Chapter X: Old World (1)

O, ON or NO=name of celestial and terrestrial capitals. Hebrew and Egyptian.

OLYMPOS=the breaker or organizer of time (Hewitt, p. 514).

KOLONH=a hill, mound, Greek; Lat. tumulus.

COLONOS=a demos of Attica lying on and around hill sacred to Poseidon.

COLONIA=a colony, the Lat. colonia.

KOLOSSOS=statue in general, _i. e._ column?

OM-EL-KORA=mother of cities. Arabian, see p. 323.

OMPHALE=in Greek mythology, the fire socket, wife of Herakles, the fire drill (Hewitt).

HO=designation for directions in space. China, see pp. 285-288.

HO=acme, taken to mean the best, highest, most showy part of anything. Japanese (Chamberlain).(172)

HO=the land’s acme, or a plain surrounded by mountains. Japan (Motowori).

HOM=date-palm-sacred tree. Babylonia-Assyria (Sir Geo. Birdwood).

NEW WORLD.

HO, or TI-HOO=ancient capital of Yucatan, see p. 277.

HOM=mound. Maya.

HOMTAMIL=belly, _i. e._ omphalos.

INDEX.

Abadiano, Dionysio, 246, 251.

Above (see “Heaven or Above”).

Academia Manuscript, 11.

Acamapichtli, Mexican ruler, having title of “Woman-serpent,” 63, 67, 71.

Acatl, one of the four Mexican year-symbols, 76, 170, 179, 257, 280.

Acolma, 55.

Acosta, 76, 150.

Agave or maguey, juice of, “drink of life,” 188.

Ahau, Maya glyph, chief, lord, 169;
figured on gold plaque from Cuzco, 169, 220.

Ahau-ka-tun, 24-year period, 219;
literally lord, 20 stone, compared with Copan stelæ, 219, 221.

Ah-cuch-cab, Maya name of ruler or chief of a town or place, 184;
title of chief, 220;
terrestrial lord, 224.

Ah-cuch-haab, Maya name for four year-signs, 220.

Air, in Mexico, Quetzalcoatl, lord of, 126;
name of one of the four eras since the creation of the world, 253.

Air and water design, on sacred edifices in ancient America, 126;
union of, 126;
emblem of Above, 126;
on drinking vessels, 127;
on dome of ancient Greek monument, 127;
associated with the male region, 249.

Akbal, Maya glyph, 108.

Akkad=the North, 334.

Akkadians, Semitic race of Assyria-Babylonia, 334.

Alexander of Macedonia, 527.

Allen, Richard Hinckley, 448, 451, 525.

Alligator, altar at Copan, 227, 228, 296;
totem of Copan tribe, 228;
symbol in codices, 504, 518;
in India, 505, 519;
totem of Mayas and Mexicans, 520.

Altars at Copan, 226, 227, 228, 229.

Amaterasu, Japanese sun-goddess, 311.

Amaytun, painted representation of the 20 and 24-year epoch, 219, 226.

Amen-Ra, the supreme dual god of the Egyptians, 389, 390, 391.

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 510, 545.

American Folk-Lore Society, 510.

American Museum of Natural History, 234.

American peoples, 479-548.

Ammon, 522.

Ammonites, 351.

Anacreon, 453.

Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, 86, 93, 98.

Andastes, 196.

Andean art, compared with Mediterranean, 545.

Andree, Richard, 52, 53.

Angrand, Leonce, 150, 151.

Animal form, as totem, 154;
associated with Four Quarters by Zuñi, 295;
combined with bird, symbol of union of Above and Below, 296;
summary of use in symbolism 296;
in Chinese calendar, 299, in Buddhist mythology, 318;
combined with human in Babylonian symbolism, 335 (see Human form).

Anthromorphites, 530.

Apis, sacred Egyptian bull, 399;
cult of, very ancient, 437.

Apollo, worshipped in form of a column, 447, 513.

Arabia, star worship, axial rotation, seven-day period, etc., 322, 324,
448, 482, 495, 556.

Aratos, 453.

Arcadius, 530.

Architecture, ancient, influenced by religious cults of Heaven and Earth,
284;
Byzantine, 515;
cruciform, 515;
symbolism of (see Windows, Cone, Tau, Pyramid, Color, Greek fret, etc.).

Arctos, 452.

Aristotle, 485, 486, 487.

Arizona, 52, 199.

Arriaga, Padre, 134.

Arrowpoint, barbed, used instead of flint knife as symbol of
life-producing force, 55, 56.

Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, 366, 369.

Ashurbanipal, Assyrian king, offspring of Heaven and Earth, 346.

Asia Minor, compared with North America in relation to tertiary plants and
fungi, 479.

Asiatic contact, 534, 541 (see Pre-Columbian contact).

Asiatic Society of Japan, 565, 575.

Assyria, star-cult, 326;
numerical divisions, etc., 328;
cult of Polaris, 335;
analogies with China and Central America, 349;
civilization more recent than that of Babylonia, 353;
founded by Semitic Babylonians, 354;
rise of pure monotheism, 355;
stelæ with seven symbols, seven circles, etc., 358;
Pole-star worship, seven-fold division, Four Quarters, etc., 367;
summary, 483.

Astarte, Assyrian goddess figured as cow and as moon, 337, 345, 350.

Astronomy, cast of astronomy-leaders, 22;
study of, among native races, 42;
basis of religion, 43;
knowledge of, among Eskimo, 50;
and other native peoples, 53;
Mexican astronomers, 82;
among the Zuñi, 205;
astronomer-priests of Mexico 274;
in China, 285;
Chinese, Babylonian, Hindoo, Chaldean, Egyptian, Thibetan and Indian,
300, 301;
in Chaldea, 330;
in Babylonia and Assyria, 328, 338;
in Egypt, 376, 383;
Egyptian zodiac signs, illustrated, 395;
the time when there ceased to be a conspicuous pole star, 525-526 (see
Polaris, Calendar, etc.).

Atlantis, Island of, 446.

Atlatl or spear thrower, 211;
on temple of the Tigers, and on Stone of Tizoc, 212.

Attiwendaronks, 196.

Avila, 132.

Axayacatl, living representative of Huitzilopochtli, 71.

Axial rotation (or wheel) in ancient religion, symbolism and government;
in Maya name for Ursa Major, 8-10;
title of Mexican supreme divinity, “Wheel of the Winds,” 11, 33;
origin of idea was rotation of Ursa Major around Polaris;
symbolized by swastika symbol, 18-23;
imitated by Mexican game, “Those who fly,” 24;
associated with Mexican Calendar system, 25;
indicated by name Teo-Culhuacan or Aztlan, 56;
represented by Mexican sacred dance, 59;
indicated in Vienna Codex by circle of footstep, 90;
in Zuñi religious ceremony, 129;
in religious ceremony and irrigating canals of Peru, 145, 146;
symbolized by Nahuiollin on Mexican Calendar Stone, 251-52;
by one-footed man on Mexican “Sacrificial Stone,” 259;
in ancient plan of Mexican government, 273;
pictured divinity surrounded by circle of footsteps, 279;
in plan of ancient Chinese government, 280-291;
in calendar systems of China and Mexico, 292;
symbolized by spider’s web, 293;
in Chinese calendar, 309;
the wheel in Hindu religion, 313, 319;
in Babylonia and Assyria, 331, 332, 356, 365, 366, 367;
“Wheel of the law” and “lord of the wheel” of India, in Egyptian
symbolism, 394, 400, 401;
centrifugal power and rule indicated by names of capital cities in Egypt
and Greece, 413;
revolving pillar on Acropolis at Athens, 447;
in Arabia, 448;
in India, 448;
in Plato’s cosmical conception, 449;
in Homer’s works, 452;
in Sophocles’ work, 453;
in ancient Greece, _polos_=a star revolving on itself, 453;
Sanscrit god, “the driver of the axle,” 453;
Greek “Ixion’s wheel,” 453;
indicated by cross symbol and later by swastika, 461;
wheel associated with Jove on Roman tombstone, 464;
in Scandinavia, the wain wheeled around the throne of Thor, 473;
Turanian god of heaven=the pole turned by the revolving days and weeks,
499;
symbols of, in Old and New World, 494-544;
summary, 544.

Ayllu, Peruvian word for tribe or lineage, 141.

Aztlan, land of light, 56, 57.

Baal, Assyrian god, 345;
worshipped under image of bull, 410.

Babylonia, Chinese immigrants from, 299;
Middle kingdom, 299;
astronomy, 300;
star cult, 326;
numerical divisions, etc., 328;
either a mountain or a star signified a god, 329;
astronomical observations of great antiquity, 329;
oriented to the Four Quarters, 333;
decline of the empire, 347;
female ruler, 347;
described in Revelations;
sevenfold organization, 348;
seven-staged tower, 356;
sevenfold state, 357;
altar of gold, 361.

Babylonia-Assyria, the Babylonia triad, Anu, Ea, and Bel, signify the
Above, Middle and Below, 336;
compared with gods of China, 336;
combined Heaven and Earth cult, 344;
seven-fold organization, 360;
seven-staged tower (Zikkurat) and the great basin (Apsu) symbolized
cosmological conceptions;
tree or pole as sacred symbol;
fire-stick, 361;
worship of Polaris;
male and female principles in nature, 363;
New Year’s festival, 364;
summary and conclusions, 367, 544.

Bacab, title of Maya chief, 86;
title of rulers of Four Quarters, 183.

Bailly, 319.

Balam, Maya word for ocelot;
title of four lords of Below or Earth;
same as chac, 185.

Balboa, 150.

Ball, C. J., 302.

Bandelier, Ad. F., 61, 74, 79, 84, 168, 200.

Baptism, Maya, 225.

Barber, Commander, U. S. N., 159.

Bartholomew de las Casas, Friar, 32.

Bat, symbol of happiness, 277.

Bat-kin-ya-mûh, the Water people, 200.

Bastian, A., 153.

Bead, jade bead, as symbol in Mexico, 81;
“gold bead,” used as title;
symbolical among the Mayas, 237.

Beard, on stelæ at Copan and Quirigua, 219, 230;
on calendar sign;
on images of air-god, 231;
worn by representatives of Above, 231;
not worn by representatives of Below, 231;
in pictorial art, 232;
on portrait-statue of Stela E, at Quirigua, 232;
bearded personages on stelæ were high-priests, etc., 232;
beardless effigies indicated different caste, 232;
bearded Spaniards regarded, by Mexicans, descendants of founders of
their civilization, 266;
emblem of sovereignty in Egypt, 426.

Bee, Maya word for=cab;
Cab glyph, 110.

Beetle (see Scarab).

Beltram de Santa Rosa, Fray, 89, 101.

Benares, temple of;
sacred cow, 316.

Bentham, 476.

Bentley, 300.

Berichten der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 478.

Berlin Museum, 380, 417, 423, 424, 426, 427, 457, 460, 507.

Berra, Orozco y, 264, 268, 269.

B. N. MS. (Biblioteca Nationale MS.), same as “Lyfe of the Indians.”

Biblioteca Nazionale Manuscript (in press), 7, 9, 11, 12, 34, 37, 39, 44,
45, 46, 47, 54, 57, 64, 66, 71, 99, 102, 111, 112, 125, 128,
130, 189, 241, 279, 505.

Biot, 298, 301.

Bird, title of Mexican war chief, 25;
humming-bird in symbolism, 39;
with spider, serpent and cross on shell gorget, 49;
Bird-god, borne on litter, 71;
ancient Yucatan in shape of bird, 86;
illustrated social organization in Mexico, 87;
totem of Incas, 157;
on arms of Mexico, 157;
on sculptures at Tiahuanaco, 167;
man-bird represented ruler of upper division of State in Mexico, 185;
typical of lords of four provinces in Mexico, 190;
blue-bird, Mexican symbol, 190;
name of Nahuatl tribe, 206, 214;
three most powerful tribes of Yucatan have bird names, 217;
on altar at Copan, 228;
in sculptures at Palenque, and in Mexican Fejervary chart, 235;
mask in Mexican festival, 242;
totem of the Air people in Mexico, 254;
recapitulation of meaning of symbol, 282;
use of as symbol, 296;
vulture, symbol of Upper Egypt, 368.

Birdwood, Geo., 314, 575.

Blackfoot Indians, myth about Ursa Major, 511.

Black, Robert, 526.

Black Sun, in B. N. MS., 54.

Blood offerings, meaning of, 98, 99, 442.

Boas, Franz, 147.

Boat, in sculptured bas-relief at Chichen-Itza, 160;
in Babylonian symbolism, 366;
in Egyptian symbolism, 403;
Egyptian, Grecian, Phœnician in early times, 491.

Bochica or Ida-can-zas, culture hero of the Muyscas;
personification of the Sun or Above, 171.

Bodleian MS., 44, 90.

Bodleian Library at Oxford, 508.

Boeckh, 488.

Bogota, dual government, calendar, etc., 171.

Bohn, 486.

Book of the Dead, 372, 374, 386, 387, 404, 406.

Book of Manu, 317.

Book of Yu, 296.

Bopp and Pott, 500.

Boturini, 150, 180, 181, 182, 268, 269.

Bourbourg, B. de, 35, 69, 89, 191, 206, 211, 216, 217, 271.

Bournouf, 448, 451.

Bovallius, Dr., 230.

Bowl or vase (see Vase).

Brahmanism, 312, 313.

Brandenburg, spearhead from, illustrating triskelion and swastika
associated, 28.

Brandsford, J. F., 50.

Brazil, wooden clubs with Greek fret, 121;
symbolism, etc., compared with that of other ancient American
civilizations, 224.

Breath, puffs of, conventionalized on Copan slab, 223;
on bas-relief at Palenque, 223;
at Quirigua, 223;
compared with Zuñi symbolism, 223;
in Copan, 280.

Brinton, D. G., 60, 69, 72, 82, 88, 93, 100, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 164,
171, 175, 178, 181, 182, 191, 192, 217, 235.

Britain, ancient, numerical divisions, middle, central ruler, quadruple
organization, 470, 493.

British Guiana, wooden clubs with “Greek fret,” 121.

British Museum, 151, 166, 234, 353, 355, 356, 357, 366, 457, 459.

Brown, Robert, 324, 325, 327, 338, 364.

Brugsch, 370, 376, 377, 378, 379, 382, 385, 387, 390, 393, 395, 397, 398,
399, 400, 401, 402, 404, 406, 407, 418, 419, 423, 424, 425,
429, 431, 432, 433, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442.

Buddhism, 294, 298, 301, 306, 311, 314.

Budge, Wallis, 367, 368, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 379, 382, 388, 389,
391, 394, 397, 425, 437, 443.

Bull, winged bulls of Babylonia and Assyria, 336;
symbolism of, 337;
Yahwe, national god of the Hebrews, represented as man or as bull, 350;
astronomical sign in Egypt for Ursa Major, and possibly of Polaris, 385;
linguistic reasons why king of Egypt was entitled “the bull,” 385;
title of Egyptian supreme deity, 389;
cow, bull or ox, in Egyptian zodiac signs, 395;
Apis, sacred bull of Egypt, 399;
in inscription in temple of Denderah, 401;
Baal worshipped under image of, 410;
Egyptian _ka_, rebus, signifying Polaris and Ursa Major, 410;
title of Amen-Ra, 410;
associated with the goose in symbolism, 418;
Minotaurus, ruler of Crete, 457.

Burger, George, 486.

Burial urn, emblem of earth mother, 106.

Buschmann, Dr., 153, 155, 158, 165, 172.

Butterfly used as symbol of immortal soul by Mexicans, 39;
symbol of Centre and Four Quarters, 47.

Byzantine architecture, 515.

Cab, Maya day sign, word for bee, also earth, 109;
honey, 110;
associated with female principle, 110.

Cabal, day-sign, on Copan altar, 227.

Caban, Maya day-sign, identical with symbol of earth, 107;
figured with leaves of maize, 109;
the Below, 227.

Cæsar, called the Son of the Sun, 440, 470, 537.

Cakchiquel Indians of Guatemala, 79;
court of, 79;
obsidian mirror used as oracle, 80;
Annals of, 164;
legend suggesting form of government, 172;
tribal division associated with calendar, 178, 179;
tradition in relation to 7-day period, 182.

Calendar systems, Mexican, 7;
suggested by Polaris and circumpolar constellations, 25;
Maya, origin of, 35;
Mexican, monograph on, 53;
origin of, 100;
ancient Peruvian, 145;
among the Muyscas, 171;
connection between calendar signs and divisions of the people, 175;
a governmental institution, 179;
invention of native system by ancient inhabitants of Chiapas, 182;
among the Zuñi, 205;
kept profound secret by priesthood, 205;
Maya, 220;
fixed term of office for ancient American rulers, 221;
Mexican, originated from the fixed market-days, 245;
signs identified with different parts of human form, 282;
instituted by the Chinese emperor, Yaou, 289, 292;
comparison of American and Chinese, 297, 298, 299, 309;
Chaldean and Hindoo, 300;
Japanese compared with Mexican, 311;
Hindu with Mexican, 319;
Assyrian and Babylonian, 337, 348, 349;
ancient Egyptian, 377, 378;
lunar and solar, 439;
Esne calendar, 440;
Canopus calendar, 441;
Central American and Mexican, 528;
time when first adopted, 529, 530.

Calendar-stone of Mexico, 12;
night sun pictured on, 13;
symbol of five dots compared with same on recumbent stone figure, 95;
market-stone of the City of Mexico, regulated social organization, 245;
special work on, by Zelia Nuttall, 246;
image of “Great Plan” or Scheme of Organization, 247;
figured and described, 248-258;
regulated machinery of state, 254;
Gama’s, Valentine’s and Chavero’s descriptions, 256;
based on observation of Polaris, 257;
embodied the idea of a central, dual and quadruple power, etc., 258;
contains symbol of union of dual principles of nature, 280.

Calendar-swastika, 9, 18, 41
(see Swastika).

California Indians, use today two symbols in use by ancient Mexicans and
Mayas, _i. e._, flint-knife and “stone yoke,” 104, 105.

Calli, Nahuatl for western horizon=the house, 38;
one of the four-year symbols, 76;
meaning, the house, 253.

Campiña de Puebla, 275.

Can, Maya word for serpent, 38;
serpent and numeral four, 50, 110, 112;
affix in names of towns, Iroquois, Maya and Mexican, 198;
associated with pyramid as Teotihua-Can, 263;
in Chinese and Maya associated with fourfold division, 288.

Canaan, account of Hebrew religion, 350.

Canada, Iroquois town, 197;
Maya meaning of, 198.

Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, 440.

Capital, Maya word for, homonymous with five=ho, 256.

Caracol, or Round Temple, of Chichen-Itza, built by Quetzalcoatl,
representing Middle and Four Quarters, and centre of dominion,
97.

Cardinal points, assignment of colors and parts of human body, 293, 294;
associated with form of quadruped among the Zuñi, 295
(see Four Quarters).

Carillo, Crescencio, 85, 86.

Carthaginians, having knowledge of an island in the ocean, 540.

Cartier, 197.

Cary’s translation of Herodotus, 437.

Caryatids, at Chichen-Itza, 212.

Cassiopeia, 22, 25, 26, 29, 40, 49.

Caste, in Peru, 143;
in Mexico, 273.

Castelnau, 150.

Cat, sacred symbol in Egypt, 408.

Catari, chronicler of the Incas, 151.

Celi-Ced, the dual power, from which the universe was born (Druidic), 471.

Centipede, Mexican symbol, 186.

Central America, fundamental basis of government and civilization, 15;
symbolical form in architecture, 113, 119;
carved stone seats or altars, 283
(see Copan, Guatemala, etc.).

Centre (stable centre or middle), in ancient government, religion, and
symbolism: Polaris, the centre of axial energy, 22, 30;
centre of the Cosmos, among Zuñis, Mayas, Mexicans and Peruvians, 41;
symbols of, 46;
on shell gorgets, 49;
divergence from idea, 52;
represented by recumbent stone figure, 96;
among Incas, 136, 142, 144;
and Four Quarters represented on carved slab from Santa Lucia, 172;
in ancient American game, 178;
in Féjérvary Codex, 178;
in social organization, 180;
on sculpture of Lord of Above, 186;
colors associated with, 192;
among the Zuñi, 202;
in Copan Swastika, 222, 224, 225;
on Tablet of the Cross at Palenque, 236, 243;
union with Four Quarters in Mexican calendar-stone, 250, 258;
on Mexican monolith “Divine Twin,” 260, 262, 264;
symbolized by pyramid, 273, 274;
words and symbols connected with, 277;
associated with swastika, 280;
expressed by pyramid, 282;
typified by cross-legged human figure, 283;
expressed in flower symbol, 284;
Chinese “Middle kingdom,” 286, 287, 288, 291, 294, 299;
in America, symbolized by human heart and navel, in China by stomach,
296;
in Chinese religion, 306;
Japan called “Centre of the Earth,” 310;
represented by statue of Buddha, 314;
Nirvana, 315;
in Hindu religion, 317;
in religion of Arabia, 323, 324;
of Persia, 325;
of Babylonia, 330, 333;
Jerusalem, sacred spot marking the centre of the world, 352;
in Babylonia-Assyria 364;
in Egypt, 376, 379, 380, 381, 384, 385, 386, 394;
expressed by mummy-shaped object, also by cone, 410;
by a crown, 412;
by a flower, 415;
in Egyptian feast, Tekhu, 439;
in ancient government of Crete, 457;
in ancient Rome, 463;
in ancient Ireland, Britain and Wales, 468-471;
in Scandinavia, 472;
in cross-symbolism, 511;
in religious ideas of Old and New World, 517, 535;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Century Dictionary, 452, 464.

Cezalcouatl, name for Kukulcan, 69.

Chaac Mool or Lord Tiger, name given by Le Plongeon to the recumbent
figure bearing circular vessel, found in Chichen-Itza, 95
(see “Recumbent stone figure”).

Chac (Maya) red color;
also rain, storms, thunder and Lightning;
title of Lord of Below, 185.

Chac-noui-tan, name for Yucatan, 210.

Chalchihuitl=jade, 34, 91;
jade beads, 81.

Chalmers, John, 511.

Chambers’ Encyclopædia, 452, 462, 463, 465, 484, 564.

Chamberlain, Basil Hall, 565, 568, 571, 574, 575.

Chariot, symbolism of, 313, 500, 501.

Chavero, A., 33, 61, 253, 256.

Ché, Maya word for tree;
in names of tribes, 199, 234.

Checker-board (or tartan) design, formed by taus, 122, 123, 124.

Ch’en, Maya day sign, 110.

Cheles, one of the Yucatan tribes, 217.

Cherokees, 196.

Chess board, in Egypt, 124.

Chiapas, the present home of the Tzendals;
native calendar system, 180, 182;
migrations from, 210;
numerical divisions, 528.

Chichen-Itza, culture-hero ruled in, 68, 69;
recumbent stone figure bearing circular vessel, 93, 185, 214;
connection established with Mexico by Kukulcan (Quetzalcoatl), 93;
Caracol or Round Temple, 97;
bas-relief illustrating navigation by boats, 160;
tradition about settlement of, 207;
evidence of Aztec influence, 212;
classification of ruins, 216;
tablet in house of “Tennis-court” 259.

Chichimecs, sacrifices by, 66.

Chicome-coatl, literally, seven-serpents, title of earth mother, 181.

China, cosmical symbol compared with those of Copan and Mexico, 114;
symbols of Above and Below, 118;
sound of words, in symbolism, 276;
pole-star worship, 284;
the emperor at Pekin termed the Son of Heaven and the Empress inhabits
the palace of Earth’s repose;
Yang and Yin;
Above and Below, etc., 286;
reason of deformation of feet, 287;
Chow Dynasty, fourfold plan of cities, linguistic affinities with
Mexicans and Mayas, “Quadriform constitution,” 288;
calendar system, social and religious organization compared with that of
ancient America, 291, 292, 293;
tables showing the agreement and divergence in ancient systems of China
and America, 293;
assignment of colors and of parts of human body to cardinal points, 294;
comparative study of symbolism, 296;
social organization, etc., 297;
calendar and numerical system, 297, 298;
origin of civilization, 299;
astronomical system, 300, 301;
Buddhism, 301, 303, 315;
primitive calendar, 301;
Taouism, 301;
Chinese language said to be the same as Akkadian, 302;
civilization not indigenous, emigration into, 303;
Dowager Empress Ling, 304;
Israelites, 303-306;
Christians, 306;
fundamental principles of religion identical with that of ancient
America, but later, divergent, 306, 307, 308, 309;
Heaven and Earth cult practised at the present time, 344;
summary of numerical divisions, 483;
use of wheel from earliest times, 501-502;
use of Cross symbol with idea of central power, 511;
resemblances and differences, Chinese and Maya, Mexican, 533, 534;
doubt about extreme age of governmental scheme, 533;
celestial kingdom dates from first century, 541, 542;
summary and conclusions, 546.

Cholula, contains largest pyramid in America, 268;
built as place of refuge from inundations, 271, 272;
place of sanctity, 275;
also called Cholola or Colola, 275;
marks site of great and ancient Tollan, 275, 276, 529.

Cholollan, pyramid, a venerated sanctuary, 269;
tradition concerning, 270;
native name is “tollan,” 275
(see Tullan Cholollan).

Christianity, in China, 305, 306;
period of growth, persecution of pagans, 530, 531;
St. Augustine states that it has existed from the beginning, 536, 537,
538, 539, 541.

Chuen, Maya day-sign, 112.

Cib, Maya day-sign, 109, 110, 111.

Cibola, seven cities of, 203.

Cicero, 488, 526, 527.

Cieza de Leon, 132, 150.

Cihuacoatl, the earth mother, flint knife in wrappings, symbol of, 55;
the Woman serpent (or twin), 60;
name of Quilaztli, 60;
female ruler, 62, 63, 64;
Mexican ruler, 67;
personification of Earth, 76;
Montezuma’s substitute, 77;
duties of, agents of, 78;
offered sacrifice to god of Underworld, 79;
compared with serpent in Maya Codex, 111;
emblem of, 128;
female title of lord of the night, 181.

Cipactli, Mexican sign for a “marine monster,” 228.

Circle, symbol of heaven, 260;
influence on ancient architecture and symbolism, 284;
with dot, Egyptian sign for time, 387.

Circle or ring, symbol of Egyptian “lord of the ring,” Hindu “lord of the
wheel,” Persian “god of the ring,” and Mexican “lord of the
circle,” 401.

Circle or disk, Egyptian symbol, 402, 412, 444;
also in Peru, 444.

Circumpolar constellations, studied by primitive man, 15;
in relation to origin of swastika symbol, 15;
form triskelion on night of winter-solstice, 27;
relation to sacred numbers, 29;
associated with idea of death and resurrection, 39;
in relation to underworld, 40;
four movements of, 54;
in connection with cult of Below, 54;
worship of in Old World, 383-387
(see Pleiades, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Polaris).

Circumpolar region, probable birth-place of cult of Polaris, 475;
place where human race probably spent its infancy, 475;
fauna and flora, 476, 478, 479.

Circumpolar rotation, represented by swastika and star-symbols on pottery,
50-52;
compared to rotation of fire-drill by early peoples, 502
(see Rotation or Wheel).

Clavigero, 24, 25, 58.

Claws (or nails) of the state, title of warriors, 87;
in Mexican calendar-stone, 249;
on monolith “Divine Twin,” 261.

Cliff dwellers, tau as symbol, 119.

Clubs (wooden) from South America and Peru, with symbolical designs, 122.

Coatl (serpent or twin) in connection with tree symbolism, 188;
compared with Zuñi Koa=twin, 201.

Cocomes, Maya tribe, 209, 214.

Codices: Borgian, 27, 36, 55, 91, 95, 98, 103, 116, 189, 504, 505;
Chimalpopoca, 270;
Chumazel, 85;
Cortesian, 111;
Dresden, 35, 37, 39, 41, 45, 110, 183;
Féjérvary, 9, 10, 44, 107;
Fuenleal, 8, 10, 12, 33, 44;
Mendoza, 63, 87, 88, 117, 118, 122, 130, 173, 263;
Telleriano-Remensis, 10, 11, 240;
Troano, 86, 109, 110;
Vatican, 11, 44, 55, 50, 78, 80;
Vienna, 34, 44, 86, 90, 100, 103, 119, 123, 127.

Cogolludo, 89, 180, 206, 210, 218.

Colebrook and Bentley, 300.

Colhuacan, Mexican local name, 263.

Color, red in Mexico, associated with north, 57;
cult of Earth, 185;
title, 193;
blue, associated with rulership and divinities, 61, 62, 91, 214;
black, associated with Tezcatlipoca and with Quilaztli, 62;
yellow, color of the west, female region, 64;
meaning of, 114, 115;
on Moki masks, 119;
in tau design, 122;
on ancient Mexican temples and sculptures, 128;
in Peruvian symbolism, 130;
in Zuñi symbolism, 130;
in architecture at Uxmal, 131;
used to denote social status by Peruvians, Mayas, Mexicans and Zuñis,
192;
associated with four Quarters and Above and Below, 192, 251;
used for face and body painting, 193;
Huaxtecan mantle of five hundred colors, 208;
painting of caryatids in Chichen Itza, 212;
symbolic at Copan and Quirigua, 233;
emblematic, in China, 286;
assigned to elements by Mexicans, Zuñis and Chinese, 200, 293;
assigned to cardinal points, in China and America, 294;
in Buddhist temple; in Quetzalcoatl’s temples in Mexico, 295;
in Hindu caste, 313;
in Babylonia, 328;
in Egypt, red associated with the north and male sex, and white with
south and female sex, 369, 373, 425.

Colorado, cliff dwellers, 119.

Column, sacred, in great temple of Mexico, 53;
on hill of justice in Guatemala, 79;
stelæ at Copan and Quirigua, 220, 230, 512;
laws inscribed on, centre of island Atlantis;
laws of Solon inscribed on, in centre of Athenian state;
of Apollo at Delphi, 447;
the cosmical round tower of Ireland, 470;
at Mitla, Mexico, 513;
symbolism of, in Old and New World, 513, 517.

Confucianism, 115, 289, 298, 306.

Cone, in Mexican ollin-sign, signified the Above, 118;
used in native architecture;
culminated in pyramid, 118;
represented by shape of windows in ancient ruins, 120;
on summit of House of the Doves at Uxmal, 131.

Conical stone, on which human victims were sacrificed, 118.

Congress of Americanists, 230, 231.

Congress of Orientalists, 544.

Conquest Stone of Mexico, “Sacrificial Stone,” “Tribute Stone,” 258, 507.

Constantine, 509, 513, 514, 515, 530;
his numerical scheme compared with same in India, Mexico and Yucatan,
542, 543.

Copan, lentil-shaped stone altar, from, 113;
carved stelæ, 215;
purpose of erection, 216;
study of the ruins, 219;
cult of Polaris illustrated by carved slab in temple, 11, 222;
numerical organization illustrated, 222;
numerical divisions, symbolism, etc., identical with those of Peru,
Guatemala, Mexico, Yucatan, Zuñi, etc., 226, 228, 233;
numerical divisions on altar conform with Zuñi clan-organization, 229;
bearded effigies, 231;
dual rulers, 232;
totemic animals and symbolic colors, 233;
excavation at Mound, 4, 233;
same cult as that of Palenque and Quirigua, 240;
carved stone seats or altars, 283;
alligator altar, 295;
stelæ as memorial columns, 512, 513;
remnants of old civilization, 528.

Copan swastika, compared with design on club from South America, 224;
compared with tablet in “Temple of the Sun,” 239
(see also Swastika).

Copts, 530.

Cord (Maya kaan), associated with Maya word for Heaven=caan, and with
glyph, _can_, 112;
meaning of carved gorget worn on a cord, 112;
sky represented as a circle composed of a cord to which stars were
attached, 113;
on lentil-shaped stone altar at Copan, 114;
on shield of Mexican god, 128;
on Copan stela, 219.

Corinth, coin with swastika, 459.

Cortes, 34, 67, 68, 74, 75, 77, 97, 107, 150, 171, 183, 208, 245, 264,
266, 542.

Cosmos, four-fold and seven-fold divisions of, in Peru, Mexico, Yucatan,
Zuñi, 41, 42;
in Babylonia, India, Persia, etc., 328;
in pagan philosophy, 484, _note_
(see separate headings; also, Quadruple Organization and Numerical
Divisions).

Cow, venerated in India, 316;
Canaan goddess, Astarte, in form of, 337;
Egyptian god Isis (Hathor) worshipped under form of, 406;
or bull, cult of Apis in Egypt, 437
(see Bull).

Cox, 289, 451.

Coya, wife or sister of Inca, 134.

Cozumel cross, called symbol of “rain-god,” 280.

Creation myths, ancient Mexican, 54, 55, 56;
Zuñi, 105, 200, 223;
Peruvian, 138;
Hindu, 313-318;
Babylonian, 334, 340;
Babylonian and Hebrew evidently from same source, 353.

Creator, or “Supreme Being,” in Mexico, 8;
title “wheel of the winds,” 11;
Polaris, 22;
worshipped by ancient Americans, 32, 36;
earliest form of;
feathered serpent, image of, 70;
the four elements regarded as attributes of, 99;
belief in, represented by mushroom-shaped stone figure, 115;
Inca knowledge of, 135, 149;
Quechua title for;
Mexican title for, 159;
in Peru, identified with Mexican “Lord who guides,” or Polaris;
and associated with star and cross, 161;
image of at Cuzco, 162;
worship of in Texcoco, 163;
in Peru, 164;
in Tiahuanaco, 168;
native title, “Heart of Heaven”, 189;
in Mexico represented by rebus of the feathered serpent, 209;
Nahuatl title, expressed by an eye and pyramid in picture-writing, 269;
Divine Twain, Father and Mother of all, in Mexico, Quetzalcoatl, 270;
in China, 302;
Akkadian name for symbol, an eight-pointed star, 302, 304;
among the Hindu, 312;
Brahmanistic conception of, 314;
in Persia, 325;
in Babylonia, 329, 330;
among the Hebrews=Yahwe lord of Heaven, 304, 351, 352;
in ancient Egypt, 397, 403, 412, 444;
in Plato’s Timæus, 449;
the Norse, Thor, 473;
the source of the four elements, 510;
comparison of names in Old and New World, 532;
summary, 548.

Cremation, significance of, 106.

Crete, Greek plan of organization came from, description of symbols on
coin 457;
ancient philosophy of, 486-488.

Cross-bones, origin of symbol, 184.

Cross-legged seated figures, on Central American stone seats or altars,
283;
emblem of stable centre and Four Quarters, 283.

Cross-symbol, Maya and Mexican, figured and described, 37, 38, 45, 46, 47;
on shell gorget from Tennessee, 49, 50;
on pottery from Mississippi Valley, 51;
from Arizona, 52;
on Iroquois belt, 198;
in symbolical carving from Brazil or Guiana, 224;
four-spoked wheel as cross symbol in Assyria, 356;
emblem of sovereignty in Babylonia-Assyria, 365;
used as symbol at earlier period than swastika, 461;
with idea of Central power, 511;
emblem of Christian religion, 535, 536;
summary, 544
(see Swastika).

Cross-tablets at Palenque, 237, 238, 239.

Cross-worshippers, Chinese name for Christians, 305.

Cruciform structures, vaults under stelæ at Copan and Quirigua, 512;
at Mitla, Mexico, 513;
at Rome, 514;
buildings and churches of later period, 515;
at Byzantium, 515;
in Syria, 515;
in India, 516;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Cruz, Alonzo de la, 230.

Cubas, Garcia, 218, 231.

Culin, Stewart, 178.

Cum-ahau, name of divinity of Yucatan, 93, 222, 226.

Cup-shaped depression, on stone altar at Copan, 114.

Cushing, Frank H., 41, 99, 115, 129, 132, 192, 200, 201, 203, 205, 206,
227, 295, 511, 574.

Cuzco, “navel of the earth,” 133;
plan of city, Centre and Four Quarters, 136;
founded by Manco Capac, 156;
temple, facing north and containing gold image of “Creator,” 163;
gold plaque from, 168;
symbolism analogous to Mexican and Maya, 170.

Dahlgren, E. W., 230.

D’Alviella, Goblet, 19, 459.

Dances, sacred, 57;
description of Mexican dance, representing wheel or axial rotation, 58,
59;
of Moki Indian, 119;
at Cuzco, 145;
Sun pole dance of American Indians, 313, _note_.

Davis, J. F., 300.

Day-sign, Maya and Mexican, 75, 107-112;
influence of, 177;
totem of clan, 178, 179;
Cabal, on Copan altar, 227;
and year signs of native calendar, 248;
in calendar-stone, 253;
names of, used as personal and tribal names, 253.

Death, symbol of, 39.

Deer, mask of, 165.

Deities, Aztec, number of, same god under several names, 8.

Demosthenes, lantern of, 127.

Denderah, 400.

Dennis, J. S., 483.

DeRossi, 514.

Desjardins, 150.

Destruction of the earth, Mexican traditions concerning, 270, 271.

Dhruva, 495, 496.

Diaz, Bernal, 71, 72, 75, 77, 80, 96, 97, 245, 265, 542.

Din-gira, Akkadian name for God, 302.

Diocletian, 514.

Divination, in connection with use of mirrors, 83;
origin of 177;
in China, Thibet and India, 301.

Divine Twin
(see Duality).

Documentos ineditos del Archivio de Indias, 77.

Dog, head of, on sculptures from Santa Lucia, 165; Maya word for=men, 234.

Donelly, Ignatius, 374, 516.

D’Orbigny, 150.

Douglas, R. K., 285, 291, 298, 299, 302.

Draconis, observation in Egypt, 384.

Dragon, at Quirigua, 233.

Dragon-fly, employed as cross-symbol, on Algonquin garment, 48.

Druids, 470, 471.

Drums, 58, 59, 60, 213.

Duality or “Divine Twin,” symbol of, 39;
conventional representation of, 46;
idea of, 47;
dual stellar divinity, 56, 57;
represented in sacred dance, 59;
by male and female ruler, 62;
development of idea, 67;
twin brothers as rulers in Yucatan, 68;
Montezuma, impersonation of, 73, 77, 78;
in Peruvian symbolism, 134;
the “Beloved Twain” of the Zuñi, 200;
Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan, 223;
dual ruler at Copan, 228;
in Quirigua, 232;
on Palenque tablet, 245;
on Mexican Calendar Stone, 249;
in Mexican sculpture, 251, 260-262;
dual government at time of Conquest, 266;
in China, 285;
in Hindu religion, 312;
in India, 314;
in Babylonia-Assyria, 342;
in Egypt, 389, 397, 399, 410, 412, 415, 423;
in ancient Rome, 463;
in ancient Ireland, 468;
in Druidic traditions of Wales, 471.

Duemichen, 385.

Duran, Friar, 26, 41, 56, 57, 58, 61, 71, 77, 78, 80, 88, 182, 241, 243,
245, 258, 282.

Eagle (quauhtli), associated with Cassiopeia;
title of Mexican war chief, 25, 167;
Eagle-woman, 60;
among the Incas, 156;
on bas-reliefs of Santa Lucia, Guatemala, 156, 157;
totem of one or more of the Incas, 157;
on bas-relief in City of Mexico, 157;
in arms of Mexico, 157;
symbol of Above among the Zuñi, 204;
symbol of state in Mexico and Central America, 295;
summary of use as symbol, 296.

Earth, or “The Below,” in ancient religion and symbolism;
in ancient Mexican and Maya cosmos;
in secret beliefs of Zuñi priests, 41;
female region, 42;
lord of, 45;
cult of, 54;
associated with woman, 60-655;
sacrifices to, 66;
Cihuacoatl, personification of, 76;
sacrifices to god of, 79;
in connection with human sacrifices, 91;
sacred rites, 97, 98;
in Zuñi ceremonies, 100;
in connection with cremation, 106;
symbol of, in use by California Indians, 106;
priestesses of, buried in caves, 107;
symbols of, 110;
associated with image of serpent, 111;
with angular form, 113;
composed of fire and water, 113;
on altar at Copan, 114;
associated with square form and bowl, 115;
flat-topped mitre worn by lord of, 116;
Chinese symbol, 118;
sacrifices 118;
tau upright, emblem of, 118, 119;
cult of, in Peru, 130, 133, 134, 135, 141, 142;
idea prevailed in Tiahuanaco, 166;
among the Muyscas, 171;
in calendar, 179;
in social organization, 180, 181;
associated with animal form, 184, 185;
color associated with, 192;
associated with female principle, 193;
votaries of, 195;
in Zuñi social system, 202, 203, 204;
priests of, represented without beards on sculptures at Copan and
Quirigua, 231, 232;
moon symbol of cult, 267;
cultivation of maize, by daughter of, 276;
symbolized by quadruped, 282;
vase, emblem of, 283;
associated with square form, and darkness;
influence on primitive architecture and symbolism, 284;
flower used as symbol of, 284;
in China, 285, 288, 290, 307;
in Hindu religion, cult of Siva, 314;
in Persian religion, 325;
in Assyrian and Babylonia cult, 334, 336, 338, 339;
cult combined with that of Above practised in China at present time,
344;
Baal, Phœnician god of Earth, 351;
in Egypt, 381;
symbolized in Scandinavia by Thor’s hammer, 474;
table of countries where traces of cult have been found, 480;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Earth-mother, represented by Cihuacoatl, 79;
pictured in Borgian Codex, 98;
Zuñi symbol of, 100, 200, 201
(see Earth or the Below, also Cihuacoatl).

Earth-work builders of the Ohio valley, 50, 199, 280.

Eddas, written by agricultural people, having knowledge of the fire-drill,
axial rotation, etc., 502, 503.

Egypt, crux ansata, 119;
checker-board design;
basis of chess-board, 124;
civilization mainly Euphratean, 327;
explanations and illustrations of Egyptian symbols, 367-461;
color symbolism;
high development of pole-star worship;
territorial divisions, 368;
Four Quarters;
hieroglyph for capital or city, cross symbol with four divisions, 369,
371;
pyramid, and square form associated with earth, and round with sky, 371;
numerical divisions, 375;
seven-fold organization, centre, Polaris, 376;
calendar, 377, 378;
sky-goddess Nut, 378;
lotus flower symbol, 379;
Polaris, sphinx, pyramid, Middle, 379;
mummy, Polaris, 380, 383;
Ursa Major, used as a measurer of time, 384;
bull, used as astronomical sign of Ursa Major, king entitled “The Bull,”
385;
Amen-Ra, the supreme, dual god;
king associated with sun, and queen with moon, 389;
hawk-headed god, An, compared with Assyrian, Greek and Mexican gods of
the circle or wheel, 401;
Egyptian queen analogous in position to Mexican Quilaztli, 428, 429;
festival of Tekhu, 439;
becomes a Roman province, 440;
cult of dual principles of nature, 441;
summary, 483;
the sacred and tribal tree, 499;
the symbolical use of the column, 513;
Aha-Mena, first historical ruler, was a builder, 532;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Faber, 516.

Fauna and flora of the tertiary period, in Old and New World, 476-479.

Feather, symbol of divinity (Mexican and Maya), 69, 70;
names signify something divine, 129;
Egyptian symbol, 390, 409, 410.

Feathered serpent, origin of use as symbol, 69;
effigies of in Mexico, 70;
used as rebus to express Supreme Being and his earthly representative,
208
(see also Serpent).

Feet of Chinese women, deformation of, 287.

Féjérvary Codex, 178, 187, 235, 250.

Ferlini, 427.

Fewkes, J. Walter, 130, 199, 200.

Figueredo, Padre Juan de, 164.

Finger and toe count=20: 175, 295, 296, 297.

Fire, sacred, Pleiades in connection with kindling, 53;
new, kindling of, 56;
festival of god of, 57;
earliest form under which deity was worshipped, 58, 64, 70;
in Peru, 83;
lighting of, by means of mirror, 83;
god of, associated with sceptre having gold disk, 87;
kindled on body of human victim, 91, 95;
lord of, 127, 128, 214;
feast of in Mexico, 240;
name of one of the four eras since the creation of the world, 253;
symbolical meaning of, 280;
means of producing in Mexico and India, 318;
in connection with cult of Polaris, 319;
worship of in India, 320, 321;
in Parsee religion, 326;
in Babylonia-Assyria, 362;
ceremonial rite, in ancient Egypt, 442;
at New Year festival in Scandinavia, 474;
(in Old World) sacred fire, fire-drill, fire-socket, fire-altars, lord
of fire, 494-504, 519, 520, 521;
(in New World) sacred fire, fire-drill, fire-socket, fire-altar,
fire-drill god, 504-509;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Five elements in China, 293, 301, 309;
in India and in Greece, 484, _note_.

Five-day periods, year divided into in Mexico, 292;
in Japan, 310.

Five-dot groups, idea of, 256;
on monolith “Divine Twin,” 260;
on coin found in island of Crete, 457;
on the cenotaph of king Midas, 459.

Fletcher, Alice C., 196, 511.

Flint, Earl, 195.

Flint knife, Tecpatl, in wrappings, symbol of earth-mother, used as
sacrificial knife, 55, 56;
on head dress in B. N. MS., 57;
in connection with emblematic vase, 103;
sacred among the Hupa Indians of California, 105;
on sacrificial stone of Mexico, 258;
emblem of generation, 521
(see Tecpatl).

Flood and destruction myths and traditions, 88, 240, 253, 270-275
(see Myths and Traditions).

Flower, as symbol, 101;
four petals, two leaves and stalk, 191;
on Tablet of the Cross, 236;
symbol of Centre and Four Quarters, 278;
recapitulation of meaning of, 284;
lotus in Hindu religion, 314;
or rosette, in Assyrian symbolism, 366;
seven petalled flower on Phœnician tablets, 395;
Egyptian word for=_ankh_ means also “life,” 413;
emblem of Middle, axial rotation and life, 413-420.

Footsteps, in circle, indicating rotation, 90, 279.

Forrer, R., 460.

Förstemann, E., 107, 109, 112.

Four Elements, in ancient religion and symbolism: union of, in sacred
rites, 97;
regarded as attributes of Supreme Divinity, 99;
Mexican and Zuñi beliefs and ceremonies, 99-102;
symbolized by calendar signs, 182;
symbols of, on Mexican Calendar Stone, 249-251, 253, 254;
classification of among the Mexicans, Zuñi, and Chinese, 293, 294;
Creator, in Peru and Mexico, named Earth, air, fire and water in One,
494, 510, 529.

Four Quarters, in ancient religion and symbolism: 38, 41, 46;
on shell gorgets, 48, 49;
colors of, represented on feathered serpent, 70;
represented in Mexico by four executive officers, 75, 76;
ancient Yucatan divided into, 85, 86;
in Vienna Codex, 90, 91;
in Borgian Codex, 91;
represented in Caracol or Round Temple of Chichen Itza, 97;
all things divided into, for an indefinite period, finally subdivided,
99;
figured as single sign, 124;
in plan of capital and form of government among Incas, 136, 144;
represented on carved slab from Santa Lucia, 172;
represented by four limbs of human figure, 174;
symbolized in ancient American games 176, 178;
in Féjérvary Codex, 178;
represented by 20-day period, 179, 180;
lords of, among the Quiches, 182;
colors of, 192;
among Zuñi, 201;
in pyramid temple at Chichen Itza, 208;
idea of, carried out by Quetzalcoatl in the Mexican temples, 209;
ruler of, on Copan stelæ, 220;
meaning of symbol as used among the Maya, 223;
on Copan swastika, 224;
on Palenque tablets, 243;
in Mexican calendar-stone, 250;
designated by colors on monuments in Mexico, 251;
symbolized on monolith “Divine Twin,” 260;
cult of, in Mexico and Peru, 264;
Cortes regarded as Lord of, 266;
in connection with pyramid, 273;
list of symbols connected with, 278;
expressed by pyramid, 282;
in flower symbol, 284;
in Chinese calendar system, 285, 291;
associated with color and the elements, 293;
with parts of the body by Chinese, 294;
with form of quadruped by Zuñi, 295;
in China, 298;
in Japan, 311;
in India, 313;
in Persia, 325;
in Assyria and Babylonia, 332, 333, 337, 357;
in Egypt, 369, 372, 386, 394, 395, 415;
in ancient Ireland, the five kings assigned one to the middle and the
others to the cardinal points, 468;
in ancient Britain, 470;
in ancient Scandinavia, 472;
table of countries in which traces of cult have been found, 480-494;
in religious ideas of Old and New World, 517, 539;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Gage, Thomas, 75, 84.

Gallatin, 196.

Gama, Leon y, 96, 186, 246, 252, 256, 260.

Game of ball, represented idea of perpetual motion of the heavenly bodies,
82;
of patolli, description of, 87;
tlachtli and patolli in Mexico, 176, 177, 178.

Garcia, 150.

Garcilaso de la Vega, 132, 133.

Gaul, divided into seven provinces, 493.

Gesenius, 518.

Gensler, Dr., 395.

Ghizeh Museum, 427.

Gibbon, 150.

Gilgamesh epic, 366.

Gillies, John, 487.

Globus, 52.

God C, Maya divinity, 108, 111;
not identical with Polaris, 112.

God L, Maya divinity, 108.

God M, Maya divinity, 108.

Godman, F. Ducane, 120.

Godman and Salvin, 216.

Gomara, 26, 39, 90, 150.

Goodyear, William H., 314, 395, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, 424, 460.

Goose, in Egyptian symbolism, 398;
in Egyptian, Sanscrit and Hindu religious art, 418;
in the prehistoric art of Greece, Italy, Hallstatt, Gaul, Sweden;
name for in different languages, 419.

Gordon, G. B., 512.

Gottfriedt, J. L., 63.

Government (see Quadruple organization, and Social organization).

Great Plan, stone of, 506.

Great temple of Mexico, 53, 80;
recumbent stone figure on summit of, 96;
contains forty high towers to hold effigies of lords of the Above, 107,
225.

Great Turtle at Quirigua, 234, 240.

Greece, use of checker-board design, 124;
primitive government of, 445;
Athenian culture, 454-459;
summary, 484;
Greek colonies in Egypt, 491;
the symbolic use of the column, 513;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Greek fret, evolution of, on the American continent, 121;
formed by upright and reversed tau, 121.

Griffis, W. E., 310.

Grote, 484, 485, 486, 491, 492, 527.

Guatemala, cult of Polaris, 44;
Cakchiquel Indians, 79, 171;
obsidian mirror as oracle, 82;
ancient capital of, divided into two and four parts, 85;
ancient civilization in, 89;
mushroom-shaped stone figures from, 114;
sculptured slabs resembling image in Inca fable, 153;
Nahuatl language spoken in, 155;
caste division associated with left hand, evidence that Nahuatl was
spoken in, 165;
Nahuatl names of four provinces, 172;
stela with symbol of open hand, 184;
numerical divisions, social organization, symbolism, 226;
summary, in table of countries, 494.

Gubernatis, Angelo de, 318, 544.

Gudea, 357.

Guiana, symbolism, etc., compared with that of other ancient American
civilizations, 224.

Guillemin, Amedée, 162, 163.

Habel, Dr., 154, 156.

Hagar, Stansbury, 480, 510.

Hakluyt, 140, 161.

Hale, Horatio, 196, 198.

Haliburton, R. G., 339, 469.

Hammurabi, 349.

Hamy, Ernest, 114, 174.

Hanan-ayllu, upper lineage in Peru, 133.

Hanan Cuzco=the Above, ruled by the Inca, 133;
division of Inca capital including those of upper class, 140, 164.

Hathor-Isis, Egyptian goddess of whom the queen was the living image,
429-437.

Hawk god, in Egyptian zodiac, 400;
on inscriptions in temple of Denderah, 401;
Egyptian god Horus represented with head of hawk, 402;
used as image of Amen-Ra, 412.

Heaven, or “the Above,” in ancient religion and symbolism:
in conception of cosmos in ancient Mexico, in secret beliefs of Zuñi
priests, associated with rising of celestial bodies, 41;
male region, 42, 54, 62, 65;
sacrifices to, 66;
Montezuma living representative of, 71, 72;
in Zuñi ceremonies, 100;
symbolized as air, light and water, 103;
lords of, buried in wooden effigies placed in high towers, 107;
associated with rounded form;
temples were circular, 113;
on lentil-shaped altar at Copan, 114;
in mushroom-shaped stone figures from San Salvador and Guatemala, 115;
peaked mitre worn by lord of, 116;
represented in Mexican ollin-sign by cone, 118;
symbolized by conical stone on which human victims were sacrificed, 118;
Chinese emblem of, 118;
in Moki Indian dance, 119;
in ancient architecture, 119-121;
on clubs from Brazil and British Guiana, 121;
in Peru, 130-146;
in Tiahuanaco, 166;
in Bogota, 171;
represented by human head, 174;
associated with human figure, 184, 185;
in Mexican tree symbolism, 188, 189;
color associated with, 192;
priests represented with beards on sculptures at Copan and Quirigua,
231;
in Mexican calendar-stone, 249;
in “Divine Twin,” 260;
list of symbols connected with, 278, 282;
in China, 284-290, 298, 299, 301, 306, 307, 344;
Hebrew Jehovah called “God of Heaven,” 304, 323, 351;
in India, 314;
in Persia, 325;
in Assyria and Babylonia, 334, 336, 338, 339;
in Egypt, 429;
in Scandinavia, 474;
table of countries in which traces of cult have been found, 480;
summary and conclusions, 544.

Heaven and Earth, union of:
symbolized by human face, 46, 47;
expressed by cross-symbols, 48;
illustrated by double tau-shaped figure, 86;
in connection with Toxcatl festival, 97;
in ancient architecture, 120;
in ancient symbolism 130;
typified by shape of irrigating canals of Peru, 132;
on Copan stelæ, 221;
on summits of high mountains, 283;
in China, 286;
by figure of ocelot and eagle combined, 296;
in Babylonia, 330, 334-346;
in Egypt, 425, 429-438.

Hebrews, 304, 305, 327, 350, 351, 352, 364.

Heliopolis, seat of learning and monotheism in ancient Egypt, 444.

Heraclitus of Ephesus, 452.

Hercules, twelve labors of, 511.

Herodotus, 300, 328, 329, 361, 375, 399, 412, 437, 442-492.

Herrera, 77, 86, 132.

Hesiod, 453.

Hewitt, 453, 480-482, 494-509, 517-524, 565-575.

Hiawatha, 197.

Hieroglyphs, and symbols, on stone monuments of Central America, 218-233;
Yucatan, 234-244;
Mexico, 245-275.

Hilavi, 134.

Hipparchus, 452.

Hippodamus, 486, 516.

Historical Exposition at Madrid, 23.

Ho, ancient name for Merida, on ancient map from Codex Chumazel, 86, 90.

Hochelaga, kingdom of, 197;
Iroquois central capital, 198.

Holcan, title given to war chiefs in Mexico, signifies literally the head
of four, 209;
relates to rulership of Four Quarters, 209.

Holmes, W. H., 39-48, 49, 69, 97, 131, 213, 235, 240.

Homer, 451, 452.

Honduras, ancient civilization in, 89, 218;
Peabody Museum Expedition, 512
(see Copan).

Hopi, ceremonial having affinities with the Nahuatl and Maya, 209.

Horizon, western, Nahuatl symbol for=calli, the house, 38.

Horse, sacred animal in Egypt, 409.

Horse-shoe symbol, 106, 107, 108.

Horus, Egyptian God identified with Polaris, 402.

House of the Doves at Uxmal, symbolism of, 131.

Huaca, tribal or household “idol” among the Peruvians, origin of, 138,
139, 140.

Huaxtecans, 64, 125;
Maya colony on Mexican coast, 160, 207, 208.

Huitzilopochtli, tradition concerning, 12;
represented as humming-bird, 26;
connected with Above, the male region, 42;
the traditional leader of the Aztecs, 57;
tradition concerning sister of, 60;
associated with blue color, 62;
represented by Montezuma, 71;
title of, “Heart of the Heaven,” 72;
companion idol to that of Tezcatlipoca in great temple of Mexico, 80;
monolith in Mexico, 245;
statue of, 265.

Human arm, symbol of one of the divisions of state in Mexico, 175.

Human bones, used as rebus, 183;
reason of decoration, 184.

Human breath, symbolism of, 9, 10
(see also Breath).

Human face, used symbolically, 47;
in centre of ollin sign, 54;
on sculpture at Tiahuanaco, 169;
in Mexican calendar, 169;
in Central American sculptures, 221;
in Copan sculpture, 222;
in Mexican calendar-stone, 248;
summary, 281.

Human faces, of silver and mosaic, on necklace of statue, 265.

Human figure, in sacrifice regarded as symbolic of Middle and Four
Quarters, 91;
in mushroom-shaped stone figure, 114;
in Vienna Codex, 123;
statue of man and woman, symbolized duality in Peru, 134;
Inca gold image of Creator and of the sun, 135;
image of the State in Mexico, 174;
associated with Four Quarters of the Above, 184;
combined with animal figure, symbol of dual State, 185;
on Copan stelæ, 219-227;
at Quirigua, 231, 232, 233, 234;
in sculpture at Palenque, and in Mexican Féjérvary chart, 235-240;
recapitulation of meaning of symbol;
image of constitution and calendar system;
calendar signs identified with, 282;
seated cross-legged, emblem of stable Centre, 283;
parts of, assigned to cardinal points in China, 294;
in Zuñi, 295;
significance of, in sculpture, 295;
on stela, represented the chief and his term of office, 295;
summary of its use as symbol, 296;
statue of Buddha conveys idea of swastika, also of Centre, 315;
combined with animal in Babylonian symbolism, 335;
winged, bird-headed human figure on Assyrian bas-relief, 366;
in Egypt, 378, 379, 400, 437, 438;
in the island of Crete, 457, 458.

Human fingers, symbol of four officers, 175.

Human foot, symbol of lower division of State, 175.

Human hand, symbol of supplication, 127, 261;
on carved slab from Santa Lucia, 172;
meaning of, 174;
wooden sceptre in form of, 174;
symbol of capital of State, 175;
on garment of chieftain at Uxmal;
on stela used as name-sign of ruler in Mexico;
symbol of ancient capital in Yucatan;
sceptre in shape of, 184;
symbol of four lords of the Above, 185;
the idea of many hands guided by one head or central power, 186;
symbol of lord or chief, 190;
expressed numeral five, 279;
Egyptian symbol of Centre and Four Quarters, 394.

Human head, on Tablet of the Cross, 236;
as corn cobs on maize plant, 237;
in serpents’ jaws on calendar-stone, 257;
portraits or effigies of the dead, 276;
used as symbol of Centre, 279;
on winged bull, 337.

Human heart, symbol employed by Mexicans, Mayas, Quiches, and Tzendals,
71;
extracted from human victim of sacrifice, 91;
emblem of supplication, 127;
in sacrifice, 173, 296;
between 4 squares, symbol for chieftain, etc., 199;
on monolith “Divine Twin,” 261;
of gold on necklace of idol, 265.

Human eye used as star symbol, 279
(see Eye symbol).

Human mouth and teeth, symbolized earth or Below, 281.

Human nose, mystic union of two streams of breath, consecrated by wearing
symbolical nose ornament, 282.

Human sacrifice
(see Sacrifice).

Human skull, artificial deformation of, 143.

Human stomach, in China symbol of Centre;
death by disemboweling practised, 296.

Human thumb, symbol of central ruler, 175.

Humboldt, 297, 301, 319.

Humboldt Tablet, 506.

Humis-katshina, Zuñi dance, tau symbol used in, 119.

Hunter, Annie, 222.

Hupa Indians, 105.

Hurin-ayllo, lower lineage in Peru, 133.

Hurin Cuzco=the Below, 133;
division of the Inca capital including the lower class, 141, 164.

Huron Indians, 196-199, 493.

Huxley, 526, 534.

Hwang-te, Chinese emperor who introduced calendar system, 298, 301.

Idols, represented attributes of divine power, etc., 8;
tribal and household, 138, 139, 140.

Ik, Maya glyph, 225.

Illinois, cult of Polaris indicated by emblems on shell-gorget, 44.

Imix, Maya glyph, 108.

Incas of Peru, 133;
cult of, 134;
Great Temple of, 135;
gold images of Creator and of the sun, 135, 136;
form of government, based on Centre and Four Quarters, 136;
ancestor worship, 137;
origin of, 151;
use of tree symbolism, 186;
record of male and female ancestry, 186;
gold associated with male element, silver with female, 187;
associated with golden effigy of sun, 264;
advent into Peru, 539;
summary and conclusions, 546
(see also Peru).

India, divisions of year, 291;
astronomical system, 300;
swastika abounds in, 312;
Mithra, Hindu god of the wheel, 313;
Brahmans, Buddhists, 314;
marriage custom, 316;
numerical divisions, 317;
native maps of, 318;
ceremonial mode of producing fire, 318;
Middle, centrifugal power;
quadruple organization, etc., 320;
tree worship, 321;
worship of Polaris, “the pivot of the planets,” 448, _note_;
summary, 480;
Pythagoras derived his philosophy from, 484;
sacred fire, fire drill, fire altar, 494;
marriage, 498;
the Maghas and Nahushas compared with the Mayas of Yucatan and the
Xahuas of Mexico, 509;
the idea of five elements, 526;
active intercourse with seafarers, 541;
cyclical system of, assigned to same period as Constantine’s numerical
scheme and the calendrical schemes of the Mayas and
Mexicans, 542;
summary and conclusions, 514.

Indra, 312.

Initial scroll, in Central American inscriptions, 221, 233.

Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, 79.

Ireland, numerical divisions;
quadruple organization;
dual ruler;
Middle;
Four Quarters;
cosmical round tower;
Seven Churches;
great hall of Tara (midcourt), 468-470;
summary, in table of countries, 493.

Iroquois, social organization, 196;
wampum belts, 197;
numerical divisions, 198;
linguistic affinities with Mayas, 198, 199.

Irrigation, in ancient Peru, 146.

Ishtar, cult of, 342-350;
ring or circle, symbol of, 359, 360;
“axis of the heavens,” female Polaris, 503.

Isis, Egyptian goddess worshipped under form of cow, 406;
in sculpture and symbolism, 421-434;
called daughter of the sun, 440, 441.

Isokrates, 492.

Israelites, 345;
idea of central power;
star-cult developing into monotheism, 352, 353, 355.

Itza, tribe who occupied Chichen-Itza, 206.

Ixion’s wheel, 453.

Ixkun, 210, 215, 244;
bas-relief at, 259.

Ixtlilxochitl, 33, 66, 84, 163, 255.

Izamal, ruins of, 214, 217.

Iz-calli, Mexican 20-day period, 240;
festival of “renovation,” 241.

Iztaccihuatl, giant volcano, 275.

Jade, Nahuatl word for, chalchiuitl, 34, 81;
symbol of;
emblem of water goddess, 91;
placed with dead of upper class in Mexico, 195;
jade celts from Nicaragua, 196;
ancient name for pyramid of Cholula, “the monument or precious jade
stone of the Toltecs, etc.,” 269;
Chinese word for, significance of, 563, _note_.

Jaguar, figure of, represented four lords of the Below, 184, 185;
skeleton of, in Mound 4 at Copan, 233;
compared with ocelot, 233;
on Cross tablets at Palenque, 239
(see Ocelot, Puma, Quadruped and Animal form).

Janus, double-faced, probably symbol of double state in Rome, 463.