on Roman decline, 94;
on Byzantium and Lombard invasion, 95;
on Eastern Empire, 97, 115, 119-20, 143;
on Greece under Roman Empire, 113 _n._;
on Christianity and slavery, 118 _n._;
on philosophic schools at Athens, 143

Fisheries, Danish, 273-74;
Dutch, 293, 311, 313, 317, 329;
Portuguese, 355

Flanders, 288 _n._, 294, 295, 296, 302, 309, 311, 321, 380

Fletcher of Saltoun, 455

Flint, Prof., cited, 73, 74

Floods in Netherlands, 298

Florence, constitutions of, 202, 211, 240, 241, 243, 245;
political evolution of, 206-7, 243 _sq._;
factions at, 202, 207, 213, 236 _n._, 239 _sq._;
and her allies, 208;
industry of, 211, 218;
wealth of, 217, 219;
interest at, 217 _n._;
art in, 220, 226, 227 _n._;
and papacy, 223;
under Duke Ferdinand, 224;
literature of, 226;
causes of eminence of, 229;
commercial development of, 231;
militarism at, 231;
and Pisa, 237, 248, 252-53;
and Venice, 243, 249;
under Medici, 249 _sq._;
taxation in, 251;
collapse of, 254

Food and polity, 11 _n._, 55, 65, 73, 293, 315

Ford, 413

Fowler, W. Warde, 37; cited, 23 _n._, 29 _n._, 66, 161 _n._

France, intellectual evolution of, 138, 140, 212;
and Holland, 319, 464-65;
and England, 320, 323, 377-78;
empire in, 320;
religion in, 321;
population in, 322-23;
and Switzerland, 349

Franks, polity of, 186, 188, 192, 197

Frederick Barbarossa, 210, 216, 235

---- II, 211, 216, 219

---- the Great, 139

---- of Denmark, 276

Freedom of the press, 310, 344

Freeman, on Greek federation, 51-52;
on Greek history, 66;
on Athenian citizenship, 124 _n._;
on Simon de Montfort, 382

Free trade, 284, 465

French politics, 1-3. See _France_

---- Academy, 444 _n._, 445

---- Revolution, 72, 149 _n._, 397, 449

Fribourg, 337, 338, 344, 346

Fronde, the, 415 _n._, 436

Fronto, 167

Frontiers, theories of, 178

Froude, 402

Fustel de Coulanges, 52, 67, 265 _n._

Fyffe, cited, 66

Gaeta, 204 _n._

Galileo, 227

Galton, 121

Gardiner, on House of Commons, 380 _n._, 382;
on Lollardism, 396 _n._;
on Scotch Calvinism, 398;
on Elizabeth, 400 _n._, 401, 402;
on Henry VIII, 401;
on Eliot, 416;
on Cromwell, 419-20, 425 _n._, 427 _n._;
on Lilburne, 424 _n._;
on Drogheda, 428-30;
on Barbone Parliament, 432

Gasquet, Dr., 388

Gaul, Roman and Christian, 94, 167, 173, 192

Gaultier de Brienne, 244

Gee, 464

Geijer, 264 _n._, 272

Gelasius, 194

Geneva, 341, 343, 344, 347, 349, 350, 353, 410

Genius, in politics, 15;
evocation of, 63, 121 _sq._

Genoa, 204, 211, 218, 225, 229, 248; modern, 255-56

Geographical causation, 28, 124, 293, 295, 332, 335

Germany, effects of subdivision of, 58;
trade of, 79;
intellectual evolution of, 138-9, 340;
political and social evolution of, 184 _sq._, 222, 286, 378;
medieval, 216;
Reformation in, 238, 239, 342

Ghent, 295, 296, 300

Ghibelines and Guelphs, 209-10, 226, 239 _sq._

Gibbon, on Byzantium, 144;
on population of Roman Empire, 172 _n._;
on pestilence in the Empire, 174;
and Sismondi, 187;
on Theodoric, 188 _n._;
on the Lombards, 196;
on Roman slavery, 374

Giddings, 5

Gilds, German, 199;
trade, 207, 379, 393, 394

Giles, H.A., cited, 6 _n._, 73 _n._

Gillies, 38

Glarus, 336, 337, 338, 344, 347

Gneist, 375

Godkin, L., cited, 38 _n._, 62

Gold-mining, 80, 92-3, 358, 363, 460

Gondebald, 187

Gontran, 187

Gospels and slavery, 118

Goths, 184, 186, 192

Gouraud, C., 28 _n._

Gray, 56

Gracchi, 20, 21, 24, 81, 82 _n._

Gratian, 90

Grattan, T.C., 291

Greece, superstition and ignorance in, 46 _sq._;
structure of, 53, 64, 65;
population in, 101 _sq._;
industry in, 109, 113;
conquests of, 78, 98, 110;
under Roman Empire, 112-14;
evocation of art in, 123 _sq._;
literature in, 126 _sq._

Greek civilisation, 64, 68, 121 _sq._;
in Italy, 29;
evolution of, 36 _sq._, 98 _sq._, 159;
modern, 156-57

"Greek fire," 116

Green, Captain, 455

Green, J.R., on Anglo-Saxons and Christianity, 266 _n._, 372;
on English slavery, 372, 373, 374;
on Reformation, 397;
on Elizabeth, 400;
on English poverty, 403 _n._;
on Hobbes, 421 _n._;
on Shaftesbury, 438 _n._

Greene, 411, 412

Greenidge, cited, 12, 14 _n._

Gregorovius, 182, cited, 188 _n._, 189 _n._, 210, 212 _n._

Gregory the Great, 197, 212 _n._, 374

---- VII, 212 _n._ See _Hildebrandt_

---- X, 240

---- XIII, 223

Grenvelle, 304

Grisons, 338, 346

Grote, 37, 331;
on Solon, 41;
on Greek polity, 44;
on Athenian Imperialism, 47 _sq._;
on Pericles, 49;
on culture contacts, 58, 64;
on "race," 64, 66, 131-32;
on Lycurgus, 99;
on Greek infantici de, 101;
on Lesbos, 126;
on Athenian drama, 127;
on Sparta, 131;
on Crete, 131-32;
on Switzerland, 331 _n._, 332 _n._, 354

Grotius, 309, 310, 326, 442 _n._

Grundy, Dr. G.B., 36, 65

Gubbio, 225

Guicciardini, F., 232 _n._

---- L., 291, 313

Guilliman, 334

Guizot, on Roman Empire and Christianity, 26 _n._, 96;
on European progress, 58;
on Gaulish monasteries, 167;
on Christian persecution, 168 _n._;
on Teutonic barbarism, 184 _n._;
on Charlemagne, 189;
on France and Germany, 192 _n._;
on decline of slavery, 213-14, 215;
on the Reformation, 238

Gustavus Vasa, 274, 277

Guthry, Bishop, 441

Hadrian, 113

Hakam I, 154

---- II, 153

Halifax, 451

Hallam, on genius, 121;
on the Lombards and Italy, 198;
on feudalism, 201;
on Venice, 229;
on Simon de Montfort, 382;
on Henry VII, 392 _n._;
on English nobility under Henry VIII, 396;
on Anne, 468 _n._;
on Ireland, 451 _n._;
on Whigs and Tories, 421 _n._;
on Charles I, 417 _n._;
on James I, 414 _n._

Hamburg, 287

Handel, 140

Hannibal, 30

Hansa, 274, 286-90;
of London, 287, 288, 393

Harald Bluetooth, 268

Harald Klak, 268

Hardwick, 266, 267

Haren, Van, 326

Harold Fairhair, 268

Harrington, 443

Harrison, F. 425-26, 428-30

Hartmann, L.M., 182

Hassencamp, 450 _n._, 452

Hawkwood, Sir J., 248

Hazlitt, W., cited, 396 _n._

---- W. C, 181

Heeren, cited and discussed, 37, 39 _n._, 234, 237

Hegel, cited and discussed, 5 _n._, 58

---- Karl, 199, 379 _n._

Hegewisch, 138

_Hektemorioi_, the, 41

Henry the Fowler, 197 _n._

---- the Navigator, 356

---- IV of England, 391

---- V of England, 386, 391

---- VII of England, 394

---- VIII of England, 395, 401, 402

Heracleia, 104

Heraclius, 115-16

Heredity, official, 120, 199, 235

_Heredium_, the Roman, 12 _sq._

Heresy, 97, 115, 168, 300, 303, 390

Herodotus, 127, cited, 44, 129

Hertzberg, 38, 67, 113 _n._

Heyd, W. von, 183, 222

Hiero, 136

Hildebrandt, 59 _n._, 203, 206, 235

Hill, Rev. G., 371

Hippocrates, 127

Hippodamus, 104

Hisham, 154

Historiography, modern, viii, ix;
Greek, 127

Hobbes, 421-22;
on communism, 13

Hochart, on Constantine, 27 _n._

Hodgkin, T., 181, cited 184 _n._, 202 _n._

Holbein, 408

Holberg, 281

Holland, primary conditions of, 293;
slavery in medieval, 295-6;
empire of, 312;
political evolution of, 294 _sq._;
historiography of, 291-2;
industry in, 294, 296, 310 _sq._;
factions in, 296-7, 298, 299;
despotism in, 300;
revolt of, 301 _sq._;
religious distribution in, 307;
constitution of, 309;
commerce of, 310 _sq._, 328-9;
finance and currency of, 310-11;
public debt of, 312, 328;
and England, 318, 320, 323, 425, 463;
and France, 319, 320, 464-65;
decline of, 321 _sq._;
capitalism in, 324;
culture evolution of, 325 _sq._;
art in, 327-28;
population in, 327, 328-30

Holm, 37, 134 _n._, 136 _n._, 141

Homer, 126

Honorius, 94, 173, 185

Hooft, 326

Hooker, 441

"Hooks and Codfish," 298

Horace, 165, 166

Houses, Athenian, 105; Italian, 205

Howell, 325, 463

Hudson, H., 312

Huguenots, 272, 303, 321, 343, 438

Humanists, Italian, 227

Hume, cited, 58, 102, 109, 133 _n._, 348 _n._

Huns, 184, 185, 197

Hunt, W., 181

Huxley, cited, 61

Hygiene, ancient, 91

Ibn Khaldun, 155-56

Ibsen, 282

Iceland, 270, 271, 278 _sq._, 340

Ihne, cited, 16 _n._

Illyria, 194

Image-worship, 145

Imperialism, Roman, 25 _sq._, 89;
Athenian, 47 _sq._;
Greek, 50 _sq._;
Ancient and modern, 177 _sq._;
Barbaric, 189;
Danish, 269, 271;
Dutch, 318;
British, 323, 384, 407, 420-21

India, evolution of, 74;
British, 57 _n._, 177, 179;
Portuguese, 358, 362

_Indigitamenta_, 160 _n._

Indulgences, Catholic, 342

Industry, in Greece, 109;
in Italian cities, 205, 211, 218-19;
in Netherlands, 294, 296;
in Iceland, 454;
in Spain, 461;
modern, 467

Infanticide, 26, 38, 100, 117

Innocent III, 236

---- IV, 210

Inquisition, 303, 308, 362, 406

Interest, Roman limitation of, 20;
Roman, 79 and _note_;
Florentine, 217 _n._;
in Holland, 313, 321

Ionia. See _Asia Minor_

Ireland, 189, 192, 378;
English misgovernment of, 406, 418, 426-33, 450 _sq._

Ireton, 429

Islam, 61, 149, 153, 154, 179

Isocrates, 50

Isolation and polity, 56, 144

Italy, structure of, 28;
Greek cities of, 29;
modern, economics of, 85;
post-Roman, evolution of, 85, 183 _sq._;
medieval, culture evolution in, 90, 152, 209 _sq._;
republican collapse in, 233 _sq._
See _Rome_

Jacquerie, 387

James I, 398, 401, 414, 415, 461

---- II, 444, 452

Japan, evolution of, 69-70, 74

Java, 312, 329

Jeffreys, 444

Jesuits, 350, 362-63

Jewry, 67, 125, 146

Jews, modern, 358, 361

John II of Portugal, 355, 357

John, King, 392

Johnson, 442 _n._

Jonson, Ben, 412, 413

Julian, 57 _n._, 94

Juste, 292

Justice, in Greece, 48

Justin, 95

Justinian, 96, 116, 118, 143, 449

Juvenal, 166

Kampen, J. van, 292, 307

Kant, 138; cited, 5

Keightley, 161

Kemble, J.M., 371, 372, 373

Keymor, 317, 325

Kings, Roman, 18

Kleisthenes, 44

Kleon, 50

Knox, 398

Knut, 268, 271

Koran, the, 154

Kyd, 411, 412

Ladislaus, 249

Lætus, P., 227

Laing, 281 _n._, 325

_Laissez-faire_, 135

Lamprecht, viii, ix

Land question, in Rome, 11 _sq._, 77;
in Greece, 40, 104;
in Anglo-Saxon England, 375

Lane-Poole, S., cited, 151, 155

Langlois and Seignobos, 421 _n._

Language, in politics, 158 _n._, 191, 258, 385;
and culture, 221, 326

Lanzone, 206

Larroque, cited, 214 _n._

Laud, 415 _n._

Laurium, mines of, 106-7

Law, Roman, 112, 197, 205;
Teutonic, 195-96, 197;
schools of, 212

Leagues, Greek, 51;
Italian, 207;
German, 286, 287, 336;
Swiss, 334, 336 _sq._, 350

Lecky, 391

Leclerc, L., cited, 150

Leghorn, 224

Leibnitz, 325

Leicester, 400

Lennep, J. van, 292

Leo the Isaurian, 145

---- X, 221, 223, 253

---- H., 182, 199, 204 _n._, 206, 209 _n._

Leopardi, 470

Le Play, 1 _n._, 34

Lesbos, 126, 136

Leslie, Cliffe, 405

Liberalism, 421, 423

Licinian laws, 19, 80

Lilburne, 424

Lisbon, 312, 358, 364

Literature, evolution of, in Greece, 126 _sq._;
in Rome, 165 _sq._;
in Italy, 212-13, 226;
in Sicily and Provence, 219-20;
in Scandinavia, 278 _sq._;
in Holland, 326;
in Germany, 340;
in Portugal, 359, 363;
in England, 384, 408-13;
and empire, 359

Livy, 164

Locke, 442, 446 and _note_, 448

Lollardism, 305, 390-91, 396

Lombards, polity of, 188, 194 _sq._, 203, 204

Long, G., 79 _n._

Lope de Vega, 359, 413

Louis the Fat, 214

Louis XIV, 319, 320, 321, 436

Louvain, 297

Louvois, 320

Lübeck, 287

Lucan, 166

Lucca, 218

Lucerne, 334, 335, 338, 339, 346, 349

Lucretius, 165

Lucullus, 79 _n._

Luther, 342

Lyall, Sir A., 177

Lycurgus, 44, 99

Lynch-law, 378

Macaulay, Lord, 76, 133 _n._, 255, 419 _n._, 423

---- G.C., 411-13

Mackintosh, 381 _n._

McCrie, 238

McCullagh, 38, 292, cited 295

McCulloch, 292;
on Roman doles, 83;
on the Dutch, 328

McDiarmid, 407

Machiavelli, 226, 254;
on the Lombards, 188 _n._;
on the Papacy, 210;
on Florence, 217;
ideal of, 233;
on Guelphs, 239

Magellan, 357

Magna Carta, 380 _n._, 381, 391, 392

Mahaffy, as sociologist, 37;
on prehistoric civilisation, 15;
on Greek infanticide, 101;
on Greek population, 102;
on Greek commerce, 109;
on Cilician pirates, 110;
on Greek
art, 123;
on Sparta, 132, 133 _n._

Mahon, 34

Maine, Sir H., 56, 448, 449

Maisch, 42

Maitland, F.W., 370 _n._, 371, 374

Malaria in Italy, 90-1

Malone, 442 _n._

Mallet, E., 353

Malthus, cited, 26 _n._, 100, 273, 282-84, 352

Mandeville, 467, 468

Manley, 427-28

Marck, W. van der, 308

Marcus Aurelius, 167

Margaret of Norway, 275

Marignano, 341

Marius, 24

Marks, Alfred, 438 _n._

Marlborough, 320

Marlowe, 411

Marvell, 421, 439 _n._

Mary of England, 397

---- of Scotland, 399

Maspero, cited, 125 _n._

Mathematics, 149

Matilda, Countess, 206, 207

Maurice (Emperor), 96, 115

Maurice of Orange, 310, 313

Maximilian I, 300

Mazarin, 415 _n._

Mazdeism, 125

Medicine, evolution of, 127, 147 _sq._;
schools of, 212

Medici, the, 225, 227, 249 _sq._

Megalomania, 261

Megara, 124 _n._

Melville, Andrew, 398

Menander, 118, 135

Ménard, cited, 132

Mencius, 73-4

Mental development in Greece, 46

Menzel, 139 _n._

Mercantile system, 460 _sq._

Merchant Adventurers, the, 459, 466

Merimée, 3

Merovingian Kings, the, 187, 191

Mexico, 361

Meyer, Ed., on Quirites, 9 _sq._;
on Roman land law, 12;
on Greek taxation, 42;
on Solon, 43 _n._;
on Greek civilisation, 64;
on _ager publicus_, 77 _n._;
on Roman culture, 158 _n._

---- Ernst von, cited, 150

Michel Angelo, 254

Milan, 194, 199, 206, 210, 211, 218, 219, 225, 241, 249

Militarism, and democracy, 21 _sq._;
Roman, 25, 55, 76;
and culture, 61, 131, 153, 341;
Spartan, 131;
Saracen, 153, 154;
Turkish, 157;
Florentine, 231;
Dutch, 318;
Swiss, 341;
English, 425

Mill, J.S., 58, 121

Milman, 146 _n._, 197

Milton, 426, 431, 441, 448

Mining, Roman, 80;
Greek, 105-6;
Brazilian, 363;
medieval, 460

Ministerial Government, 437, 468

Mitchell and Caspari, 41, 42, 44 _n._, 136-37

Mitford, 37, 38

Mithraism, 27, 113, 165

Mommsen, on Quirites, 9;
on the plebs, 10;
on Roman land law, 12, 13;
on Roman city life, 14 _n._;
on Roman taxation, 77;
on the Antonines, 89;
on Roman religion, 158, 160, 162;
on antiquity of writing, 160 _n._;
on the Celts, 190, 192

Monasteries, 167, 402-3

"Money economy," 80

Monk, 436

Monopolies, trade, and civilisation, 59;
Athenian, 108;
Byzantine, 117;
Dutch, 313, 315, 316, 463;
English, 320, 321, 323, 404, 415, 459, 461 _sq._;
Flemish, 296;
Papal, 223;
Portuguese, 356, 358;
Spanish, in Italy, 223;
Hanseatic, 289

Montaigne, vii, 230

Montesquieu, on civil war, 25;
as sociologist, 28 _n._;
on Hannibal, 30;
on soil and polity, 56

Montmorency, 386

Moors. See _Saracens_

Morals, Greek, 47 _sq._;
Byzantine, 118;
Frankish, 186-87;
English, 395, 433

More, Sir T., 403 _n._, 405, 408

Morgarten, 335

Morin, F., cited, 3 _n._, 118 _n._, 465

Morley, Lord, cited, 66

Mosheim, 265-66, 434

Motley, 291;
on Celts and Teutons, 187, 238, 300 _n._, 304, 307;
on the Reformation, 238;
on Dutch slavery, 295;
on Spain and Holland, 302

Mountjoy, Lord, 440 _n._

Müller, K.O., cited, 130, 131 _n._

Mummius, 110

Murray, Gilbert, 129

Mysteries, religious, 160

Mythology, Greek and Roman, 124, 159 _sq._

Names of abuse, 372

Nantes, Edict of, 321

Napier, Capt., 181

Naples, 195, 204 _n._, 211, 224, 225, 249

Napoleon, 349; Prince, cited, 3 _n._

Narses, 185 _n._, 188, 194

National character. See _Race_

National Debts, 312, 322, 364, 450

Nationality, notion of, 257 _sq._

Navigation Act, 318, 425, 453, 463, 464

Navy, English, 294 _n._, 314;
Spanish, 314;
Dutch, 314

Nerli, 227 _n._

Nero, 186

Netherlands. See _Holland_

Neuchâtel, 347, 349

Newman, F.W., cited, 9

Niebuhr, cited, 11 _n._, 108

Nöldeke, 149 _n._, 151

Normandy, 376, 381

Normans, 191, 211, 375

North, Dudley, 466

Norway, structure of, 269;
political evolution of, 268-69, 274, 277;
religion in, 268-69;
Reformation in, 277;
population in, 282, 284, 285

Oates, Titus, 438

Odoaker, 185, 194

Odour in races, 6

Oebly, 344

Olaf the Lap King, 267:
Tryggvason, 269;
St., 269

Oligarchy, 255

Oman, cited, 117, 118

Orange. See _William of_

Orosius, cited, 186

Ortolan, cited, 10 _n._, 11

Otté, 264 _n._

Otto I, 188, 189, 198, 201

Overton, R., 424 _n._

Padua, 212

Pæderasty in Greece, 103

Painting, Italian, 220-21, 223, 225, 288-89

Pais, Prof., 15

Palermo, 225

Papacy, and Italian disunion, 210, 234-35, 240 _sq._, 253;
and culture, 212, 227, 237;
and slavery, 215;
and trade, 223;
finance of, 223;
and art, 225, 226;
and celibacy, 235;
and Rienzi, 246;
and Florence, 246;
and Divine Right, 440

Paparrigopoulo, 36

Parliaments, 378, 380 _n._, 381

Parma, 216, 240 _n._

Parthian empire, 113

_Paterini_, 220

Patricians, the Roman, 17

Patriotism, 258, 262, 308, 406, 407;
and art, 411

Patterson, W.R., 36, 76

Paul, 118

Paul the Deacon, 270

Pauw, De, 142

Pavia, 199

Pearson, C.H., 74, 378, 380 _n._

Pecock, Bishop, 390

Pedro II, 366

Peele, 411, 412

Peisistratos, 42, 43-4, 137

Pelham, Prof., cited, 10

Pepys, 466

Pequods, the, 433

Pericles, 46, 48, 49, 105, 106, 124

Perrens, F.T., 181, 182, 226 _n._, 227 _n._, 249, 252 _n._

Persia, 113, 115, 125, 156

Pertinax, 87 _n._

Peru, 56, 361

Perugia, 225

Petit, cited, 101

Petronius, 166

Petty, 314, 316, 427, 467

Phaleas, 104

Pheidon, 104

Philip II, 301 _sq._, 309, 311, 312

---- IV, 304, 359, 413

Philip of Macedon, 50-1

Philippus, Lucius Marcus, 21

Philosophy, Greek, 47, 113, 127, 135

Phocas, 115

Phoenicia, 127, 129, 150-51, 159 _n._

Physiology and sociology, 27 _n._, 71

Picton, J.A., 431 _n._

Pignotti, 182

Pindar, 136

Piracy, Cilician, 110;
Algerine, 223;
Scandinavian, 270, 272, 293, 296

Pisa, 178, 205, 211, 224, 225, 226, 231, 237, 242, 248, 252

Pitt, 323

Plato, 50, 102, 109, 127

_Plebs_, the Roman, 9 _sq._, 15, 17 _sq._, 77, 163;
privileges obtained by, 19 and _n._

Pliny the elder, 86, 91

Pluquet, 270

Plutarch, 128, 133 _n._

_Podestà_, the title, 240 _n._

Poetry, Greek, 126;
English during Commonwealth, 421, 439 _n._

Pöhlmann, R., 183

Poisoned weapons, use of, 129

Politics, definition of, 1, 468;
theories of, 52, 62, 104, 233, 448

Pollock, Sir F., 448

Polyandry, 101

Polybius, cited, 103

Polytheism and politics, 266

Pombal, Marquis of, 281 _n._, 358, 363

Pompeius, 110

Pontalis, 292

Popish Plot, 438

Population in Rome, 19, 24, 26, 91;
in Greece, 38 _sq._, 100 _sq._, 111, 117, 172;
in Scandinavia, 270, 273, 329;
in Roman Empire, 172 _sq._, 194;
in Holland, 294, 327, 328-30;
in Switzerland, 339, 348, 352 _sq._;
in Portugal, 329, 358;
in Brazil, 362;
in feudal England, 371 _sq._, 388-90;
in France, 322-23;
in Ireland, 427;
control of, 52, 53

_Populus_, the Roman, 10 _sq._

Portugal, evolution of, 355-68;
exploration by, 221, 356 _sq._;
population in, 329;
finance of, 363, 364

Positivism, 366 _n._

Pott, cited, 9

Poverty in Rome, 17, 19 _sq._, 76 _sq._
(see _Doles_);
in Greece, 39 _sq._, 98;
and culture, 63;
in Scandinavia, 272-73;
in England, 380, 395, 390, 402-403, 404, 405, 434, 462-63, 467;
in Holland, 325, 330

Powell, Prof. York, quoted, 279

Presbyterianism, 398, 410, 417, 444

Priesthoods, 125, 142, 160, 235, 266

Printing, effects of, 221, 226

Privateering, 319 _n._, 323

Procopius, 144

Procter, Colonel, 181, 197 _n._

Progress, 469 _sq._;
European, factors in, 35;
nature of, 54;
in the East, 73, 180

Proletariate, Roman, 17, 80;
Greek, 39 _sq._;
Flemish, 297;
Dutch, 315;
Italian, 244, 247 _sq._;
English, 380, 387, 434, 467

Protection, evocative, 135, 140, 224 _sq._; 283, 314, 315

Provence, 219, 220

Prudentius, 35 _n._

Publilius, 20

Puchta, 12

Pulszky, 398 _n._

Puritanism, 343-46, 418 _sq._; 430 _sq._

Pym, 416

Pythagoreanism, 190 _n._

Quirinus, 9

_Quirites_, the name, 9

Race, theories of, 1 _sq._, 23 _n._, 29, 31, 60, 64, 66, 123,
128 _sq._, 146 _sq._, 158, 183, 190, 193, 209, 233-34, 237,
257, 271, 275-76, 300 _n._, 304, 307, 339, 369, 378;
crosses of, 50, 148, 164, 184, 271, 377;
homogeneity in, 56, 184, 339;
function of, in politics, 70

Raleigh, 314, 466

Ranke, 182, 184 _n._, 198, 450 _n._

Rashdall, Dr., 212 _n._

Rationalism, Greek, 46;
Saracen, 155;
medieval, 220;
modern, 326, 422, 447

Ratzel, 59

Ravenna, 195, 204, 212

Reade, Winwood, cited, 64

Reber, 123

Redskins, civilisation of, 361

Referendum, 351

Reformation, 221, 237;
in Italy, 237 _sq._, 306;
in Spain, 238, 303, 306;
in France, 238, 306;
in Germany, 192, 238, 239, 305-6, 342;
in Holland, 238, 301 _sq._;
in Scandinavia, 276 _sq._;
in Switzerland, 341 _sq._;
in England, 238, 395, 396-98;
in Scotland, 398;
in Iceland, 280

Religion in politics, 70, 177, 265 _sq._;
at Rome, 17, 19 _n._, 159 _sq._;
as substitute for politics, 26 _sq._, 397;
paralysis of intellect by, 61, 237;
and monarchy, 265 _sq._

Rembrandt, 327

Renaissance, 220, 225, 227, 339-40

Renan, 147

Republics, Italian, 183-256

Republicanism, Portuguese, 367-68;
English, 423, 442

Reumont, A. von, 182

Revolutions, South American, 366

Rhodes, 104, 140, 228

Richard II, 387, 390

---- III, 394

Richards, E., 192 _n._

Richelieu, 140, 438

Rienzi, 233, 245-46

Rilliet, 331, 334, 335

Rio-Branco, 362 _n._

Robertson, E.W., on Roman _heredium_, 12

---- W., 303

Rodogast, 185

Roger II, 218

Rogers, Prof. Th., 292;
and economic interpretation of history, 75 _n._;
on trade in sixteenth century, 221-22;
on Holland, 298;
on population in medieval England, 388-89;
on Lollardism, 396 _n._;
on enclosures, 404;
on medieval production of silver, 460

Rolf, 271 _n._

Rome, political evolution of, 4, 8 _sq._, 16 _sq._, 28 _sq._, 67;
early civilisation of, 14, 15;
economic life of, 11 _n._, 75 _sq._;
land system of, 11 _sq._;
effects of war in, 21 _sq._;
bribery in, 22;
army finance in, 25;
Pagan, religion of, 27, 159 _sq._;
and Carthage, 30;
deterioration of, 31 _sq._, 69;
barbarian invasion of, 57, 95-6;
slavery in, 76;
commerce in, 76-77;
finance in, 77 _sq._, 172-73, 175;
doles in, 82;
agriculture in, 76, 79, 82 _sq._;
fever in, 90 _sq._;
confiscation of Pagan revenues in, 90;
collapse of, 92 _sq._;
Church of, 95, 96, 168-69, 204, 206, 209, 212, 214 _sq._, 221, 234,
235, 399;
and Greece, 110 _sq._, 134 _sq._, 158;
law of, 112, 197, 205;
art and letters in, 125, 158, 165 _sq._;
and Lombards, 195;
influence of, on Italian cities, 204;
in thirteenth century, 208;
under Rienzi, 245-46;
German conquest of, 254

Roscoe, 182, 223, 227 _n._

Round, J.H., 378

Rousseau, 349, 449

Royal Society, 444-46

Royalism, 299, 300, 381, 394, 399, 416, 436

Royer-Collard, 2

Rubens, 327

Russia, culture-conditions of, 135, 139-40;
and the Far East, 178

Rutherford, S., 441

Sabines and Romans, 9, 14, 15, 16

_Sacra_, Roman, 9

Sacrifice, human, 129

St. Gall, 346, 349

Saint-Simon, 2 _n._

Salerno, 212

Salimbene, 240 _n._

Salmasius, 441 _n._

Salting, 294

Salvation Army, 28 _n._

Salverte, cited, 5, 56

Salvian, 35 _n._, 119, 214

Samber, 464 _n._

Sappho, 126, 136

Saracens, and Christendom, 69;
and Byzantine trade, 117;
civilisation of, 146 _sq._;
and Italy, 197, 211, 212 _n._;
and Sicily, 219;
and Provence, 219

Savigny, 191, 203

Savonarola, 252

Saviour Gods, 115, 164

Scandinavia, prospects of, 260-61, 285;
evolution of, 264 _sq._;
histories of, 264 _n._;
religion in, 266 _sq._, 272;
population in, 270, 273, 282 _sq._;
social conditions in, 272-73, 278;
Reformation in, 276 _sq._;
separatism in, 275-76, 278;
culture evolution of, 278 _sq._

Schaffhausen, 338, 344, 347

Schanz, 392 _n._, 458

Scherer, H., cited, 222

Schlegel, 413

Schwegler, cited, 10, 12, 13

Schweitzer, 264 _n._, 273 _n._

Schwytz, 332, 333, 337, 338, 344, 347

Science, evolution of, 127, 145 _sq._, 281, 326, 348, 444 _sq._

Scotland, intellectual evolution in, 61, 398, 414 _n._, 456;
union with England, 455-57

Sculpture, evolution of, 125 _sq._, 135, 142, 161, 162

Seebohm, 370 _n._, 388

Seeley, on decadence, 174-75;
on small nations, 259;
on national greatness, 261;
on Holland, 317;
on England and Spain, 433 _n._

Selim I, 222

Semites, evolution of, 67, 146 _sq._

Senate, the Roman, 18, 87, 163

Seneca, 434

Senior, N., cited, 65

Separatism, 132, 209, 231-32, 275, 276, 298, 335, 422

Servius Tullius, 15, 16

Sexes, equality of, 61, 142, 143, 150

Sextus Empiricus, 100

Sforza, 225, 249

Shaftesbury, First Earl, 437 _sq._

---- Third Earl, cited, 5-6, 281 _n._, 449

Shakespeare, 405-7

Sheep farming, 403, 404

Sherborne, Bishop, 449

Shipping, Dutch, 313, 314, 315, 329;
French, 315;
English, 370, 402, 458, 464;
Irish, 453

Shuckburgh, cited, 29, 31, 77

Sicily, taxation of by Rome, 31;
and Saracens, 219;
literature of, 219;
revenue of, 224;
medieval invasions of, 241 _sq._;
Parliament in, 381

Sidney, Algernon, 439, 442, 443

Siena, 220, 225

Silk manufacture, 116, 120, 218, 255

Silver, Greek production of, 105-6;
medieval production of, 460

Simon de Montfort, 378, 381, 382

Simonides, 136

Sismondi, 182, 350;
on the Merovingians, 187;
on the tenth century, 189, 197;
on the Lombards, 195, 198;
on feudalism, 202;
on Italian Republics, 205 _n._;
on Provence, 220 _n._;
on Papal rule, 223;
on despotism and letters, 230;
on Gaultier, 245;
on Italian proletariate, 247;
on the Medici, 249;
on national egoism, 259 _n._

Sixtus V, 223

Slave-trade, Portuguese, 356;
English, 374, 407

Slavery, and civilisation, 62-63, 176-77;
Roman, 23-24, 76, 81, 94, 110, 112-13;
Greek, 39 and _note_, 43, 101, 110, 133 and _note_;
Christian, 118 _sq._, 213 _sq._;
Brazilian, 362, 363, 365;
Scandinavian, 273, 274;
Dutch, 293, 295;
Portuguese, 356, 358;
Swiss, 332;
English, 370-74, 380, 388, 418;
decline of, 213 _sq._

Slavs, 115, 117, 264

Smith, Adam, 59 _n._, 215, 324, 382, 464, 465, 467

Snobbery, national, 261-62

"Social contract," 349, 448

Socialism, 352

Sociology, course of, 60, 147;
in seventeenth century, 316

Socrates, 46, 102, 127

Soleure, 337, 338, 344, 345, 347

Solon, 40 _sq._, 99, 100

Somaliland, 129

Sousa, Alfonso de, 362

Spain, Roman, 23, 24, 80, 92, 173;
Christian, evolution of, 156, 221, 222-23, 305;
Parliament in, 382;
and Portugal, 360-61;
and Italy, 223-24;
and Holland, 301 _sq._;
Inquisition in, 303;
finance of, 311;
and England, 406-7;
prospects of, 156, 260;
stagnation of, 222-23, 230, 311, 361;
industry in, 461;
Gothic, 191;
Saracen, 150 _sq._

Spalding, 136, 181, 224

Sparta, polity of, 51, 98, 101, 103-4, 130 _sq._;
women in, 130 _n._, 142

Spencer, H., 2 _n._

Spiegel, 146 _sq._

Sprat, 444 _sq._

Spreghel, 326

Sprengel, cited, 150

"State," the word, 309

Staley, E., 182

Stephen, King, 377

Stephens, H.M., 355 _n._, 359, 362 _n._

Stilicho, 96, 185

Stoics, 118-19

Strabo, 103

Strafford, 415 _n._, 437, 453

Strife, modes of, 6-7, 70

Struensee, 281

Stubbs, Bishop, on Teutons, 196;
on feudalism, 200, 201;
on Spain and Germany, 305;
on Normans, 375;
on Parliament, 387 _n._;
on Magna Carta, 392;
on English commerce, 403 _n._;
on enclosures, 404

Suarez, 440-41, 450

Sulla, 21, 25, 82, 86, 110

Sumptuary laws, 415

Superstition, Roman, 27;
Greek, 46;
Byzantine, 145;
and natural phenomena, 304

Sweden, structure of, 265;
political evolution of, 267, 274, 275;
religion in, 267;
polygamy in, 272;
slavery in, 274;
population in, 283-84, 329

Switzerland, 260-61;
structure of, 67;
evolution of, 331 _sq._;
histories of, 331;
population in, 339, 352 _sq._;
culture evolution of, 339, 341 _sq._;
Reformation in, 342 _sq._;
modern, 350 _sq._

Sybaris, 39 _n._

Symes, Prof., cited, 389

Symonds, J.A., 182, cited 96, 197 _n._, 210, 224-25, 238;
discussed, 225-32

Synthesis, 5

Syracuse, literature at, 136

Tacitus, 118 _n._, 184

Taine, 1-3

Tanquelin, 306

Tasso, 230

Taxation, Roman, 31, 77, 110;
Athenian, 42;
Byzantine, 119-20;
Moslem, 152;
Dutch, 321 _n._, 322;
English, 395, 404, 415, 416;
Spanish, 223, 300, 311;
Florentine, 251;
Papal, 223;
Venetian, 228;
Scandinavian, 278

Tell, myth of, 334-35

Temple, Sir W., 291, 315, 319, 321 _n._, 324, 449

Testa, 215 _n._

Teuffel, on Roman degeneration, 32-3

Teutomania, 183, 187, 190, 192, 238, 300, 304, 307, 378

Teutonic evolution, 184 _sq._, 306, 340

Tertullian, 441 _n._

Theodoric, 187-88, 191, 194

Theognis, 40

Theresa of Portugal, 355

Thessaly, 132, 133

Thierry, 385 _n._

Thirlwall, 37; cited, 103, 106 _n._, 136 _n._

Thirty Years' War, 460

Three, the number, 8

Thucydides, 45, 49, 128

Thurgau, 338, 346

Ticino, 338, 346, 349

Tocqueville, De, 1 _n._, 62

Toleration, 438, 450

Torquemada, 303

Totila, 187

Traill, H.D., 454

Trench, Bishop, 451 _n._

Trollope, T.A., 181, 236 _n._

Troubadours, 219, 220

Tübingen, 139

Tucker, Dean, 322-23

Turkey, religion in, 154;
prospects of civilisation in, 157, 176, 260;
empire in, 176

Turner, Sharon, 370

Tyndale, 390

Tyranny, effects of, 51, 173;
and art, 135 _sq._;
Greek, 137;
at Florence, 244;
in England, 392 _sq._;
in Scotland, 398

Twysden, 398

Ulster, 454

_Umiliati_, 218, 289 _n._

United States, civilisation of, 88, 119, 365

Universities, 139, 211, 325, 348, 419 _n._

Unterwalden, 332, 333, 337, 338, 344, 347

Urban II, 215

Uri, 332, 333, 337, 338, 342, 344, 347

Usher, 440

Usury, Roman, 76, 78, 79;
Roman legislation against, 20;
in Greece, 39-40;
medieval, 217;
in England, 435

Utopia, 469

Utrecht, 295

Valais, 337, 338, 346, 349

Valentinian, 90, 93

Valla, L., 227

Vandals, 92, 191

Vandyck, 327, 416

Variation, social, 144

Varro, 161 _n._

Vaud, 338, 346, 349, 352

Vaughan, 418

Velasquez, 135, 327, 359, 413

Venice, evocation of art in, 63, 225, 226, 228;
trade of, 120, 222, 228, 293;
rise of, 195, 254;
and Byzantium, 204, 254;
and Turks, 222;
social conditions in, 227-28;
and Florence, 241;
and France, 253;
polity of, 254-55

Verity, Dr. R., cited, 27 _n._

Verres, 32

Vespasian, 166 _n._

Vicente, 359

Vico, 11, 227

Vieusseux, 331

Viglius, 304

Vijnne, 292

Villainage in England, 371 _sq._

Villani, G., 217, 247 _n._

Villari, Prof., 182, 218, 226, 236 _n._

Villemain, 420 _n._, 433

Vinogradoff, 371, 372

Virgil, 165, 166

Viscontis, 241, 245, 246, 248, 249

Visigoths, the, 119, 191

Volney, 34

Voltaire, 59, 349

Vondel, 326

Wagner, 140

Waitz, 200

Walckenaer, 34, 56, 74, 121

Wales, 258, 384

Waller, 421

Walloons, 307

War, persistence of, 6-7;
and democracy, 21, 24, 45, 72;
private, 202, 286, 290;
in medieval Italy, 216, 237;
and class relations, 379-80;
and civilisation, 383, 386;
alleged benefits of, 383

Ward, Lester, 121

Wealth, adventitious, effects of, 59

Weaving, 205, 294

Webster, 413

Wends, the, 266, 272

Wenzelburger, 292

Whigs and Tories, 421 _n._

Whitney, 59-61

Whittaker, T., 52

Whistler, cited, 122

Wiclif, 390

Wicquefort, 309

William of Orange, 301, 308, 309, 318

---- the Conqueror, 376

---- III, 450

Wissowa, 160 _n._

Wittich, 185

Women, status of, 61, 141-42, 143, 150, 151

Woollen trade, 218, 289 _n._, 294, 380, 403, 453, 459

Writing, antiquity of, 160 _n._

Xenophon, 105, 107

Ypres, 296

Zeno, 135

Zimmern, Miss, 289 _n._

Zola, on war, 6

Zschokke, 266 _n._, 331

Zug, 336, 337, 338, 347

Zurich, 336, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345

Zwingli, 342, 343

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End of Project Gutenberg's The Evolution of States, by J. M. Robertson