Chapter X: Old World (2)

Japan, junks, 309;
organization founded on plan derived from Corea;
“great Centre of the Earth;”
tradition about North Pole;
compared with China, 310;
Buddhism, 311;
four divisions of population, with Emperor at head;
governed by two rulers, celestial and terrestrial, 311;
swastika;
Shinto religion, 311;
quadruple organization, 311, 312;
summary, 483.

Jastrow, Morris, 327-344, 348, 350, 354, 357, 361-367.

Jensen, 327.

Jerusalem, temples to Baal and altar to Astarte, 350-352;
destruction of, 530.

Jesup expedition to the North Pacific, 534.

Jones, Sir William, 300.

Joyce, 570.

Justinian, 530.

Kaan, Maya word for cord, associated with caan, Heaven, 112.

Kaka or Akaka-kwe, mythic dance drama people, among the Zuñi, 204.

Kan=numeral four, 110;
Maya word for serpent, 112;
Nahuatl word for serpent, 189;
Chinese word for mountain, also for province or ruler, 287.

Kan-asta (Iroquois) frame poles of the council house, 197.

Kanasta-tsi-koma (Iroquois) “the great framework;”
name of Iroquois league, 197.

Katun, period of twenty years marked by sculptured stone, 218, 219, 220,
221.

Kingsborough, 11, 57, 62, 78, 240, 246.

Kin (Maya)=sun, 217.

Kin-ich-ahua, one title of Maya supreme divinity, 36.

Kircher, 485.

Knight, 470.

Kukulcan, Maya title for Mexican god Quetzalcoatl, 68;
meaning of name=divine serpent, 68, 69;
represented by feathered serpent in Yucatan and Mexico, 69;
tradition concerning, 69;
ruler of Chichen Itza, 69;
assumed offices of four rulers, 69;
established connection between Chichen Itza and Mexico, 93;
compared with culture hero of Bogota, 171;
Maya chief or lord, journeyed to Mexico and was there called,
Quetzalcoatl, 206;
actual person, Maya high priest, Mexican culture hero, 207;
brought colony from Yucatan to Mexico, 208;
name signified “divine four,” 208;
title expressed by serpent on Copan stelæ, 220, 223;
represented by monolith “Divine Twin,” 262.

Kulkun, mountain in China, called king of mountains, summit of the earth,
etc., 287.

Kushites, myth regarding origin of life, etc., 495.

Kwakiutl Indians, social organization and secret societies, 147;
compared with Maya, Mexican and Peruvian, 148.

Lacedæmon, ancient philosophy of, 487.

Lacouperie, T. de, 300, 302.

Land, conventional symbol of, 123.

Landa, Fra Diego de, 35, 69, 86, 191, 192, 206-220, 242, 281.

Language, differed in male and female communities, 193;
influence on ancient American symbolism, 284
(see Linguistics).

Laoutsze, founder of Taouism, 298, 534.

Laplace, 319.

Las Casas, 67.

Layard, 360.

Lea, Chinese word for Below, 118.

Left-hand;
left-handed was attribute of Mexican god, 12;
consecration of, in Mexico and Peru, 163, 164;
honorific title, 165;
on Copan altar, 228.

Legge, 286, 289, 290, 292, 296, 298, 299.

Lenormant, 566.

Leon, Cieza de, 136, 150.

Le Plongeon A., 93, 95, 184, 214.

Lepsius, 379, 460.

Levier, Emile, 477, 478.

Life of the Indians (same as Hispano-Mexican MS., Biblioteca Nazionale
MS., or B. N. MS.).

Linguistics, traces of words associated with archaic set of ideas in Old
and New World, 531;
comparative tables of words, Appendix I, 549; and Appendix III, 563.

Lion, sacred symbol in Egypt, 408.

Lizard, skin of, in connection with human sacrifice, and with goddess of
earth and underworld, 91, 96, 98.

Lizana, 210.

Lloque Yupanqui, third Inca, 133.

Lockyer, Norman, 13, 14, 20, 162, 252, 376, 377, 381, 382, 384, 385, 386,
400.

Lorenzana, 68.

Lorillard City (see Menché), 210;
sculpture and art of, 234.

Lotus, as symbol in Egypt and India, 314, 320, 379, 413.

Loubat, Duc de, 230, 504.

Luna, Don Jose, 50.

Lunar year, 254.

Lunar periods, 256.

Lunar calendar in Mexico, 297;
in China, 297, 298.

Luschan, Felix von, 332, 356, 357.

Lysicrates, choragic monument of, 127.

Lycurgus, 457, 487.

Maghadas of India, 497.

Maghas of India compared with Mayas, 509;
a Finnic race, 519.

Maghi of Persia, 497.

Magnus, P., 477, 478.

Mahaffy, J. P., 417.

Maize, ceremonial, 78;
symbol of goddess of Earth, 91, 98;
used in ceremonial offerings by Californian Indians, 105;
on earth symbol in codices, 109, 117, 123;
on sculptures at Palenque and Copan, 237, 239, 243;
in Mexican New Year festivals, 241;
cultivation of, in very early times, 272, 275;
legacy of Corn Maidens and Daughters of Earth, 276;
as year symbol, 291.

Maler, Teobert, 184, 212, 213, 214.

Maltaya bas-relief, 359, 360.

Manco, Capac, 133;
founder of Cuzco, 156, 161, 186.

Manché, a tribe of Menché and Palenque, 235.

Mandaite pole-star worship, 321, 322, 556.

March, H. Colley, 23, 24.

Marcianus, 530.

Market stone of the City of Mexico, 245
(see Mexican Calendar Stone).

Marinus, 452.

Maritime intercourse between Old and New World, interrupted for many
centuries by interregnum of Polaris, 531;
equatorial currents favoring migrations to New World, 524, 525;
evidence of Græco-Egyptian contact with Mexico, 538
(see Pre-Columbian contact).

Markham, Clements B., 132, 136, 142, 152, 160, 168, 510.

Marriage, in Mexico, sacred rites in connection with, 102;
laws governing, 176;
among the Hindu, 316;
on New Year’s day in Babylonia and Assyria, 331, 346;
in ancient Egypt, 441;
festivals, in India and in Mexico connected with worship of Pleiades,
498
(see Heaven and Earth, union of).

Marroquin, 80.

Maspero, 437, 518.

Master builders, ah-men, Maya name for;
aman-teca, Mexican name for, 234;
kinship between those of Central America and Mexico, and the trained
builders of cosmical structures in the Old World, 517, 529,
532, 533.

Maudslay, Alfred P., 120, 121, 170, 172, 215, 216, 218, 219, 221, 222,
223, 227, 229, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 239, 504.

Mayapan, capital of confederacy of Mayas, 69;
ancient capital of Yucatan, 86;
Ho, another name for, 206;
Ichpa, another name for, 206;
ancient chronicles, 209, 211;
Cocomes, people of, 211-216.

Mayer’s Manual, 285.

Mazahuas or deer people, of Guatemala, 165.

McGee, W. J., 101.

Mecca, “the mother of cities;”
the grave of Mother Eve, 323.

Medhurst, W. H., 285, 289.

Melchites, 530.

Memorial stones, in Copan, 219.

Men, name of dog in Maya calendar;
means master-builder, artisan, etc., 234.

Menché, ancient ruins of, 215;
“Lorillard City,” 234;
ancient civilization of, 244.

Mendieta, 44, 67, 76.

Merida, modern capital of Yucatan, 68;
ancient name, “Ho,” 85;
figured in ancient map, 86.

Mesopotamia, pole-star worship, 321, 557;
quadruple organization, stable Centre, 322;
seat of various empires, 334.

Mexican Calendar Stone
(see Calendar Stone of Mexico).

Mexican Calendar system
(see Calendar Systems).

Mexican MSS. unpublished, 90.

Mexican Sacrificial Stone
(see Sacrificial stone).

Mexico, number of deities;
same god under several names, 7;
idols, 8;
worship of supreme Creator, 8;
calendar-swastika, 9;
calendar-stone, 12, 13, 95, 245-258, 280;
system of government, origin of, 15;
game, symbolizing axial rotation, 24, 25;
calendar system, 25, 35, 53, 100, 145, 176, 179, 182, 221, 245, 282,
297, 528, 529, 530;
Great Temple of, 58, 83, 90, 96, 107, 225, 507;
City of, divided into four quarters, 83;
built on dual island in dual lake, 84;
ancient map of, 88;
ancient capital of, divided into two halves, 89;
recumbent stone figures bearing circular vessel, 93;
tribal and household “idols,” origin of, 139;
native arms of, 157;
caste division associated with left hand, 165;
origin of human sacrifice, 173;
numerical divisions, social organization, symbolism, etc., identical
with Peru, Copan, Guatemala, Yucatan, Zuñi, etc., 226;
map of, to be published, 230, 231;
compared with other ancient cultures of America, 235-244;
sun cult and moon cult existing at same time, 264;
dual government at time of Conquest, 266;
cradle of American civilizations, 276;
names of symbols translated from Maya, 278;
swastika symbol found associated with calendar signs, 280;
spider’s web as symbol of numerical divisions, 293;
summary, in table of countries, 494;
the sacred and tribal tree, 499;
lighting the sacred fire, 504;
symbols and plan of government compared to those of Old World, 506-524;
numerical divisions on which the cosmical scheme was based, 528;
date when calendar was instituted, 530;
ruder forms of culture, 531;
civilization at time of Conquest indicative of contact with Old World,
538;
period of warfare, pestilence, etc., 539;
resemblance between name of capital (Temistitan), and of Greek
philosopher, Themistius, 543;
summary and conclusions, 546.

Meyer’s Lexikon, 288.

Micmac Indians, myths about Ursa Major, 510.

Mictlampa, Nahuatl name for the North, 8.

Mictlan, land of the dead, 40, 245.

Mictlantecuhtli, identical with Tezcatlipoca, 8;
lord of the North, 9, 11;
symbols of, 37, 42, 44, 47, 57, 185, 186, 249, 260, 295.

Midas, king of Phrygia, 459.

Migration, from the north, to South America, 224;
caused by desire to find stable centre of the earth, 275;
in Mexico and Central America in twelfth century, 539
(see Migration myths).

Migration myths and traditions: in connection with cult of Polaris, 43;
Peruvian, Mayan, Mexican, 149, 150, 151;
motive of, explained by Zuñi, 201, 202;
Kukulcan driven out of Chichen Itza and journeyed to Mexico, 206;
three brothers came from the West and settled in Chichen Itza, 207;
into Yucatan from the South, 210, 211;
the Mayas came from Tollan in Zu-iva, 217;
the Mexican culture hero came from the East, “the ancient red land,”
525, 528-530
(see Myths and Traditions).

Mikado, 311.

Mill-stone, as symbol, 494-509.

Milne, J. G., 425.

Minotaurus, ruler of island of Crete, 457.

Mirror, of obsidian, 10;
used as oracle among the Cakchiquel Indian of Guatemala, 80;
in sacred edifices;
in great temple of Mexico;
eyes of image of Tezcatlipoca, 80;
symbol of Tezcatlipoca;
oracle of judgment in Mexico and Guatemala;
aid to astronomical observations, 82;
of obsidian, symbol of star-cult;
of polished pyrites, symbol of sun-cult, 83;
in connection with symbolical tree and serpent, 110;
bowl of water, preceded use of, 225;
in Shinto symbolism, 311;
in Egypt, 409.

Mississippi valley, cult of Polaris, 44;
earth-work builders, 50;
early peoples of, in contact with Mayas, 112;
names of cities and tribes showing Maya influence, art resembling that
of Mayas, 199.

Missouri, cult of Polaris indicated by emblems on shell-gorget, 44.

Mit (Egyptian)=death, or the dead, 381.

Mithra, Aryan god of the wheel, 313.

Mitimaes, Peruvian colonists, 149.

Mitla, 244;
recent excavations at, 513.

Moabites, 351.

Mohammedans, 305.

Mol, glyph on Copan altar, 227.

Molina’s dictionary, 8, 93, 132, 138, 139, 141, 145, 146, 147, 152, 154,
158, 165, 168, 186, 189, 192, 553.

Monarquia Indiana, 95.

Mongolia, Buddhists of, 315.

Monkey=Ozomatli, Mexican day-sign, 112.

Monophysite doctrine of Eutyches, 530.

Montagua river, 215, 230.

Montesinos, 146, 150.

Montezuma, 34, 43, 54, 60, 61, 67-75, 83, 106, 125, 150, 183, 208, 231,
245, 265, 266, 540, 547.

Moon, associated with cult of night, Earth Mother, the Below, 104;
in Peruvian cult of the Below, 134, 135, 148;
in Bogota, 171;
astronomical attainments of priests of, 180;
in Mexican calendar stone, 250;
image in silver on pyramid at Teotihuacan, 264, 267;
in China, 286, 287, 292;
lunar calendar, 297;
in religion of Persia, 325;
in Babylonia and Assyria, 332, 344, 347;
in Egypt, 389, 424, 438.

Moqui Indians, tau symbol used by, 119.

Morien, 471.

Morse, Edward T., 473, 478.

Mortillet, Gabriel de, 19.

Mortuary customs in Mexico, placing jade with dead of upper class, and
texaxoctli with dead of lower class, 195;
carried northward from the south, 196;
body of Mexican ruler covered with raiment of four principal gods, 209.

Moslems, 324.

Motowori, 575.

Motul, dictionary of, 112.

Mound, symbol of Earth, 110;
in symbolic carving from Brazil or Guiana, 224.

Mound-builders (see “Earth-work Builders”).

Mountain, sacred (see “Pyramid or Mountain”).

Mueller, Iwan, 454.

Müller, Max, 459, 484, 564.

Muluc, Maya division of 4 years assigned to the north, 218.

Mummy, in Egyptian symbolism, 380, 394, 403, 404, 410.

Museums: American, of New York, 234;
Berlin, 380, 417, 423, 424, 426, 427, 457, 460, 507;
Bonn, 464; British, 151, 166, 234, 353, 355-357, 366, 457, 459;
Dresden, 129, 155;
Ghizer, 427;
National, Mexico, 9, 13, 86, 93, 98, 256, 260;
National, Washington, 19, 51;
New Haven, 507;
Peabody, 34, 48, 61, 153, _note_, 195, 218, _note_, 512;
South Kensington, 216, 227, 234, 239, 313;
Stockholm, 48; Trocadero, 104, 174, _note_.

Mushroom-shaped stone figures, from San Salvador and Guatemala, 114;
represent native idea of Above and Below with central ruler of both,
114;
indicate belief in one supreme ruler, 115.

Mussulman, 324.

Muyscas of Bogota, 171.

Myths and traditions: _Creation_ myths
(see separate heading), 54, 55, 56, 105, 138, 200, 223, 313-318, 334,
340, 353, 495;
_flood and destruction_ myths
(see separate heading), 88, 240, 253, 270-275;
_migration_ myths
(see separate heading), 43, 149, 150, 201, 202, 206, 207, 210,
211-217, 525-530;
_star cult_ myths,—Mexican, 11, 12, 25, 26;
American Indian, 511, _note_;
Turanian, 517, 518;
_Mexican_, life after death and relative position of man and woman, 38,
39;
Tezcatlipoca cast down from Heaven and arose as an ocelot, 44, 45;
Quilaztli, “woman serpent,” 60-62;
_Maya_, culture hero, Kukulcan, 69;
suggesting worship of Polaris, 159;
relating to 7-day period among the Cakchiquel Indians of Guatemala,
182;
_Peruvian_, concerning the Inca Yupanqui who introduced the worship of
the Creator, 152, 153;
relating to ancestors of Manco Capac and the “royal eagle,” 156;
concerning contest between serpent and eagle, compared with similar
Mexican tradition, 159;
_Japanese_, concerning birthplace of Japanese race, 310;
_Arabian_, Moslem tradition about Heavenly and earthly Kaaba, 324;
astronomical, 465;
_Assyrian_, relating to planet Venus and god Ishtar, 344;
_Greek_, about fire-drill, 496, and Ixion, 500;
_Rig Veda_, origin of fire, 521.

Nahr-el-Kelb, bas-reliefs at, 357;
Esarhaddon stela, 359.

Nahuas of Mexico compared with Nahushas of India, 509, 519.

Nahui-ollin, Mexican symbol, “four movements,” 170;
represents four movements of constellations, 250;
summary of the four-fold divisions of which it was a symbol, 251;
commemorated the four epochs of the world’s history, 253;
common to the various ancient peoples of America, 256, _note_
(see also Ollin).

Nakhunte, king of Susiana, 299.

Naming of children in Mexico and Yucatan, 242.

Navel, name of cosmical centre where human victims were annually
sacrificed by Mexican priests=“Navel of the Earth,” 64;
Cuzco called “Navel of the Earth,” 133;
symbol in ancient American art, 296;
in Arabia, 323;
in India, “Navel of the heaven,” 520;
“Navel of the world,” 521.

Navigation, primitive crafts and charts, Ceylon and Karashee, 159, 160;
Peruvian fishing boats of seal skin;
Quetzalcoatl’s twin raft of serpent or seal skin;
illustrations in native codices and sculptures, 160
(see also Boat and Maritime intercourse).

Nebuchadnezzar, 365.

Necklace of hearts and hands, on Mexican idol, indicative of supplication,
128.

Neo-platonism, 527.

Nepantla, the zenith, 38.

Nest, in Egyptian symbolism, 398.

Nestorian Tablet, 304.

New Year’s Day, in ancient Mexico and Central America, 240-244;
in China, 292;
in Mesopotamia, 321, 557;
in Babylonia and Assyria, 331, 346;
in ancient Egypt, 419, 425-437;
in Scandinavia, 473.

Nezahual coyotl, ruler of Texcoco who erected temple to “Unknown God,” 33,
163;
title, Ome Tochtli=2 rabbit, 180.

Nicaragua, star-symbol on pottery from, 50;
ancient occupation by Nahuatl-speaking race, 158;
jade celts from, 195.

Niebuhr, 514.

Night, priest of, lord of, 82;
sons of, 83;
Egyptian symbol of, a star suspended by thread, 387.

Nimroud bas-reliefs, 366.

Nirvana, in Hindu religion, 315.

Nordenskjöld, Baron Gustav, 119, 230, _note_.

Norsemen, Eddas, symbolism, celestial tree, 502, 503.

North, symbols of, 10;
sign of, 35;
underworld, 39;
in Cosmos, associated with Tecpatl=flint, red, fire, warmth, 42;
symbol of, 56, 57;
color of, red, 57;
lord of, 57;
female region, 64;
symbol of, in Mexican calendar-stone, 250;
region of the dead, 267;
Maya name and symbol of, 278;
Buddha associated with, 316;
veneration of, in India, 317;
in Egyptian pyramid symbolism, 381;
Babylonian word=akkad, 400.

Nose, grotesque, on sculptures at Copan, Quirigua and Palenque, 240.

Nose ornament, religious idea associated with, 103.

Nott and Gliddon, races of men recognized by ancient Egyptians, 373.

Numbers, sacred, 29, 30
(see Numerical divisions).

Numerical divisions, in sociological and calendrical systems:
in Mexico and Central America, 29, 62;
in Peru, 144, 147, 167;
in Guatemala, 164, 171, 179;
represented by human figure, 174, 175;
in Mexican government, 179, 181;
carried northward from the south, 196;
in Huron Confederacy, 198;
among the Zuñi, 201;
in Yucatan, 209, 218, 223;
at Chichen Itza, 212, 213;
in Copan, 221, 226, 228, 229;
in symbolic carving from South America, 224;
in Quirigua, 232, 233;
in Mexican Calendar stone, 248, 256;
on monolith “Divine Twin,” 261;
in China, 286, 292, 302;
Mexican compared with Chinese, 297;
in Japan, 310;
in India, 313, 320;
in Persia, 325;
in Assyria, 328, 348, 358, 360;
in Egypt, 368-376;
in cyclical systems of Egyptians, Hindus, Chinese, Mexicans, Mayas and
Greeks, 450;
in ancient Rome, 464;
and Greece, 484;
in ancient Ireland, 468-470;
Britain, 470;
Wales, 471;
Scandinavia, 471, 472;
table of countries in which used, 480-494;
Plato’s “divine polities” compared with scheme of organization in Mexico
and Peru, 509;
summary, as shown in Yucatan and Mexico, 528;
chief ruler called “Four in One,” 529;
apparent survival in early Christian religion, 536-538;
in Plato’s and Inca’s scheme of state, 539;
in Constantine’s plan, and in Maya and Mexican calendars, 542, 543;
analogies and divergences, American divisions agree with Greek but
differ from Chinese, 546.

Nutt, David, 451.

Nuttall, Zelia, work on the Atlatl, 34;
on the Mexican Calendar system, 7, 53, 244-247.

Obsidian mirror
(see “Mirror”).

Ocelot, Tezcatlipoca took shape of, 8;
in Mexican mythical drama, 12;
of nocturnal sky, 35;
in Mexican codices, 44;
at Tiahuanaco, 166;
title of one division of Mexican warriors, 167;
man with beast (ocelot or jaguar,) symbol of dual State in Yucatan, 185;
title of minor rulers in Yucatan, 185;
man-ocelot and man-bird, represented rulers of two divisions of state in
Mexico, 185;
or tiger, warrior-caste of Mexico, 212;
skin of, worn by high-priest in Copan and Quirigua, 231, 233;
totem of the Fire people in Mexico, 254;
symbolized cult of Earth, as opposed to bird, symbol of cult of Heaven,
282;
symbol of State in ancient America, 295, 296
(see also Jaguar, Puma and Quadruped).

Ocna, a Maya festival, 242.

Octli, name of native wine, 78;
pulque, 101;
earth-wine, indicated by figure of rabbit, 103.

Octli-gods, agents of the Cihuacoatl, 78;
rain gods, 96;
rain-priests, 101;
priests of the earth, emblem of=vase filled with rain or earth-wine,
107;
monkey intimately connected with, 112.

Odin, Scandinavian king and deity, 471;
Norse “ruler of Heaven,” 473.

Ohio valley, ancient earth-work builders in contact with ancient Mexicans,
50;
art resembles Maya, 199;
swastika symbol associated with serpent symbol, 280.

Ojibway Indians, 511, _note_.

Oldenburg, 484.

Old World, fire-drill, fire altar, sacred fire, oil press, millstone,
axial rotation, etc., 494-504;
civilizations compared with New World, 504-609, 525;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Oliva, Padre Anello, 132, 150, 154, 156, 157, 164.

Oliver, G., 484, 485.

Ollin, in Calendar-stone, 12, 13, 14, 15, 54
(see also Nahuiollin).

Olmos, Friar Andreas de, 54, 189, 190, 195.

Olympic Games, marked cycle or period, 485.

Omacatl, associated with water, 81.

Omaha Indians, measured time by Ursa Major, 511, _note_.

Ome Tochtli Ixtlilxochitl, 163.

Ondegardo, Polo de, 132, 141, 148.

O’Neil, 448, 449, 451, 468, 469, 471, 472, 547, 568, 570, 572, 574.

Oriental Congress, 544.

Orientation, 42;
of Copan and Quirigua the same, 230;
of temples at Palenque, 235;
diagonal, in Egypt and Central America, 372, _note_;
Egyptian pyramids faced the north, and the pole-star, 382;
temples in Lower Egypt faced to the North; in Upper Egypt to the South,
383.

Origin of American civilizations, 543;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Orizaba, giant volcano, 275;
ancient name, Citlal-tepetl=Star Mountain, 275, _note_.

Ozomatli, monkey;
Mexican day-sign, 112.

Pacha-Yachachi, Inca name for Creator, 135.

Painting, in connection with symbolism, 114;
of body and face in Peru, Mexico and Yucatan, 192, 193
(see Color).

Palenque, Palace House with tau-shaped recesses, 121, _note_;
character of stelæ, 215;
study of monuments, 234-239;
same cult as Quirigua and Copan, 240;
tablets, tribal registers, 243;
tablet, in “Temple of the Sun,” likened to Mexican Sacrificial stone,
259.

Palestine, cult of Astarte and Baal, and monotheism of the Israelites,
345.

Pan, feast of, 442.

Pantheon, 515.

Panuco, Maya colony established at, 125, 207, 208, _note_.

Papa, name of Mexican Priest, 39.

Papakhu, name of inner sanctuary of Babylonian and Assyrian temple, 330,
331.

Papalotl, butterfly, 39.

Parry, Francis, 104.

Parsee religion, worship of fire as outcome of pole-star worship, 326.

Parturition, symbolized by shell, 95;
by snail, 111.

Path of the Dead, ancient road leading to Pyramid of the Moon, 267.

Patolli, native Mexican game, 87;
symbolized social organization, 176, 177.

Paz Solden, 150.

Peabody Museum, 34, 48, 61, 153, _note_, 195.

Peabody Museum Honduras Expedition, 218, _note_, 512.

Pedregal de San Augustin, ancient lava-field in City of Mexico, 271.

Peking, contains temple to North Star God, 284
(see China and Polaris).

Peñatiel, Antonio, 262.

Perez, 109.

Perrot and Chipiez, 421.

Perry, John, 547.

Persia, ancient religion of;
swastika;
seven divisions of Cosmos, four-fold rule, 325, 484.

Peru, worship of Pleiades, 53;
sacred fire, 83;
use of checker board design, 124;
light and dark colors used to designate the Above and Below, 130;
irrigating canals in symbolic form, 132, 146;
outline of civilization, 132;
stone monument typifying duality, 134;
knowledge of Creator, 135;
form of government, 136, 137;
tribal and household “idols,” 138, 139, 140;
four rulers, 141;
classification of people, 142;
“white virgins,” title given to upper class maidens;
“black virgins,” lower class;
caste;
deformation of skulls, 143;
ceremony for driving out sickness, 144;
Above, Below, Centre and Four Quarters, 144;
ceremony illustrating rotation, 145;
religious festivals, 146, 147;
civilization from the north, 150;
prehistoric ruins, 151, 156;
Inca fable, 152;
compared with symbolism of sculptured slabs in Guatemala, 153, 154, 155,
156;
linguistic affinities between Quechua and Maya and Nahuatl, 158, 159;
Polaris;
navigation, 159, 160;
worship of “Creator” (Polaris) superseded sun and moon cults, 161, 164;
caste division associated with left hand, 165;
ruins of Tiahuanaco, 165-169;
symbols compared with those of Mexico and Central America, 170;
summary, 494;
scheme of government compared with Plato’s “divine polities”, 509, 539;
summary and conclusions, 546.

Petrie, Flinders, 375, 380, 404, 425, 439, 461, 483, 491.

Pheidon of Corinth, 486, _note_.

Pherecydes, the Phœnician teacher of Pythagoras, 526.

Philolaus, 485, 527.

Phœnicians, cult of Astarte, 345;
a northern race, called Turanians, 517;
navigators, 519;
worshipped serpent, fire-drill and the Pleiades;
called the “red men,” 521;
tradition indicates their migration to the New World, 524, 525, 528-535;
evidence of their influence, 538-541;
allied to Semitic race, 540, _note_, 541, 543;
summary and conclusions, 546.

Pig, sacred animal in Egypt, 409.

Pigmy races, traditions of, 339.

Pillar, worship of (see Column).

Pilli, Mexican title, 74;
meaning “fingers,” title of minor lords, 282.

Pilquixtia, a Mexican festival, 240.

Pinches, Mr., 357.

Plato, 346, 444-451, 467, 486-490, 509, 527, 529, 539, 546.

Plato’s “Divine Polities,” identical with scheme of government in ancient
Mexico and Peru, 509, 539.

Pleiades, study of, by primitive peoples, 52;
on Society Islands, 52;
in Mexico, 53;
in southern America, 53, 54;
on Mexican Calendar-stone, 252;
in Chinese calendar, 296;
in Babylonia and Assyria, 338 (see Polaris, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor);
worship of, in India and Mexico;
in connection with New Year and marriage festivals, 498.

Plotinus, 527.

Plutarch, 441, 452, 488.

Polar constellations, chart of, 16.

Polar regions, both hemispheres originally peopled from, 531.

Polaris, the author’s observation of, 7;
primitive man’s study of, 14, 15;
Draconis, as pole-star;
apparent immovability;
means of determining direction;
supernatural power, 21; worship of;
centre of axial energy, 22;
Mexican Calendar system suggested by, 25;
numerical value of, 30, 31;
centre of cosmic system, 40, 41;
changes in relative positions of, 42;
ceased to be brilliant and immovable about 500 B.C. to 1200 A.D., 43;
cult of;
migrations from south to north, 43;
spread of cult in Mexico, Yucatan, Honduras, Guatemala, Peru;
also, in Mississippi valley, as indicated by carvings on shell gorgets,
44;
symbols of, analogous to cross and star symbols on shell gorgets from
Tennessee, 48, 49, 50;
suggestions of cult among the Eskimo, 50;
represented by star symbols and swastika on pottery from Arizona and
Nicaragua, 50;
in connection with cult of Earth and Night, 54;
represented by Montezuma on his throne, 72;
not identical with God C, 112;
as centre of rotation in Zuñi emblem, 129;
as a guide in navigation between Guatemala, Nicaragua and Peru, 159;
between Ceylon and Karachee, 159, 160;
cult superseded sun and moon cults in Peru, 161;
invisible at Cuzco;
Inca worship of the invisible Creator, 161;
Yoal-tecuhtli, Mexican lord of the Night;
title of Polaris, 181;
producer of life and regulator of the universe;
tecpatl (flint knife) symbol of, 183;
in connection with tree symbolism;
title, “Heart Of Heaven,” 189;
among the Zuñi, 202;
at Copan, 222, 224;
reflected in bowl of water=Creator, 225;
in Shakespeare, 247;
represented central face in Mexican calendar-stone, 250;
Calendar-stone based on observation of, 257, _note_;
in connection with pyramid, 273, 274;
in connection with swastika symbol, 276;
Maya name, Ek-chuah, patron divinity of travellers and traders, 278;
North Star God, temple to, in Pekin;
Chinese name=Teen-hwang-ta-tee, literally the great imperial ruler of
Heaven, 284-287, 291, 295;
in work of Confucius, 298;
in Chinese Taouism, 301, 302;
Hebrew Jehovah, having same title, “God of Heaven,” 304;
in India, 316, 318, 319;
in Mesopotamia, 321;
in Arabia, 324;
linguistic affinity between name of Polaris, and word for capital and
for north, in Babylonia, 325;
Phœnician name=the serpent, 325;
in Persia, 326;
in Babylonia, “lord or king”, “Great Mountain,” 329;
cult of, in Assyria and Babylonia, 332-339;
among the Israelites, 352;
in Babylonia, highest form developed into monotheism, and lowest form
into cult of Ishtar and Bel, 353;
represented in Babylonian temples by a fire in centre of square altar,
362, 363;
Euphratean star-worshippers, 364;
high development of cult in Egypt, 368, 376-382;
Egyptian mummy, image of, 386;
Egyptian names for, 398, 401-403;
in Egyptian religion and symbolism, 403, 404, 409, 410, 415, 421, 423;
in India, called the “pivot of the planets,” 448, _note_;
in Arabia, “the hole where the earth’s axle found its bearing,” 448,
_note_;
in ancient Greece, 450-453;
Greek Polos, a star revolving on itself, 453, 454;
indicated by cross symbol before the use of swastika, 461;
called by early Danes and Icelanders, “throne of Thor” or “smaller
Chariot,” 473;
called by Finns “Taehti=star at the top of the heavenly mountain,” 473;
among the ancient Scandinavians and their descendants the Vikings, 474;
circumpolar region, probable birth-place of cult, 475;
table of countries in which traces of cult have been found, 480;
associated with use of fire-drill in Old and New World, 494;
among Hindus, 498;
Greek Ixion, 500;
Assyrian goddess Ishtar called the “axis of the heavens,” female
Polaris, 503;
figured by wooden or stone socket from which fire and water flowed to
the four quarters, 503;
pole-star god of the Hindus compared with fire-drill god of Mexico, 505;
the Mexican pole-star god compared with the Hindu, Greek, Norse,
Russian, etc., 505;
Old and New World, 517;
Phœnicians steered by, from earliest times, 523, 525;
interval of time when the pole star ceased to be conspicuous, 525;
maritime intercourse interrupted, 531;
reappearance of, 538;
summary and conclusions, 544;
Mesopotamian prayer meeting of star-worshippers (Appendix II), 557.

Popocatepetl, volcano, Mexico, 275.

Popol-Vuh, sacred book of the Quichés, 72, _note_, 113, 270.

Popular Science Monthly, 478.

Porto Rico, stone objects from, 118;
cult of aborigines, 118.

Powell, J. W., 288, _note_.

Powers, Stephen, 105.

Pre-Columbian contact indicated by same cosmical divisions and scheme of
government in Old and New World, 480-504;
same symbolism, etc., 509-544;
traditions indicate, 525, 528, 529, 530;
question of contact between China and America, 534;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Prescott, 541.

Pritchard, W. T., 290.

Proctor, Richard A., 162.

Propitiation, origin of, 177.

Ptolemy, 452.

Pueblo Indians, use of tau, 119;
associate step pyramid with rain, 132;
affinities with Mexican and Maya, 199;
corn maidens, 276.

Pullé, Mr., 318.

Pulque, in connection with cult of earth-mother, 193
(see Octli).

Puma, four heads terminating arms of swastika at Tiahuanaco,
(see Quadruped, Ocelot and Jaguar).

Putnam, F. W., 50, 196, 199, 545.

Pyramid or sacred mountain:
culmination of symbolism of cone, 118;
in mountain worship, 132;
Maya word for, 191;
Lord of the Mountain a sovereign title among the Quiché, 211;
origin and significance of, 251;
typified numerical divisions, 252;
on statue “Divine Twin,” 262;
origin attributed to the Maya speaking people;
at Teotihuacan, 263;
interpretation of affix “can” in names of Mexican and Maya towns, 263,
264, 266, 268;
image of central, dual and quadruple power, 269, _note_;
of Cholula, ancient name for, means “the monument or precious jade stone
of the Toltecs, etc.,” 269;
erected as place of refuge from inundations, 272;
symbol of Central power, and quadruple organization, 274;
same as expressed by swastika, 274;
of Cholula, marks the site of great and ancient Tollan, 275;
as symbol of Centre in Cosmos, 277;
meaning of symbol, 282, 283;
in Chinese symbolism and social organization, 287, 288, 333;
in Japan, 310;
in Hindu religion, 317;
in Babylonia, 328;
star god called “Great mountain,” 329;
identical with god in Babylonia and in Assyria, 333;
Hebrew god, Yahwe, worshipped on Mount Sion, 351;
Jerusalem founded on Mount Zion, 352;
holy mound symbol of god Shamash of Assyria, 356;
central deity of Babylonia called “the great mountain,” 367;
in Egypt expressed a whole divided into four parts, 371;
miniature of cosmos, 379, 380;
seven-storied pyramid of Sakkarah, Egypt, 381, 386;
of Begerauie, 427;
“holy mountain of God” Book of Prophet Ezekiel, 449, _note_;
the chief idol of Ireland was called Cenn Craich (mound-chief), 469;
form of letter delta in Greek Alphabet, 511;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Pyramid temple at Chichen Itza, 207, 208.

Pyrites, mirror of, used as symbol of sun-cult, 83.

Pythagorean philosophy, 484-488, _note_, 515, 526;
Neo-Pythagorism, 527.

Quadruped, meaning of use as symbol, 282;
represented Zuñi state and subdivisions, 295;
illustrated by Alligator altar at Copan and by “Great Turtle” at
Quirigua, also by tortoise in China, 296, _note_
(see Ocelot, Jaguar and Puma).

Quadruple organization, in cosmos, and scheme of government:
origin of idea, 15;
Maya, Mexican, and Zuñi, 41, 42;
expressed in cross symbols, 47-54;
Mexico divided into four parts, 83;
at time of Conquest, 75, 76;
in ancient map of Yucatan, 86;
in ancient map of Mexico, 88;
in Inca empire, 136, 144;
in Guatemala, 171, 172;
in Bogota, 171;
among the Tzendals, 180, 181;
Quiché, 182;
in Yucatan sculptures, 185, 186;
in tree symbolism, 187, 192;
carried northward, 196;
in Huron Indian Confederacy, 198;
among Zuñi, 201;
in Maya and Mexican traditions, 208, 209;
in Yucatan, 218, 223;
at Copan, 226, 228;
at Quirigua, 232;
at Palenque, 236;
Palenque, Peru, Guatemala, Yucatan, Mexico and Zuñi compared, 244;
regulated by Calendar Stone, 245, 247, 254;
in connection with pyramid building, 272, 273-282;
in China, 286, 291;
represented by human figure, 296;
China and Mexico compared, 297;
in Japan, 310-312;
in India, 313, 318, 481;
in Mesopotamia, 321;
in Persia, 325;
in Assyria, 332-337, 335;
in ancient Egypt, 371, 372, 399;
in Greece, 454;
indicated first by cross symbol and later by swastika, 461;
in ancient Rome, 463;
in ancient Ireland, 468;
in ancient Britain, 470;
in Scandinavia, 472;
table of countries where traces are found, 480-494;
comparative review, 509, 510;
in cruciform structures at Copan and Mitla, 512, 513;
chief ruler called “Four in One,” 529
(see also, Numerical Divisions).

Quauh-Cihuatl=the Eagle woman, Mexican title, 60.

Quetquetzalcoa, plural of Quetzalcoatl, title of his successors, 70, 97,
98.

Quetzal, feathers of, carved on feathered serpent, 70;
exhibiting colors of Four Quarters, 70;
used as Mexican symbol of beloved chief or child, 190;
totem at Palenque, 236, 237;
totem at Copan, 237;
(see also Bird).

Quetzalcoatl, invocation to;
Creator and maker, twin lord and twin lady, 32;
“wheel of the winds,” 33;
the divine twin, centre of cosmos, 42;
other names for;
myth concerning, 55;
an actual person who came from Yucatan, 67;
ruled in Chichen-Itza, 68;
Maya title=Kukulcan, 68;
in Mexico supreme god, also god of fire, and of the four winds, 70;
successors to, 71;
was driven from Tullan by enemies, 88;
established connection between Chichen-Itza and Mexico, 93;
recumbent figure of, in temple of city of Tula, 95;
sacrifices to, 96;
god of the winds, 96;
built Caracol or Round Temple at Chichen-Itza, 97;
Round Temples in Mexico dedicated to, 97;
divine twin, 126;
on sculptured slabs from Guatemala, 154, 157;
his craft called “serpent or twin raft,” 160;
another name for Maya lord, Kukulcan, 206;
brought colony from Yucatan to Mexico, 208;
important historical person, 208;
Tollan abode of, 217;
compared with figure on Copan sculpture, and with priest in Zuñi
creation myth, 223;
figured with beard, in Mexican codices, 231;
monolith “Divine Twin,” 260, 262;
image of, in temple of Cholollan, 270;
temple at Tula, 294.

Quetzalcoatl Totec Tlamacazqui, title of high priest in service of
Huitzilopochtli, 71;
also title of Montezuma, 71.

Quiché, Supreme Divinity of, 71, _note_;
Sacred book of, 72, _note_;
totems, 164, _note_;
numerical and social system, illustrated by tradition, 182;
compared with Zuñi, 182;
“Lord of the Mountain” title, 211;
affix in name, _ché_, Maya word for tree, 235;
used day and year signs as personal and tribal names, 253;
traditions of destruction of earth, 270.

Quilaztli, sister of Huitzilopochtli, myth concerning, 60;
the mother of all, same as Cihuacoatl, 61, 67;
compared with Egyptian queen, 428.

Quirigua, sister city to Copan, 210;
ancient monuments, 215, 216, 218, 223, 229;
social organization same as that of Copan, 230, 231, 232;
totemic animals and symbolic colors, 233;
“Great Turtle,” 234, 240, 296, _note_;
stelæ as memorial stones of high priest rulers, 512;
remnants of old civilization, 528.

Ra, Egyptian word for God, 409.

Rabbit (tochtli), 78;
Mexican calendar sign;
symbol of earth and reproduction, used to represent sound of word,
octli, 78;
figure of, indicates sacred octli or earth-wine, 103;
in Nahuatl picture writing, 125;
the rebus for earth-wine or rain, 506.

Rabinal, 172.

Rain, Tlaloc, god of, 78, 81;
figured with scrolls about the eyes, 95;
symbols, 96;
lords, four hundred in number, sacred vase, emblem of, 102;
Zuñi rain-makers, 132;
rites practised on summits of pyramids, 283;
ancient festival described in the Brahmanas, 496, 497;
symbolized by rabbit, 506.

Rattlesnakes, on monolith “Divine Twin,” 261.

Raven, or summer people among the Zuñi, 201.

Rawnsley, 491.

Rays, carved on Calendar stone the idea of, 255.

Read, C. H., 166.

Recumbent stone statues, 93-96, 185, 214.

Recurved staff or sceptre, 34.

Red land, in name of Mexican city Tlapallan, and of Chichen (Itza), 68;
“the great ancient red land” in the East, 525.

Red man, origin of title, 193;
title of the Phœnicians, 521;
in Genesis, 523;
Chichimecs of Mexico (literally, Red race), 532.

Rig-Veda, 494, 496, 497, 499, 500, 505, 521, 522.

Riksmuseum of Stockholm, 48.

Ring or circle, in Persia, 326
(see Circle or ring).

Rio Lagartos, 217.

Rios, Padre, 11, 268, 270.

Rivero, 134;
and Tschudi, 150.

Roman, 150.

Roman Catholic Church, 537.

Roman Milliarum Aureum, 513.

Rome, sacred fire, Roma Quadrata, 461;
duality, middle, quadruple government, 463;
numerical divisions, 464;
seven-storied tower, 464;
seven-day period, 465, 466, 467;
summary, in table of countries, 493;
Constantine’s plan of state-organization in New Rome identical with the
numerical scheme of the Maya and Mexican calendars, 509;
the symbolical use of the column, 513;
amulet, 514;
church built by Constantine in form of Greek Cross, 514.

Rosa, Beltran de la, 181.

Rosny, Leon de, 36.

Rotation
(see Axial rotation).

Round form, associated with cult of Heaven or the Above in Mexico, Central
America;
among Zuñis, 113-115;
in ancient architecture, 115;
associated with sky in Egypt, 371.

Round Temples of Chichen Itza and Mexico, symbolism of, 97.

Royal Ethnographical Museum of Dresden, 129, 155.

Rust, Horatio N., 104.

Sabæan star-worship, 322.

Sabbath, derivation of name, etc., 327.

Sacrifice, human, sacred rite, in Mexico, 63;
symbolism of, in Aztec religion, 66, 77;
human victim formed living swastika, 91, 92;
human blood used to moisten sacred dough, 98;
origin of blood sacrifices, 98;
to Heaven and to Earth, 118;
in Peru, 147, 148, 151;
in Mexico, taking out heart of captive signified destroying life of
conquered tribe, 263;
in China, 296;
Egyptian compared with Mexican, 442, 443.

Sacrificial-stone of Mexico=Tribute-stone, or law-stone recording
collection of tributes, etc., 258, 259.

Sahagun, Friar Bernardino de, 8, 11, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 47, 53, 56, 61,
66, 70, 72, 73, 75, 77-83, 104, 118, 123, 127, 128, 150, 159,
173, 175, 176, 189, 192, 245, 259, 261, 279, 507, 553, 555.

St. Augustine, 536.

Sakkarah, Egyptian seven-storied pyramid, 381.

Salado, 200.

Salcamayhua, 132, 146, 148, 151, 161, 170, 186.

Salcamayhua tablet, 510, _note_.

Sanchez, Jesus, 44, 93, 95, 96, 157, _note_.

San Fun, ancient Chinese work, 291.

Saniah-ya-kwe: priesthood of the Hunt, among the Zuñis, 201.

San Salvador, mushroom-shaped stone figures from, 114.

Santa Lucia Cozumalhuapa, sculptured slabs at, 153, 154, 163, 172.

Sapper, Carl, 114, 173.

Satow and Hawes’ Handbook of Japan, 570.

Saville, M. H., 513.

Saxo Grammaticus, 472.

Sayce, A. H., 324, 327, 347, 348, 349, 425, 449, 481, 491, 518, 519, 520,
521, 524, 525, 527, 532, 540, 572.

Scandinavia, triskelion associated with swastika, 28, 29;
Greek fret, 121;
numerical divisions;
middle;
Four Quarters;
Ursa Major called “Thor’s Wagon;”
sacred mountain and tree;
axial rotation;
cult of Polaris;
duality;
flora and fauna, 471-479;
summary, in table of countries, 493;
use of wheel in early times, also mill stone, 502, 503.

Scarab, meaning of emblem, secret sign for “hidden god,” 397, 399.

Sceptre, with gold disk, in Mexico, 80, 81;
emblem of sovereignty in Assyria and Babylonia, 365;
in Egypt, 425.

Schellhas, P., 107, 108, 109, 111, 182.

Schlagintweit, 294, 301.

Schlegel, G., 284.

Schliemann, H., 459, 460, 518.

Schroeder, 526, 568.

Schuchhardt, 518.

Scorpion, Maya Zin-an;
symbol of Mictlantecuhtli, 9.

Scotland, use of checker-board design, 124.

Sed festival, 425, 429, 431.

Selden MS., 57, 90, 508, _note_.

Seeds, in symbolism of earth mother, 109;
in Maya codices, 111;
seeds of life, Zuñi, Mexican, Maya, 223, 225;
on Tablet of the Cross, 236;
on Copan swastika;
among Zuñi, 236;
conventionalized maize seeds, 237;
idols formed of seeds in Egypt and Mexico, 442, 443.

Seler, E., 109, 129.

Semiramis, temple of, 347.

Semites, 350-352, 521;
name of Supreme god=Yahu or Yaho or Yahve, 532;
allied to the Phœnicians, 540, _note_, 541.

Sendschirli tablet, 365.

Sepher Hathora, Hebrew book of the law, 361.

Serpent, in ancient religious symbolism:
associated with time, 26, 27;
Nahuatl name=twin, Maya name=four, 31;
symbol of dual or quadruple nature, 31;
of eternal life and the Creator, 32;
cursive sign for, 38;
on shell gorgets from Mississippi valley, 49, 112;
origin of symbol, 50;
divine ruler of four quarters, 68, 69;
feathers with (see Feathered serpent) 70, 71;
pertaining to earth-mother, 100;
double-headed, forming vase, 101;
in connection with tree of life, 103, 110, 189;
with burial of woman, 107;
with symbol of Earth, 111;
associated with air symbol, 126;
in ancient Peruvian fable, 152;
on sculptured slabs from Guatemala, 154;
totem of tribe conquered by Incas, 157;
in arms of Mexico, 157;
on silver pendant from Cuzco, 170;
with seven heads, symbolical of Mexican and Maya seven tribal divisions,
181;
of dual ruler, 190;
mythological snake among the Pueblo people, 200;
symbol of Below among the Zuñi, 204;
totemic animal of Uxmal, 214;
at Copan and Quirigua, 219, 220, 223, 228;
on “Cross Tablets” at Palenque, 236, 238, 239;
on Calendar-stone, 255;
on monolith “Divine Twin,” 261;
of gold and mosaic on statue of Huitzilopochtli, 266;
meaning of symbol, 281;
in India, 313;
in Persia, 325;
in Babylonia, 335;
worshipped in the temple of Solomon, 351;
in Egyptian symbolism, 389, 391, 393, 424;
in Old and New World, 522-523.

Serpent-woman, 60, 61, 65;
Cihuacoatl, Mexican ruler, 67, 77, 79, 111;
emblem of, figured and described, 128.

Seven, sacred number, 29, 56
(see summary, 480-494;
also Numerical divisions).

Shakespeare, 247, _note_.

Shamash, temple of, in Babylonia, 331;
antiquity of cult of, 332;
symbols of, 356;
cross and four-spoked wheel of, 355, 365, 495;
image of, made by a race of pole star worshippers, 503;
compared with “black or night sun” on Mexican Calendar stone, 506.

Shang, Chinese word for Above, 118.

Shang-te, Chinese supreme ruler, whose residence was “Tien”=Heaven, 301.

S-shape, Ursa Minor figured as, 11;
bronze brooch from Scandinavia, 29;
on native fabrics, in Vienna Codex, 34;
in B. N. MS., 34, 38;
in Sahagun’s Historia, 34;
cakes in shape of, 34;
associated with star signs and the North, 35;
in Mexican and Maya codices, 35, 36;
sign of summer solstice, 36;
with cross and rain symbols, 37;
breads in shape of, 46;
figure on Phœnician tablet, 395, _note_.

Shell gorgets, representing winged human being, 39, _note_;
in Illinois, Missouri and Tennessee, showing cult of Polaris, 44;
from Tennessee, 48, 49;
evidence of identical symbolism from Yucatan to Illinois, 48-52, 112.

Shell, symbol of parturition, 95, 238.

Shell pendant, symbolism of, 112.

Shinto religion, 311.

Shiwana-kwe, priesthood of the priest-people among the Zuñi, 201.

Shoo king, 289, 290, 292, 295, 298, 299.

Shogunate, 311.

Shun, Chinese emperor succeeding Yaou, 292, 298.

Siculus, Diodorus, 329, _note_, 540, _note_.

Sidon, 527.

Siena, Italy, founded by sons of Remus, affinities with ancient Rome, 465.

Silco, 530, 531.

Simpson, Wm., 313.

Sippara, tablet of, 331, 332, 350, 356, 365, 495, 503, 506.

Situa, Peruvian festival when the cults of Above and Below were
celebrated, 134.

Siva, cult of, compared with cult of Earth-mother, 314.

Skull, artificially deformed in ancient Peru, 143.

Sky-father among the Zuñi, 201.

Smith, Professor, 522.

Smyth, Piazzi, star-map, 30, 43.

Snail, symbol of parturition, 111.

Social organization in Mexico, at time of Montezuma, myths relating to
origin of, 54, 62-75
(see Quadruple organization and Numerical divisions).

Society Islands, study of Pleiades in, 52.

Solomon, built altar to Astarte in Jerusalem, 350;
built altars to Kamosh, god of the Moabites, and to Milkom, god of the
Ammonites, 351.

Solomon’s temple, 327, 344, 522.

Solon, 445, 447, 448, 455, 526.

Solar or civil year, divisions, 254.

Solstice, summer, 36;
winter, 40;
lighting sacred fires at time of, 83.

Sommier, Stephen, 477.

Sophocles, 453.

South America, symbolism of, compared with that of Mexico, 122, 224
(see Peru).

Southern Cross, 162.

South, Acatl=cane, blue, Mexican emblem and color of, 42.

South Kensington Museum, 216, 227, 234, 239, 313.

Spamer, 332, 428, 457.

Spear-throwers, on tablet at Chichen Itza, and on Mexican Tribute Stone,
259.

Speed, John, 470.

Sphinx, Egyptian, 373, 379.

Spider, a symbol of Mictlantecuhtli, 37;
tradition about Tezcatlipoca’s descent from the sky by a spider’s
thread, 44;
in Nahuatl=tocatl. In Maya=am;
symbol originated in Yucatan, 47;
on shell-gorgets from Illinois, Tennessee and Missouri, 47, 49;
in ancient MSS., 90, 202;
in Zuñi symbolism, 201;
Maya symbol of the North, 278;
web of, use as symbol of numerical divisions, 293, 535, _note_.

Spindle, as symbol of axial rotation, in connection with cross symbols on
terra cotta spinning whorls, 498.

Spinning tops, 547, _note_.

Spinning whorls, symbolic of rotary motion, in Troy, 498;
in Mexico, 504, 508.

Square form, associated with Earth in native American symbolism and
architecture, 115, 260, 284;
in Egypt, 371.

Stadaconé, same as Canada, 197.

Stanley, Dean, 514, _note_.

Star symbol, a black dot, 35;
an eye, 36, _note_, 50, 116, 155, _note_, 269, 279;
suspended by thread, symbol of night (Egyptian), 387;
plain circle in Chinese symbolism, 391;
expressed numeral five in Egypt, 398
(see Polaris).

Star-cult
(see Polaris).

Star god, in Babylonia, Bel;
in Asia Minor, Ah-baal, identified with pole-star, 329
(see Polaris).

Star-map, Piazzi Smyth’s, 20.

Star-names in Maya, 278.

Stelæ, purpose of erection, marked periods of time, 216;
at Copan and Quirigua, 219-240;
correspond with Ahua-ka-tun, the 20-year memorial stone, 221;
of Assyrian kings, having seven symbols, seven circles, etc., 337-360;
Esar-haddon of Sendschirli, 342, 359;
Bavian, 357, 358, 359;
of Sargon, 357, 359;
trilingual stela of Canopus, preserved at Gizeh, 378;
funeral stela at Bûlâk, 421;
at Quirigua and Copan memorial stones of high priest rulers, with title
“Divine Four”;
built over hidden cruciform vaults, compared with the Egyptian “star of
Horus,” 512, 513.

Stevenson, 150.

Stolpe, Hjalmar, 48, 121, 224.

Stoll, Otto, 79, 85, 164, 173.

Stomach, symbolized the Centre or Middle, in China, 296.

Stone, rough or worked, emblem of Earth mother, buried with the dead, 106.

Stone of Tizoc, compared with Altar K of Copan, 226.

Stone collar, from Porto Rico, analogous to stone yokes of Mexico, 118.

Stone figures, recumbent, bearing circular vessels, 93;
figured, 94
(see Recumbent stone figure).

Stone knives, flint knife in wrappings, Mexican and Maya symbol of Earth
mother, 55, 56;
among California Indians, 105.

Stone monuments, of Peru (Tiahuanaco), 164-169;
Central America, 154, 218-233;
Yucatan, 234-244;
Mexico, 245-275.

Stone “seats,” found in Ecuador, analogous to vase or earth symbols, 107.

Stone tiger with human head and depression in back, found in Mexico and
Yucatan, 95.

Stone tables, at Chichen Itza, 212;
Maya name for=Mayac-tun, 213;
used as drums in sacred ceremonies, 213.

Stone tablet at Sippar, 331, 332.

Stone vessels, found in Mexico and Yucatan, 213.

Stone “yokes,” compared with symbolic vase;
pertained to cult of earth-mother;
in use among Indians of Southern California, 104;
in connection with burial of priestesses of Below, 107.

Strabo, 329.

Strebel, Hermann, 104, 153, 156, 157, 165, 172.

Stübel, A., 167, 169.

Sturlesson, Snorri, 471.

Sumerians, inhabited the South=Sumer, 334.

Summary, of study of ancient American symbols,—cross, serpent, tree,
flower, etc., 279-284;
use of human and animal figure in symbolism, 296;
of countries in which are found the “Quadruple Organization,” pole-star
worship, etc., 480-494;
and Conclusions, 544-562;
and tables of words used in the Old and New World in connection with a
certain culture based on pole star worship, Appendix I, 548;
and Appendix III, 562.

Sun cult, Nahuatl word for sun applies equally to the stars;
day sun and night sun;
Ollin, symbol of, 13;
superseded by star cult, 22;
associated with star-cult, 53, 54;
Black Sun in B. N. MS.,
myth concerning, 54, 55;
emblem of Montezuma, 72;
Montezuma, high priest of, 74;
mirror of polished pyrites, symbol of, 83;
rival of star-cult, 83;
sacrifices to, in Mexico, 117, 118;
in Peru, 134;
superseded by belief in Creator, among the Incas, 135;
temple of, at Cuzco, 138;
upper class maidens in Peru, dedicated to, 143, 145, 148, 149, 170;
among Muyscas of Bogota, 171;
astronomical attainments of priests of, 180;
“Virgins of the Sun” and sun-priests in Mexico and Peru, 194;
Sun-father of the Zuñi, 200, 201, 204, _note_;
on Copan sculpture, 222;
in Mexican calendar-stone, 249;
four movements of, 252;
golden effigy of, associated with Incas in Peru, 264;
Enclosure of, name of pyramid at Teotihua-Can, 264, 267;
tablet of the sun, in China, 285;
temple of, 286;
altars, 387;
sun-goddess of Japan, 311;
among the Hindu, 312;
in religion of Persia, 325;
in Babylonia and Assyria, 332;
in Egypt, 382;
king of Egypt associated with, 389, 424;
Egyptian goddess Hathor-Isis was called the female sun, 432;
development of cult in Egypt, 438;
Cæsar called son of the sun, 440.

Supreme being
(see Creator or Supreme Being).

Sut-staw-ra-tse, the leader of the “Kingdom of Hochelaga,” 197.

Swastika, in Mexican Calendar, 9, 18, 41;
origin of symbol;
formed by positions of Ursa Major, 15, 16, 18;
various forms of, illustrated, 17, 19;
geographical distribution of, 19;
date when first used as symbol, 20, 21;
sign for a year or cycle of time, 23;
suggests axial rotation, 24, _note_;
formed by four serpents in Codex Borgia, 27;
associated with triskelion, on spearhead from Brandenburg;
on bronze brooch from Scandinavia, 28;
formed by combination of star groups, 29, 30;
suggested by star-symbol on pottery from Nicaragua and Arizona, 51, 52;
origin of the idea of dividing everything into four parts, 76;
represented by Zuñi idol, 129;
rounded and square forms of, at Tiahuanaco, 166;
terminating in four puma heads, symbol of central ruler, 209;
“The Copan Swastika,” 222, 223, 224;
the pyramid, a later development of same idea, 274;
in different parts of the world, accompanied with pole-star worship,
etc., 276-280;
in Mexico and Ohio valley, linked with serpent;
in Copan, with Middle and Four Quarters, 280;
Christian cross compared with, 305;
use of symbol in China, 309;
in Japan, 311;
meaning conveyed by figure of Buddha 315;
in Egypt, 409;
on Egyptian seal, 459;
on coin from island of Crete, 457;
on coin from Syracuse;
on coin from Corinth;
on vases from Troy, 459;
in Greece, 459, 460;
on Cyprian and Carian pottery;
on Greek vases found at Naukratis;
on Coptic grave cloths;
on mummy case from Hermopolis;
on whorls from Troy, 460;
date of its use as symbol, 461;
later development of the cross symbol, 461;
in Scandinavia, 474;
on image found in Troy, 496;
identical in significance in Old and New World, 510;
symbolized “Four in One,” and stable centre, 511;
in some parts of Germany and Bohemia is still the sign of the
stone-mason’s guild, 516;
or cross-symbol, same meaning in all countries, 534, 538;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Sweat house, Nahuatl name of, 124.

Symbolism, in central United States identical with that of Mexico and
Yucatan, 48, 49, 50;
of Mexico influenced by migration from Yucatan, 67;
influenced by sound of word, among the Mayas and Mexicans, 110, 183,
185, 186, 284;
in China, 277;
showing linguistic affinities between Mayas, and early peoples of the
Mississippi valley, 112;
same in Peru, Central America, Yucatan and Mexico, 170;
resemblances between Pueblo people and Mayas and Mexicans, 199, 200,
236;
same in Copan, 226;
in Palenque and Quirigua, 240;
on Calendar stone explained, 247;
symbols connected with Middle, etc., 277;
with Four Quarters, Above and Below, 278;
names of Mexican symbols often translations of Maya name, 278;
recapitulation of important native symbols, 279-284;
year symbols in Mexico and China, 291;
resemblances and differences, Chinese and American, 293-296;
summary of use of human and animal figure, 296;
explanations and illustrations of Egyptian symbols, 367-461;
Egyptian pyramid and mummy, 379-381;
of ancient Scandinavia, 474;
symbols denoting axial rotation, 494;
in architecture (see window, tau, pyramid, Greek fret, round form,
square form, color, etc.);
of human form (see separate references under Human);
for special symbols, see separate references.

Syracuse, coins from, swastika with human head in centre, 459.

Tabasco, 211.

Tablet, containing ancient map of Babylonia
(note following Index).

Talon, of beast of prey, symbol of four lords of Below, 185.

Taouism, 298, 301, 306.

Tarahumari Indians, ceremonies typifying fecundity of earth, etc.,
compared with those of ancient Mexicans, 101.

Tartan design, 122, 123, 124.

Tau, double, shape of courtyard, 82, 86, 87;
signified union of Above and Below;
inverted, emblem of Above;
upright emblem of the Below, 118;
in American ceremonial rite;
among the cliff dwellers of Colorado;
among the Pueblo Indians;
in Scandinavia, called Thor’s hammer;
in architecture of Central America, and Palenque;
in dance of Moqui Indians;
different forms of, figured and described, 119, 122;
in checker-board or tartan design, 123;
suggested by fire-drill, 280;
tau-shaped cross in Mesopotamia, 321;
tau-shaped altar in Egypt, 411.

Taylor, E. B., 297, _note_.

Taylor, W. C., 463, 468, 488, _note_.

Tecpan, Mexican council house;
meaning of word, 183.

Tecpatl, symbol of the North, 10, 34;
flint knife, 45, 46;
sacred producer of vital spark, 47;
myth concerning, 54;
figured as offspring of dual divinity, 55;
symbol of Fire, 56;
emblem of “supreme pontiffs,” 62;
one of the four year symbols, 76;
in Borgian Codex, 98;
on carved slab from Santa Lucia, 172;
possible origin of name, which means “to govern,” 183;
on Sacrificial Stone of Mexico, 258.

Teen-hwang-ta-tee, Chinese name for the pole-star, 284, 302.

Temistitan, ancient name for capital of Mexico, 542.

Temple of Mexico, 58, 80, 83, 90, 118.

Temples, of the “Tigers” at Chichen-Itza, 212;
“11,” at Copan, 222;
of “the Inscriptions” at Palenque, 235, 240;
of “the Sun,” 235, 239, 240;
of “Cross No. 2,” 235, 243;
of Ptah at Memphis, 367;
at Abydos, 386.

Tenayocan, name of Mexican town containing the affix “Can,” 263.

Tennessee, cult of Polaris indicated by emblems on shell-gorget, 44.

Tenochtitlan, 63;
hieroglyph in centre of ancient Maya and Mexican maps, 88.

Teo-Culhuacan, from _Teotl_, stars, sun, gods, something divine; and
_Culhua_, something recurved, and _can_, the place of=name for
Aztlan, 56.

Teotihuacan, pyramids of, 140, 199, 263, 264;
description of ruins, registry of death by small clay heads, 267;
Pyramids show knowledge of “Great Plan;”
great antiquity;
advanced stage of intellectual development, 268;
same civilization as builders of Pyramid of Cholula, 269;
two cults, two languages (Maya and Nahuatl) and dual rulership, 274,
529.

Teotl, represented by image of sun;
signifies something divine, 13, 65;
title of the upper class in Mexico, 102, 140;
meaning a divinity or divine lord and applied to all lords or rulers,
279.

Terra cotta heads and figures in Mexico and Peru, 139, 140.

Terrace form, rain symbol, 132.

Tet, Egyptian symbol of eternity, described and analyzed, 394.

Texcoco, 55, 163, 183.

Texoxoctli, stone placed with dead of lower class, 195.

Tezcatl, obsidian mirror, 10.

Tezcatlipoca, meaning of name;
identical with Mictlantecuhtli, 8;
surrounded by circle of footsteps;
myth concerning, 9;
symbols of, representations of;
fastened to symbol of the North, 10;
star-cult connected with, 11;
synonymous names, 11;
myth concerning, 12, 26, 44, 45;
associated with the Below, the female region, 42;
with black, 62;
title of, means “Heart of the Earth,” 72, _note_;
“Shining Mirror,” 79;
image of, beside the idol of Huitzilopochtli, in great temple of Mexico,
60, 82, 265;
lord of the Nocturnal Heaven, 82;
priests of, called “Sons of the Night,” connected with divination, 83;
honored jointly with Huitzilopochtli at Toxcatl festival, 97;
flint knife, emblem of, 103;
compared with Zuñi idol, 128, 129;
suggested by symbols at Tiahuanaco, 166;
tradition, 208;
fire-drill god, 505, 507.

Tezolotlan, termed the land of war, 172.

Tezozomoc, 11, 40, 60, 61, 79.

Themistius of Byzantium, 542.

Theodosius, 530.

Theophrastus, 519.

Thibet, astronomical science, 301;
Buddhist of, 315.

Thomas, Cyrus, 109.

Thor, Norse supreme god, 473.

Thor’s hammer, 119.

Thucydides, 457.

Tiahuanaco, place of first appearance of Incas, 133;
monolithic doorway, 165;
swastika sacred symbol, 166;
ruins of, 167-169, 209.

Tiberius Claudius, 440.

Tien (Chinese), Heaven, also Supreme ruler, 301.