Chapter VIII: The Killing of the Tree-Spirit (5)

Marketa, the holy, 238

Marriage, mythical and dramatic, of the Sun and Moon, 71, 73 _sq._, 78, 87
_sq._, 92, 105;
of brothers and sisters in royal families, 193 _sq._

—— Sacred, of king and queen, 71;
of gods and goddesses, 73;
of actors disguised as animals, 83;
of Zeus and Hera, 91

“Marriage Hollow” at Teltown, 99

Martin, Father, quoted, 141 _sq._

Marzana, goddess of Death, 237

Masai, the, 61, 65;
their custom as to the skulls of dead chiefs, 202 _sq._

Masks hung on trees, 283

Masquerades of kings and queens, 71 _sq._, 88, 89

Masson, Bishop, 137

Mata, the small-pox goddess, sacrifice of children to, 181

Matiamvo, a potentate in Angola, the manner of his death, 35 _sq._

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, 94 _sq._

Mausolus, contests of eloquence in his honour, 95

May, the Queen of, in the Isle of Man, 258;
King and Queen of, 266

—— Bride, 266

—— Day in Sweden, 254;
in the Isle of Man, 258

—— -tree, 246;
horse-race to, 208

—— -trees, 251 _sq._

Mbaya Indians of South America, 140;
their custom of infanticide, 197

Medicine-men swinging as a mode of cure, 280 _sq._

Melicertes at the Isthmus of Corinth, 93, 103;
in Tenedos, human sacrifices to, 162

Memphis, statues of Summer and Winter at, 259 _n._1

Men and asses, redemption of firstling, 173

Mendes, mummy of Osiris at, 4;
the ram-god of, 7 n.2

Menoeceus, his voluntary death, 192 _n._3

Meriahs, human victims among the Khonds, 139

Meroe, Ethiopian kings of, put to death, 15

Merolla, G., quoted, 14 _sq._

Messiah, a pretended, 46

Meteors, superstitions as to, 58 _sqq._

Metis, swallowed by her husband Zeus, 192

_Metsik_, “wood-spirit,” 233, 252 _sq._

Meyer, Professor Kuno, 159 _n._1

Micah, the prophet, on sacrifice, 171, 174

Mid-Lent, the fourth Sunday in Lent, 222 _n._1;
also called Dead Sunday, 221;
celebration of, 234, 236 _sq._;
ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, 240 _sqq._

Midsummer Eve, Russian ceremony on, 262

Mikados, human sacrifices formerly offered at the graves of the, 218

Miltiades, funeral games in his honour, 93

Minahassa, mock human sacrifices in, 214 _sq._

Minorca, seven-legged images of Lent in, 244 _n._1

Minos, king of Cnossus, his reign of eight years, 70 _sqq._;
tribute of youths and maidens sent to, 74 _sqq._

—— and Britomartis, 73

Minotaur, legend of the, 71, 74, 75

Minyas, king of Orchomenus, 164

Mnevis, the sacred bull of Heliopolis, 72

Moab, king of, sacrifices his son on the wall, 166, 179

Mock human sacrifices, 214 _sqq._;
sacrifices of finger-joints, 219

—— sultan in Morocco, 152 _sq._

Mohammedan belief as to falling stars, 63 _sq._

Moloch, sacrifice of children to, 75, 168 _sqq._

Moon represented by a cow, 71 _sq._;
myth of the setting and rising, 73;
married to Endymion, 90

—— and sun, mythical and dramatic marriage of the, 71, 73 _sq._, 78, 87
_sq._, 92, 105

Morasas, the, 219

Moravia, “Carrying out Death” in, 238 _sq._, 249

Morocco, annual temporary king in, 152 _sq._

Mortality of the gods, 1 _sqq._

Moschus, 73 _n._1

Moss, W., 284 _n._4

Mother of the Grape-cluster, 8

Moulton, Professor J. H., 124 _n._1

Mounds, sepulchral, 93, 96, 100, 104

Mulai Rasheed II., 153

Müller, K. O., 59, 69 _n._1, 90, 165 _n._1, 166 _n._1

Mumbo Jumbos, 178

Mummers, the Whitsuntide, 205 _sqq._

Murderers, their bodies destroyed, 11

Mutch, Captain J. S., 259 _n._1

Mysore, mimic rite of circumcision in, 220

Myths of creation, 106 _sqq._

Nabu, a Babylonian god, 110

Naga tribes of Manipur, 11

Nagpur, the cobra the crest of the Maharajah of, 132 _sq._

Namaquas, the, 61

Natural death regarded as a calamity, 11 _sq._

Nauroz and Eed festivals, 279

Nemean games celebrated in honour of Opheltes, 93

Nemi, priest of, 28, 212 _sq._, 220;
King of the Wood at, 205 _sq._, 212 _sqq._

Nephele, wife of King Athamas, 161

New Britain, 65

—— Guinea, the Papuans of, 287

—— Hebrides, burial alive in the, 12

—— South Wales, sacrifice of firstborn children among the aborigines of,
179 _sq._

Ngarigo, the, of New South Wales, 60

Ngoio, a province of Congo, 118 _sq._

Nias, custom of succession to the chieftainship in, 198 _sq._; mock human sacrifices at funerals in, 216

Nicobarese, their sham-fights to gratify the dead, 96

Niederpöring in Bavaria, Whitsuntide custom at, 206 _sq._

Niué or Savage Island, 219

Nöldeke, Professor Th., 179 _n._4

Normandy, Burial of Shrove Tuesday in, 228

Norsemen, their custom of wounding the dying, 13 _sq._

North Africa, festivals of swinging in, 284

—— American Indians, their funeral celebrations, 97;
their firm belief in immortality, 137

Nyakang, founder of the dynasty of Shilluk kings, 18 _sqq._

Nyikpla or Nyigbla, a negro divinity, 61

Oak, sacred, at Delphi, 80 _sq._;
effigy of Death buried under an, 236

Oak branches, Whitsuntide mummer swathed in, 207

—— -leaves, crown of, 80 _sqq._

Oath by the Styx, 70 _n._1

Octennial cycle based on an attempt to harmonise lunar and solar time, 68
_sq._

—— tenure of the kingship, 58 _sqq._

Odin, 13;
legend of the deposition of, 56; sacrifice of king’s sons to, 57;
human sacrifices to, 160 _sq._, 188

Oedipus, legend of, 193

Oenomaus at Olympia, 91

Oesel, island of, 66

Old Man, name of the corn-spirit, 253 _sq._

—— people killed, 11 _sqq._

—— Wives, the Day of the, 241

—— Woman, Sawing the, a ceremony in Lent, 240 _sqq._;
name applied to the corn-spirit, 253 _sq._

Oldenberg, Professor H., 122 _n._2

Oleae, the, at Orchomenus, 163, 164

Olive crown at Olympia, 91

Olympia, tombs of Pelops and Endymion at, 287

Olympiads based on the octennial cycle, 90

Olympic festival based on the octennial cycle, 89 _sq._;
based on astronomical, not agricultural considerations, 105

—— games said to have been founded in honour of Pelops, 92

—— stadium, the, 287

—— victors regarded as embodiments of Zeus, 90 _sq._, or of the Sun and
Moon, 91, 105

Omen-birds, stories of their origin, 126, 127 _sq._

On or Aun, king of Sweden, 57, 160 _sq._, 188

Opheltes at Nemea, 93

Ophites, the, 5 _n._3

Oracular springs, 79 _sq._

Orchomenus in Boeotia, human sacrifice at, 163 _sq._

Ordeal by poison, fatal effects of, 197

Orestes, flight of, 213

Origen, on the Holy Spirit, 5 _n._3

Orion the soul of Horus, 5

_Ororo_, 24

Osiris, the mummy of, 4

Otho, suicide of the Emperor, 140

Ox-blood, bath of, 201

Oxen sacrificed instead of human beings, 166 _n._1

Palermo, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, 240

Palm Sunday, “Sawing the Old Woman” on, 243

Palodes, 6

Pan, death of the Great, 6 _sq._

Panebian Libyans, their custom of cutting off the heads of their dead
kings, 202

Papuans, the, of Doreh Bay in New Guinea, 287

Parker, Professor E. H., 146 _n._1

Parkinson, John, 112 _sq._

Parrots’ eggs, a signal of death, 40 _sq._

Parsons, Harold G., 203 _n._5

Parthenon, eastern frieze of the, 89 _n._5

Pârvatî and Siva, marriage of the images of, 265 _sq._

Pasiphae identified with the moon, 72

—— and the bull, 71

“Pass through the fire,” meaning of the phrase as applied to the sacrifice
of children, 165 _n._3, 172

Passier, kings of, put to death, 51 _sq._

Passover, tradition of the origin of the, 174 _sqq._

Pau Pi, an effigy of the Carnival, 225

Pausanias, King, funeral games in his honour, 94

Payagua Indians, 12

Payne, E. J., 69 _n._2

Paxos, 6

_Peking Gazette_, 274, 275

Pelops worshipped at Olympia, 92, 104;
sacred precinct of, 104, 287

—— and Hippodamia at Olympia, 91

Penance for the slaughter of the dragon, 78

Peregrinus, his death by fire, 42

Persia, temporary kings in, 157 _sqq._

Personification of abstract ideas not primitive, 253

Peru, sacrifice of children among the Indians of, 185

Perun, sacrifice of firstborn children to, 183

Peruvian Indians, 63 _n._1

_Pfingstl_, a Whitsuntide mummer, 206 _sq._, 211

Phalaris, the brazen bull of, 75

Phaya Phollathep, “Lord of the Heavenly Hosts,” 149

Pherecydes, 163 _n._1

Philippine Islands, 3

Philo Judaeus, his doctrine of the Trinity, 6 _n._

—— of Byblus, 166, 179

Phocaeans, dead, propitiated with games, 95

Phoenicians, their custom of human sacrifice, 166 _sq._, 178, 179

Phrixus and Helle, the children of King Athamas, 161 _sqq._

Piceni, guided by a woodpecker (_picus_), 186 _n._4

Pilsen district of Bohemia, Whitsuntide custom in the, 210 _sq._

Pindar on the rebirth of the dead, 70

Pitrè, G., 224 _n._1

Plataea, sacrifices and funeral games in honour of the slain at, 95 _sq._

Plato on human sacrifices, 163

Ploughing, annual ceremony of, performed by temporary king, 149, 155
_sq._, 157

Ploughs, bronze, used by Etruscans at founding of cities, 157

Plutarch, 163;
on the death of the Great Pan, 6;
on human sacrifices among the Carthaginians, 167

Poison ordeal, fatal effects of the use of the, 197

Polynesia, remarkable rule of succession in, 190;
prevalence of infanticide in, 191, 196

Poplars burnt on Shrove Tuesday, 224 _n._1

Poseidon, identified with Erechtheus, 87

Posidonius, ancient Greek traveller, 142

Possession by spirits of dead kings, 25 _sq._

Preference for a violent death, 9 _sqq._

Pregnancy, funeral rites performed for a father in the fifth month of his
wife’s, 189

Prince of Wales Islands, 64

Procopius, 14

Prussians, supreme ruler of the old, 41 _sq._;
custom of the old, 156

Pruyssenaere, E. de, 30 _n._1

Psoloeis, the, at Orchomenus, 163, 164

Ptarmigans and ducks, dramatic contest of the, 259

Puruha, a province of Quito, 185

Pururavas and Urvasi, Indian story of, 131

Pylos, burning the Carnival at, 232 _sq._

Pythagoras at Delphi, 4

Pythian games, 80 _sq._;
celebrated in honour of the Python, 93

Queen of May in the Isle of Man, 259;
married to the King of May, 266

—— of Winter in the Isle of Man, 258

Queensland, natives of, their superstitions as to falling stars, 60

Quilicare, suicide of kings of, 46 _sq._

Quiteve, title of kings of Sofala, 37 _sq._

Race for the kingdom at Olympia, 90

Races to determine the successor to the kingship, 103 _sqq._

_Radica_, a festival at the end of the Carnival at Frosinone, 222

Rahab or Leviathan, 106 _n._2

Rain-charms, 211

—— clan, 31

—— -god, 61

—— -makers among the Dinka, 32 _sqq._

—— -making ceremonies, 20

Rajah, temporary, 154

Ralî, the fair of, 265

Ram with golden fleece, 162

—— -god of Mendes, 7 _n._3

—— sacrificed to Pelops, 92, 104

Raratonga, custom of succession in, 191

_Rauchfiess_, a Whitsuntide mummer, 207 _n._1

Rebirth of the dead, 70;
of a father in his son, 188 _sqq._;
of the parent in the child, 287

Reckoning intervals of time, Greek and Latin modes of reckoning, 59 _n._1

Redemption of firstling men and asses, 173

Regalia in Celebes, sanctity of, 202

Regicide among the Slavs, 52;
modified custom of, 148

_Regifugium_ at Rome, 213

Reinach, Salomon, 7 _n._2

Reincarnation of human souls, belief in, a motive for infanticide, 188
_sq._

Religion, the Age of, 2

Renewal, annual, of king’s power at Babylon, 113

Resurrection of the god, 212;
of the tree-spirit, 212;
of a god in the hunting, pastoral, and agricultural stages of society,
221;
enacted in Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies, 233;
of the effigy of Death, 247 _sqq._;
of the Carnival, 252;
of the Wild Man, 252;
of Kostrubonko at Eastertide, 261

Retaliation in Southern India, law of, 141 _sq._

Rhea and Cronus, 194

Rhegium in Italy, 187 _n._5

Rhodes, human sacrifices to Baal in, 195

Rhys, Sir John, 101

Rigveda, the, 279

“Road of Jerusalem,” 76

Robinson, Captain W. C., 139 _n._1

Rockhill, W. W., 284 _sq._

Roman custom of catching the souls of the dying, 200;
of vowing a “Sacred Spring,” 186 _sq._

—— funeral customs, 92, 96

—— game of Troy, 76 _sq._

—— indifference to death, 143 _sq._

Rome, funeral games at, 96;
the _Regifugium_ at, 213

Rook, custom of killing all firstborn children in the island of, 180

Roscher, W. H., 7 _n._2, 73 _n._2

Roscoe, Rev. J., 139, 182 _n._2, 201 _n._1

Rose, H. A., 181

Rose, the Sunday of the, 222 _n._1

Rottweil, the Carnival Fool at, 231

Russia, funeral ceremonies of Kostrubonko, etc., in, 261 _sqq._

Russians, religious suicides among the, 44 _sq._;
the heathen, their sacrifice of the firstborn children, 183

Sacaea, a Babylonian festival, 113 _sqq._

Sacred Marriage of king and queen, 71;
of actors disguised as animals, 71, 83;
of gods and goddesses, 73;
of Zeus and Hera, 91

—— spears, 19, 20

“Sacred spring, the,” among the ancient Italian peoples, 186 _sq._

Sacrifice of the king’s son, 160 _sqq._;
of the firstborn, 171 _sqq._, 179 _sqq._;
of finger-joints, 219

Sacrifices for rain, 20;
for the sick, 20, 25;
to totems, 31;
to the dead, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97;
of children among the Semites, 166 _sqq._

—— human, in ancient Greece, 161 _sqq._;
mock human, 214 _sqq._

—— vicarious, 117;
in ancient Greece, 166 _n._1

St. George and the Dragon, 107;
swinging on the festival of, 283

St. John’s Day (the summer solstice), swinging at, 280

—— Eve, Russian ceremony on, 262

Saint-Lô, the burning of Shrove Tuesday at, 228 _sq._

St. Peter’s Day, the twenty-ninth of June, 262

Saintonge and Aunis, burning the Carnival in, 230

Sakalavas, sanctity of relics of dead kings among the, 202

Salamis in Cyprus, human sacrifices at, 166 _n._1

Salih, a prophet, 97

Salish Indians, their sacrifice of their firstborn children to the sun,
184

Salmoneus, his imitation of thunder and lightning, 165

Samaracand, New Year ceremony at, 151

Samnites, guided by a bull, 186 _n._4

Samoa, expiation for disrespect to a sacred animal in, 216 _sq._

Samorin, title of the kings of Calicut, 47 _sq._

Samothracian mysteries, 89

Santal custom of swinging on hooks, 279

Santos, J. dos, 37 _sq._

Sarawak, Dyaks of, 277

Saturday, Holy, 244

Savage Island, mimic rite of circumcision in, 219 _sq._

Savages believe themselves naturally immortal, 1

Savou, island of, 287

“Sawing the Old Woman,” a Lenten ceremony, 240 _sqq._

Saws at Mid-Lent, 241, 242

Saxon kings, their marriage with their stepmothers, 193

Saxons of Transylvania, the hanging of an effigy of Carnival among the,
230 _sq._

Saxony, Whitsuntide mummers in, 208

_Scarli_, 224 _n._1

Schmidt, A., 59 _n._1

Schmiedel, Professor P., 261 _n._1

Schoolcraft, H. R., 137 _sq._

Schörzingen, the Carnival Fool at, 231

Schwegler, F. C. A., 187 _n._4

Sdach Méac, title of annual temporary king of Cambodia, 148

Sea Dyaks, their stories of the origin of omen birds, 126, 127 _sq._

Seligmann, C. G., 17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 33

Semang, the, 85

Semic in Bohemia, beheading the king on Whit-Monday at, 209

Seminoles of Florida, souls of the dying caught among the, 199

Semites, sacrifices of children among the, 166 _sqq._

Semitic Baal, 75

Senjero, sacrifice of firstborn sons in, 182 _sq._

Sepharvites, their sacrifices of children, 171

Seriphos, custom of swinging in the island of, 283 _sq._

Serpent, the Brazen, 86;
sacred, on the Acropolis at Athens, 86;
or dragons personated by kings, 82;
transmigration of the souls of the dead into, 84

Servitude for the slaughter of dragons, 70, 78

Servius, on the legend of Erigone, 282

Seven youths and maidens, tribute of, 74 _sqq._

—— -legged effigy of Lent, 244 _sq._

Shadow Day, a gypsy name for Palm Sunday, 243

—— Queen, the, 243

Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, 169, 170

Sham fight, 24

Shark, king of Dahomey represented with body of a, 85

Shilluk, a tribe of the White Nile, 17 _sqq._;
custom of putting to death the divine kings, 17 _sqq._, 204, 206;
ceremony on the accession of a new king of the, 204

Shirt worn by the effigy of Death, its use, 247, 249

Shooting stars, superstitions as to, 53 _sqq._

Shrines of dead kings, 24 _sq._

Shrove Tuesday, Burial of the Carnival on, 221 _sqq._;
mock death of, 227 _sqq._;
drama of Summer and Winter on, 257

Shrovetide custom in the Erzgebirge, 208 _sq._;
in Bohemia, 209

—— Bear, the, 230

Shurii-Kia-Miau, aboriginal tribe in China, 145

Siam, annual temporary kings in, 149 _sq._

Siamese, mock human sacrifices among the, 218

Sick, sacrifices for the, 20, 25;
thought to be possessed by the spirits of kings, 25 _sq._

Silesia, “Carrying out Death” in, 236 _sq._, 250 _sq._

Singalang Burong, the Ruler of the Spirit World, 127, 128

Sioo or Siauw, mock human sacrifices in the island of, 218

Sirius, the soul of Isis in, 5

Sister, marriage with, in royal families, 193 _sq._

Siu, a Sea Dyak, and his bird wife, 127 _sq._

Siva and Pârvatî, marriage of the images of, 265 _sq._

Six hundred and sixty-six, the number of the Beast, 44

Skoptsi, a Russian sect, 196 _n._3

Skull of dead king used as a drinking-vessel, 200

Skulls of dead kings removed and kept, 202 _sq._

Sky-spirit, sacrifice of children to, 181

Slaughter of the Dragon, drama of the, at Delphi and Thebes, 78 _sqq._,
89;
myth of the, 105 _sqq._

Slavs, custom of regicide among the, 52;
festival of the New Year among the old, 221;
"Sawing the Old Woman" among the, 242

Slaying of the king in legend, 120 _sqq._

Smith, W. Robertson, 8 _n._1

Snake, rajahs of Manipur descended from a, 133

Sofala, kings of, put to death, 37 _sq._;
dead kings of, consulted as oracles, 201

Solar and lunar time, early attempts to harmonise, 68 _sq._

Son of the king sacrificed for his father, 160 _sqq._

Sons of gods, 5

“Soranian Wolves,” 186 _n._4

Soul, succession to the, 196 _sqq._

Souls of the dead supposed to resemble their bodies, as these were at the
moment of death, 10 _sq._;
associated with falling stars, 64 _sqq._;
transmitted to successors, 198

South American Indians, their insensibility to pain, 138

Spain, seven-legged effigies of Lent in, 244

Spartan kings liable to be deposed every eighth year, 58 _sq._

Spears, sacred, 19

Spectral Huntsman, 178

Spencer and Gillen, quoted, 180 _n._1, 187 _n._6

Spirit, the Great, of the American Indians, 3

Spitting to avert demons, 63

Spring equinox, custom of swinging at, 284;
drama of Summer and Winter at the, 257

Spring, magical ceremonies for the revival of nature in, 266 _sqq._

“Spring, the Sacred,” among the ancient Italian peoples, 186 _sq._

Springs, oracular, 78 _sq._

Stadium, the Olympic, 287

Standing on one foot, custom of, 149, 150, 155, 156

Stars, the souls of Egyptian gods in, 5;
shooting, superstitions as to, 58 _sqq._;
their supposed influence on human destiny, 65 _sq._, 67 _sq._

Stepmother, marriage with a, 193

Stevens, Captain John, his _History of Persia_ quoted, 158 _sq._

Stigand, Captain C. H., 182

Stool at installation of Shilluk kings, 24

Students of Fez, their mock sultan, 152 _sq._

Styx, oath by the, 70 _n._1

Substitutes, voluntary, for capital punishment in China, 145 _sq._, 273
_sqq._

Succession in Polynesia, customs of, 190 _sq._

—— to the kingdom through marriage with a sister or with the king’s widow,
193 _sq._;
conferred by personal relics of dead kings, 202 _sq._

—— to the soul, 196 _sqq._

Sufi II., Shah of Persia, 158

Suicide of Buddhist monks, 42 _sq._;
epidemic of, in Russia, 44 _sq._;
by hanging, 282

——, religious, 42 _sqq._, 54 _sqq._;
in India, 54 _sq._

——, hand of, cut off, 220 _n._

Sulka, the, of New Britain, 65

“Sultan of the Scribes,” 152 _sq._

Summer, bringing in, 233, 237, 238, 246 _sqq._

—— and Winter, dramatic battle of, 254 _sq._

—— solstice in connexion with the Olympic festival, 90;
swinging at the, 280

—— trees, 246, 251 _sq._

Sun represented by a bull, 71 _sq._;
represented as a man with a bull’s head, 75;
eclipses of the, beliefs and practices as to, 73 _n._2, 77;
sacrifice of firstborn children to the, 183 _sq._;
called “the golden swing in the sky,” 279

Sun and Moon, mythical and dramatic marriage of, 71, 73 _sq._, 78, 87
_sq._, 92, 105

Sunday of the Rose, 222 _n._1

Supply of kings, 134 _sqq._

Supreme Beings, otiose, in Africa, 19 _n._

Swabia, Whitsuntide mummers in, 207;
Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies in, 230, 233

Sweden, May Day in, 254

Swedish kings, traces of nine years’ reign of, 57 _sq._

Swing in the Sky, the Golden, description of the sun, 279

Swinging as a ceremony or magical rite, 150, 156 _sq._, 277 _sqq._;
on hooks run through the body, Indian custom, 278 _sq._;
as a mode of inspiration, 280;
as a festal rite in modern Greece, Spain, and Italy, 283 _sq._

Swords, golden, 75

Syene, 144 _n._2

Syntengs of Assam, 55

Syro-Macedonian calendar, 116 _n._1

Tahiti, remarkable rule of succession in, 190

Tahitians, their notions as to eclipses of the sun and moon, 73 _n._2

Tailltiu or Tailltin, the fair of, 99, 101

Takilis or Carrier Indians, succession to the soul among the, 199

Talos, a bronze man, perhaps identical with the Minotaur, 74 _sq._

Tammuz or Adonis, 7

Tara, pagan cemetery at, 101

Tarahumares, the, of Mexico, 62

Taui Islanders, 61

Tchiglit Esquimaux, the, 65

Tel-El-Amarna tablets, 170 _n._5

Teltown, the fair at, 99

Tempe, the Vale of, 81

Temporary kings, 148 _sqq._

Tenedos, sacrifice of infants to Melicertes in, 162

Tengaroeng in Borneo, swinging at, 280, 281

_Thalavettiparothiam_, a custom observed in Malabar, 52 _sq._

Thamus, an Egyptian pilot, 6

Thebes, festival of the Laurel-Bearing at, 78 _sq._, 88 _sq._

Theopompus, 95

Theseus and Ariadne, 75

Thiodolf, the poet, 161

Thracians, funeral games held by the, 96;
their contempt of death, 142

Throne, reverence for the, 51

Thüringen, Whitsuntide mummers in, 208;
Carrying out Death in, 235 _sq._

Tiamat and Marduk, 105 _sq._, 107 _sq._

Tiberius, his enquiries as to the death of Pan, 7;
his attempt to put down Carthaginian sacrifices of children, 168

Tilton, E. L., 232

Time, Greek and Latin modes of reckoning intervals of, 59

Timoleon, funeral games in his honour, 94

Tinneh Indians, the, 65, 278

Tirunavayi temple, 49

Tlachtga, pagan cemetery at, 101

Toboongkoos, mock human sacrifices among the, 219

_Todtenstein_, 264

Tonquinese custom of catching the soul of the dying, 200

Tooth of dead king kept, 203

Tophet, 169, 170, 171

Torres Straits, funeral custom in, 92 _sq._

Totemism of the Dinka, 30 _sq._;
possible trace of Latin, 186 _n._4;
the source of a particular type of folk-tales, 129 _sqq._

Totems, sacrifices to, 31;
stories told to account for the origin of, 129

Toumou, Egyptian god, 5

Transformations into animals, 82 _sqq._

Transmigration of souls of the dead into serpents and other animals, 84
_sq._;
belief in, a motive for infanticide, 188 _sq._

Transmission of soul to successor, 198 _sqq._

Trasimene Lake, battle of, 186

Tree-spirit, killing of the, 205 _sqq._;
resurrection of the, 212;
in relation to vegetation-spirit, 253

Trees, masks hung on, 283

Trevelyan, G. M., 154 _n._1

Tribute of youths and maidens, 74 _sqq._

Triennial tenure of the kingship, 112 _sq._

Trinity, Christian doctrine of the, 5 _n._3

Trocadero Museum, statues of kings of Dahomey in the, 85

Trojeburg, 77

Trophonius at Lebadea, 166 _n._1

Troy, the game of, 76 _sq._

Tshi-speaking negroes of the Gold Coast, their stories to explain their
totemism, 128 _sq._

Turrbal tribe of Queensland, 60

Typhon, the soul of, in the Great Bear, 5

Uganda, king of, 39 _sq._;
human sacrifices in, 139;
firstborn sons strangled in, 182;
dead kings of, give oracles through inspired mediums, 200 _sq._

Ujjain in Western India, 122 _sqq._, 132, 133

Ulster, tombs of the kings of, 101

Unyoro, kings of, put to death, 34

Upsala, 161;
sepulchral mound at, 57;
great festival at, 58

Uranus mutilated by his son Cronus, 192

Urvasi and King Pururavas, Indian story of, 131

Ushnagh, pagan cemetery at, 101

Valhala, 13

Varro on a Roman funeral custom, 92;
on suicides by hanging, 282

Vegetation, death and revival of, 263 _sqq._

—— -spirit perhaps generalised from a tree-spirit, 253

Vicarious sacrifices, 117;
in ancient Greece, 166 _n._1

Vikramaditya, legendary king of Ujjain, 122 _sqq._, 132

Vintage, first-fruits of the, offered to Icarius and Erigone, 283

Virbius or Hippolytus killed by horses, 214

Virgil, on the game of Troy, 76;
on the creation of the world, 108 _sq._

Vishnu, mock human sacrifice in the worship of, 216

Volcano, sacrifice of child to, 218

Vosges Mountains, superstition as to shooting stars in the, 67

Vṛtra, the dragon, 106 _sq._

Wachtl in Moravia, drama of Summer and Winter at, 257

Wadai, Sultan of, 39

Wade, Sir Thomas, 273 _sq._

Waizganthos, an old Prussian god, 156

Wak, a sky-spirit, 181

Wambugwe, the, 65

Water, effigies of Death thrown into the, 234 _sqq._, 246 _sq._

—— -bird, a Whitsuntide mummer, 207 _n._1

—— -dragon, drama of the slaying of, 78

Weinhold, K., 57 _n._2

Wends, their custom of killing and eating the old, 14

Westermarck, Dr. E., 16 _n._1, 153 _n._1, 189 _n._2, 204_ n._1

Wheat at Lammas, offerings of, 101

Wheel, effigy of Death attached to a, 247

Whiteway, R. S., 51 _n._2

Whitsuntide, drama of Summer and Winter at, 257

—— King, 209 _sqq._

—— Mummers, 205 _sqq._

—— Queen, 210

Widow of king, succession to the throne through marriage with the, 193

Wieland’s House, 77

Wild Man, a Whitsuntide mummer, 208 _sq._, 212

Winter, Queen of, in the Isle of Man, 258;
effigy of, burned at Zurich, 260 _sq._

—— and Summer, dramatic battle of, 254 _sqq._

Wolf, transformation into, 83;
said to have guided the Samnites, 186 _n._4

—— -god, Zeus as the, 83

Wolves, Soranian, 186 _n._4

Woman, Sawing the Old, a Lenten ceremony, 240 _sqq._

Wood, King of the, at Nemi, 28

Woodpecker (_picus_) said to have guided the Piceni, 186 _n._4;
sacred among the Latins, _ib._

Worship of dead kings, 24 _sq._

Wotjobaluk, the, 64

Wounding the dead or dying, custom of, 13 _sq._

Wrestling-matches in honour of the dead, 97

Wurmlingen in Swabia, Whitsuntide custom at, 207 _sq._;
the Carnival Fool at, 231 _sq._

Wyse, W., 144

Xeres, Fr., early Spanish historian, 185

Xerxes in Thessaly, 161, 163

Ximanas, an Indian tribe of the Amazon, kill all their firstborn children,
185 _sq._

Yarilo, the funeral of, 261, 262 _sq._

Year, the Great, 70

Years, mode of counting the, in Manipur, 117 _n._1

Yerrunthally tribe of Queensland, 64

Yorubas, the, 41, 112

Youths and maidens, tribute of, sent to Minos, 74 _sqq._

Zagmuk, a Babylonian festival, 110 _sq._, 113, 115 _sqq._

Zeus, the grave of, 3;
oracular cave of, 70;
on Mount Lycaeus, 70 _n._1;
his transformations into animals, 82 _sq._;
the Wolf-god, 83;
the Olympic victors regarded as embodiments of, 90 _sq._;
swallows his wife Metis, 192;
his marriage with his sister Hera, 194;
and Europa, 73

—— and Hera, sacred marriage of, 91

—— Laphystian, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165

Zimmern, H., 111 _n._1

Zoganes at Babylon, 114

Zulu kings put to death, 36 _sq._

Zurich, effigies of Winter burnt at, 260 _sq._

FOOTNOTES

M1 Mortality of savage gods, Greek gods.

1 For examples see M. Dobrizhoffer, _Historia de Abiponibus_ (Vienna,
1784), ii. 92 _sq._, 240 _sqq._; C. Gay, “Fragment d’un voyage dans
le Chili et au Cusco,” _Bulletin le la Société de Géographie_
(Paris), Deuxième Série, xix. (1843) p. 25; H. Delaporte, “Une
Visite chez les Araucaniens,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_
(Paris), Quatrième Série, x. (1855) p. 30; K. von den Steinen,
_Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens_ (Berlin, 1894), pp. 344,
348; E. F. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_ (London, 1883),
pp. 330 sq.; A. G. Morice, “The Canadian Dénés,” _Annual
Archaeological Report, 1905_; (Toronto, 1906), p. 207; (Sir) George
Grey, _Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery into North-West and
Western Australia_ (London, 1841), ii. 238; A. Oldfield, “The
Aborigines of Australia,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society
of London_, N.S. iii. (1865) p. 236; J. Dawson, _Australian
Aborigines_ (Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, 1881), p. 63; Rev. G.
Taplin, “The Narrinyeri,” _Native Tribes of South Australia_
(Adelaide, 1879), p. 25; C. W. Schürmann, “The Aboriginal Tribes of
Port Lincoln,” _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 237; H. E. A.
Meyer, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 195; R. Brough
Smyth, _The Aborigines of Victoria_ (Melbourne, 1878), i. 110, ii.
289 _sq._; W. Stanbridge, in _Transactions of the Ethnological
Society of London_, New Series, i. (1861) p. 299; L. Fison and A. W.
Howitt, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, pp. 250 _sq._; A. L. P. Cameron,
“Notes on some Tribes of New South Wales,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xiv. (1885) pp. 361, 362 sq.; W. Ridley,
_Kamilaroi_, Second Edition (Sydney, 1875), p. 159; Baldwin Spencer
and F. J. Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_ (London,
1899), pp. 46-48; _Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres
Straits_, v. (Cambridge, 1904) pp. 248, 323; E. Beardmore, “The
Natives of Mowat, British New Guinea,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890) p. 461; R. E. Guise, “On the
Tribes inhabiting the Mouth of the Wanigela River, New Guinea,”
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxviii. (1899) p. 216;
C. G. Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_ (Cambridge,
1910), p. 279; K. Vetter, _Komm herüber und hilf uns! oder die
Arbeit der Neuen-Dettelsauer Mission_, iii. (Barmen, 1898) pp. 10
_sq._; _id._, in _Nachrichten über Kaiser-Wilhelmsland und den
Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, pp. 94, 98; A. Deniau, “Croyances
religieuses et mœurs des indigènes de l’ile Malo,” _Missions
Catholiques_, xxxiii. (1901) pp. 315 _sq._; C. Ribbe, _Zwei Jahre
unter den Kannibalen der Salomo-Inseln_ (Dresden-Blasewitz, 1903),
p. 268; P. A. Kleintitschen, _Die Küstenbewohner der
Gazellehalbinsel_ (Hiltrup bei Münster, N.D.), p. 344; P. Rascher,
“Die Sulka,” _Archiv für Anthropologie_, xxix. (1904) pp. 221 _sq._;
R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_ (Stuttgart, 1907), pp.
199-201; G. Brown, D.D., _Melanesians and Polynesians_ (London,
1910), p. 176; Father Abinal, “Astrologie Malgache,” _Missions
Catholiques_, xi. (1879) p. 506; A. Grandidier, “Madagascar,”
_Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), Sixième Série, iii.
(1872) p. 399; Father Campana, “Congo, Mission Catholique de
Landana,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxvii. (1895) pp. 102 _sq._; Th.
Masui, _Guide de la Section de l’État Indépendant du Congo à
l’Exposition de Bruxelles-Tervueren en 1897_ (Brussels, 1897), p.
82. The discussion of this and similar evidence must be reserved for
another work.

2 C. Meiners, _Geschichte der Religionen_ (Hannover, 1806-1807), i.
48.

3 R. I. Dodge, _Our Wild Indians_, p. 112.

4 F. Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die religiösen Anschauungen der
Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,” _Mittheilungen d. Wiener geogr.
Gesellschaft_, 1882, p. 198.

5 Sir James E. Alexander, _Expedition of Discovery into the Interior
of Africa_, i. 166; H. Lichtenstein, _Reisen im Südlichen Africa_
(Berlin, 1811-1812), i. 349 _sq._; W. H. I. Bleek, _Reynard the Fox
in South Africa_ (London, 1864), pp. 75 _sq._; Theophilus Hahn,
_Tsuni-Goam, the Supreme Being of the Khoi-Khoi_ (London, 1881), pp.
56, 69.

6 Callimachus, _Hymn to Zeus_, 9 _sq._; Diodorus Siculus, iii. 61;
Lucian, _Philopseudes_, 3; _id._, _Jupiter Tragoedus_, 45; _id._,
_Philopatris_, 10; Porphyry, _Vita Pythagorae_, 17; Cicero, _De
natura deorum_, iii. 21. 53; Pomponius Mela, ii. 7. 112; Minucius
Felix, _Octavius_, 21; Lactantius, _Divin. instit._ i. II.

7 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 35; Philochorus, _Fragm._ 22, in C.
Müller’s _Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum_, i. p. 378; Tatian,
_Oratio ad Graecos_, 8, ed. Otto; J. Tzetzes, _Schol. on Lycophron_,
208. Compare Ch. Petersen, “Das Grab und die Todtenfeier des
Dionysos,” _Philologus_, xv. (1860) pp. 77-91. The grave of Dionysus
is also said to have been at Thebes (Clemens Romanus,
_Recognitiones_, x. 24; Migne’s _Patrologia Graeca_, i. col. 1434).

8 Porphyry, _Vit. Pythag._ 16.

9 Philochorus, _Fr._ 184, in C. Müller’s _Fragmenta historicorum
Graecorum_, ii. p. 414.

10 Ch. Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_ (Königsberg, 1829), pp. 574 _sq._

M2 Mortality of Egyptian gods.

11 G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’Orient classique:
les origines_, pp. 108-111, 116-118. On the mortality of the
Egyptian gods see further A. Moret, _Le Rituel du culte divin
journalier en Égypte_ (Paris, 1902), pp. 219 _sqq._

12 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 21, 22, 38, 61; Diodorus Siculus, i. 27.
4; Dittenberger, _Orientis Graeci inscriptiones selectae_, i. No.
56, p. 102.

13 A. Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Aegypter_, pp. 59 _sq._; G.
Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’Orient classique: les
origines_, pp. 104-108, 150. Indeed it was an article of the
Egyptian creed that every god must die after he had begotten a son
in his own likeness (A. Wiedemann, _Herodots zweites Buch_, p. 204).
Hence the Egyptian deities were commonly arranged in trinities of a
simple and natural type, each comprising a father, a mother, and a
son. “Speaking generally, two members of such a triad were gods, one
old and one young, and the third was a goddess, who was, naturally,
the wife, or female counterpart, of the older god. The younger god
was the son of the older god and goddess, and he was supposed to
possess all the attributes and powers which belonged to his
father.... The feminine counterpart or wife of the chief god was
usually a local goddess of little or no importance; on the other
hand, her son by the chief god was nearly as important as his
father, because it was assumed that he would succeed to his rank and
throne when the elder god had passed away. The conception of the
triad or trinity is, in Egypt, probably as old as the belief in
gods, and it seems to be based on the anthropomorphic views which
were current in the earliest times about them” (E. A. Wallis Budge,
_The Gods of the Egyptians_, London, 1904, i. 113 _sq._). If the
Christian doctrine of the Trinity took shape under Egyptian
influence, the function originally assigned to the Holy Spirit may
have been that of the divine mother. In the apocryphal _Gospel to
the Hebrews_, as Mr. F. C. Conybeare was kind enough to point out to
me, Christ spoke of the Holy Ghost as his mother. The passage is
quoted by Origen (_Comment. in Joan. II._ vol. iv. col. 132, ed.
Migne), and runs as follows: “My mother the Holy Spirit took me a
moment ago by one of my hairs and carried me away to the great Mount
Tabor.” Compare Origen, _In Jeremiam Hom._ XV. 4, vol. iii. col.
433, ed. Migne. In the reign of Trajan a certain Alcibiades, from
Apamea in Syria, appeared at Rome with a volume in which the Holy
Ghost was described as a stalwart female about ninety-six miles high
and broad in proportion. See Hippolytus, _Refut. omnium haeresium_,
ix. 13, p. 462, ed. Duncker and Schneidewin. The Ophites represented
the Holy Spirit as “the first woman,” “mother of all living,” who
was beloved by “the first man” and likewise by “the second man,” and
who conceived by one or both of them “the light, which they call
Christ.” See H. Usener, _Das Weihnachtsfest_, pp. 116 _sq._, quoting
Irenaeus, i. 28. As to a female member of the Trinity, see further
_id._, _Dreiheit, ein Versuch mythologischer Zahlenlehre_ (Bonn,
1903), pp. 41 _sqq._; Gibbon, _Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire_, ch. 1. vol. ix. p. 261, note g (Edinburgh, 1811). Mr.
Conybeare tells me that Philo Judaeus, who lived in the first half
of the first century of our era, constantly defines God as a Trinity
in Unity, or a Unity in Trinity, and that the speculations of this
Alexandrian Jew deeply influenced the course of Christian thought on
the mystical nature of the deity. Thus it seems not impossible that
the ancient Egyptian doctrine of the divine Trinity may have been
distilled through Philo into Christianity. On the other hand it has
been suggested that the Christian Trinity is of Babylonian origin.
See H. Zimmern, in E. Schrader’s _Die Keilinschriften und das Alte
Testament_,3 pp. 418 _sq._, 440.

14 L. W. King, _Babylonian Religion and Mythology_ (London, 1899), p.
8.

M3 The death of the Great Pan. Death of the King of the Jinn. Death of
the Grape-cluster.

15 Plutarch, _De defectu oraculorum_, 17.

16 This is in substance the explanation briefly suggested by F.
Liebrecht, and developed more fully and with certain variations of
detail by S. Reinach. See F. Liebrecht, _Des Gervasius von Tilbury
Otia Imperialia_ (Hanover, 1856), p. 180; S. Reinach, _Cultes,
mythes et religions_, iii. (Paris, 1908), pp. 1 _sqq._ As to the
worship of Tammuz or Adonis in Syria and Greece see my _Adonis,
Attis, Osiris_, Second Edition (London, 1907). In Plutarch’s
narrative confusion seems to have arisen through the native name
(Tammuz) of the deity, which either accidentally coincided with that
of the pilot (as S. Reinach thinks) or was erroneously transferred
to him by a narrator (as F. Liebrecht supposed). An entirely
different explanation of the story has been proposed by Dr. W. H.
Roscher. He holds that the god whose death was lamented was the
great ram-god of Mendes in Egypt, whom Greek writers constantly
mistook for a goat-god and identified with Pan. A living ram was
always revered as an incarnation of the god, and when it died there
was a great mourning throughout all the land of Mendes. Some stone
coffins of the sacred animal have been found in the ruins of the
city. See Herodotus, ii. 46, with A. Wiedemann’s commentary; W. H.
Roscher, “Die Legende vom Tode des groszen Pan,” _Fleckeisen’s
Jahrbücher für classische Philologie_, xxxviii. (1892) pp. 465-477.
Dr. Roscher shews that Thamus was an Egyptian name, comparing Plato,
_Phaedrus_, p. 274 D E; Polyaenus, iii. 2. 5; Philostratus, _Vit.
Apollon. Tyan._ vi. 5. 108. As to the worshipful goat, or rather
ram, of Mendes, see also Diodorus Siculus, i. 84; Strabo, xvii. 1.
19, p. 802; Clement of Alexandria, _Protrept._ ii. 39, p. 34, ed.
Potter; Suidas, _s.v._ Μένδην.

17 F. Liebrecht, _op. cit._ pp. 180 _sq._; W. Robertson Smith,
_Religion of the Semites_,2 pp. 412, 414. The latter writer observes
with justice that “the wailing for ’Uncūd, the divine Grape-cluster,
seems to be the last survival of an old vintage piaculum.” “The
dread of the worshippers,” he adds, “that the neglect of the usual
ritual would be followed by disaster, is particularly intelligible
if they regarded the necessary operations of agriculture as
involving the violent extinction of a particle of divine life.” On
the mortality of the gods in general and of the Teutonic gods in
particular, see J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 i. 263 _sqq._;
compare E. H. Meyer, _Mythologie der Germanen_ (Strasburg, 1903), p.
288. As to the mortality of the Irish gods, see Douglas Hyde,
_Literary History of Ireland_ (London, 1899), pp. 80 _sq._

M4 Human gods are killed to prevent them from growing old and feeble.

18 “Der Muata Cazembe und die Völkerstämme der Maravis, Chevas,
Muembas, Lundas und andere von Süd-Afrika,” _Zeitschrift für
allgemeine Erdkunde_, vi. (1856) p. 395; F. T. Valdez, _Six Years of
a Traveller’s Life in Western Africa_ (London, 1861), ii. 241 _sq._

19 See _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, pp. 6, 7 _sq._

20 See _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, pp. 26 _sqq._

M5 Preference for a violent death: the sick and old killed.

21 W. W. Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_ (London, 1876),
p. 163.

22 H. A. Junod, _Les Ba-Ronga_ (Neuchatel, 1898), pp. 381 _sq._

23 W. Barbrooke Grubb, _An Unknown People in an Unknown Land_ (London,
1911), p. 120.

24 T. C. Hodson, _The Naga Tribes of Manipur_ (London, 1911), p. 159.

25 Rev. J. Roscoe, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), p. 281.

26 Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition_ (London,
1845), iii. 96.

_ 27 U.S. Exploring Expedition, Ethnology and Philology_, by H. Hale
(Philadelphia, 1846), p. 65. Compare Th. Williams, _Fiji and the
Fijians_,2 i. 183; J. E. Erskine, _Journal of a Cruise among the
Islands of the Western Pacific_ (London, 1853), p. 248.

28 G. Turner, _Samoa_, p. 335.

29 Martin Flad, _A Short Description of the Falasha and Kamants in
Abyssinia_, p. 19.

30 H. Diels, _Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker_,2 i. (Berlin, 1906) p.
81; _id._, _Herakleitos von Ephesos_2 (Berlin, 1909), p. 50, Frag.
136, ψυχαὶ ἀρηίφατοι καθαρώτεραι ἢ ἐνὶ νούσοις.

M6 Preference for a violent death: the sick and aged killed.

31 F. de Castelnau, _Expédition dans les parties centrales de
l’Amérique du Sud_, iv. (Paris, 1851) p. 380. Compare _id._ ii. 49
_sq._ as to the practice of the Chavantes, a tribe of Indians on the
Tocantins river.

32 R. Southey, _History of Brazil_, iii. (London, 1819) p. 619; R. F.
Burton, in _The Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse_ (Hakluyt Society,
London, 1874), p. 122.

33 C. von Dittmar, “Über die Koräken und die ihnen sehr nahe verwandten
Tschuktschen,” _Bulletin de la Classe philologique de l’Académie
Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg_, xiii. (1856) coll. 122,
124 _sq._ The custom has now been completely abandoned. See W.
Jochelson, “The Koryak, Religion and Myths” (Leyden and New York,
1905), p. 103 (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History,
The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. vi. part i.).

34 C. von Dittmar, _op. cit._ col. 132; De Wrangell, _Le Nord de la
Sibérie_ (Paris, 1843), i. 263 _sq._; “Die Ethnographie Russlands
nach A. F. Rittich,” _Petermann’s Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft_,
_No._ 54 (Gotha, 1878), pp. 14 _sq._; “Der Anadyr-Bezirk nach A. W.
Olssufjew,” _Petermann’s Mittheilungen_, xlv. (1899) p. 230; V.
Priklonski, “Todtengebräuche der Jakuten,” _Globus_, lix. (1891) p.
82; R. von Seidlitz, “Der Selbstmord bei den Tschuktschen,” _ib._ p.
111; Cremat, “Der Anadyrbezirk Sibiriens und seine Bevölkerung,”
_Globus_, lxvi. (1894) p. 287; H. de Windt, _Through the Gold-fields
of Alaska to Bering Straits_ (London, 1898), pp. 223-225; W.
Bogaras, “The Chukchee” (Leyden and New York, 1904-1909), pp. 560
_sqq._ (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup
North Pacific Expedition_, vol. vii.).

35 L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley,” _Journal of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxix. part iii. (1901) pp. 20, 24;
T. C. Hodson, _The Naga Tribes of Manipur_ (London, 1911), p. 151.

36 K. Simrock, _Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie_,5 pp. 177 _sq._,
507; H. M. Chadwick, _The Cult of Othin_ (London, 1899), pp. 13
_sq._, 34 _sq._

37 Procopius, _De bello Gothico_, ii. 14.

38 J. Grimm, _Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer_,3 p. 488. A custom of putting
the sick and aged to death seems to have prevailed in several
branches of the Aryan family; it may at one time have been common to
the whole stock. See J. Grimm, _op. cit._ pp. 486 _sqq._; O.
Schrader, _Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde_, pp.
36-39.

M7 Divine kings put to death. The Chitomé of Congo. Ethiopian kings of
Meroe.

39 See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, ii. 4 _sq._

_ 40 Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, pp. 5 _sq._

41 J. B. Labat, _Relation historique de l’Éthiopie occidentale_ (Paris,
1732), i. 260 _sq._; W. Winwood Reade, _Savage Africa_ (London,
1863), p. 362.

42 G. Merolla, _Relazione del viaggio nel regno di Congo_ (Naples,
1726), p. 76. The English version of this passage (Pinkerton’s
_Voyages and Travels_, xvi. 228) has already been quoted by Sir John
Lubbock (Lord Avebury) in his _Origin of Civilisation_,4 pp. 358
_sq._ In that version the native title of the pontiff is misspelt.

43 Diodorus Siculus, iii. 6; Strabo, xvii. 2. 3, p. 822.

M8 Kings of Fazoql on the Blue Nile.

44 R. Lepsius, _Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the peninsula of
Sinai_ (London, 1853), pp. 202, 204. I have to thank Dr. E.
Westermarck for pointing out these passages to me. Fazoql lies in
the fork between the Blue Nile and its tributary the Tumat. See J.
Russeger, _Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika_, ii. 2 (Stuttgart,
1844), p. 552 note.

45 Brun-Rollet, _Le Nil Blanc et le Soudan_ (Paris, 1855), pp. 248
_sq._ For the orgiastic character of these annual festivals, see
_id._ p. 245. Fazolglou is probably the same as Fazoql. The people
who practise the custom are called Bertat by E. Marno (_Reisen im
Gebiete des blauen und weissen Nil_ (Vienna, 1874), p. 68).

46 J. Russegger, _Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika_, ii. 2, p. 553.
Russegger met Assusa in January 1838, and says that the king had
then been a year in office. He does not mention the name of the
king’s uncle who had, he tells us, been strangled by the chiefs; but
I assume that he was the Yassin who is mentioned by Brun-Rollet.
Russegger adds that the strangling of the king was performed
publicly, and in the most solemn manner, and was said to happen
often in Fazoql and the neighbouring countries.

47 R. Lepsius, _Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the peninsula of
Sinai_ (London, 1853), p. 204. Lepsius’s letter is dated “The
Pyramids of Meroë, 22nd April 1844.” His informant was Osman Bey,
who had lived for sixteen years in these regions. An _anqareb_ or
_angareb_ is a kind of bed made by stretching string or leather
thongs over an oblong wooden framework.

M9 Shilluk custom of putting divine kings to death. The Shilluk kings
supposed to be reincarnations of Nyakang, the semi-divine founder of
the dynasty. The shrines of Nyakang.

48 I have to thank Dr. Seligmann for his kindness and courtesy in
transmitting to me his unpublished account and allowing me to draw
on it at my discretion.

49 As to Jŭok (Čuok), the supreme being of the Shilluk, see P. W.
Hofmayr, “Religion der Schilluk,” _Anthropos_, vi. (1911) pp.
120-122, whose account agrees with the briefer one given by Dr. C.
G. Seligmann. Otiose supreme beings (_dieux fainéants_) of this
type, who having made the world do not meddle with it and to whom
little or no worship is paid, are common in Africa.

50 P. W. Hofmayr, “Religion der Schilluk,” _Anthropos_, vi. (1911) pp.
123, 125. This writer gives Nykang as the name of the first Shilluk
king.

51 P. W. Hofmayr, _op. cit._ p. 123.

52 This is the view both of Dr. C. G. Seligmann and of Father P. W.
Hofmayr (_op. cit._ p. 123).

53 The word _kengo_ is applied only to the shrines of Nyakang and the
graves of the kings. Graves of commoners are called _roro_.

M10 Annual rain-making ceremony performed at the shrines of Nyakang.
Harvest ceremony at the shrines of Nyakang.

54 On the use of flowing blood in rain-making ceremonies see _The Magic
Art and the Evolution of Kings_, i. 256, 257 _sq._

M11 Shilluk kings put to death when they shew signs of ill-health or
failing strength.

55 Dr. C. G. Seligmann, _The Shilluk Divine Kings_ (in manuscript).

M12 Shilluk kings formerly liable to be attacked and killed at any time
by rival claimants to the throne.

56 On this subject Dr. Seligmann writes to me (March 9th, 1911) as
follows: “The assumption of the throne as the result of victory in
single combat doubtless occurred once; at the present day and
perhaps for the whole of the historic period it has been superseded
by the ceremonial killing of the king, but I regard these stories as
folk-lore indicating what once really happened.”

57 These particulars I take from letters of Dr. C. G. Seligmann’s to me
(dated 8th February and 9th March 1911). They are not mentioned in
the writer’s paper on the subject.

M13 Ceremonies at the accession of a Shilluk king.
M14 Worship of the dead Shilluk kings.

58 When one of the king’s wives is with child, she remains at Fashoda
till the fourth or fifth month of her pregnancy; she is then sent
away to a village, not necessarily her own, where she remains under
the charge of the village chief until she has finished nursing the
child. Afterwards she returns to Fashoda, but the child invariably
remains in the village of his or her birth and is brought up there.
All royal children of either sex, in whatever part of the Shilluk
territory they may happen to die, are buried the village where they
were born.

M15 Sick people and others supposed to be possessed by the spirits of
dead Shilluk kings.
M16 The principal element in the religion of the Shilluk is the worship
of their kings. The kings put to death in order to preserve their
divine spirit from natural decay, which would sympathetically affect
the crops, the cattle, and mankind.

59 As to the disappearance of the early Roman kings see _The Magic Art
and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. ii. pp. 312 _sqq._; as to the
disappearance of the early kings of Uganda, see the Rev. J. Roscoe,
_The Baganda_ (London, 1911), p. 214.

M17 Parallel between the Shilluk kings and the King of the Wood at Nemi.

60 See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, i. 1 _sqq._, ii. 376
_sqq._

M18 The Dinka of the Upper Nile.

61 “E. de Pruyssenaere’s Reisen und Forschungen im Gebiete des Weissen
und Blauen Nil,” _Petermann’s Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft_, No. 50
(Gotha, 1877), pp. 18-23. Compare G. Schweinfurth, _The Heart of
Africa_, Third Edition (London, 1878), i. 48 _sqq._ In the text I
have followed de Pruyssenaere’s description of the privations
endured by the Dinka in the dry season. But that description is
perhaps only applicable in seasons of unusual drought, for Dr. C. G.
Seligmann, writing from personal observation, informs me that he
regards the description as much overdrawn; in an average year, he
tells me, the cattle do not die of famine and the natives are not
starving. According to his information the drinking of the blood of
their cattle is a luxury in which the Dinka indulge themselves at
any time of the year.

M19 Dengdit, the Supreme Being of the Dinka. Totemism of the Dinka.

62 For this and the following information as to the religion, totemism,
and rain-makers of the Dinka I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. C.
G. Seligmann, who investigated the Shilluk and Dinka in 1909-1910
and has most obligingly placed his manuscript materials at my
disposal.

M20 Rain-makers among the Dinka.

63 On the importance of the rain-makers among the Dinka and other
tribes of the Upper Nile, see _The Magic Art and the Evolution of
Kings_, i. 345 _sqq._

M21 Dinka rain-makers not allowed to die a natural death.
M22 Kings put to death in Unyoro and other parts of Africa.

_ 64 Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and
Journals_ (London, 1888), p. 91; J. G. Frazer, _Totemism and
Exogamy_, ii. 529 _sq._ (from information given by the Rev. John
Roscoe).

65 Father Guillemé, in _Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, lx.
(1888) p. 258; _id._, “Credenze religiose dei Negri di Kibanga nell’
Alto Congo,” _Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari_,
vii. (1888) p. 231.

_ 66 The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia_, collected and historically
digested by F. Balthazar Tellez, of the Society of Jesus (London,
1710), p. 197. We may compare the death of Saul (1 Samuel, xxxi.
3-6).

67 Lieut. H. Pope-Hennessy, “Notes on the Jukos and other Tribes of the
Middle Benue,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxx.
(1900) p. (29).

68 J. G. Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. 608, on the authority of
Mr. H. R. Palmer, Resident in Charge of Katsina.

M23 The Matiamvo of Angola.

69 F. T. Valdez, _Six Years of a Traveller’s Life in Western Africa_
(London, 1861), ii. 194 _sq._

M24 Zulu kings put to death on the approach of old age.

70 Nathaniel Isaacs, _Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa_
(London, 1836), i. 295 _sq._, compare pp. 232, 290 _sq._

M25 Kings of Sofala put to death on account of bodily blemishes.

_ 71 The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, i. 392.

72 J. dos Santos, “Eastern Ethiopia,” in G. McCall Theal’s _Records of
Southeastern Africa_, vii. (1901) pp. 194 _sq._ A more
highly-flavoured and full-bodied, though less slavishly accurate,
translation of this passage is given in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and
Travels_, xvi. 684, where the English translator has enriched the
unadorned simplicity of the Portuguese historian’s style with “the
scythe of time” and other flowers of rhetoric.

73 J. dos Santos, _op. cit._ p. 193.

M26 Kings required to be unblemished. Courtiers required to imitate
their sovereign.

74 Xenophon, _Hellenica_, iii. 3. 3; Plutarch, _Agesilaus_, 3; _id._,
_Lysander_, 22; Pausanias, iii. 8. 9.

75 Herodotus, iii. 20; Aristotle, _Politics_, iv. 4. 4.; Athenaeus,
xiii. 20, p. 566. According to Nicolaus Damascenus (_Fr._ 142, in
_Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum_, ed. C. Müller, iii. p. 463), the
handsomest and bravest man was only raised to the throne when the
king had no heirs, the heirs being the sons of his sisters. But this
limitation is not mentioned by the other authorities.

76 G. Nachtigal, _Saharâ und Sûdân_, iii. (Leipsic, 1889) p. 225; A.
Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_ (Jena,
1874-75), i. 220.

77 P. W. Joyce, _Social History of Ancient Ireland_ (London, 1903), i.
311.

78 Strabo, xvii. 2. 3, p. 823; Diodorus Siculus, iii. 7.

79 Mohammed Ebn-Omar El-Tounsy, _Voyage au Darfour_ (Paris, 1845), pp.
162 _sq._; _Travels of an Arab Merchant in Soudan_, abridged from
the French by Bayle St. John (London, 1854), p. 78; _Bulletin de la
Société de Géographie_ (Paris), IVme Série, iv. (1852) pp. 539 _sq._

80 R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the Waganda Tribe of Central Africa,” in
_Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_, xiii. (1884-1886)
p. 711; J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the
Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902)
p. 77 (as to sneezing).

_ 81 Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes, from the Journal of
James Brooke, Esq., Rajah of Sarawak_, by Captain R. Mundy, i. 134.
My friend the late Mr. Lorimer Fison, in a letter of August 26th,
1898, told me that the custom of falling down whenever a chief fell
was observed also in Fiji, where it had a special name, _bale muri_,
“fall-follow.”

82 Mgr. Bruguière, in _Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la
Foi_, v. (1831) pp. 174 _sq._

M27 Kings of Eyeo put to death. Voluntary death by fire of the old
Prussian _Kirwaido_.

83 A. Dalzel, _History of Dahomy_ (London, 1793), pp. 12 _sq._, 156
_sq._

84 Father Baudin, “Le Fétichisme ou la religion des Nègres de la
Guinée,” _Missions Catholiques_, xvi. (1884) p. 215.