Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber’s Notes: Italic text is enclosed in _underscores_; boldface text is enclosed in =equals signs=.

This ebook contains sidenotes. To distinguish them from regular text, they are in diamond symbols: ♦sidenote text♦.

Other notes will be found near the end of this ebook.

HISTORICAL WORKS FOR SCHOOLS.

EPOCHS OF ANCIENT HISTORY.

EDITED BY THE
Rev. Sir G. W. COX, Bart., M.A., and by C. SANKEY, M.A.

=THE GRACCHI, MARIUS, AND SULLA.= By A. H. BEESLY, M.A. With 2 Maps.

=THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE=, from the Assassination of Julius Cæsar to
the Assassination of Domitian. By the Rev. W. WOLFE CAPES, M.A.
With 2 Maps.

=THE ROMAN EMPIRE OF THE SECOND CENTURY=, or the Age of the
Antonines. By the Rev. W. WOLFE CAPES, M.A. With 2 Maps.

=ROME TO ITS CAPTURE BY THE GAULS.= By WILHELM IHNE. With Map.

=THE ROMAN TRIUMVIRATES.= By CHARLES MERIVALE, D.D., late Dean of
Ely. With Map.

=ROME AND CARTHAGE, the PUNIC WARS.= By R. BOSWORTH SMITH, M.A. With
9 Maps and Plans.

=THE GREEKS AND THE PERSIANS.= By the Rev. Sir G. W. COX, Bart., M.A.
With 4 Maps.

=THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE=, from the Flight of Xerxes to the Fall of
Athens. By the Rev. Sir G. W. COX, Bart., M.A. With 5 Maps.

=THE RISE OF THE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE.= By ARTHUR M. CURTEIS, M.A. With
8 Maps.

EPOCHS OF ENGLISH HISTORY.

Edited by MANDELL CREIGHTON, D.D., LL.D.
LATE BISHOP OF LONDON.

=EARLY ENGLAND TO THE NORMAN CONQUEST.= By L. YORK POWELL, M.A.

=ENGLAND A CONTINENTAL POWER=, 1066–1216. By Mrs. MANDELL CREIGHTON.

=THE RISE OF THE PEOPLE AND THE GROWTH OF PARLIAMENT.= 1215–1485. By
JAMES ROWLEY, M.A.

=THE TUDORS AND THE REFORMATION.= 1485–1603. By MANDELL CREIGHTON,
D.D., LL.D.

=THE STRUGGLE AGAINST ABSOLUTE MONARCHY=, 1603–1688. By Mrs. S. R.
GARDINER.

=THE SETTLEMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION=, 1689–1784. By JAMES ROWLEY, M.A.

=ENGLAND DURING THE AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN WARS.= 1765–1820. By the
Rev. O. W. TANCOCK.

=EPOCHS OF ENGLISH HISTORY.= Complete in One Volume, with 27 Tables
and Pedigrees and 23 Maps. Fcp. 8vo.

=THE SHILLING HISTORY OF ENGLAND=: being an Introductory Volume to
the Series of _Epochs of English History_. By MANDELL CREIGHTON,
D.D., LL.D. Fcp. 8vo.

LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., 39 Paternoster Row,
London, New York, Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.

EPOCHS OF MODERN HISTORY.

Edited by EDWARD E. MORRIS, M.A., J. SURTEES
PHILLPOTTS, B.C.L., and C. COLBECK, M.A.
Fcp. 8vo.

=The BEGINNING of the MIDDLE AGES.= By the Very Rev. RICHARD WILLIAM
CHURCH, M.A. &c., late Dean of St. Paul’s. With 3 Maps.

=The NORMANS in EUROPE.= By the Rev. A. H. JOHNSON, M.A. With 3 Maps.

=The CRUSADES.= By the Rev. Sir G. W. COX, Bart., M.A. With a Map.

=The EARLY PLANTAGENETS.= By W. STUBBS, D.D., late Bishop of Oxford.
With 2 Maps.

=EDWARD the THIRD.= By the Rev. W. WARBURTON, M.A. With 3 Maps and 3
Genealogical Tables.

=The ERA of the PROTESTANT REVOLUTION.= By F. SEEBOHM, LL.D. With 4
Maps and 12 Diagrams.

=The AGE of ELIZABETH.= By MANDELL CREIGHTON, D.D., LL.D., late
Bishop of London. With 5 Maps and 4 Genealogical Tables.

=The FIRST TWO STUARTS and the PURITAN REVOLUTION=, 1603–1660. By
SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER. With 4 Maps.

=The THIRTY YEARS’ WAR=, 1618–1648. By SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER. With a
Map.

=The ENGLISH RESTORATION and LOUIS XIV.= 1648–1678. By OSMUND AIRY,
LL.D.

=The FALL of the STUARTS; and WESTERN EUROPE= from 1678 to 1697. By
the Rev. EDWARD HALE, M.A. With 11 Maps and Plans.

=The AGE of ANNE.= By E. E. MORRIS, M.A. With 7 Maps and Plans.

=FREDERICK the GREAT and the SEVEN YEARS’ WAR.= By F. W. LONGMAN.
With 2 Maps.

=The WAR of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE=, 1775–1783. By J. M. LUDLOW. With
4 Maps.

=The FRENCH REVOLUTION.= 1789–1795. By Mrs. S. R. GARDINER. With 7
Maps.

=The EPOCH of REFORM=, 1830–1850. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY.

LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., 39 Paternoster Row,
London, New York, Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.

_EPOCHS of MODERN HISTORY_

EDITED BY

C. COLBECK, M.A.; EDWARD F. MORRIS, M.A.;
AND J. SURTEES PHILLPOTTS, M.A., B.C.L.

_THE FRENCH REVOLUTION_

B. M. GARDINER

_Longmans, Green & Co., London, New York, Bombay, Calcutta & Madras._]

_Epochs of Modern History_

THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION
1789–1795

BY
BERTHA MERITON GARDINER

_SIXTEENTH IMPRESSION_

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK
BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS
1921

All rights reserved