Chapter XXIV: Appendix: I. Comparative Table of Some Quechua, Nahuatl and Maya Words

QUECHUA. NAHUATL. MAYA. hatun=great. huey=great. pax=name of pacha=time, pachtli=name of festival in name of annual annual harvest which prayers harvest festival. were offered to festival. obtain abundant harvest. yacu and atl=water. haa=water. unu=water. aak=moist. aakal=lagoon. yachhaa=canal, stream of water. pihi-huy=first pil-conetl=infant born. son. pilli=nobleman, or son. pilhua=he who has sons. pilli=the fingers. all=good. qualli=good. ycacha= mala-cachoa, frequentative. verb, to spin or ahua=to spin or twist or turn weave. something around ahua-ycacha=to continuously. spin malacatl=spindle. continuously. icpac=to be on ticpac=to lie the top of mouth upwards. something high. ticnu=the ticatla=midnight. zenith. cosca=things cozcatl=beads, that are alike, strung precious necklace. stones, metaphorically used to designate one’s children. maqui or maitl=hand. kab=hand. maki=hand. macpalli=palm of tankab=palm of makip-pampa=palm hand. pan=affix, hand. of hand. meaning upon, pampa=name for above. plain. humihua=small comitl=earthen cum=earthen vessel. vessel. vessel. hooch=vessel in general. hunu and huni=a hun=one. number, a hunkinchil=one. division of men, count=10×100,000. ten thousand (Markham). hunu=all. palla=woman of tlapalli-eztli=nobility noble birth. of blood or lineage (metaphor). pallca=the tlapalli=color or dye. pal, pa’al, fingers, or tlapaloloni=worthy of palal, branches of a being reverenced and palil=child, boy, tree saluted. servant. (Chinchaysuyo tlapaliui=able-bodied, dialect.) marriageable young man. atlapalli=wing of a bird, leaf of tree. cuitlapilli, atlapalli=metaphor signifying the people and servants of the state, literally the tail and wing of a bird.

It is quite obvious how this metaphor came to be employed. The words for tail and wing respectively terminate with pilli the word designating nobleman, the upper class, and palli, signifying the lower class, women, boys, servants. The head of the bird signified the chief and the two eyes and two halves of the beak conveyed the idea of duality, or two in one. There are indications that the right foot, with its four claws, symbolized the four chief rulers of the Above and the left foot the four rulers of the Below.

The control of the feet and entire body was, of course, assigned to the head. It is only when the full metaphorical significance of the eagle, as an emblem of the state, is understood, that the meaning of the eagle in the arms of Mexico and the native bird symbolism begin to become apparent. I have shown that in Peru and Yucatan the word for head was synonymous for chief. It remains to be ascertained how far the same symbolism prevailed throughout the American Continent and whether in other cases the words for bird, wings, tail and claws are homonymous or synonymous for the state and its divisions. Amongst the Zuñis the State and entire scheme of organization is associated with the imaginary form of a quadruped and in Mexico there are indications that at one time the human form was regarded as an emblem of the State and its subdivisions. This subject is referred to more fully in the text.

QUECHUA. NAHUATL. MAYA. Uira-cocha=name In the native of mythical harangues the personage and Supreme Being title of is referred to Creator. as being like an unfathomable abyss. ixachicatlan=abyss. ixachi=great, much. cochca=coch-allpa=fallow cochi=to sleep. cuchil=place or land, “tierra tlacochcalli= town. de descanso”: literally house of ah-cuch-cab=the literally, land rest, burial chief or ruler that is towers. of a town or resting. place. collana= excellent, principal, sovereign, first and best of each species. collanan ayllu=royal coyauac=something line, name used by the broad, like a Incas. coya=princess of spring of water or royal blood, virgin, a window(161) queen. hapichi=title, meaning tlapixqui=title of piz=measure, the collector of some priests, quantity. produce, he who collects literally, he who pizil=to or gathers in. gathers in the measure. harvest. _Cf._ pixquitl=harvest, etc. tiani=to sit down. tiacauan=brave men, tialtic= tiyana=seat of honor strong warriors. appurtenance, such as were employed as tiyacapan=first-born. right of mark of chieftainship. tiyacapanyotl=the possession. huahua-tiana=matrix. right of tiya-chicu=to be selling primogeniture and something in the public property. square. tiyachi=to offer tianquiztli=market, or place something in also place or the public square to be square where market sold or exchanged. was held. micuy=food. tiamiquiztli=act of buying or selling. tiamictli=merchandise.(162) in-ti or in-tin=the sun. tona-ti-uh=the sun, kin=the sun. literally, that which shines. mitimaes=name for ce-mitime=sons of one colonists. mother. tayta=father. tatli=father. mama=mother. ta-tzin=father, reverential huarmi=woman. form. nantli=mother. Mama-ciuaco=name of a nantzin=reverential form. female ruler of royal cihuatl=woman. mama=verb, blood, mother of Inca to rule. Rocca. uma=literally, the head, ome, literally two, title hool, ppool or title of priest. Ingua of head priest, for pul, head, or Inca=title of instance: ome acatl, ome chieftain, Peruvian ruler. tochtli. quaitl=head. beginning. in-quaitl=the head. qua=abbreviation for quaitl (see Sahagun, book IX, chap. XXIX, par. 6). Tonapa=name of culture tonal pouhque=diviner or hero who established soothsayer, from verb Inca civilization at tonalpoa=to divine by signs Tiahuanaco, erected or count festivals by large cross, etc., made ancient calendar (Molina his way to the ocean and dictionary). _Cf._ departed. tonal-mitl=ray of sun; literally, sun’s arrow, from tona-tiuh=sun. _Cf._ tona-catzon=the ancient men, or the ruins. ticsi=foundation. icxitl=foot. ticsik=founder. icxinecuiltic=a lame tecci-muyu-pacha=the person. _Cf._ name of Ursa entire world or Major. qua= tecciztle= universe. literally: “heads decorated with shell.”=disciples of Quetzalcoatl “who called themselves sons of the sun and toltecas.” _Cf._ Ticitl=medicine man or woman, astrologer or divines, who employed the pearl-oyster shell tici-caxitl, for divinatory purposes. yoal-ticitl=title of earth-mother, or ancestress of human race, whose symbol was a sea-snail=tecciztli. Pacha-Yachachic=title of pachoa=verb, to rule or am=spider. Supreme Being or Creator govern others. yacana=to aman=North. translated as guide others, to govern a ah-men=he who pacha=world, time. town, to lead the blind. builds. paccha=spider. paccamachtia=to teach ah-pakcah=he yachachic=the teacher cheerfully and with who founds a from yacha=to learn with patience. amanteca=skilled town and affix chi, means to artisans. peoples it. teach, like ru-rachi=to cause others to make something). Pachacamac=title of Creator. pa-chac-an or yaca-tecuhtli, title of the bacab=title of pa-cha-ca=title of god of the travellers or the rulers of officer of the Inca. merchants, literally the four ccapac=title of supreme meaning the lord who provinces or ruler; ccapac apu, male guides, governs or leads. quarters. ruler; ccapac The names of his five chac=title of ccoya=female ruler. brothers were four assistants Chiconquiauitl, Xomocuitl, of high priest. Nacxitl, Cochimetl, Yacapitzauac. The sister who completed the group of seven, was named Chalmeca-ciuatl (Sahagun, op. cit. Book I, chap. XIX). This god and his six brethren, to whom the merchants offered sacrifices when they had safely returned from their perilous and long expeditions, doubtlessly were Polaris and the Ursa Minor or Major.