Chapter IV: The Golden Bough (7)

Iron, superstitious aversion to, i. 172-174;
as a charm, i. 175

Iron-Beard, Dr., i. 249, 257

Iroquois, ceremony at the festival of dreams by the, ii. 165, 166;
scapegoat used by the, ii. 194, 195;
time of licence amongst the, ii. 204

Isis, acorn goddess, i. 310, 311;
named the moon by the aboriginal inhabitants of Egypt, i. 311;
as a cow, ii. 61

Isle of Man, wind selling in the, i. 27;
hunting the wren at Christmas in the, ii. 142;
midsummer bonfires, ii. 263

Issapoo, the cobra capella the guardian deity of the negroes of, ii. 94,
95

Istar, legend concerning the goddess, i. 287

Italones, cannibalism by the, ii. 88

Italy, tree worship in ancient, i. 58, 59;
custom of “sawing the old woman” in, i. 261, 262;
gardens of Adonis in, i. 294;
midsummer fires in, ii. 266;
oak the sacred tree in, ii. 291;
the external soul in Italian stories, ii. 307, 308

Itonamas, the, and the soul, i. 123

Itzgrund, harvest custom in, i. 338

Ivy girl, i. 344

Jack-in-the-green, i. 88, 89, 247

Jambi, temporary kings in, i. 231, 232

Japanese, expulsion of evil spirits by the, ii. 176

Jarkino, belief in animate trees in, i. 61

Javanese and rice bloom, i. 60, 61;
ceremony at rice harvest, i. 355;

Javanese and the soul, i. 124, 125

Jerome of Prague, i. 24

Jeypur, scapegoat used in cases of smallpox in, ii. 190, 191

Jubilee, i. 225

Jupiter represented by an oak on the Capitol at Rome, ii. 291

Kaffa, worship of human god in, i. 42

Kafir boys at circumcision, i. 171;
New Year festival, ii. 74;
elephant hunters, ii. 113, 114;
burying of cut hair and nails by the Kafirs, i. 202, 203

Kakian Association, ii. 354-357

Kakongo, king of, not allowed to touch certain European goods, i. 160;
not seen eating, i. 162

Kalamba, ceremonies on a visit to, by subject chiefs, i. 159

Kalmucks, consecration of the white ram by the, ii. 136

Kamant tribe do not allow a natural death, i. 217

Kamtchatkans excuse themselves before killing land or sea animals, ii.
110, 111;
respect the seal and sea lion, ii. 111

Kânagrâ, spring custom in, i. 276, 277

Kángrá, custom at, on the death of a Rajah, i. 232;
sin eaters in, ii. 156

Karens, funeral custom by the, i. 129, 130;
transference of the soul in Karen, i. 140;
dread of women’s blood by the, i. 186;
belief concerning the head, i. 187;
custom at rice sowing, i. 354, 355

Karma tree, i. 289

Karoks of California and salmon catching, ii. 121

Kasyas, expulsion of devils by the, ii. 184

Katodis, ceremony before felling a tree by the, i. 63

Kent, the ivy girl in, i. 344

Keramin tribe of New South Wales, rain-making by the, i. 15

Key Islanders, soul superstition amongst the, i. 130, 131;
expulsion of sickness by the, ii. 160

Khonds, human sacrifices by the, i. 384-390;
rain-charm, ii. 42;
expulsion of devils by the, ii. 173, 174

Kibanga, kings killed in, i. 218

Kilema, ceremony in, before a stranger is allowed to see the king, i. 159

Kilimanjaro Mount, believed to be tenanted by demons, i. 151

Kimbunda, cannibalism amongst the, ii. 88, 89

King Hop, the title of a temporary king, i. 230

—— of the calf, ii. 21

—— of the May, i. 247

—— of the sacred rites, i. 7

—— of the Wood, i. 1-108;
why so called, i. 7;
never a temporal sovereign, i. 51;
an incarnation of the tree spirit, i. 106-108;
probability that he was formerly slain annually, i. 240, 241;
similarity to North European personages, i. 249, 250;
a personification of the oak, ii. 364;
probably burned in a fire of oak wood, ii. 363-365

Kings—as gods, i. 8;
supposed to control the weather, i. 44-46;
punished for the failure of crops, i. 46-48;
killed, i. 48;
divine, i. 49;
of nature, i. 52;
of fire, i. 53-56;
of rain, i, 52, 53;
of water, i. 53-56;
divine, cease to govern, i. 118, 119;
abdicate, i. 120;
guarded against strangers, i. 158, 159;
veiled, i. 162, 163;
at meals, i. 162;
confined to their palaces, i. 164, 165;
killed when they show signs of decay, i. 217-223;
killed at expiry of fixed term, i. 223;
mitigation of the above rule, kings allowed to defend themselves, i.
224;
killed annually, i. 225-227;
temporary, i. 228-234;
temporary kings sometimes hereditary, i. 228, 232;
sons sacrificed in times of great danger, i. 235

Kingsmill Islands, offerings of first-fruits in, ii. 378

Kirn, the name of a harvest supper, i. 345

Klausenburg, harvest custom at, ii. 9

Kloxin, harvest ceremony in, i. 369

Knives, reluctance to use, after a death, i. 176, 177

Kobi, offering of first-fruits by the, ii. 376

Kochs of Assam, offerings of first-fruits by the, ii. 374

Kohlerwinkel, harvest ceremony at, ii. 27

Kolosh Indians, seclusion of girls amongst the, ii. 230

Koniags, seclusion of girls amongst the, ii. 230

Königshain, driving out Death in, i. 276

Konkan, scapegoat used in Southern, in cases of cholera, ii. 191

Konz, midsummer fire festival in, ii. 260, 261

Kostroma, funeral of, i. 273

Kostrubonko, i. 272

Kukulu, the priest king, i. 112, 113

Kumis, driving away small-pox by the, ii. 161

Kupalo, funeral of, i. 272;
representation of, i. 292

Kupole’s festival, i. 294

Lachlin family and the deer, ii. 363

La Ciotat, hunting the wren in, ii. 144

Lada, funeral of, i. 273

Lagos, human sacrifices at, i. 383

Lakor, expulsion of diseases to sea in, ii. 192

Lamas, Grand, i. 42, 43;
the chief of the, i. 43, 44

Lamb killed sacramentally by the Madi tribe of Central Africa, ii. 137,
138

Lamps, festival of, ii. 176

Laos, precautions against strangers in, i. 152;
belief in plurality of souls amongst the, ii. 339

Laosia, women worshippers in, i. 42

La Palisse, harvest custom in, ii. 68

Lapis manalis, i. 22

Lappland, wind selling in, i. 27;
ceremony at the sacrifice of an animal in, ii. 123;
seclusion of women in, ii. 240

Larch-tree, sacred, i. 61, 62

Lazy man, the, i. 89

Lechrain, midsummer fires in, ii. 258, 259

Leipzig, carrying out the effigy of Death in, i. 268

Lent customs, ii. 247-249

Leopard, ceremony at the killing of a, ii. 114

Leper, custom at the cleansing of a, ii. 151

Lerwick wind-sellers, i. 27

Leti, expulsion of diseases to sea by the, ii. 92

Leucadian scapegoat, ii. 213

Lewis, wind selling in the island of, i. 27

Lhoosai, harvest festival of the, i. 69

Libchowic, Mid-Lent custom in the neighbourhood of, i. 93

Licence, periods of, ii. 204

Life of a person bound up with that of a plant, ii. 328-330

Life plants, ii. 329, 330

Lille, harvest ceremonies at, ii. 25, 26

Linus, the name given to the Phoenician lament at vintage time, i. 365

—— song, i. 398, 399

—— identified with Adonis, i. 399

Lion, ceremony at the killing of a, ii. 114;
Arabic belief in the properties of lion’s fat, ii. 86

Lithuania, sun worshippers in, i. 24, 25;
tree worshippers in, i. 58;
superstition concerning the felling of sacred groves in, i. 66, 67;
May customs in, i. 83, 84;
custom after a funeral in, i. 177;
harvest custom in, i. 340, 341;
ceremony at threshing time in, i. 372, 373;
ceremonies by the peasants at the eating of the new corn in, ii. 69, 70

Little leaf man, i. 88

Lityerses compared with harvest customs, i. 366, 367;
story of, i. 392-395;
relation of, to Attis, i. 396, 397

—— the name given to a song by the Phrygian reapers, i. 365, 366

Liver, the, thought to be the seat of the soul, ii. 88

Livonia, sacred grove in, i. 65

Llandebie, sin eating in, ii. 155

Loango, king of, deposed when the harvest fails, i. 47;
supernaturally endowed kings of, i. 116;
a capital offence to see the king eat, i. 161;
the king confined to his palace after coronation, i. 164;
food left by the king buried, i. 166;
food restrictions in, i. 207, 208;
girls secluded at puberty in, ii. 226

London, midsummer pageants in, ii. 281

Longnor, harvest custom at, ii. 25

Lost children, superstition concerning, i. 63

Loucheux Indians, abstinence from the sinew of the thigh by the, ii. 127,
128

Luchon, midsummer fire ceremony at, ii. 282

Lumley, Sir J., excavation of the site of the Diana Nemorensis by, i. 2
_note_

Lüneberg, harvest custom in, i. 377

Lusatia, ceremony of carrying out Death in, i. 259, 264

M’Bengas, life of a child supposed to be bound up with that of a tree by
the, ii. 328, 329

Macusis of British Guiana, treatment of girls at the age of puberty by
the, ii. 232 _sq._

Madagascar, power ascribed to the souls of the dead in, i. 132;
blood of nobles may not be shed in, i. 181;
crocodile not killed in, ii. 109, 110

Madenassana bushmen, the goat sacred to the, ii. 56

Madi tribe, burying of the parings of the nails by the, i. 202;
lamb killed sacramentally by the, ii. 137, 138

Magic, sympathetic, i. 9-12

—— use of cut hair, i. 198-200

Maiden, a name given to the last handful of corn, i. 344, 345

Maize, mother of the, i. 350-352

Makololo, burning or burying of cut hair by the, i. 205

Malabar, reverence for the cow in, ii. 200

Malagasy, vehicle used by the, for the transference of ills, ii. 149, 150

Malay poem, the external soul in a, ii. 325, 326

Malays and the soul, i. 124; ii. 331;
do not touch a man’s head, i. 189

Maldives, cuttings from the hair and nails buried by the natives of the,
i. 200

Mamilian tower, ii. 67

Mamurius Veturius or the old Mars, ii. 208-210

Man in cow-skin, ii. 145, 146

—— gods in the South Sea Islands, i. 38, 39

Mandan Indians, and their portraits, i. 148;
expulsion of devils by the, ii. 183, 184

Maneros, the name given to the lament of the Egyptian reapers at the
cutting of the first sheaf, i. 364

Mangaia, priests called gods in, i. 33;
spiritual and temporal government in, i. 120;
story of a warrior’s shadow, i. 142, 143

Man-god, two types of, i. 12

Mania, i. 6

“Manii, there are many at Aricia,” explanation of the proverb, ii. 82, 83

Manius Egerius, traditional founder of the Arician Grove, etc., i. 5; ii.
84

Maori ceremonies on entering strange territory, i. 156;
the Maoris and dead bodies, i. 169;
fear of the blood of women, i. 186;
sacredness of the head amongst the, i. 191, 192;
ceremony at hair cutting, i. 196, 197;
fishing custom, ii. 120;
offerings of first-fruits, ii. 381, 382

Mare, the corn-spirit as a, ii. 24-26

Marimos, human sacrifices by the, i. 383, 384

Marktl, harvest ceremonies in the neighbourhood of, ii. 16, 17

Marquesas Islands, men deified in their life-time in the, i. 37, 38;
the Marquesans and the soul, i. 123;
shaving of the head in the, i. 195

Mars, chariot race on the field of, ii. 64-66

—— the old, ii. 208-210

Marseilles, human scapegoat in, ii. 212

Masuren, midsummer fire festival in, ii. 265, 266

May bride, i. 98

—— Day carols, i. 75, 76

—— Day customs, i. 72-86, 88, 89, 94, 95, 98-101; ii. 181, 182, 254, 255,
257, 258

—— king, i. 90, 91

—— poles, i. 78 _sq._, 230, 308; ii. 66

—— queen, i. 93, 94

—— sleeping bridegroom of, i. 95

—— trees, i. 74-82, 90, 91, 243, 247, 268, 269; ii. 8, 251

Mayenne, May Day custom in, i. 76

Mecklenburg, reaping custom in, i. 376

Meiningen, Ash Wednesday custom in, ii. 29;
sowing time custom, ii. 48

Melanesia, sunshine making in, i. 24;
bringing back the soul in, i. 136;
Melanesian stones and a man’s shadow, i. 142

Meleager, ii. 305

Men eaten to obtain their qualities, ii. 88, 89

Menstruation, seclusion of women at periods of, ii. 238-242

Menstruous blood, primitive dread of, ii. 238, 241

Mentawej Islands, precautions against strangers in the, i. 152

Meroe, Ethiopian kings of, killed, i. 218

Metz, midsummer fires in, ii. 283

Mexican sacraments, paste images of the god eaten, ii. 79-82;
festivals, ii. 80-84

Mexico, oath of kings at accession in, i. 49;
sacrifice of new-born babes in, i. 307;
human sacrifice at harvest festival in, i. 381;
incarnate gods slain in, ii. 218-222

Miaotse, ceremony of driving away the devil by the, ii. 151

Mice, charm for ridding lands from, ii. 131

Mid-Lent customs, i. 82, 93, 254, 261-263, 268, 269

Midsummer customs, i. 78 _sq._, 89, 101, 272, 290-294; ii. 366, 367

—— European fire festivals at, ii. 258-267, 282, 283;
burning of effigies in the midsummer fires, ii. 266, 267

—— Eve superstitions, ii. 286, 287;
magic plants gathered on Midsummer Eve, ii. 286-288

—— omens, i. 294

Mikado, description of the life of the, i. 110-112;
cooking of his food, i. 166, 167;
effects of wearing his clothes without leave, i. 167;
cutting his hair and nails, i. 197;
not allowed to touch the ground, ii. 224, 225

Miklucho-Maclay, Baron, ceremony on his entering a village on the Maclay
coast, i. 156

Milkmen worshipped by the Todas, i. 41

Minahassa, rain-charm used by the, i. 17;
blood drinking at festivals by the, i. 35;
custom in time of sickness, ii. 84;
driving away devils by the, ii. 158, 159

Mingrelia, rain-getting in, i. 15

Minnetaree Indians and the resurrection of the bison, ii. 122, 123

Miris, tree superstition of the, i. 63;
tiger’s flesh eaten by the, ii. 86

Mirrors, covering up of, i. 147

Mistletoe, the, worshipped by the Celts and gathered by the Druids, ii.
285, 286, 288, 289, 295;
gathered on Midsummer Eve, ii. 286 _sq._;
qualities of, ii. 289;
viewed as the seat of life, ii. 295;
life of the oak in the, ii. 360, 361;
not allowed to touch the ground, ii. 361;
a protection against witchcraft, ii. 362;
the Golden Bough the, ii. 363, 368;
reason it was called the Golden Bough, ii. 365;
why called golden, ii. 366, 367;
divining rods made from, in Sweden, ii. 367;
gathered at midsummer and Christmas, ii. 367

Mithraic mysteries, ii. 358

Mnevis, the bull, ii. 60, 61

Moa, expulsion of diseases to sea by the, ii. 192

Mock executions, i. 261

—— human sacrifices, i. 250-253

Mole, Le, i. 5

Moluccas, festivals in the, i. 40;
treatment of clove-trees in blossom in the, i. 60;
soul abduction in the, i. 133, 134;
ceremony in the, after a journey, i. 158

Mondard, the great, ii. 40

Mongolians, stuffing the skin of a sacrificed animal by the, ii. 124

Mongols, the, and the soul, i. 128

Monomotapa, precautions taken for the king of, i. 159

Montalto, Mid Lent custom in, i. 262

Mooris, custom at births by the, ii. 329

Moosheim, fire festival at, ii. 278

Moqui Indians, belief in the transmigration of human souls into turtles
held by the, ii. 98, 99;
totem clans of the, ii. 99

Moresby, Captain, at Shepherd’s Isle, i. 152, 153

Morocco, iron a protection against demons in, i. 175;
ants eaten in, ii. 87;
diverting evil spirits in, ii. 151

Mother-cotton, the, i. 353

—— of the maize, i. 350-352

Motumotu theory of storms, i. 27

——, the soul believed to be in the reflection by the, i. 145

Mowat, the chief of, supposed to have power of affecting crops, etc., i.
46;
boys beaten to make them grow in, ii. 216

Mozcas, weather kings of the, i. 44

Muato Jamwo, a capital offence to see him eat, i. 162

Mundaris, sacred groves of the, i. 63;
superstition concerning the felling of sacred groves, i. 67;
harvest festival, ii. 172

Mundas, ceremony at the planting of the rice by the, i. 288, 289

Munster, rain fountain in, i. 19

Münsterland, Easter fires in, ii. 252, 253

Murrain, cure for the, ii. 191

Murrams of Manipur, restrictions of food among the, i. 208

Muyscas, weather kings of the, i. 44

Nagual, the, of the Indians of Guatemala, ii. 333, 334

Nails, cutting the, i. 195, 196;
burying the first cuttings of a child’s, i. 201;
cuttings of, preserved, i. 202-205

Namaquas, foods eaten and rejected by the, ii. 86

Nanumea, precautions against strangers in the island of, i. 151

Narrinyeri and their totems, i. 165, 166

Nass River, Indians of the, and the recall of the soul, i. 140, 141

Natchez, harvest festival by the, ii. 382-384

Nature, kings of, i. 52;
dependence of, upon the divine king, i. 109

Nauders, sacred larch-tree at, i. 61, 62

Naudowessies, initiatory ceremony amongst the, ii. 350

Navarre, rain-making in, i. 15

Ndembo, the, ii. 345

Need fires, ii. 269, 293

Negro idea of the soul, i. 125

Nemi, lake of, i. 1;
tree within the sanctuary, i. 4;
priest of, i. 249, 253, ii. 223;
unchanged, ii. 370, 371

Nerechta, Whitsuntide customs in, i. 96

Neuautz, custom at barley sowing in, ii. 28

Neuhausen, harvest custom in, i. 370

Neusaass, harvest custom in, i. 337

New Britain, rain-making in, i. 13, 14;
wind-charm, i. 26;
driving away evil in, ii. 158;
expulsion of devils in, ii. 203;
initiation ceremony in, ii. 352, 353

New Caledonia, rain-making in, i. 16;
charm for making sunshine in, i. 22-24

New fruits etc. eaten sacramentally, ii. 68-79

New Guinea, seclusion of girls in, ii. 228, 229

New Ireland, seclusion of girls in, ii. 226-228

New South Wales, ceremony of initiation in, i. 163;
first-born eaten in, i. 236

New Year’s Day customs, ii. 170, 171, 179, 193, 194, 272, 273

New Zealand, sacredness of blood in, i. 183;
superstition concerning the head, i. 192;
hair cutting in, i. 197, 199;
clippings from the hair buried in, i. 200;
effects of sacred contagion in, ii. 55;
gods, ii. 89

Nias, the people of, and the soul, i. 122, 138;
precautions against strangers in, i. 154;
succession in, i. 238;
slaves sacrificed at the funeral of a chief in, i. 251;
exorcising the devil in, ii. 160, 161;
scapegoats in, ii. 196, 197

Nicobar Islands, ceremony in cases of epidemic in the, ii. 188, 189;
expulsion of devils in the, ii. 192

Nightjar, the, ii. 334, 335

Nisus, King of Megara, ii. 305

Nootka Indians, ceremony by the, at the killing of a bear, ii. 113;
initiatory ceremony by the, ii. 351

Nördlingen, threshing custom in, i. 371

Norse stories, the external soul in, ii. 312, 313

North American Indians, their idea with regard to strangers, i. 153;
restrictions upon women at certain times, i. 170;
cleansing after the slaying of enemies, i. 170, 171;
abstinence from blood, i. 179;
nail cutting amongst the, i. 196;
belief concerning the various properties of food, ii. 85, 86;
spare the rattlesnake, ii. 110;
ceremony at bear killing, ii. 115;
respect for the elan, deer and elk, ii. 117, 118;
regard for the bones of animals, ii. 125

Northamptonshire, May-day custom in, i. 75;
cure for cough, ii. 154

Norway, cut hair and nails buried or burned in, i. 205;
midsummer bonfires in, ii. 289

Nürnberg, ceremony of carrying out Death in, i. 259

Oak worship, ii. 291;
the chief sacred tree of the European Aryans, ii. 291-370;
sacred fires made of, ii. 292;
oak wood burnt on Midsummer Day, ii. 294;
Balder is the, ii. 295;
human representative of the, slain, ii. 294-296;
life of, in the mistletoe, ii. 360, 361;
superstition concerning the oak tree, ii. 368;
a store of solar fire, ii. 369

Oats-goat, ii. 13-15

Obermedlingen, threshing custom in, ii. 21, 22;
midsummer fires in, ii. 270

Oberpfalz, threshing custom in, i. 371

October horse, ii. 64-67

Offerings of first-fruits, ii. 373-384

Oil of St. John, ii. 288, 289

Ojebways, sunshine charm used by the, i. 22;
seldom fell living trees, i. 61

Olaf, King of Sweden, sacrificed, i. 47, 48

Old Calabar, revellings at the expulsion of devils in, ii. 193

Old man, a name given to the last sheaf, i. 337, 338

Old woman, a name given to the last sheaf, i. 337, 338

Oldenburg, superstition regarding the reflection in, i. 147;
custom with regard to clippings from the hair in, i. 201;
fire festival in, ii. 250

Omaha Indians, rain-making by the, i. 14;
wind clan of the Omahas, i. 26;
their totems, ii. 53, 56

Omens, neutralising bad, ii. 151

Onitsha, ceremony of eating the new yams at, ii. 74;
New Year festival in, ii. 170, 171;
human scapegoats in, ii. 195, 196

Oraon festival, i. 85, 86

Oraons, ceremony at rice planting by the, i. 288

Orchomenus, human sacrifice at the rites of Dionysus in, i. 329

Oregon, belief in the recall of the soul by the Salish Indians of, i. 136,
137

Orestes, the originator of the worship of Diana, i. 3

Orinoco rain-charm, i. 18, 93;
sunshine charm, i. 22

Orissa, worshippers of the Queen of England in, i. 41;
rice growing in, i. 61

Orkney Islands, transference of sickness in the, ii. 153

Osiris, myth of, i. 301 _sq._;
ritual of, i. 303-305;
representation of the dead body of, in the temple of Isis, i. 305;
a corn-spirit, i. 305-307;
a tree-spirit, i. 307-309;
grave of, at Philae, i. 309;
arguments for and against his being the sun-god, i. 311-313, 316, 317,
318, 320;
a god of vegetation, i. 319;
rites of, similar to those of Dionysus and Adonis, i. 319, 320;
probable origin of the cult of, i. 363;
once represented by a human victim, i. 400-404;
on monuments, i. 403;
key to the mysteries of, i. 404;
as a pig, ii. 52-60;
death of, ii. 58, 59;
annual sacrifice of a pig to, ii. 58, 59;
as a bull, ii. 59-61

Osnabrück, harvest custom in, i. 336

Osterode, Easter fires in, ii. 253

Ostiaks, ceremony by the, at the killing of a bear, ii. 111, 112

Ot Damons, custom with regard to strangers by the, i. 151, 152;
seclusion of girls amongst the, ii. 229

Otawa Indians, ceremony at the killing of a bear by the, ii. 113;
do not burn fish bones, ii. 119

Oude, sin eating in, ii. 156

Owl, the, ii. 335, 336

Ox, ritual at the Athenian sacrifice of the, ii. 38, 39, 41;
as an embodiment of the corn-spirit, ii. 41-43;
Osiris and the, ii. 59-61

Ozieri, Gardens of Adonis at, i. 290

Pacific, human gods in the, i. 38, 39

Pádams of Assam, superstition concerning lost children by the, i. 63

Palermo, “sawing the old woman” in, i. 261

Palm-tree, the Dyaks and the, ii. 329

—— Sunday custom, ii. 216

Pan, representation of, ii. 34, 35;
the Lord of the Wood, ii. 35

Panes, festival of the, ii. 90, 91

Papuans, foods eaten by the, ii. 87;
belief in a child’s life being bound up with that of a tree, ii. 329

Paris, procession of mock giant in, ii. 281

Parthian monarchs worshipped as deities, i. 49

Patagonians, burning of loose hair by the, i. 205

Pawnees, human sacrifices by the, at sowing, i. 381, 382

Payaguas, method of fighting the wind by the, i. 28

Pear-tree, the protector of cattle, i. 73

Pelew Islanders, god of the, i. 39, 40;
custom at tree-felling by the, i. 62, 63;
ceremony on the killing of a man by the, i. 178

Pembrokeshire, Twelfth Day custom in, ii. 143

Pepper Coast, high priest held responsible for the general welfare, i. 47

Permanent incarnation, i. 37-42

Persian kings not seen eating, i. 162

Peru, rain-charm in, i. 17;
charm for staying the sun in, i. 24;
preservation of the representative corn-spirit by the ancient Peruvians,
i. 350, 351;
expulsion of devils in, ii. 203;
self-beating in, ii. 216.
_See also under_ Incas.

Philippine Islands, belief in the souls of trees in the, i. 62;
cannibalism in the, ii. 88

Philosophy, primitive, defect of, i. 210-212;
rules of life of sacred men are the outcome of, _ib._

Phoenician custom at vintage, i. 365;
Linus song, i. 398, 399

Phrygia, mock human sacrifices in, i. 300;
reapers’ song in, i. 365, 366

Piedmont, midsummer peasant custom in, i. 288

Pig, the corn-spirit as a, ii. 26-31;
sacred, ii. 50-57;
Osiris as a, ii. 52-60

Pigs, Demeter and Proserpine as, ii. 44-49;
Attis and Adonis as, ii. 49, 50

Pilsen, Whitsuntide custom near, i. 92

Pine-tree sacred to Dionysus, i. 321

Pinsk, Whit Monday customs by Russian girls in, i. 87, 88

Plas, Whitsuntide custom in the neighbourhood of, i. 92

Po, excavations in the valley of the, i. 57

Poachers and the fir-cones, ii. 288

Point Barrow, hunting the evil spirit by the Eskimo of, ii. 164, 165

Poitou, midsummer fire festival in, ii. 261

Poland, ceremony of carrying out Death in, i. 261;
harvest custom in, i. 339, 340, 342, 343;
Christmas custom in, ii. 6, 7

Polynesians, superstition held by the, concerning the head, i. 189, 190;
and sacred contagion, ii. 55

Pomerania, cut hair buried in, i. 205;
reaping custom in, i. 205

Pomos of California, expulsions of devils by the, ii. 183

Pongol festival, ii. 73

Pont à Mousson, harvest ceremony at, ii. 21

Poplar, burning of a, on St. Peter’s Day, i. 101

Portrait, the soul in the, i. 148, 149

Portraits, life in, i. 148

Potato-dog, ii. 4

—— wolf, ii. 2, 5

Potatoes, custom at the digging of new, in Sutherlandshire, ii. 71

Potniae, rites of Dionysus at, i. 329

Pouilly, harvest ceremony at, ii. 20, 21, 47

Preacher to the fish, ii. 119, 120

Pregnancy, i. 239

Priestly kings, i. 7, 8

Priests, Roman and Sabine, not shaved with iron razors, i. 172

Primitive man and the supernatural, i. 6-30

—— philosophy, rules of life are the outcome of, i. 208-210

Prophesying, drinking blood before, i. 34, 35

Propitiation of the fish, ii. 118, 119

Proserpine and the pig, ii. 44-49

Prussia, reverence for the oak in, i. 58;
high trees worshipped by the ancient Prussians, i. 64;
custom after a funeral by the old Prussians, i. 177;
self-immolation of the supreme ruler of the old Prussians, i. 223;
ceremony at spring ploughing in, i. 286;
corn drenching in, i. 287;
gardens of Adonis in, i. 294, 295;
harvest custom in, i. 336, 338, 343;
ceremony at the sowing of the winter corn by the Prussian Slavs, ii. 18,
19;
midsummer fire festival in, ii. 265

Puberty, girls at, not allowed to touch the ground or see the sun, ii.
225-253;
girls secluded at, ii. 225;
reasons for the seclusion, ii. 238 _sq._

Pulverbatch, oak tree superstition at, ii. 368

Punjaub, Gen. Nicholson worshipped by a sect in the, i. 41;
ceremony at the bursting of the cotton boles in the, i. 353;
custom at the festival of lamps, ii. 176

Purification after travel, i. 157, 158

Pyrenees, customs in the, i. 101

Quauhtitlans, human sacrifices by the, ii. 221

Queen of the sacred rites, i. 7

Queensland, initiatory rites in, ii. 343, 344

Quilacare, self-immolation of the king of, i. 224

Quoja, initiatory rites in, ii. 347

Ra, the sun-god, i. 313-316

Rain-charm, i. 93, 199, 287, 289, 299, 333, 374, 390, 400; ii. 42

—— kings of, i. 52, 53

—— making, i. 13-22

Rajah, custom at the death of a, i. 232

Rajah Vijyanagram, his aversion to iron, i. 174

Rajamahall, offerings of first-fruits in, ii. 374, 375

Rali fair, the, i. 276, 277

Ram, sacred, ii. 63;
Egyptian sacrifice of the, ii. 92-94;
consecration of the white ram by the Kalmucks, ii. 136

Ramin, harvest custom in, i. 377

Raskolniks, the, and mirrors, i. 147

Rattlesnake not killed, ii. 110

Ratzeburg, harvest custom in, i. 376, 377

Red cock, ii. 9

—— haired victims, i. 306, 307

Reflection, the soul in the, i. 145-148

Religion, marks of a primitive, i. 348, 349

—— and magic, relation of, i. 30-32

Religious aspect of Peruvian, Parthian and Egyptian sovereigns, i. 48-50

Resurrection, the, of animals, ii. 123-125;
traces in folk-tales of the belief in, ii. 125;
simulation of death and resurrection at initiatory rites, ii. 342-358

Rhetra, priest tastes the sacrificial blood at, i. 35

Rhön mountains, fire festivals in the, ii. 249

Rice-bride, the, i. 355

Rice harvest, ceremonies at the, ii. 71, 72

Rio de la Plata, seclusion of girls amongst the Indians of, ii. 230, 231

Roman cure for fever, ii. 152

—— haircutting custom, i. 199

Romans, tree worship by the, i. 99

Rome, ceremony of driving out the old Mars from, ii. 208-210

Romove, sacred oak at, i. 58, 64

Rook, expulsion of evil in the island of, ii. 158;
initiation festival, ii. 352

Rosenheim, harvest custom in, ii. 20

Roti, haircutting ceremony in the island of, i. 201, 205, 206

Rottenburg, midsummer ceremony in, ii. 266, 267

Roumanians, rain-making by the, i. 16;
custom after a death by the, i. 176;
corn-drenching by the, i. 286

Rowan, the, effective against witchcraft, ii. 361

Royal and priestly taboos, i. 109-120, 149-209

—— blood not spilt upon the ground, i. 179-183

Ruhla, springtide custom in, i. 88

Rupture, cure for, ii. 330

Russia, Whitsuntide customs in, i. 76, 77;
first-born sacrificed by the heathen in, i. 237;
Eastertide customs in Little Russia, i. 272, 273;
harvest custom in, i. 341;
ceremony on the cutting of the first sheaf in, i. 364;
Easter custom in White Russia, ii. 29;
Russian wood-spirits, ii. 35, 36;
Russian corn-spirits, ii. 36;
beating as a charm in, ii. 216;
midsummer customs in, ii. 265, 267

Ruthenia, fire festival in, ii. 265

Rye-boar, ii. 26, 27

—— goat, ii. 12

—— wolf, ii. 1-3, 5

Sabaea, kings of, not allowed out of their palaces, i. 164

Sabarios, festival of, ii. 69

Sables, superstition about killing, ii. 115

Sacaea festival at Babylon, i. 226, 400

Sacramental bread, traces of the use of, at Aricia, ii. 82-84

—— character of the harvest supper, corn-spirit eaten in animal form, ii.
31

—— killing of an animal, two types of the, ii. 134 _sq._

Sacramental killing of sacred animal by pastoral peoples, ii. 135-138

Sacraments in ancient Mexico, ii. 78, 79

Sacred cattle in Egypt, ii. 60, 61

—— persons’ vessels not to be used by others, i. 166;
sacred persons are dangerous, i. 166, 167;
not allowed to see the sun, ii. 225, 243 _note_;
not allowed to touch the ground, ii. 224, 243 _note_

Sacredness and uncleanness not distinguished by primitive man, i. 169-172

Sacrifices, human, i. 235-237, 251, 252

Sacrificial king, i. 7

Saddle Island, the reflection and the soul in the, i. 145

Saffron Walden, May-day custom in, i. 76

Sagar, influenza in, ii. 189, 190

Saligné, harvest custom in, i. 343

Salii, the, ii. 210 _note_

Salmon-catching, ii. 121, 122

Salza district, Shrove Tuesday custom in the, ii. 29

Salzwedel, Whitsuntide custom in, i. 90

Samoan gods, i. 39; ii. 54

Samoans, the, and bleeding trees, i. 61;
recall of the soul amongst the, i. 135;
turtle not eaten by the, i. 163;

Samoans and the butterfly, ii. 56;
presentation of first-fruits by the, ii. 381

Samogitians, tree superstition amongst the, i. 65;
birds and beasts of the wood held sacred by the, i. 105

Samorin kings, i. 225

Samoyed story, the external soul in a, ii. 321

Sankara and his shadow, i. 142

Santals, story of a soul by the, i. 126

Sardinia, Gardens of Adonis in, i. 290

Satyrs, representation of the, ii. 35

Savage, our debt to the, i. 210-212

Savage Island, kings killed in the, i. 48;
collapse of the monarchy in the, i. 118;
killing of strangers in the, i. 158

Savages and the soul, i. 121, 122

“Sawing the old woman,” i. 261, 262

Saxon villages, Whitsuntide custom in, i. 95

Saxons of Transylvania, charm for keeping sparrows from the corn used by
the, ii. 130

Saxony, Whitsuntide ceremonies in, i. 243

Scandinavian Christmas custom, ii. 29

Scapegoat, ii. 182-217;
animal employed as a, ii. 189-191, 194 _sq._;
human, ii. 191 _sq._;
dog used as a, ii. 194, 195;
Tibetan ceremony of the, ii. 197, 198;
divine, ii. 199-201, 205;
cow and bull as, ii. 201, 202;
use of, in classical antiquity, ii. 208-217;
reason for beating the, ii. 213-215

Schaumburg, Easter fires in, ii. 253

Schluckenau, Shrovetide custom in, i. 244

Scotland, representation of spring in the Highlands of, i. 97;
iron as a charm in, i. 175, 176;
harvest custom in, i. 339, 345;
cowherd clothed in cow’s hide in the Highlands of, ii. 145, 146;
midsummer fires in, ii. 264, 265

Scythian kings put in bonds in times of scarcity, i. 46

Sea-lion, respect for the, ii. 111

Seal, respect for the, ii. 111

Self-immolation, i. 216, 224

Semites, sacrifice of children by the, i. 235;
the king’s son sacrificed, _ib._;
worship of Adonis, i. 279

Senegambia, the Python clan in, ii. 95;
soul detention among the Sereres of, i. 139

Senjero, first-born sacrificed in, i. 236, 237

Servia, rain-making in, i. 16;
torchlight procession in, ii. 266

Seven Oaks, May-day custom in, i. 76

Sex-totems in Australia, ii. 334-337

Shadow, the soul in the, i. 141-149

Shamans, the, sacrifice their chief on account of pestilence, i. 48

Shans, expulsion of the fire-spirit by the, ii. 178, 179

Shark Point the home of the priestly King Kukulu, i. 112

Sharp instruments supposed to wound spirits, i. 176, 177

Sheaf, the last, various names given to, and ceremonies in connection
with, i. 336-338, 340-346, 408; ii. 4, 7, 8, 68

Shepherd’s Isle, precautions taken against strangers in, i. 152, 153

Shetland seamen and wind buying, i. 27

Shropshire, “Neck” the name given to the last handful of corn in, i. 407,
408;
harvest custom, ii. 24, 25;
sin-eating in, ii. 155

Shrovetide Bear, i. 254, 255

—— customs, i. 96, 244, 270; ii. 29, 250, 254-257, 283

Siam, soul superstition in, i. 59;
mode of royal executions in, i. 179, 180;
superstition concerning the head, i. 187, 188;
temporary king of, i. 229;
banishment of demons in, ii. 178;
human scapegoats in, ii. 196;
the external soul in Siamese story, ii. 304, 305

Siberian sable hunters, ii. 115, 116

Sicily, Gardens of Adonis in, i. 294, 295

Silenus both a wood and corn spirit, ii. 35;
representation of, _ib._

Silesia, driving out Death in, i. 260;
“carrying out Death” in, i. 267;
bringing back summer in, i. 263;
harvest custom in, i. 336, 346; ii. 8

Silvanus both a wood and corn spirit, ii. 35

Sin-bearers, ii. 151, 152

Sin-eating, ii. 154-157

“Sinew which shrank,” abstinence from the, ii. 126-128

Skye, harvest festival in, ii. 14;
Beltane fires in, ii. 255, 256

Slaves sacrificed, i. 251, 252

Slavonia, “carrying out Death” in, i. 260; ii. 209;
custom of “sawing the old woman” amongst the Slavs, i. 262;
reaping custom amongst the Slavs, i. 334, 355;
beating in, ii. 216;
midsummer fires in, ii. 265;
perpetual fire of the Slavs, ii. 293;
the external soul in Slavonic stories, ii. 309, 310

Slovenes of Oberkrain, Shrove Tuesday custom amongst the, i. 96

Small-pox, driving away the, ii. 161;
scapegoat used for, ii. 190, 191

Snake, communion with the, ii. 139

—— tribe, ii. 95;
ceremony performed with a dough snake by the, ii. 139, 140

Soest, custom of flax pullers at, i. 375

Sofala, kings of, killed, i. 219, 220

Sogamoso, restrictions on the heir to the throne in, ii. 225

Solör, harvest custom in, i. 375

Somersetshire, midsummer fires in, ii. 262

Sorcerers, the soul extracted or detained by, i. 135-141

Soul, perils of the, i. 109 _sq._;
a miniature of the body, i. 121-123;
precautions to prevent its escape, i. 123;
conceived as a bird, i. 124;
its flight, i. 124, 125;
absent in sleep, i. 125-129;
its departure not always voluntary, i. 129;
carried off by ghosts, i. 129-132;
recall of the, i. 129-141;
stolen by demons, i. 132-135;
brought back in visible shape, i. 136-138;
extracted or detained by sorcerers, i. 138-141;
transference of the, i. 140;
the soul thought to be in the portrait, i. 148, 149;
in the shadow, i. 141-149;
in the reflection, i. 145-148;
in the blood, i. 178, 179;
transmigration of the human soul into that of a turtle, ii. 98;
the external soul in folk tales, ii. 296-326;
in folk custom, ii. 327-359

Souls, of trees, i. 59-61;
of divine persons transmitted to successors, i. 237-239;
plurality of, ii. 339

South American Indians, foods eaten and avoided by the, ii. 86;
beating by the, ii. 216

South Sea Islands, man-gods in the, i. 38, 39.

Sowing-time custom, ii. 28-30, 32, 48

Spachendorf, fire festivals in, ii. 249, 250

Spain, custom of “sawing the old woman” in, i. 261, 262;
midsummer fires in, ii. 266

Sparrows, the, and the corn, ii. 130

Sparta, state sacrifices offered by the kings of, i. 7

Spices, sprinkling the sick with, i. 154

Spirit, of vegetation, in human shape, i. 87, 88

—— robbing the, i. 380

Spirits, sharp instruments supposed to wound, i. 176, 177

Spitting as a protective charm, i. 205

Spring and harvest customs compared, i. 346, 347

—— ceremony in, in China, ii. 42, 43;
European fire festivals in, ii. 247-254

Storms, Motumotu theory of, i. 27

Strangers, precautions against the magic arts of, i. 150-160;
tied up in the sheaves by the reapers as representatives of the
corn-spirit, i. 374-380

Straw goats, ii. 16

Sucla-Tirtha, expulsion of sins to sea by the, ii. 192

Suicide of Fijians at old age, i. 216

Sumatra, rain-charm in, i. 17;
tree-superstition in, i. 63;
reluctance to wound a tiger in, ii. 110

Summer, bringing back, i. 263, 268

—— tree, i. 268, 269

Sun, staying the, i. 24;
sacred person not allowed to see the, ii. 225, 243 _note_;
girls at puberty not allowed to see the, ii. 225-253;
traces in folktales of the rule which forbids girls at puberty to see
the sun, ii. 235-237;
belief that the sun can impregnate women, ii. 236;
tabooed persons may not see the, ii. 243 _note_;
fires as sun charms, ii. 267-274

Suni Mohammedans, covering up mirrors by the, i. 147

Sunshine, making, i. 22-24

Superb warbler, ii. 336, 337

Surenthal, midsummer fire ceremony in the, ii. 259, 260

Surinam, the bush negroes of, and their totems, ii. 53, 54

Sutherland, cure for cough in, ii. 154

Sutherlandshire, custom at the digging of new potatoes in, ii. 71

Swabia, burying of cut hair in, i. 202;
burying the carnival in, i. 254-257;
harvest custom, ii. 27;
fire festival, ii. 248-249;
Easter fires in, ii. 254; midsummer fires in, ii. 258

Sweden, harvest superstition in, i. 68;
King Domalde sacrificed on account of famine, i. 47, 48;
May Eve customs in, i. 78;
midsummer ceremonies, i. 78, 79;
Christmas customs in, ii. 29-31;
superstitious use of Yule straw in, ii. 30, 31;
May Day fires in, ii. 258;
midsummer bonfires in, ii. 289;
mistletoe superstition in, _ib._;
divining rods made from the mistletoe in, ii. 367

Swineherds, restrictions on, in Egypt, ii. 52

Syleus, legend of, i. 398

Sympathetic eating, Savage belief that a man acquires the character of the
animal or man whose flesh he eats, ii. 85-89

—— magic, i. 9-12

Syria, caterpillars in, ii. 132

Taboo, i. 121, 178;
fatal effects of, i. 167-170;
seclusion of tabooed persons, i. 170, 171;
the object of, is to preserve life, i. 149;
royal and priestly taboos, i. 109-120, 149-150, 209

Tabor, in Bohemia, ceremony of carrying out Death in, i. 258

Tahiti, abdication of kings of, i. 120;
the bodies of the king and queen not allowed to be touched, i. 172;
superstition concerning the head in, i. 190, 191;
burying of cut hair in, i. 200

Tâif, hair cut on returning from a journey in, i. 194

Tamaniu, the, of the Bank Islanders, ii. 331, 332

Tana, disposal of unconsumed food by the islanders, i. 166;
offerings of first-fruits in, ii. 378

Tarnow, reaping custom in, i. 335

Tartar Khan, ceremony on a visit by a stranger to a, i. 158, 159

—— poems, the external soul in, ii. 321-324

Ta-ta-thi tribe of New South Wales, rain-making by the, i. 14

Tâ-uz, festival in honour of, i. 283, 284

Temporary kings, i. 228-234;
sometimes hereditary, i. 228, 232

Tenedos, rites of Dionysus at, i. 329

Tenimber Islands, offering of first-fruits in the, ii. 376, 377

Teutonic kings exercised the powers of high priests, i. 8

Texas, initiatory ceremony among the Toukaway Indians of, ii. 352

Thammuz as a corn-spirit, i. 283, 288

Thann, May-Day customs in, i. 83

Theban ritual, ii. 92, 93;
rams sacred at Thebes, ii. 63

Thesmophoria, the, ii. 44-48

Thlinket of Alaska, festival to the halibut by the, ii. 121

Thuringen, Whitsuntide customs in, i. 90, 91, 243;
Mid-Lent customs in, i. 257, 258;
threshing custom in, i. 371

Tibetan New Year’s day custom, ii. 193-195;
scapegoat, ii. 197-198

Tiger, flesh of, eaten, ii. 86;
reluctance to wound a, ii. 110

Tikopia islanders, ceremony by the, in cases of epidemic, ii. 188

Tillot, threshing custom in the canton of, i. 372

Timor, West, custom of a speaker in, i. 163

Timorese rain-charm, i. 18

Timorlaut, married men not allowed to cut their hair in, i. 194;
disease-boats in, ii. 186, 187

Tjumba, harvest festival in, ii. 375, 376

Todas, the dairy a sanctuary amongst the, i. 41;
buffalo held sacred by the, ii. 136, 137

Tom-cat, ii. 11

Tona, the, of the Zapotecs, ii. 332, 333

Tonga, king of, not seen eating, i. 162;
ceremony in, with regard to sacred contagion, ii. 55;
festival of the first-fruits in, ii. 379-381

Tongues of birds given to backward children to eat, ii. 87

Tonquin, the test of a suitable sacrificial victim in, i. 36;
selection of guardian spirits in, i. 40;
the monarchy, i. 119, 120;
kings not allowed to be viewed in public, i. 165;
mode of royal executions in, i. 180, 181;
expulsion of evil spirits in, ii. 176-178;
time of licence in, ii. 204

Toothache cure, ii. 149

Torchlight processions, ii. 266, 273

Totem, a, is an object (animal, plant, etc.) in which a man deposits his
soul for safety, ii. 337-342

Totemism, ii. 38, 53, 54, 56, 133, 337-342, 358, 359

Totems, sex, ii. 334

Touaregs of the Sahara, custom of veiling the face amongst the, i. 163

Transmigration of divine spirit, i. 42-44

Transylvania, rain-charm in, i. 17;
burying the carnival amongst the Saxons of, i. 255;
“carrying out Death” in, i. 265, 266;
corn-drenching in, i. 286;
custom for preserving the crops from insects, etc. in, ii. 130

Transylvanian story of a soul, i. 126, 127

Traunstein district, harvest custom in the, ii. 27

Travancore, transference of sickness in, ii. 151

Travel, purification after, i. 157, 158

Tree-spirit represented by leaf-clad persons alone, i. 87-90;
killing the, i. 240-253;
reason for annually killing the, i. 247-249;
the goat as an embodiment of the, ii. 34-37;
burnt in effigy, ii. 274-277;
human beings burnt as representatives of the, ii. 277-285

—— spirits give rain and sunshine, i. 66;
cause the crops to grow, i. 67-70;
influence of, on women and cattle, i. 70-74

—— worship, i. 56-98;
in antiquity, 98-108

Trees, bleeding, i. 61;
souls of, i. 59-61;
souls of the dead believed to animate, i. 62;
inhabited by spirits, i. 62-65;
planted at the births of children, ii. 329, 330;
regarded as storehouses of the sun’s fire, ii. 369 _sq._

—— and cattle, i. 72 _sq._

Trier, harvest custom in, ii. 6

Tukaitawa and his shadow, i. 142, 143

Turks, parings from the nails preserved by the, i. 204;
Turks of Central Asia give backward children tongues of birds to eat,
ii. 87

Turner’s picture of the Golden Bough, i. 1

Turtle, the, not eaten, i. 163;
sacrifice of the sacred, ii. 95-99;
belief in the transmigration of human souls into, ii. 98, 99

Twelfth Day customs, ii. 143, 144, 182

Tycoons, the, i. 119

Types, two, of animal worship, ii. 133, 134

Typhon, ii. 57-60

Tyrol, expulsion of witches in the, i. 181, 182;
witches said to make use of the hair cut in the, i. 199;
midsummer customs in the, ii. 267

Ualaroi, ceremony at initiatory rites in, ii. 344

Uapes of Brazil, treatment of girls at the age of puberty in, ii. 334

Udvarhely, harvest home in, i. 370, 371;
ceremony with the last sheaf in, ii. 9, 48

Uea, power ascribed to the souls of the dead in, i. 132

Uelzen, harvest ceremony in, ii. 13

Uganda, custom of burning the king’s brothers in, i. 181;
king of, and his courtiers, i. 222

Ugi, dread of women’s blood in, i. 186;
burying of cut hair in, i. 202

Uliase, sprinkling the sick with spices in, i. 154

Unyoro, kings killed in, i. 218

Upsala, sacred grove at, i. 58

Utch Kurgan, sin eating in, ii. 156, 157

Val di Ledro, fire festival in, ii. 251

Vaté, burying alive at, i. 217

Vegetation, spirit of, in human shape, i. 87, 88;
slain at midsummer, i. 274, 275

Veiling, i. 162, 163

Venison not eaten, ii. 86, 87

Vermin, respect shown by primitive people for, ii. 129-132

Vestal fire, i. 5

—— virgins, hair of, i. 200

Victoria, Queen, worshipped by a sect in Orissa, i. 41

Vine, not to walk under a, i. 183;
sacred to Dionysus, i. 321

Vintage, Phoenician custom at, i. 365

Virbius, legend of, i. 6;
possible explanation of his relation to the Arician Diana, i. 362;
and the horse, ii. 62-67;
reason why he was confounded with the sun, ii. 369

Volders, threshing custom at, i. 374

Vorarlberg, fire festival at, ii. 248

Vosges Mountains, May Day customs in the, i. 76

Wadai, veiling of the Sultan of, i. 163;
he must have no bodily defect, i. 221

Waganda, worship in, i. 45

Walber, the, i. 84, 86

Wallachia, corn-drenching in, i. 286

Wanika, the, believers in the souls of trees, i. 59;
do not shed the blood of animals, i. 182

Wanyoro, secretion of cut hair and nails by the, i. 203

Wanzleben, harvest custom in, ii. 5

Warts, cure for, ii. 153

Warua, the, not seen eating, i. 160, 161

Wa-teita, the, their reluctance to be photographed, i. 148

Water, kings of, i. 53-56

—— fairy, English superstition regarding the, i. 146

Watjobaluk, the, and the bat, ii. 334

Weather kings, i. 44-46

—— omens, ii. 270, 271

Weevil, the, ii. 129, 130

Weiden, harvest custom in, i. 338

Welsh custom of sin eating, ii. 154, 155

Wends dancing round the oak-tree, i. 72

Wermland, custom among the threshers in, i. 378;
ceremony with regard to the last sheaf in, ii. 68

West African rain-makers, i. 20

Westerhüsen, reaping custom in, i. 334

Westphalia, Whitsuntide customs in, i. 98;
harvest custom in, i. 336; ii. 8, 9

Wetar, men injured by attacking their shadows in, i. 142;
superstition concerning the blood of women in, i. 187;
opinion of the inhabitants as to their descent, ii. 53

Wheat-bride, a name given to the binder of the last sheaf, i. 346

—— dog, a name given to the binder of the last sheaf, ii. 4

White dog, sacrifice of the, ii. 166

—— mice spared, ii. 131, 132

Whitsuntide basket, i. 89

—— bride, i. 98

—— customs, i. 76, 77, 80, 87, 88, 90-96, 98, 242, 243-247

—— flower, i. 88

—— king, i. 90

—— queen, i. 93

Wiedingharde, threshing custom in, i. 378

Wild man, i. 243, 244, 248, 250, 270; ii. 41

Wind, buying and selling, i. 27;
fighting the, i. 28-30;
wind-making, i. 26, 27

Wine the blood of the vine, i. 184, 185;
abstention from, _ib._

Winenthal, midsummer fire ceremony in the, ii. 259, 260

Witchcraft, protection against, ii. 361, 362

Witches, expulsion of, ii. 181

Wolf, the corn-spirit as a, ii. 3-7

Wolfeck, midsummer bonfire in, ii. 277

Women, superstition concerning the blood of, i. 185-187

—— secluded, ii. 238-242

—— and tree-spirits, i. 70-74

Wotjaks, sacred groves of the, i. 65;
driving out Satan by the, ii. 179, 180

Wren, hunting the, ii. 140-144;
English tradition concerning the hunting of the, ii. 140, 141

Wurmlingen, Whit Monday custom in, i. 242, 243;
threshing custom in, ii. 21

Yakut charm for making wind, i. 26;
sacrifices, i. 36

Yawning, Hindoo custom when, i. 123

Yarilo, funeral of, i. 273

Yorkshire custom of the clergyman cutting the first corn, ii. 71

Yoruba, precautions against strangers in, i. 151

Yucutan charm for staying the sun, i. 25;
New Year’s festival, ii. 272, 273

Yule boar, ii. 29-32, 48

—— straw, ii. 30, 31

Zabern, May Day custom in, i. 77;
harvest custom in, ii. 18

Zacynthus, strength thought to be in the hair by the people of, ii. 328

Zafimanelo, the, not seen eating, i. 160

Zaparo Indians of South America, foods eaten and avoided by the, ii. 86

Zapotecs, high pontiff of the, i. 113, 114; ii. 224;
harvest custom, i. 352, 353;
the tona of the, ii. 332

Zealand, custom at the madder harvest in, i. 378, 379

Zend Avesta, directions by the, concerning the clippings of hair and
nails, i. 202

Zeus, a man’s shadow lost on entering the sanctuary of, i. 143;
represented by an oak at Dodona, ii. 291

—— and Hera, representation of the marriage of, i. 103

Zoolas, qualities required for the king of the, i. 219

Zulu rain-charm, i. 19;
belief in the reflection as the soul, i. 145;
kings put to death, i. 218, 219;
custom in time of disease, ii. 86;
cannibalism, ii. 89;
girls secluded at puberty, ii. 226;
the Ihlozi of the, ii. 332

Zuni sacrifice of the turtle, ii. 95-99;
totem clans, ii. 99

Zürich, fire festival in, ii. 250, 251

FOOTNOTES

1 W. Mannhardt, _Die Korndämonen_, pp. 1-6.

2 W. Mannhardt, _Roggenwolf und Roggenhund_ (Danzig, 1865), p. 5;
_id._, _Antike Wald-und Feldkulte_, p. 318 _sq._; _id._, _Mythol.
Forsch._ p. 103; Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus
Thüringen_, p. 213.

3 W. Mannhardt, _Roggenwolf u. Roggenhund_, p. 7 _sqq._; _id._, _A. W.
F._ p. 319.

4 W. Mannhardt, _Roggenwolf_, etc. p. 10.

5 W. Mannhardt, _M. F._ p. 104.

_ 6 Ib._

_ 7 Ib._ p. 104 _sq._ On the Harvest-May, see above, vol. i. p. 68.

_ 8 Ib._ p. 105.

_ 9 Ib._ p. 30.

_ 10 Ib._ pp. 30, 105.

_ 11 Ib._ p. 105 _sq._

_ 12 A. W. F._ p. 320; _Roggenwolf_, p. 24.

_ 13 Roggenwolf_, p. 24.

_ 14 Roggenwolf_, p. 24.

_ 15 Ib._ p. 25.

_ 16 Ib._ p. 28; _A. W. F._ p. 320.

_ 17 Roggenwolf_, p. 25.

_ 18 Ib._ p. 26.

_ 19 Ib._ p. 26; _A. W. F._ p. 320.

_ 20 A. W. F._ p. 321.

_ 21 A. W. F._ p. 321 _sq._

_ 22 A. W. F._ p. 320.

_ 23 A. W. F._ p. 320 _sq._

_ 24 A. W. F._ p. 322.

_ 25 Ib._ p. 323.

_ 26 Die Korndämonen_, p. 13.

_ 27 Ib._; Schmitz, _Sitten und Sagen des Eifler Volkes_, i. p. 95;
Kuhn, _Westfälische Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche_, ii. p. 181; Kuhn
und Schwartz, _Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche_, p. 398.

28 G. A. Heinrich, _Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen
Siebenbürgens_, p. 21.

_ 29 Die Korndämonen_, p. 13. Cp. Kuhn and Schwartz, _l.c._

_ 30 Die Korndämonen_, p. 13.

31 Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen_, p. 220.

_ 32 Die Korndämonen_, p. 13 _sq._; _Kuhn, Westfälische Sagen, Märchen
und Gebräuche_, ii. p. 180 _sq._; Pfannenschmid, _Germanische
Erntefeste_, p. 110.

_ 33 Die Korndämonen_, p. 14; Pfannenschmid, _op. cit._ pp. 111, 419
_sq._

_ 34 Die Korndämonen_, p. 15. So in Shropshire, where the corn-spirit is
conceived in the form of a gander (see above, vol. i. p. 407), the
expression for overthrowing a load at harvest is “to lose the
goose,” and the penalty used to be the loss of the goose at the
harvest supper (Burne and Jackson, _Shropshire Folk-lore_, p. 375);
and in some parts of England the harvest supper was called the
Harvest Gosling, or the Inning Goose (Brand, _Popular Antiquities_,
ii. 23, 26, Bohn’s ed.)

_ 35 Die Korndämonen_, p. 14.

_ 36 Ib._ p. 15.

_ 37 M. F._ p. 30.

_ 38 Die Korndämonen_, p. 15.

_ 39 Ib._ p. 15 _sq._

_ 40 Ib._ p. 15; _M. F._ p. 30.

_ 41 Die Korndämonen_, p. 1.

_ 42 Folk-lore Journal_, vii. 47.

_ 43 Die Korndämonen_, p. 3.

44 Lemke, _Volksthümliches in Ostpreussen_, i. 24.

45 G. A. Heinrich, _Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen
Siebenbürgens_, p. 21.

46 Above, vol. i. p. 408.

_ 47 M. F._ p. 29.

_ 48 M. F._ p. 29 _sq._; _Die Korndämonen_, p. 5.

_ 49 A. W. F._ pp. 172-174; _M. F._ p. 30.

50 W. Mannhardt, _A. W. F._ p. 155 _sq._

_ 51 Ib._ p. 157 _sq._

_ 52 Ib._ p. 159.

_ 53 Ib._ p. 161 _sq._

54 W. Mannhardt, _A. W. F._ p. 162.

55 Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, ii. p. 232 _sq._ No.
426; _A. W. F._ p. 162.

56 Panzer, _op. cit._ ii. p. 228 _sq._ No. 422; _A. W. F._ p. 163.

_ 57 A. W. F._ p. 163.

_ 58 Ib._ p. 164.

_ 59 A. W. F._ p. 164.

_ 60 Ib._ p. 164 _sq._

_ 61 Ib._ p. 165.

62 Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, ii. 24, Bohn’s ed.; _A. W. F._ p. 165.

63 Above, vol. i. p. 380.

_ 64 A. W. F._ p. 165.

_ 65 A. W. F._ p. 166; _M. F._ p. 185.

_ 66 A. W. F._ p. 166.

67 Above, p. 11.

68 Holzmayer, _Osiliana_, p. 107.