Chapter II: France Under Louis Xvi., 1774–1789

The Ministry of Turgot 18
Opposition raised to his reforms 19
Character of Louis XVI. 19
Character of Marie Antoinette 20
1776. Dismissal of Turgot 21
Movement of Reform extends over Europe 21
Condition of England 23
Pitt in Office 24
Reaction after Turgot’s dismissal 25
Ministry of Necker 25
Necker opposed by the Parliaments 25
1781. He resigns office 26
Desire for political liberty 26
1776. American Declaration of Independence 26
1783. Ministry of Calonne 27
1787. The Assembly of Notables 27
Ministry of Brienne 27
General disaffection 28
1788. Second Ministry of Necker, and calling of the States General 29
Pamphlets and Cahiers 29
Siéyès’ Pamphlet--What is the Third Estate? 30
Double Representation of the Third Estate 31