Chapter XVII: Types of Animal Sacrament (3)

Ghosts or demons deceived by dummies, ii. 96 _sqq._;
offerings to ancestral, 127;
of animals feared, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 227 _sq._, 229,
231 _sq._, 235, 236, 237, 241, 245, 267 _sq._, 269, 271;
disabled by the mutilation of their bodies, 271 _sqq._

Gilgit, ii. 56

Gill, W. W., quoted, i. 312

Gilyak procession with bear, ii. 322, 325

—— shaman, ii. 103

Gilyaks, the, of Siberia, ii. 206, 238, 267;
their bear-festivals, 190 _sqq._

Ginger cultivated, i. 123

Girls sacrificed for the crops, i. 237, 239

Gnats, charm against, ii. 281

Goat in relation to Dionysus, i. 17 _sq._;
sacrificed for human victim, 249;
corn-spirit as, 281 _sqq._, ii. 327;
the Cripple or Lame, i. 284;
killed on harvest-field, 285;
stuffed, 287;
killed at sowing, 288

—— and Athena, ii. 40 _sq._

—— -formed deities, ii. 1 _sqq._

—— live, torn to pieces in rites of Dionysus, i. 18, ii. 16

—— skin, mask of, i. 26;
worn by farmer at harvest, 285

—— skins, mummers clad in, i. 26 _sqq._

Goat’s neck, name given to last standing corn, i. 268

Goats torn to pieces by fanatics in Morocco, i. 21 _sq._;
sacrificed to wolves, ii. 284

God, the Dying and Reviving, i. 1, 33;
killed in animal form, 22 _sq._;
eating the, ii. 48 _sqq._

Gods, death and resurrection of, i. 1, 12 _sqq._;
distinguished from spirits, 169;
in the likeness of foreigners, 236

Goldi, bear-festivals of the, ii. 197

—— shaman, ii. 103

Goldsmith, transmigration of thief into, ii. 299

Gonds, human sacrifices among the, i. 244

Good Friday, i. 33

—— Spirit, the, i. 206

Goose, to lose the, i. 277 _n._ 3

Gorillas, souls of dead in, ii. 289

Grandmother, name given to last sheaf, i. 136

Grapes, the last, not to be stript, i. 234 _sq._

Grasshoppers, charm against, ii. 281

Grave of Dionysus, i. 14

Graves, sacrifices at, ii. 113;
false, to deceive demons, ii. 99 _sq._

Great Bassam, in Guinea, ii. 9

—— Eleusinian Games, i. 71, 79

—— Mother, the, name given to the last sheaf, i. 135 _sq._

—— Mysteries of Eleusis, their date, i. 51

Great Sun, title of head chief of the Natchez, ii. 77 _sqq._

—— Vigil, i. 176

Greece, theory of the transmigration of souls in ancient, ii. 300

Greek divinities who died and rose again, i. 2;
farmers, their seasons for sowing and reaping, i. 318

—— months lunar, i. 52

—— summer rainless, i. 69

Green Corn Dance, ii. 76

—— Festival at Eleusis, i. 63

Greenlanders, the, ii. 246

Gregor, Rev. Walter, i. 158 _sqq._

Gregory of Tours, ii. 281

Grey, Sir George, quoted, i. 127

Ground, last sheaf not allowed to touch the, i. 158, 159, 161

Guadacanal, island of, ii. 127

Guaranis, the, of Paraguay, i. 309

“Guardian gods” of the Hos, i. 234

Guardian-spirit, ii. 60;
of family, i. 121

—— spirits of American Indians, ii. 207

Guayaquil, in Ecuador, i. 236

Guaycurus of the Gran Chaco, i. 309

Guazacualco, ii. 259

Guiana, Indians of British, i. 120, ii. 236;
their animism, 204

Guinea-fowl gives signal for planting, i. 117

Guns fired to repel demons, ii. 99

_Guré_, a hobby-horse, ii. 337 _sq._

Haddon, Dr. A. C., i. 106 _n._ 1

Hadrian institutes games at Mantinea, i. 80

Hag (_wrach_), name given to last corn cut in Wales, i. 142 _sqq._

Hahn, Theophilus, i. 317

Haida Indians, i. 20

Hair of slain foes, use made of, ii. 153

Halibut, the first of the season, treatment of, ii. 253

Hallowmas, i. 140

Halmahera, i. 183

_Haloa_, Attic festival, i. 60 _sqq._

Hamstring of deer, custom of removing, ii. 266

Hamstringing dead animals, ii. 267, 271, 273

—— men to disable their ghosts, ii. 272, 273

Hand-marks, white, ii. 338

Hands of enemies eaten, ii. 151, 152

Hanover, harvest customs in, i. 133, 135, 283

Hare, corn-spirit as, i. 279 _sq._

Hare-skin Indians, ii. 265

Hare’s tail, name given to last standing corn, i. 268

Hares not eaten, ii. 141

Harran, sacrifices offered by the heathen of, i. 261 _sq._

—— legend of Tammuz, i. 258

Harrison, Miss J. E., i. 5 _n._ 4, 60 _n._ 1, 62 _n._ 6

Harte, Bret, ii. 171 _n._ 1

Hartland, E. S., i. 143 _n._ 1, 224 _n._ 4

Harvest, festival of the dead at the close of, ii. 110;
in Greece, date of, i. 48

—— -child, i. 151

—— -cock, i. 276, 277

—— -crown, i. 221, 277

—— -customs and spring customs compared, i. 167 _sqq._

—— -goat, i. 282, 283

—— -man, i. 221

—— -mother, i. 135

—— -Queen, i. 146 _sq._

—— -supper, i. 134, 138, 156, 157, 159 _sq._, 161 _sq._, 297;
sacramental character of, 303

—— -woman, i. 145

—— -wreath, i. 283

Harvesters, athletic competitions among, i. 76 _sq._;
wrapt up in corn-stalks, 220 _sqq._

_Hawkie_, i. 146, 147 _n._ 1

Hawks, revered by the Aino, ii. 200

Hay, Sir John Drummond, i. 179

Head of horse, ii. 42, 43 _n._ 1, 337

—— -hunting, human, i. 240 _sqq._;
practice of, 256

Headlam, Walter, i. 2 _n._ 1

Heads shaved, ii. 161

Heart of Dionysus, the sacred, i. 13, 14, 15;
of human victim torn out, ii. 92;
of lion or leopard eaten to make the eater brave, 142 _sq._;
of water-ousel eaten in order to acquire wisdom and eloquence, 144;
of bear eaten to acquire courage, 146;
of serpent eaten to acquire language of animals, 146;
of wolf eaten to acquire courage, 146;
regarded as the seat of intellect, 149

Hearts of men sacrificed, i. 236;
of crows, moles, or hawks eaten, ii. 143;
of men eaten to acquire their qualities, 148 _sqq._

Heaven-herds among the Zulus, ii. 160

Hebrews forbidden to reap corners of fields and glean, last grapes, i. 234
_sq._

Heckewelder, Rev. J., quoted, ii. 205 _sq._

Hedgehog, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299

Hemithea, sanctuary of, ii. 85

Hen, heart of, not eaten, ii. 142, 147;
hens not eaten, ii. 140

Henna, image of Demeter at, i. 65

Hephaestius, a Greek month, i. 46 _n._ 2

Heraeon, a Greek month, ii. 7

Heralds and tongues, ii. 271

Hercules and Busiris, i. 259

Hercules and Lityerses, i. 217

—— and Syleus, i. 258

—— and Zeus, ii. 172

—— surnamed Locust, ii. 282

Hermes, tongues of victims assigned to, ii. 270

Herrick, i. 147 _n._ 1

Herring, superstitions as to, ii. 251 _sq._

Hertfordshire, “crying the Mare,” in, i. 292 _sq._

Hervey Islands, i. 312

Hesiod on time for ploughing, i. 45;
on time of vintage, 47 _n._ 2;
on the farmer’s calendar, 53

Hierapolis on the Euphrates, ii. 23

Hierophant at Eleusis, i. 55, 65

Highlands of Scotland, beating the cow’s hide in the, ii. 322 _sqq._

Hill-Tout, C., ii. 80 _sq._, 134

Himerius, on the gift of the corn, i. 58

Hindoos, sacrifice of first-fruits among the ancient, ii. 119 _sq._

Hippolytus and Virbius, ii. 40

—— on mysteries of Eleusis, i. 38

Hippopotamus, ceremony after killing a, ii. 235

Hippopotamuses, souls of dead in, ii. 289

_Hockey_ cart, i. 147 _n._ 1

Hodson, T. C., i. 109 _n._ 2

Hoeing, rites at, i. 96;
done by women, 113 _sq._

Hoensbroech, Count von, ii. 94

Hoes used by women in agriculture, i. 114, 115, 116, 118, 119

Hoggan, Frances, i. 267

Hogmanay, the last day of the year, ii. 323

Holiness conceived as a dangerous virus, ii. 29

Hollis, A. C., ii. 155

Homer on Demeter, i. 41 _sq._;
on loves of Zeus and Demeter, 66;
on gods in likeness of foreigners, 236

Homeric Greeks, ii. 270

—— _Hymn to Demeter_, i. 35 _sqq._

Homoeopathic or imitative magic, i. 62, 262, ii. 267, 331, 333, 334;
of a flesh diet, ii. 138 _sqq._

Honduras, Indians of, ii. 241

Hone, W., quoted, i. 264 _sq._

Hop-picking, custom at, i. 226

Horned Dionysus, i. 12, 16

Horse, “seeing the Horse,” i. 294;
“Cross of the Horse,” 294;
“fatigue of the Horse,” 294;
sacrificed to Mars at Rome, ii. 42 _sqq._;
ceremony of the, at rice-harvest among the Garos, 337 _sqq._

—— and Virbius, ii. 40 _sqq._

—— -headed Demeter of Phigalia, ii. 21, 338

—— or mare, corn-spirit as, i. 292 _sqq._

Horse-races, i. 71, ii. 114;
at harvest, i. 76

Horse’s head, ii. 42, 43 _n._ 1, 337 _sq._

Horses, Lycurgus torn to pieces by, i. 24;
excluded from Arician grove, ii. 40 _sqq._;
excluded from sanctuaries, 45 _sq._

Horus, eye of, ii. 30

Hos of Togoland, the, i. 130, 234, ii. 59;
a tribe of Ewe negroes, i. 115, 116;
of Bengal, ii. 117

Hottentots, the, i. 316 _sq._

Huahine, island of, ii. 132

Huichol Indians, the, ii. 93

Huitzilopochtli, a Mexican god, ii. 86, 90, 95

Human beings torn to pieces in rites of Dionysus, i. 24

Human sacrifices for crops, i. 236 _sqq._;
offered by ancient Egyptians, 259 _sq._;
in Mexico, ii. 88

—— victims, substitutes for, i. 249;
treated as divine, 250

Hunters, propitiation of wild animals by, ii. 204 _sqq._;
of grisly bears, chastity observed by, 226

Hunting the wren, ii. 317 _sqq._

Hurons, the, ii. 250 _sq._

Huts, miniature, for ghosts, ii. 113

Huzuls, the, of the Carpathians, ii. 43 _n._ 1, 275

Hyaenas, souls of dead in, ii. 289

Hyes Attes, ii. 22

_Hymn to Demeter_, Homeric, i. 35 _sqq._, 70

Ialysus in Rhodes, ii. 45

Iasion and Demeter, i. 208

Ibans (Sea Dyaks) of Sarawak, ii. 279

Iberians, the, i. 129

Icarius and Erigone, ii. 133

Ichneumon, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299

Ida Batara, i. 202

Idah, ii. 228

Ideler, L., i. 86

Igaras of the Niger, ii. 228

Igbiras, the, ii. 115

Igorrots of the Philippines, ii. 292

Image of god made of dough and eaten sacramentally, ii. 86 _sqq._, 90
_sq._;
of snake carried about, 316 _sq._

Images of ancestors, ii. 53;
of animals sacrificed instead of the animals, 95 _n._ 2;
vicarious use of, 96 _sqq._;
of gods, suggested origin of, 173 _sq._;
of vermin made as a protection against them, 280 _sq._
_See also_ Effigies, Puppets

Imitation of spirits, i. 186

Immortality, hope of, associated with Eleusinian mysteries, i. 90 _sq._

—— of animals, savage faith in the, ii. 260 _sqq._

Immortality of soul revealed in mysteries of Dionysus, i. 15

_Inachi_, an offering of first-fruits, ii. 128, 131

_Inao_, sacred wands of the Aino, ii. 185, 186 _n._, 189

Inari, Japanese rice-god, i. 297

Incantations for growth of crops, i. 100

Incas, the, i. 310

India, the last sheaf of corn in, 222 _sq._;
doctrine of the transmigration of souls in ancient, ii. 298 _sq._

Indian Archipelago, the, i. 124

Indians of British Columbia, their cannibal orgies, i. 18 _sq._;
of South America, women’s agricultural work among the, 119 _sqq._

Indonesian ideas of rice-soul, i. 181 _sq._

Indra, Indian god, ii. 120

Ingiald, son of King Aunund, ii. 146

Inoculation with moral and other virtues, ii. 158 _sqq._

Inscription, Eleusinian, dealing with first-fruits, i. 55 _sq._

Intercalation in Greek calendar, i. 81

Invulnerability, ii. 160

Iowa Indians, ii. 217

Irayas, the, of Luzon, ii. 124

Ireland, hunting the wren in, ii. 319 _sq._

Iron axe, use of, forbidden, ii. 248

Iroquois, their sacrifice of a white dog, ii. 258 _n._ 1

_Isilimela_, the Pleiades, i. 316

Isis, i. 262;
dirge of, 215;
at Tithorea, festivals of, ii. 18 _n._ 1;
in relation to cows, 35

Islay, harvest customs in, i. 141 _sq._

Isle de France, harvest customs in, i. 221, 226

Isle of Man, hunting the wren in the, ii. 318 _sq._

Isocrates, on Demeter’s gift of the corn, i. 54 _sq._

Isowa or Aïsawa, order of saints in Morocco, i. 21

Israelites, their brazen serpent, ii. 281

Isthmian games, i. 86

Italy, vintage custom in, ii. 133

Ivy Girl, i. 153

Jabme-Aimo, the abode of the dead, ii. 257

Jackal, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299

Jackal’s heart not eaten, ii. 141

Jacob, the wrestling of, ii. 264

—— of Edessa, 280 _n._

Jaguars eaten to inspire courage, ii. 140;
souls of dead in, 285, 286

Ja-luo, the, Nilotic negroes, ii. 142

Jankari, a god, i. 244

Japan, rice-god in, i. 297

Japanese deities of the Sun, i. 212

_Jatakas_, ii. 299 _n._ 5

Java, use of winnowing-basket in, i. 6;
ceremony at rice-harvest in, 199 _sqq._

Jawbones of slain beasts propitiated by hunters, ii. 244 _sq._

Jebel-Nuba, ii. 221

Jewish high priest, ii. 27

Jews, their attitude to the pig, ii. 23 _sq._;
their ablutions, 27

Jochelson, W., ii. 232

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, ii. 322

Jukos, the, of Nigeria, ii. 160

_Julbuck_ in Scandinavia, ii. 327

Jumping over a woman, ceremony of, ii. 64, 70 _n._ 1, 253

Jupiter, lamb sacrificed to, at vintage, ii. 133

Kachins, the, of Upper Burma, ii. 120

Kai, the, of German New Guinea, i. 99 _sqq._, 313, ii. 33;
their belief in transmigration, 296

Kaimani Bay, i. 123

Kalamantans of Borneo, ii. 293 _sq._

Kalmucks, their consecration of a white ram, ii. 313 _sq._

Kamilaroi, the, of New South Wales, ii. 151, 162;
burial custom of the, 99 _sq._

Kamtchatka, ii. 195

Kamtchatkans, the, i. 315, ii. 257, 268;
their propitiation of slain animals, 222

_Kamui_, ii. 180, 198

Kandhs or Khonds. _See_ Khonds

Kangean archipelago, ii. 278

Kansas Indians, ii. 149

Karels of Finland, the, ii. 258 _n._ 2

Karens of Burma, i. 10;
their ceremonies to secure the rice-soul, 189 _sq._

Karo-Bataks of Sumatra, i. 196

Karoks of California, ii. 255

_Kashim_, ii. 247

Kaua Indians, i. 111

Kavirondo, ii. 26

Kayans or Bahaus, the, of central Borneo, i. 92 _sqq._, 107, 109, 111,
234, 314, ii. 54;
their ceremonies in connexion with rice, 184 _sqq._;
their custom as to eating deer, ii. 144;
their belief in transmigration, 293

—— of the Mahakam river, i. 186

—— of the Mendalam river, i. 97, 98

Kei Islands, ii. 123

Kekchis of Guatemala, ii. 241

_Kelah_, soul, i. 189

_Kemping_, i. 152

Kent, harvest custom in, i. 153

Kenyahs, the, of Borneo, i. 314

Key of the field, i. 226

Khön-ma, a Tibetan goddess, ii. 96

Khonds or Kandhs, human sacrifices for crops among the, i. 245 _sqq._

Kid, surname of Dionysus, i. 17

Kikuyu, i. 317

Killing a god in the form of an animal, i. 22 _sq._;
two types of the custom of, ii. 312 _sq._

—— the corn-spirit, i. 216 _sqq._

—— the divine animal, ii. 169 _sqq._

Kimbunda, the, of West Africa, ii. 152

King, title of Carnival mummer, i. 28 _sq._;
eats of new fruits before his people, ii. 63, 70;
first-fruits presented to the, 109, 116, 122;
so called, at Carcassone, 320 _sq._

—— of the Calf, i. 290

—— of the harvesters, i. 294

—— of the Rice, i. 197

King’s son sacrificed for his father, i. 13, 24 _sq._

Kings, trace of custom of slaying them annually, i. 254 _sq._;
turned at death into lions, ii. 288

Kings’ wives turned at death into leopards, ii. 288

Kingsmill Islands, ii. 127

Kinross, harvest custom in, i. 227

Kinship of men with crocodiles, ii. 212 _sq._, 214 _sq._;
of men with tigers, 216

_Kirn_ or _kern_, last corn cut, i. 151, 152 _sqq._;
name of the harvest-supper, 158

—— -baby, i. 151, 153

—— -doll, i. 151, 153, 154

—— -supper, i. 154

Kiwaii, i. 106

Kiziba, district of Central Africa, i. 118, ii. 219

_Klöppel_ (mallet), at threshing, i. 148

Kobeua Indians, the, i. 111, ii. 164

Kochs of Assam, ii. 116

Kon-Meney, a tribe of Cochin China, ii. 291

_Koragia_ at Mantinea, i. 46 _n._ 2

_Kore_, title of Persephone, i. 208

Koryak, their ceremonies at killing bears and wolves, ii. 223;
their ceremonies at the slaughter of whales, 232 _sqq._;
their treatment of a slain fox, 244

Kothluwalawa, a sacred lake, ii. 179

Krooben, a malevolent spirit, ii. 100

Kruyt, A. C., i. 182 _sq._

Kshetrpal, a Himalayan deity, ii. 117

Kudulu, a hill tribe of India, i. 244

_Kuker_ and _Kukerica_, ii. 332, 333, 334

Κυκεών, i. 161 _n._ 4

Kukis, the, ii. 155 _n._ 4

Kull Gossaih, an Indian goddess, ii. 118

Kwakiutl Indians, i. 20, ii. 220, 250

La Ciotat, near Marseilles, hunting the wren at, ii. 321

Ladakh, ii. 117

Lagos, human sacrifice at, i. 239

Lake-dwellers of Europe, i. 132

Lamb killed sacramentally, ii. 314 _sq._

Lame, woman who pretends to be, ii. 254

—— Goat, the, i. 284

Lamentations, pretended, for insects which destroy the crops, ii. 279
_sq._

Lampsacus, coin of, i. 44

Land cleared for cultivation by men, i. 113 _sq._, 117 _sqq._

Landowners, sacrifices offered to spirits of former, i. 228

Lang, Andrew, ii. 4

Language of animals acquired by eating serpent’s flesh, ii. 146;
of birds, how learned, 146

Lanuvium, sacred serpent at, ii. 18

Laos, province of Siam, i. 8

Laphystian Zeus, i. 25

Lapps, the, ii. 257;
their treatment of slain bears, 224

Latuka, ii. 228

_Laws of Manu_, ii. 298

Leaf-clad dancers, i. 95

Leaps, high and long, i. 98;
to make the crops grow tall, ii. 330 _sq._

Learchus, son of Athamas, i. 24

Leeches, charm against, ii. 281

Legends told as charms, i. 102 _sq._

Lenaeon, a Greek month, i. 66

Lengua Indians of Paraguay, i. 309;
of the Gran Chaco, ii. 245

Lenormant, François, i. 40 _n._ 3

Leonard, Major A. G., ii. 155

Leopard’s blood drunk, or its flesh or heart eaten to make the eater
brave, ii. 141 _sq._

Leopards, men inspired by, ii. 213;
revered, 228;
ceremonies observed after the slaughter of, 228 _sqq._;
souls of dead in, 288, 289

Lepers sacrificed, i. 261

Leprosy caused by eating a sacred animal, ii. 25 _sqq._

Lesbos, harvest custom in, i. 280

Letts, swinging among the, i. 107;
their sacrifices to wolves, ii. 284

Lhoosai, the, i. 122

Lhota Naga, the, i. 243

Libanius, on human life before Demeter, i. 43

Libations of beer, ii. 181, 185, 186

Liber, Father, i. 12;
Roman sacrifice of new wine to, ii. 133

License, periods of, ii. 62, 63, 66 _sqq._

Lightning, eating flesh of bullock that has been struck by, ii. 161;
treatment of men, animals, and houses that have been struck by, 161

_Liknites_, epithet of Dionysus, i. 5, 27

Lillooet Indians, ii. 226, 243

Limping on one foot, i. 232, 284

Lindus in Rhodes, ii. 85

Linus or Ailinus, i. 216, 257 _sq._, 263, 264

Lion-chief, ii. 228

Lion’s fat, unguent of, ii. 164

—— flesh or heart eaten to make eater brave, ii. 141, 142 _sq._, 147

Lions, men inspired by, ii. 213;
respected, 228;
souls of dead chiefs in, 287 _sq._

Lir majoran, god of husbandry, ii. 123

Lithuania, ii. 327;
harvest customs in, i. 133, 145, 148;
custom at threshing in, 223 _sq._;
old Lithuanian ceremonies at eating the new corn, ii. 49 _sq._

Little Deer, chief of the deer tribe, ii. 241

—— Wood-woman, i. 232

Lityerses, i. 216 _sqq._;
his relation to Attis, 255 _sq._

Liver of deer eaten, ii. 143;
of dog eaten to acquire bravery, 145;
of serpent eaten to acquire language of animals, 146;
regarded as the seat of the soul, 147 _sq._;
regarded as the seat of valour, 148;
of brave men eaten, 151 _sq._;
of bear, used as medicine, 187 _sq._

_Ljeschie_, Russian wood-spirits, ii. 2

Loaf made of corn of last sheaf, i. 148 _sq._

Loaves in shape of a boar, i. 300;
in human shape, ii. 48 _sq._, 94, 95

Lobeck, Chr. A., ii. 17 _n._ 5, 18 _n._ 1, 20, 21

Lochaber, harvest customs in, i. 157

Locust Apollo, ii. 282

—— Hercules, ii. 282

Locusts, superstitious precautions against, ii. 276, 279, 281

Lombok, rice-spirit in, i. 201

Lothringen (Lorraine), harvest customs in, i. 223, 273, 288

Loucheux-Indians, ii. 265

Louisiana, festival of new corn in, ii. 77 _sqq._;
Indians of, 239, 242

Lous, a Macedonian month, i. 258, 259

Lucian, old scholium on, ii. 17

_Lumi lali_, consecrated rice-field, i. 93, 108

Lunar calendar corrected by observation of the Pleiades, i. 314 _sq._, 315
_sq._

—— months observed by savages, i. 117, 125

—— months of Greek calendar, i. 52 _sq._, 82

—— and solar time, attempts to harmonise, i. 80 _sq._

Luritcha tribe of Australia, ii. 260

Luzon, ii. 124

Lyceum or Place of Wolves at Athens, ii. 283, 284

Lycosura, in Arcadia, ii. 46;
sanctuary of the two goddesses at, 339

Lycurgus, a Thracian king, his death, i. 24, 25

Mabuaig, i. 106, ii. 207

M’Carthy, Sir Charles, ii. 149

Macdonald, Rev. James, ii. 66 _sq._

Maclagan, Dr. R. C., i. 165, 166

McClintock, Walter, i. 311

Macpherson, Major S. C., i. 250

McTaggart, Dr. J. McT. Ellis, ii. 309 _n._ 1

Madagascar, ii. 116;
crocodiles respected in, 214 _sq._;
belief in transmigration among the tribes of, 289 _sq._

Madder-harvest, Dutch custom at, i. 231, 235 _sq._

Madi or Moru tribe of Central Africa, ii. 314

Madonna, effigies of, sold and eaten, ii. 94

Maggots eaten as an initiatory rite, ii. 141

Magic dwindles into divination, i. 110 _n._;
sympathetic, 1, 11, 102, ii. 271;
homoeopathic or imitative, i. 10, 62, 262, 267, 331, 333, 334;
of a flesh diet, 138 _sqq._

Magical changes of shape, i. 305

—— significance of games in primitive agriculture, i. 92 _sqq._

Magnesia on the Maeander, i. 3;
sacrifice of bull at, ii. 7 _sq._

Magpies’ nests, custom of robbing the, ii. 321 _n._ 3

Magyar tale, ii. 263

Mahakam River, i. 98, 99 _n._ 1, 186, 187, 314

Mai Darat, the, ii. 102

Maiden, name given to last corn cut, i. 150, 153, 155 _sqq._, 164 _sqq._

—— Feast at end of harvest, i. 156

Maidenhead, name of last standing corn, i. 158

_Maidhdean-buain_, i. 155

Maize cultivated in Africa, i. 114, 115, 119, 130;
cultivated in South America, 122, 124;
cultivated in Assam, 123;
American personification of, 171 _sqq._;
cultivated in Burma, 242;
thought to be dependent on the Pleiades, 310

—— -goddess, Mexican, i. 176

—— -mother, i. 172 _sqq._

Makalaka, the, ii. 110

Makanga, the, ii. 287

Malagasy, the, venerate crocodiles, ii. 215

Malas, the, a caste of pariahs, ii. 93

Malay Peninsula, the Rice-mother in the, i. 197 _sqq._

Malays of Patani Bay, ii. 212

Male organ, effigy of, in rites of Dionysus, i. 12;
effigy of, in Thracian ceremony, 26, 29

Malko-Tirnovsko, ii. 331

Mamilian tower, ii. 42, 44

Mandans, the, i. 204

Mandeling, a district of Sumatra, i. 197, ii. 216

Maneros, i. 215, 258, 259, 261, 263, 264

Mang-Shen, god of agriculture, ii. 11, 12

Mango tree, ii. 119

Mania, the Mother or Grandmother of Ghosts, ii. 94, 96

_Maniae_, a kind of loaf, ii. 94

Manii at Aricia, many, ii. 94 _sqq._

Manioc cultivated in Africa, i. 119;
cultivated in South America, 120 _sqq._

Mannewars, the, ii. 119

Mannhardt, W., i. 11, 131, 132, 135, 138, 204, 217 _n._ 1, 218 _n._ 1,
222, 258, 292, 294, ii. 2, 42 _n._ 1, 263, 325, 337

Manslayers taste the blood of their victims, ii. 154 _sq._

Mantinea, sanctuary of Demeter at, i. 46 _n._ 2;
games in honour of Antinous at, 80, 85

_Manu, Laws of_, ii. 298

Manure, ashes used as, i. 117

Many Manii at Aricia, ii. 94 _sqq._

Maoris, the, i. 313, ii. 133, 156, 252

Maraves, the, ii. 111

March, the first of, ii. 322 _n._

Mare in foal, last sheaf of corn given to, i. 160, 162, 168

—— or horse, corn-spirit as, i. 292 _sqq._

Marimos, human sacrifices among the, i. 240, 251

Mariner, W., quoted, ii. 128 _sqq._

Marno, E., ii. 39

Marriage, mock, at Carnival masquerade, i. 27;
of Queen of Athens to Dionysus, 30 _sq._;
sacred, of Zeus and Demeter in Eleusinian mysteries, 65 _sqq._;
of mice, ii. 278

Mars, red-haired men sacrificed to the planet, i. 261 _sq._;
horse sacrificed to, at Rome, ii. 42

Masai, the, i. 317, ii. 83, 288

Masked dances, i. 95 _sq._, 111, 186, ii. 208 _n._ 1;
in ritual, 339

Masks worn by Egyptian kings, i. 260 _sq._;
worn by women, ii. 232 _sq._, 234;
worn by mummers at Carnival, 333

Maskers in Thrace at Carnival, i. 26 _sqq._

Maspero, Sir G., i. 260 _n._ 2

Masquerade at sowing festival, i. 95 _sq._, 98, 186 _sq._

Master of the Fish, ii. 252

—— of Life, ii. 134, 135

Matabelé, the, i. 115, ii. 275;
their festival of new fruits, 70 _sq._

Matse tribe of Ewe negroes, ii. 115

Matthes, Dr. B. F., ii. 122

Mausolus, ii. 158

Mawu Sodza, a Ewe goddess, ii. 115

May, J. D., ii. 281 _n._ 2

May, the first of, ii. 321 _n._ 3

Maypole, ii. 44

“Meal and ale,” i. 160

Meat and milk, dietary rules as to, ii. 83 _sq._

Mecklenburg, harvest customs in, i. 273, 274, 283

Medea and Aeson, ii. 143

Medicine-man, ii. 217, 220;
dance of, 72

Medium inspired by crocodile spirit, ii. 213;
mediums inspired by spirits of lions, leopards, and serpents, 213

Medontids, the, i. 86

_Megara_, ii. 17 _n._ 6

Meilichios, epithet of Dionysus, i. 4

Melancholy, characteristic of men of genius, ii. 302 _n._ 5

Melanesians, their observation of the Pleiades, i. 313

_Mell_, last corn cut, i. 151 _sq._

—— -doll, i. 151

—— -sheaf, i. 151 _sq._

—— -supper, i. 151

Men, parts of, eaten to acquire their qualities, ii. 148 _sqq._;
disguised as animals, processions of, 325 _sqq._

Mendalam River, i. 97, 98, 187

Menstruous women, disability of, ii. 253 _sq._

Meriah, the human victim among the Khonds, i. 245, 246, 249, 250

Metageitnion, an Attic month, i. 77

“Metropolis of the Corn,” i. 58

Mexican custom of eating a man as an embodiment of a god, ii. 92 _sq._

—— customs at maize-harvest, i. 174 _sqq._

—— human sacrifices, i. 236 _sqq._

—— sacraments, ii. 86 _sqq._

Meyer, Prof. E., i. 260 _n._ 2

_Mhaighdean-Bhuana_ (or _Maighdean-Buana_), i. 156, 164 _sq._

Miamis, the, i. 206

Mice, the genius of, ii. 243;
superstitious precautions taken by farmers against, 276 _sqq._, 281;
superstition as to white, 279, 283;
their ravages on the crops, 282

Midas, King of Phrygia, i. 217

Middleton, J. H., i. 14 _n._ 3, 266

Midsummer solstice, rainmaking ceremony performed at the, ii. 179

Mildew worshipped by the Romans, ii. 282

—— Apollo, ii. 282

Milk, taboos referring to, ii. 83 _sq._;
temporary abstinence from, 161;
offered to snakes, 288

Milk and meat (flesh), dietary rules as to, ii. 83 _sq._

—— of pig, ii. 24, 25

Mill, Tammuz, ground in a, i. 258

Millet cultivated in Africa, i. 115, 117;
cultivated in Assam, 123;
cultivated in New Guinea, 123

Milton, quoted, i. 147

Minahassa, ii. 54, 123

Minangkabauers of Sumatra, i. 191, ii. 211

Miniature fields dedicated to spirits, i. 233 _sq._

Minnetaree Indians, i. 204, ii. 256

Minotaur, the, i. 31

Miris of Assam, the, i. 123, ii. 145

Mirzapur, remedy for locusts in, ii. 276

Mistress, sanctuary of the, at Lycosura, ii. 46

Mithraic sacrifice of bull, ii. 10

Mnevis, sacred bull, ii. 34 _sq._

Moab, Arabs of, i. 138

Mock battle, ii. 75.
_See_ Sham Fight

Mocobis, the, i. 309

Moffat, R., i. 316

Monbuttoo, the, of Central Africa, i. 119

_Mondard_, the great, ii. 6

Mongolian peoples, ii. 257

Monkeys sacred at Fishtown, ii. 287

Months, lunar, observed by savages, i. 117, 125;
of Greek calendar, 52 _sq._, 82

Moon, reckoning by the, i. 117;
human victims sacrificed to, 261;
pigs sacrificed to the, ii. 25

Mooney, J., quoted, ii. 204 _sq._

Mopane country, South Africa, ii. 287

Moravia, harvest custom in, i. 162

Morgan, L. H., ii. 225 _n._ 1

Morning Star, the, i. 238, 315

Morocco, order of saints in, i. 21;
the Barley Bride in, 178 _sq._

Mosquito Indians, ii. 258 _n._ 2

Mother, the Great, name given to the last sheaf, i. 135 _sq._;
of the Maize, 172 _sqq._;
of the Rice, 191 _sqq._

—— -corn, name given to last sheaf threshed, i. 147

—— -cotton, i. 178

—— Earth, ii. 105

—— -sheaf, i. 135

Moulton, Professor J. H., i. 41 _n._, 131 _n._ 4

Mountains, offerings to the, ii. 134

Mourning, pretended, for insects that destroy the crops, ii. 279 _sq._

Mouse Apollo, ii. 282 _sq._
_See_ Mice

Mouth of dead fox tied up, ii. 267

Mpongwe, the, i. 119

Muganda (singular of Baganda, plural), ii. 231

Mukasa, god of the Baganda, ii. 253

Mull, harvest custom in, i. 155

_Mulungu_, spirits of the dead, ii. 111 _sq._

Murray, Miss Margaret A., i. 260 _sq._

Murray, Sir James, i. 151 _n._ 3

Muskoghees, the, ii. 150

Mutilation of dead men intended to disable their ghosts, ii. 271 _sqq._;
of ox, magical equivalent to mutilation of enemy, 271

_Muzimos_, spirits of the dead, ii. 111

Myconus, i. 66

Myres, Professor J. L., i. 62 _n._ 5

Mysteries at Mantinea, i. 46 _n._ 2

—— Eleusinian, i. 35, 37 _sqq._, 65 _sqq._, 69 _sq._, 78 _sq._, 111, 161
_sq._, 188;
the Great, their date, 51;
instituted by Eumolpus, 70;
associated with belief in immortality, 90 _sq._;
of Dionysus, 15;
Greek, i. 110

Nagas of Assam, their burial custom, ii. 100;
their belief in transmigration, 290 _sq._

Nahals, the, ii. 119

Namaquas, the, ii. 141

Nandi, the, i. 117, 317, ii. 64, 149, 155

_Nanga_, sacred enclosure in Fiji, ii. 125

Naples protected against flies and grasshoppers, ii. 281

Narrative spells, i. 104 _sqq._

Natchez Indians, ii. 135;
their festival of new corn, 77 _sqq._

Natural timekeepers, i. 53

Nauras Indians, ii. 150

Navel-string, term applied to last handful of corn, i. 150

Neck, crying the, i. 264 _sqq._

—— of the corn-spirit, i. 268

Neil, R. A., ii. 22 _n._ 4

Nemean games, i. 86

Nets treated as living beings, ii. 240 _n._ 1

New corn, eaten sacramentally, ii. 48 _sqq._

—— fire, ii. 65, 74, 75, 78;
festival of, 135

—— fruits, ceremonies at eating, ii. 52 _sqq._

—— potatoes, how eaten, ii. 51

—— rice, ceremonies at eating the, ii. 54 _sqq._

—— vessels used for new fruits, ii. 81, 83

—— yams, ceremonies at eating, ii. 53, 58 _sqq._;
festival of the, 115;
in Tonga, festival of the, 128 _sqq._

—— Britain, i. 123

—— Caledonia, ii. 151;
ceremony at eating first yams in, 53

—— Guinea, i. 313, ii. 124;
German, i. 99, 103, 104;
Dutch, 123

—— Hebrides, i. 313, ii. 125

—— Zealand, ii. 28

New Year festival of the Kayans, i. 96 _sq._, 98, 99;
dated by the Pleiades, 116, 310, 312, 315

—— Year’s Day, i. 302;
eve of, ii. 322

Niam-Niam, the, i. 119

Nias, i. 315, ii. 32, 102, 124, 276;
harvest custom in, i. 233 _sq._

Nicaragua, festivals in, ii. 91

Nicolson, A., i. 164 _sq._

Nieuwenhuis, Dr. A. W., i. 93, 94 _n._ 2, 95, 96, 97 _sq._, 98, 107

Niger Delta, burial custom in the, ii. 98

Nilsson, Professor M. P., i. 58 _n._ 1, 62 _n._ 6, ii. 8 _n._ 2

Nine, the number, in ritual, i. 195

Nisan, a Jewish month, i. 259 _n._ 1

Nishga Indians, the, ii. 106

Nonnus, on death of Dionysus, i. 12 _sq._

Nootka Indians, ii. 225, 251

Normandy, harvest customs in, i. 226, 295

North American Indians, ii. 237;
their theory of the lower animals, 205 _sq._

Northumberland, harvest customs in, i. 151

Norway, harvest customs in, i. 132, 223, 225, 280, 282

Nubas, the, of Jebel-Nuba, ii. 114

Nuehr, the, ii. 39

Nyanja-speaking tribes, ii. 26

Nyanza, Lake Victoria, i. 118

Nyikplă, a negro rain-god, ii. 45

Oath of women by the Pleiades, i. 311

Oaths accompanied by eating a sacred substance, ii. 313

Oats-bride, i. 162, 163, 164

—— -cow, i. 289, 290

—— -fool, i. 148

—— -goat, i. 270, 282, 283, 286, 287;
mummer called the, ii. 327

—— -king, i. 164

—— -man, i. 163, 223

—— -mother, i. 135

—— -queen, i. 164

—— -sow, i. 298

—— -stallion, i. 292

—— -wolf, i. 273, 274

—— -woman, i. 163

Obscene songs sung by women on special occasions, ii. 280

Octennial cycle in Greek calendar, i. 80 _sqq._

—— period of Greek games, i. 80

—— tenure of kingship, i. 82, 85

October horse, at Rome, ii. 42 _sqq._

Oesel, island of, i. 298, 302, ii. 51

Ogun, a war-god, ii. 150

Oil, human victim anointed with, i. 246, 247;
holy, ii. 123

Ointment, magical, ii. 165 _sq._

Ojibway Indians, ii. 219;
their treatment of slain bears, ii. 225 _sq._

Okanaken Indians, ii. 134

Olachen fish, ceremonies at catching the first of the season, ii. 254
_sq._

Old animal, bone of, eaten to make eater old, ii. 143

—— Barley-woman, i. 139

—— Calabar, ii. 108

—— Corn-woman at threshing, i. 147

—— Man, name given to the last sheaf, i. 136 _sqq._, 218 _sqq._;
at threshing, 148 _sq._

—— Potato Woman, i. 145

—— Rye-woman, i. 139, 140, 145, 223, 224, 232

—— Wheat-woman, i. 139

—— Wife (_Cailleach_), name given to last corn cut, i. 140 _sqq._, 164
_sqq._

—— Witch, burning the, i. 224

—— Woman, name given to last sheaf, i. 136 _sq._, 147, 223;
Cherokee personification of corn, 177

—— Woman who Never Dies, i. 204 _sq._

—— Women as representatives of the Corn-goddess, i. 125

Oloh Ngadju, the, ii. 100

Olympia, Pelops at, ii. 85

Olympiads, beginning of reckoning by, i. 82

Olympic games, i. 80, 86

Omagua Indians of Brazil, i. 309

Omaha Indians, ii. 25, 29, 207, 269, 272

Omambos, the, ii. 149

Omen, beasts and birds of, ii. 143

_Omuongo_ tree, ii. 71

Onitsha, on the Niger, ii. 58;
funeral custom at, 98 _sq._

Opium, i. 242

Oraons, human sacrifices among the, i. 244 _sq._;
of Bengal, ii. 117

Organs of generation, male and female, cakes in shape of, i. 62;
effigies of male, 12, 26, 29

Origin of agriculture, i. 128 _sq._;
of astronomy, 307

Orinoco, Indians of the, i. 124, 310, ii. 150, 236

Orion, the constellation, i. 315

Orion’s belt, i. 313, 315, 317

—— sword, i. 317

Orotchis, bear-festivals of the, ii. 197

Osculati, G., ii. 285

Osiris, i. 214, 215, 259 _sqq._;
his relation to Dionysus, 3, 32;
human sacrifices at grave of, 260;
black and green, 263;
key to mysteries of, 263;
and the pig, ii. 24 _sqq._;
in relation to sacred bulls, 34 _sqq._;
false graves of, 100;
his missing member, 264

Ostiaks, their ceremonies at killing bears, ii. 222 _sq._

Ostrich, ghost of, deceived, ii. 245

Otawa Indians, ii. 224, 250

Otawa totem clans, ii. 225 _n._ 1

Otter’s head, Aino custom as to eating, ii. 144

Otters, their bones not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, ii. 239

Ounce, ceremony at killing an, ii. 235

Ovambo, the, ii. 71;
their worship of the dead, 109 _sq._

Ox, corn-spirit as, i. 288 _sqq._;
killed on harvest field, 290;
slaughtered at threshing, 291 _sq._;
sacrificed at the _Bouphonia_, ii. 5;
as representative of the corn-spirit, 9 _sqq._;
effigy of, broken as a spring ceremony in China, 10 _sqq._;
Bechuana sacrifice of a black, 271;
sacrificed to boa-constrictor, 290

—— -stall (Bucolium) at Athens, i. 30 _sq._

—— -yoked Ploughing at Athens, i. 31

Oxen used in ploughing, i. 129 _n._ 1

Pains in back at reaping, i. 285

Palenques, the, of South America, ii. 221

Palestine, wild boars in, ii. 31 _sq._

Panathenaic games at Athens, i. 80

_Panes_, a bird-feast, ii. 170

Panopeus, i. 48

Pans in relation to goats, ii. 1 _sqq._

Papuans, the, i. 123, ii. 145;
their belief in the transmigration of souls, 295

_Paradoxurus_, souls of dead in various species of, ii. 294

Pardon of animal asked before killing it, ii. 183

Parian chronicler, i. 70

Paris protected against dormice and serpents, ii. 281

Parjas, the, ii. 27, 119

Parrots, assimilation of men to, ii. 208

Partridge, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299

Pasiphae and the Minotaur, i. 31

Pastoral stage of society, ii. 35, 37

—— tribes, animal sacraments among, ii. 313

Patani Bay, ii. 212

Pawnees, human sacrifices among the, i. 238 _sq._

Peacock as a totem, ii. 29;
transmigration of sinner into, 299

Pea-mother, i. 132, 135

Peas-cow, i. 290

—— -pug, i. 272

Pelew Islanders, ii. 293

—— Islands, burial custom in the, ii. 98

Pelops at Olympia, ii. 85;
his restoration to life, 263

Pembrokeshire, harvest customs in, i. 142 _sqq._;
cutting “the neck” in, 267;
hunting the wren in, ii. 320

Pentheus, death of, i. 24, 25

Pergamus, ii. 85

Permanence of simpler forms of religion, ii. 335

Persephone, mother of Zagreus by Zeus, i. 12;
rape of, 36;
a personification of the corn, 39 _sq._;
in art, 43 _sq._;
the descent of, 46, ii. 17;
associated with the ripe ears of corn, 58;
in Greek art, 88 _sq._

—— and Demeter, i. 35 _sqq._

—— and Pluto, ii. 9

Personification of corn as mother and daughter, i. 130, 207 _sqq._

Perthshire, harvest customs in, i. 156 _sq._

Peru, Indians of, i. 120, 122, ii. 249;
their worship of the Pleiades, i. 310

Peruvians, their customs as to Mother of Maize, etc., i. 171 _sqq._

Pessinus, i. 255

Phigalia, horse-headed Demeter of, ii. 21, 338

Philippine Islands, i. 240

Philistines, their charm against mice, ii. 281, 283

Philochorus, on date of _Haloa_, i. 62

Phlius, i. 17

Phoenicia, song of Linus in, i. 216

Phrygia, Lityerses in, i. 216 _sq._

_Phyllanthus emblica_, ii. 119

Piaroas Indians of the Orinoco, ii. 285

Pig, corn-spirit as, i. 298 _sqq._;
in relation to Demeter, ii. 16 _sqq._;
not eaten in Crete, 21 _n._ 1;
in ancient Egypt, 24 _sqq._

—— and Attis, ii. 22

—— -meat forbidden to women at sowing seed, i. 115

Pig’s flesh not eaten by field labourers, ii. 33, 139

Pigeons, souls of dead in, ii. 293

Pigs, sacrifice of, i. 74, 97;
not to be eaten by enchanters of crops, 100 _sq._;
sacrificed to the moon, ii. 25;
souls of dead in, 286, 295, 296

_Pilae,_ human effigies, ii. 95 _n._ 1

Pindar, old scholiast on, i. 71, 74, 77, 78;
on rebirth, 84

Pine-tree, sacred to Dionysus, i. 4

Piros Indians of Peru, ii. 286

_Pirua,_ granary of maize, i. 171 sqq.

Plaiting the last standing corn before cutting it, i. 142, 144, 153, 154,
157, 158

Plane-tree, Dionysus in, i. 3

Planets, human victims sacrificed to, i. 261 _sq._

Plants thought to be animated by spirits, ii. 82 _sq._

Plataea, Eleutherian games at, i. 80, 85

Plato and the doctrine of transmigration, ii. 308

Playfair, Major A., ii. 337

Pleiades, autumnal setting of, i. 45;
morning rising of, the signal for reaping in Greece, 48 _sq._;
in primitive calendars, 116, 307 _sqq._;
associated with the rainy season, 318

Pliny, on the setting of the Pleiades, i. 318

Plough in relation to Dionysus, i. 5;
in primitive agriculture, 113

—— Monday, i. 33;
rites of, ii. 325 _sqq._;
English celebration of, 329 _sqq._

Ploughing at Carnival, ceremony of, i. 28, 29, 331, 332, 334;
at Athens, sacred ceremony of, 31;
in Greece, season of, 45;
with oxen, 129 _n._ 1;
Chinese ceremony of, ii. 14 _sq._;
ceremonies at, 57

Ploughings, three a year, i. 53 _n._ 1;
Sacred, in Attica, 108

Ploughmen and plough-horses, the Yule Boar given to, i. 301, 303

Plutarch, on a Roman rite, ii. 108;
on immortality, i. 15;
on mourning festival of Demeter, 46;
on sacrifices, ii. 31;
on Apis, 36

Pluto called Subterranean Zeus, i. 66

—— and Persephone, ii. 9;
rude originals of, 334

Plutus, i. 208

Poland, harvest customs in, i. 144, 145, 148, 150, 277

Pollution of death, ii. 85 _n._ 3;
ceremonial, of girl at puberty, 268

Polynesia, observation of the Pleiades in, i. 313

Polynesians, ii. 28

Pomegranates sprung from blood of Dionysus, i. 14

Po-nagar, goddess of agriculture, ii. 56, 57, 58

Pondos, the, ii. 66

Pongal feast, i. 244

Pongol, a Hindoo festival, ii. 56

Pontiffs regulate Roman calendar, i. 83

Poor Old Woman, corn left on field for, i. 231 _sq._

Poppies as symbols of Demeter, i. 43 _sq._

Poppy, the, cultivated for opium, i. 242

Porcupine, a Bechuana totem, ii. 164 _sq._;
respected by some Indians, 243;
transmigration of sinner into, 299

Pork forbidden to enchanters of crops, i. 100 _sq._;
not eaten by field labourers, ii. 33;
reason for not eating, 296

Porphyry, on the _Bouphonia_, ii. 5 _n._ 1

Poseidon, first-fruits sacrificed to, ii. 133

Poso, in Celebes, i. 236, ii. 244

Potato-dog, i. 272 _sq._

—— -mother, i. 172

—— -wolf, i. 274

Potawatomi Indians, ii. 218

Prayer, the Place of, ii. 113

Prayer and spell, i. 105

Prayers to the spirits of the dead, ii. 112, 113, 124 _sq._;
addressed to dead animals, 184, 197, 224, 225, 226, 235, 236, 243, 253,
293;
to shark-idol, 292

Preachers to fish, ii. 250 _sq._

Pretence made by reapers of mowing down visitors to the harvest-field, i.
229 _sq._

Priest, chief acting as, ii. 126

Priests, first-fruits belong to, ii. 125;
of Tetzcatlipoca, ii. 165;
of shark-idols, 292

Primitive ritual, marks of, i. 169

Proarcturia, a Greek festival, i. 51

Processions with sacred animals, ii. 316 _sqq._;
of men disguised as animals, 325 _sqq._

Proclus on Dionysus, i. 13

_Proerosia_, a Greek festival of Demeter, i. 50 _sqq._, 60, 108

Prophecy, spirit of, acquired by eating certain food, ii. 143

Propitiation of wild animals by hunters, ii. 204 _sqq._;
of vermin by farmers, 274 _sqq._

Prussia, harvest customs in, i. 136, 137, 139, 150 _sq._, 209, 219, 280,
281 _sq._, 288, 292

Prussians, the old, ii. 133;
their custom at sowing, i. 288

Pruyssenaere, E. de, ii. 38 _sq._

Psylli, a Snake clan, ii. 174

Puberty, ceremonial pollution of girl at, ii. 268

Pueblo Indians, i. 312

_Pul_, an astrologer, i. 125 _sq._

Pulse cultivated in Bengal, i. 123

_Puplem_, general council, i. 125

Puppet made out of last sheaf, i. 137, 138, 231;
at threshing, 148, 149;
at harvest, 150;
representing the corn-spirit, 224

Puppets of rushes thrown into the Tiber, ii. 107

Purest person cuts the last corn, i. 158

Purification, ceremonies of, i. 9;
before partaking of new fruits, ii. 59, 60, 63, 69 _sq._, 71, 73, 75
_sq._, 82, 83;
for slaughter of a serpent, 219 _sq._;
by fire, 249;
before eating the first salmon, 253

Pyanepsia, an Attic festival, i. 52

Pyanepsion, an Attic month, i. 46, 52, 116

Pythagoras, his reincarnations, ii. 263;
his doctrine of transmigration, 300, 301

Pythian games, i. 80

Python clan, ii. 174

Quadriennial period of Greek games, i. 77 _sqq._

Quail, cry of, i. 295;
corn-spirit as, 295 _sq._

Queen of Athens married to Dionysus, i. 30 _sq._;
of the Corn-ears, 146;
name given to last sheaf, 146

—— Charlotte Islands, ii. 226

Quetzalcoatl, a Mexican god, ii. 90

Quiches, the, of Central America, ii. 134

Quinoa-mother, i. 172

Quixos Indians, ii. 285

Race of reapers to last sheaf, i. 291;
on harvest-field, 137

Races at harvest, i. 76 _sq._;
in connexion with agriculture, 98.
_See_ Horse-races

Rain, prayer for, at Eleusis, i. 69;
supposed to be given by the spirits of dead chiefs, ii. 109

—— -charm, i. 134, 170, 250, 252, 268

Rainless Greek summer, i. 69

Rains, autumnal, in Greece, i. 52

Rajamahall, in Bengal, ii. 118, 217

Rakelimalaza, a Malagasy god, ii. 46

Ram sacrificed to Ammon, ii. 41;
killing the sacred, 172 _sqq._;
consecration of a white, 313

Ram’s skull, ii. 96

Rams’ horns, ii. 117

Rape of Persephone, i. 66

Rarian Plain at Eleusis, i. 36, 70, 74, 108, 234, ii. 15

Raspberries, wild, ceremony at gathering the first, ii. 80 _sq._

Rat, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299

Rats, superstitious precautions of farmers against, ii. 277, 278, 283

Rattles in myth and ritual of Dionysus, i. 13, 15

Rattlesnakes respected by the North American Indians, ii. 217 _sqq._

Ravens respected by Sudanese negroes, ii. 221

Reapers, contests between, i. 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, 152, 153 _sqq._,
164 _sq._, 219, 253;
blindfolded, 144, 153 _sq._;
special words used by, 193;
pretend to mow down visitors to harvest-field, 229 _sq._;
cries of, 263 _sqq._;
race of, to last corn, 291

Reaping, Indonesian mode of, i. 181 _sq._, 184;
contests in, 218 _sqq._;
pains in back at, 285

Rebirth of the dead, i. 84

Red and black, faces of bear-hunters painted, ii. 226

—— and white, leopard-hunters painted, ii. 230

—— and yellow, faces of human victims painted, i. 261

Red-haired men sacrificed, i. 260, 261, 263, ii. 34

—— puppies sacrificed, i. 261, ii. 34

Reef Islands, ii. 52

Reincarnation of animals, ii. 247, 249, 250

Reindeer, dogs not allowed to gnaw the leg-bones of, ii. 246

Repulsion and attraction, forces of, ii. 303 _sqq._

Rest for three days, compulsory, ii. 246

Resurrection of the gods, i. 1, 12, 14, 15;
of animals, ii. 200 _sq._, 256 _sqq._;
of fish, 250, 254;
bones of men preserved for the, 259;
in popular tales, 263 _sqq._

Revolving image, ii. 322 _n._

Ribald jests at mysteries, i. 38

Rice cultivated in Assam, i. 123;
cultivated in New Guinea, 123;
soul of, 180 _sqq._;
treated as a woman, 183 _sq._;
King of the, 197;
(paddy), Father and Mother of the, 203 _sq._;
spirituous liquor distilled from, 242;
the new, ceremonies at eating the, ii. 54 _sqq._

—— -bride, i. 199 _sq._

—— -bridegroom, i. 199 _sq._

—— -child, i. 197 _sqq._

—— -fields, sacred, among the Kayans, i. 93, 108

—— -goddess, i. 202

—— -harvest, ceremony of the Horse at, ii. 337 _sqq._

—— -mother, i. 183 _n._ 1, 191 _sqq._, 197 _sqq._;
in the East Indies, 180 _sqq._

—— -soul as bird, i. 182 _n._ 1;
caught or detained, 184 _sqq._

Riddles asked at harvest, i. 194

Ridgeway, Professor W., i. 29 _n._ 2, 65, ii. 282 _n._ 5

Ring, competition for, i. 160

Rites of Plough Monday, ii. 325 _sqq._

Ritual, primitive, marks of, i. 169;
magical or propitiatory, 169, 170

—— of Dionysus, i. 14 _sq._

Robbers, charm used by, i. 235

Rodents, souls of dead in, ii. 291

Rohde, E., i. 91 _n._ 2

Rollo, ii. 146

Roman calendar, i. 83 _sq._

—— deities of the corn, i. 210 _n._ 3

—— sacrifices to Ceres and Liber, ii. 133

Romans worship mildew, ii. 282

Roof, spirits enter through the, ii. 123;
remains of slain bear let down through the, 189 _sq._, 196

Roots and seeds, wild, collected by women, i. 124 _sqq._

Roscher, W. H., ii. 2 _n._ 9

Roscoe, Rev. John, i. 240 _n._ 4

Rotation of crops, i. 117

Rouse, Dr. W. H. D., i. 208 _n._ 1

Rügen, harvest customs in, i. 274

Running, contests in, i. 98

Rush-cutter, i. 230 _n._ 5

Russia, harvest customs in, i. 146, 233

Russian wood-spirits, ii. 2

Rye-beggar, i. 231

—— -boar, i. 298, 300

—— -bride, i. 163

—— -goat, i. 282, 283

—— -mother, i. 132, 135

—— -pug, i. 273

—— -sow, i. 270, 298

—— -wolf, i. 270, 271, 272, 273, 274

—— -woman, i. 223;
the Old, 133

Saa, island of, ii. 127

Sabarios, a Lithuanian festival, ii. 49

Sabazius, i. 2 _n._ 1

Sabbaths, agricultural, i. 109

Sable-hunters, rules observed by, ii. 238

Sacaea, a Babylonian festival, i. 258 _sq._

Sacrament of eating a god, ii. 167

—— of swine’s flesh, ii. 20, 24;
totemic, 165;
types of animal, 310 _sqq._;
of first-fruits, 48 _sqq._;
combined with a sacrifice of them, 86

Sacramental bread, ii. 95

—— character of harvest supper, i. 303

—— eating of corn-spirit in animal form, ii. 20

Sacraments among pastoral tribes, ii. 313

Sacred Marriage at Eleusis, i. 65 _sqq._

—— ploughings in Attica, i. 108

—— things deemed dangerous, ii. 27 _sqq._

—— Women, i. 32

Sacrifice not to be touched, ii. 27;
of first-fruits, 109 _sqq._

Sacrifices, human, for the crops, i. 236 _sqq._;
human, in Mexico, ii. 88;
offered to nets, 240 _n._ 1;
offered to wolves, 284;
to a toad, 291

Sadana, rice-bridegroom, i. 200 _sq._

Sahagun, B. de, i. 175

St. Catherine’s Day, ii. 275

St. George’s Eve, ii. 270

St. Kilda, ii. 322

St. Mary, Isle of, ii. 235

St. Matthew’s Day, ii. 275

St. Nicholas, i. 233

St. Paul on immortality, i. 91

St. Peter’s Day, i. 300

St. Stephen’s Day, ii. 319, 320

Sakalava, the, of Madagascar, ii. 40 _n._

Sale, nominal, of children, i. 8

Salish Indians, ii. 80

Salmon, resurrection of, ii. 250;
ceremonies at catching the first salmon of the season, 253 _sq._, 255

Salt, abstinence from, ii. 75, 93;
use of, forbidden, 190, 195

Salzburg, harvest custom in, i. 146

Samoa, ii. 29

Samoans, their sacrifices of first-fruits, ii. 132

Samoyed, custom after killing a reindeer, ii. 268

San Juan Capistrano, ii. 169;
Indians of, i. 125

Sanctity of the corn, ii. 110

Sandwich Islands, belief in transmigration among natives of the, ii. 292
_sq._

Saning Sari, rice-goddess, i. 191, 192

Sappho, i. 216

Saturnalia, ii. 62, 66

Satyrs in relation to goats, ii. 1 _sqq._

Savage, the, not illogical, ii. 202

—— faith in the immortality of animals, ii. 260 _sqq._

Saxo Grammaticus, ii. 146

Saxons of Transylvania, harvest custom of the, i. 295;
their customs at sowing, ii. 274 _sq._

Saxony, harvest customs in, i. 134, 137, 149, 163, 164

Scanderbeg, Prince of Epirus, ii. 154

Scandinavian custom of the Yule Boar, i. 300 _sqq._

Scarification as a religious rite, ii. 75;
from superstitious motives, 159, 160 _sq._

Scheube, Dr. B., ii. 185, 186, 187

Schleswig, harvest customs in, i. 230, 287

Schrenck, L. von, ii. 191, 192, 193, 194, 195

Schweinfurth, G., ii. 37 _sq._

Science, generalisations of, inadequate to cover all particulars, ii. 37

Scirophorion, a Greek month, ii. 8 _n._ 1

Scorpions, charm against, ii. 281;
souls of dead in, 290

Scotland, harvest customs in, i. 140 _sqq._

Scratching as a religious rite, ii. 75

Scurrilities exchanged between vine-dressers and passers-by, i. 258 _n._ 1

Scurrilous language at mysteries, i. 38

Scythians, set store on heads of enemies, i. 256 _n._ 1

Sea beasts, Esquimau rules as to eating, ii. 84;
their bladders restored to the sea by the Esquimaux, 247 _sqq._

—— -mammals, their mythical origin, ii. 246

Seals, care taken of the bladders and bones of, ii. 247 _sqq._, 257, 258
_n._ 2

Sedna, an Esquimau goddess, ii. 84, 246

Seed sown by women, i. 113 _sqq._;
sown by children, i. 115 _sq._

Seed-corn, i. 135, 205, 278, 301, 304, ii. 20

Seed-rice, i. 189

Seeds and roots, wild, collected by women, i. 124 _sqq._

Seler, Professor E., i. 175

Seligmann, Dr. C. G., ii. 40 _n._

_Sĕmangat_, i. 181, 183

Semele, mother of Dionysus, i. 14, 15

Seminole Indians, ii. 76, 217

Senegambia, Python clan in, ii. 174

Serpent, killing the sacred, ii. 174 _sq._;
ceremonies performed after killing a, 219 _sq._

Serpent’s flesh eaten to learn the language of animals, ii. 146

Serpents, offerings to, ii. 17 _sq._;
men inspired by, 213;
charms against, 281;
souls of the dead in, 291.
_See also_ Snake, Snakes

Set or Typhon, ii. 30.
_See_ Typhon

Seven, the number, in ritual, i. 190, 198

—— months’ child, i. 26, 29

Sham fight, ii. 75

—— fights in connexion with agriculture, i. 98;
(mimic battles) before going forth to war, ii. 207

—— graves and corpses to deceive demons, ii. 98 _sqq._

Shans of Indo-China, i. 243

Shape, magical changes of shape, i. 305

Sharks, ghosts in, ii. 127;
souls of dead in, 292 _sq._, 297

Sheaf, the last, the Corn-mother in, i. 133 _sqq._;
thresher tied up in, 134, 147, 148;
drenched with water, 134, 137, 145;
given to cattle, 134, 155, 158, 161, 170;
stones fastened to, 135 _sq._, 138, 139;
called the Old Woman or Old Man, 136 _sqq._;
corn-spirit caught in, 139;
harvester tied up in, 139, 145, 221, 222;
called the _Cailleach_ (Old Wife), 140 _sqq._;
representative of the corn-spirit, 168, ii. 48;
in Lower Burma, i. 190 _sq._;
person identified with, 138 _sq._;
in India, 222 _sq._, 234 _n._ 2;
race of reapers to, 291.
_See also_ _Clyack_, _Kirn_, _Mell_, Maiden

Sheep not eaten, ii. 140;
ghosts of, dreaded, 231

Sheep-skin, fumigation with, ii. 324

Sheep-skins, candidates at initiation seated on, i. 38

Shells of eggs preserved, ii. 258 _n._ 2

Shifting cultivation, i. 99

Shoulder-blade, divination by, ii. 234

Shropshire, “the neck” in, i. 268;
“crying the Mare” in, 293 _sq._

Shrove Tuesday, i. 300, ii. 326

Shrovetide Bear, ii. 325 _sq._

Shumpaoli, an African god, ii. 110

Shuswap Indians, ii. 226, 238

Siam, ii. 103

Sicilians, Demeter’s gift of corn to the, i. 56 _sq._

Sicily, worship of Demeter and Persephone in, i. 56

Sickles thrown at last standing corn, i. 136, 142, 144, 153, 154, 165

Sickness cured or prevented by effigies, ii. 180 _sqq._

Sicyon, wolves at, ii. 283, 284

Sierra Leone, i. 317

Sieves, children at birth placed in, i. 6 _sqq._

Sigurd and the dragon, ii. 146

Silence enforced during absence of fisher, ii. 256

Silenuses, ii. 1 _sq._

Silesia, harvest customs in, i. 136, 138, 139, 148 _sq._, 163 _sq._, 231,
233, 273, 277, 281, 289

Silvanus, ii. 2

Simbang, village in German New Guinea, ii. 295

Similkameen Indians, the, ii. 146

Sinew of the thigh, customs and myths as to, ii. 264 _sqq._

Sinews of dead men cut to disable their ghosts, ii. 272

Sing Bonga, a sun god, ii. 117

Singleton, Miss A. H., ii. 320 _n._ 1

Sioux girl, sacrifice of, i. 238 _sq._

—— Indians, ii. 150, 243

Skeat, W. W., i. 197 _sq._

Skin of sacrificed animal, uses of, ii. 173 _sq._

—— -disease caused by eating a sacred animal, ii. 25 _sqq._

Skins of sacrificed animals stuffed, 257 _sq._

Skipping-rope, ii. 192

Skull, drinking out of a human, ii. 150

Skulls, human, as protection against powers of evil, i. 241;
the Place of, 243;
spirits of ancestors in their, ii. 123;
of ancestors, offerings set beside, 127;
of bears worshipped, 184;
of enemies destroyed, 260