Chapter LXXII: Section 1: Full faith and credit shall be given, in each state,

to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

Sec. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.

A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.

No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the congress into this union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the congress.

The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.

Sec. 4. The United States shall guaranty to every state in this union, a republican form of government; and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.

Article V.

The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments; which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the congress: Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate.

Article VI.

All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution, as under the confederation.

This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made or which shall be made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.

The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States, and of the several states, shall be bound, by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

Article VII.

The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same.

Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America, the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names.

George Washington, _President, and Deputy from Virginia._

_New Hampshire._--John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman.

_Massachusetts._--Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King.

_Connecticut._--Wm. Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman.

_New-York._--Alexander Hamilton.

_New Jersey._--William Livingston, David Brearly, William Paterson, Jonathan Dayton.

_Pennsylvania._--Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, Thomas Fitzsimmons, James Wilson, Thomas Mifflin, George Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gouverneur Morris.

_Delaware._--George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom.

_Maryland._--James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll.

_Virginia._--John Blair, James Madison, Jr.

_North Carolina._--William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson.

_South Carolina._--John Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.

_Georgia._--William Few, Abraham Baldwin.

_Attest:_ William Jackson, _Secretary_.

Amendments.

Article 1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Art. II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

Art. III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in a time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Art. IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized.

Art. V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject, for the same offense, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Art. VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

Art. VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reëxamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Art. VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Art. IX. The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Art. X. The powers not delegated to the United States, by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

Art. XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

Art. XII. The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate;--the president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted;--the person having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then, from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representatives from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not choose a president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the president. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the senate shall choose the vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United States.

Index

Academies and colleges, 82 Accessories to crime, 220 Actions at law, defined, 64 how commenced, 64 Adjutant-general, 92 Administrators, duties of, 179 Admission of states, 158 Agent, responsibilities of, 202-204 Alabama, constitution of, 259 Aldermen, duties of, 60 Aliens, power to pass laws for the naturalization of, 121, 122 disabilities of, 121 Alliance, defined, 135 Alliances, when binding, 230, 231 by states, prohibited, 135 Amendments of the constitution, provision for, 160 Appeals of suits, 68, 69 Appellant, appellee, defined, 69 Apellate jurisdiction, defined, 70 Appointment, power of, (see Governor and President.) Apprentices and servants, 175, 176 Aquatic rights, 183, 185 Aristocracy, defined, 25 Arkansas, constitution of, 264 Army, standing, 149 Arrest and examination of offenders, 69 Arsenals, use of, 92 Arson, defined, 217 Assault and battery, 220 Assessment and collection of taxes, 76-78 Assessors, duties of, 77 Assignments, 197-199 Assumption of public debt, 160 Attachment, suit by, 68 Attainder of treason, 155 Attorney, defined, 65 Attorney, county or state's, 51, 56 Attorney-general, state, 51 of United States, 151 Auditor of state, 51 county, 65 Auxiliary executive departments, 147-151

Bail, defined, how taken, 69, 70 excessive, forbidden, 165 Bailment, 200-202 Ballot, defined, 33 Bankruptcy, power to pass laws of, 124 Banks, and their operation, 86-88 Belligerent, defined 228 Betting and gaming, 221 Bigamy, defined, 219 Bill, defined, 45 Bills, passage of, 45-43 Bills of attainder, by congress, prohibited, 133 by states, prohibited, 137 of credit, defined, 136 passage of, prohibited, 136 of exchange, 213-215 Blockade, defined, 236 Body politic, defined, 19, 54 Bribery, defined, 219 Broker and brokerage, 204, 205 Bullion, defined, 125 Burglary, defined, 218

Cabinet, defined, 147 officers of, and their powers and duties, 147 California, constitution of 277 Canals, construction of, 82-84 tolls on, 84 Canvassing of votes, 34 Capital, defined, 41, 216 Capitation or poll-tax, 76, 77, 133 Carriers of goods, liability of, 201, 202 Causes, criminal and civil, defined, 64 Casting vote, when given, 46 Challenging voters, 33 Charges d'affaires, 145 Charter, defined, 59 Chattel mortgages, 199 Cities, villages, &c., 59-62 Citizens, privileges of, in the several states, 157 Civil government, defined, 17 mankind fitted for, 17 Civil society, 17 Clearance of vessels, 120 Codicil, defined, 179 Coining money, power of, 124 by states, prohibited, 136 Collection of taxes, 76-78 Colony, defined, 95 Colonies, government of, 95 Commerce, foreign, regulation of, 114-119 Commerce, domestic, power of congress to regulate, 121, 122 with Indians, 122 Commissary-general, 92 Commissioners, county, duties of, 54 Committees, legislative, 44, 45 Common carriers, responsibilities of, 201, 202 Common council, 60 Common law, defined, 167 Commons, house of, 29 Common schools, school funds, &c., 79-82 Commonwealth, defined, 26 Confederacy, defined, 101 Confederation, when formed, 97 nature of, 98, 99, 101, 102 Confiscate, defined, 230 Congress, under confederation, how constituted, 97, 102 Congress under constitution, how constituted, 104-109 Congress, powers of, (see Powers of Congress,) Counterfeiting, defined, 218 United States coin, power to punish, 125 Connecticut, constitution of, 244 Constables, duties of, 58 Constitution, defined, 27 objects of, 27 how formed, 27, 28 of United States, 281 history of, 100 nature of, 101-104 how amended, 160 supremacy of, 161 ratification of, by the states, 162 amendments to, 163-166 Consuls, appointment of, 144 duties of, 145, 227, 228 Contraband goods, 235, 236 Contracts in general, 189-193 Contracts of sale, 193-197 Contracts, obligation of, not to be impaired, 137 Controller, or auditor, 51 Convention, defined, 28 Conventional law of nations, 224 Copy-rights and patents, power of congress concerning, 126, 127 Coroners, duties of, 55 Corporation, defined, 54 Corporations, how formed, 59 nature and powers of, 59-62 Corruption of blood, 155 Council, legislative, 38 Counties, origin of, 53, 54 powers of, 54 County officers duties of, 54-66 County commissioners, 54 Courts, justices, 63-70 county, 70 common pleas, 70 circuit, 70, 71 oyer and terminer, 71 supreme, 73 of appeals, 73 of chancery or equity, 73, 74 of probate, 74 of impeachment, 75, 76 of United States, 151, 154 martial, 92 Crime, infamous, defined, 31 Crimes and misdemeanors, 216-221 Criminal suits, defined, 64 Customs, duties, &c., defined, 113 collection of, 119

Debt, national, at different periods, 114 Declaration of war, 231 Deeds and mortgages, 181-183 Delaware, constitution of, 250 Delegate, defined, 27 Democracy, defined, 25, 26 Deposit fund, U.S., 80 Deposits in banks, 87 Depositary, responsibility of, 200 Descent of property, of intestates, 179, 180 Despotism, defined, 25 Devise of property, 177 Diplomacy, defined, 148 District of Columbia, power of congress over, 130 Dividends, defined, 86 Domestic relations, laws regulating, 171-177 Dower, defined, and right of, 183 Drunkards, contracts made by, when binding, 191 Dueling, defined, 219 Duties, imposts and excises, defined, 113 power of congress to lay, 113 of tunnage, states may not lay, 120 protective, by what authority laid, 116, 117

Easement, defined, (see Right of Way,) 183 Education, provision for, &c., 79 Elections, time of, how conducted, &c., 32-35 by plurality, 34-35 by majority, 34-35 Electors, qualifications of, 29-31 (See also Synopsis of the State Constitutions.) Electors of president and vice-president, how chosen, 140 Embassadors, ministers, &c, 144, 145 their appointment and duties, 144, 145 Embassadors, rights and powers of, 226, 227 Embezzlement, defined, 218 Envoys, (see Embassadors.) Escapes, persons aiding or permitting, punishable, 220 Excise, defined, and power to lay, 112, 113 Execution, issuing and collection of, in justices' courts, 67, 68 exemption from, 68 Executive department, state, 36, 48-50 of the United States, 138-142 officers of, their appointment and duties, 147-150 Executors, powers and duties of, 179 Ex post facto laws, passage of, prohibited, 133,137

Factor or agent, powers and responsibilities of, 202, 203 False imprisonment, defined, 220 Federal, defined, 101 Fence-viewers, duties of, 58 Fee and fee-simple, defined, 182, 186 Felony, power of congress to define and punish, 128 Florida, constitution of, 258 Forgery, defined, 218 Franchise, defined, 31 Franking privilege, to whom granted, 151 Fraudulent sales, assignments, &c., 197, 200 Freedom of speech and of the press, guarantied, 163 Freehold, freeholder, defined, 31 Fugitives from justice, provision for the apprehension of, 157 from service, apprehension and return of, 157, 158 Fund, defined, 79 Funds, various kinds of, 79-81

Georgia, constitution of, 257 Government, civil, defined, 17 different forms of, 23-26 division of powers of, 35-37 Governor and lieutenant-governor, election and duties of, 48-50 Graves, opening of, punishable, 219 Great Britain, government of, 28, 29 Habeas corpus, privilege of writ of, guarantied, 132 Hereditaments, corporeal and incorporeal, defined, 183 Highways, supervision and oversight of, 68 Homicide, various kinds of, defined, 217 Husband and wife, laws regulating the relation of, 171-174

Idiots and lunatics, contracts by, when binding, 190 Illinois, constitution of, 272 Impeachment, trial of, 75 Imposts, duties, and excises, defined, 113 Incest, defined, 219 Incorporated companies, 61 Independence of the states declared, 97 Indiana, constitution of, 270 Indians, power to regulate commerce with, 122 Indictments, how made, 77 Innkeepers, liability of, 201 Insurance companies, 89, 90 Insurrection and rebellion, defined, 90 Interest, and rates of, in the different states, 215 Intestates, descent of property of, 179, 180 Iowa, constitution of, 276 Issue, joining of, in justices' courts, 65 Issues of fact and of law, defined, 71

Joining issue in justices' courts, 65 Judges, appointment of, in the states, 70 how removable, 76 (See also Synopsis of the State Constitutions.) of the United States courts, appointment of, 144, 146 Judgment, rendering of, 65 concession and collection of, in justices' courts, 67, 68 Judicial department, state, 63-76 of the United States, 151-154 Jurisdiction, defined, 64 original and appellate, defined, 70 Juries in justices' courts, 66, 67 grand and petit, 71 Jury, right of trial by, secured, 66, 164, 165 Justices' courts, proceedings of, 64-70 Justices of the peace, jurisdiction of, 64

Kentucky, constitution of, 268

Larceny, grand and petit, defined, 218 Law, defined, 16 common and statute, defined, 167 Laws necessity of, 22 man fitted for, 17 political, civil, municipal, defined, 21, 22 manner of enacting, 43-48 Laws of nations, defined, 221, 223, 224 Leases, or estates for life, for years, at will, and by sufferance, rent, &c., 186-189 Legislatures, state, how formed, 37-40 meetings of, 40-43 organization and officers of, 41-43 Letters testamentary, and by whom issued, 179 of administration, and by whom issued, 179 Libel and slander, law concerning, 168, 169 Liberty, defined, 20, 167 of speech and of the press, secured, 163 of conscience, 19, 170 Lien, law concerning, 203, 205 Lieutenant-governor, duties of, 49 Lords, house of, 29 Louisiana, constitution of, 262

Maiming, defined, 217 Maine, constitution of, 239 Man, fitted for government and laws, 16, 17 Mandatary, responsibility of, 200 Manifest, defined, 121 Mankind, fitted for society, 15, 17 Manslaughter, defined, 217 Marque and reprisal, defined, 129 power to issue letters of, 129 states may not issue, 136 Marriage, law concerning, 171 Maryland, constitution of, 252 Massachusetts, constitution of, 242 Masters, apprentices, and servants, 175-177 Mayor, election and duties of, 60 Michigan, constitution of, 273 Militia, regulation of, 90-92 Ministers, public, their appointment and duties, 144, 145 privilege and powers of, 145, 227 Minors, rights and liabilities of, 175 Minnesota, constitution of, 278 Mints of the United States, 125 Misdemeanors, defined, 64, 221 Mississippi, constitution of, 260 Missouri, constitution of, 265 Monarchy, defined, 24, 25 Money, power of congress to borrow, 114 power of congress to coin, 124 coining of, by states, prohibited, 136 how borrowed, 84 Moral, defined, 16 law, defined, 21 Mortgages, land, nature of, 182 chattel, 199 Murder, defined, 217

Nation and state, defined, 17 Nations, jurisdiction of, 225 rights and obligations of, 226-228 Naturalization, power to pass laws concerning, 122, 123 Navigation, regulation of, 119-121 acts of Great Britain, 99 Navy department, when established, 148 Negative, or veto, defined, 47 Neutral nations, rights and duties of, 228, 234-237 New Hampshire, constitution of, 240 New Jersey, constitution of, 247 New York, constitution of, 245 New states, power of congress to admit, 158 Nonsuit, judgment of, 66 North Carolina, constitution of, 255 Notaries public, duties of, 214 Notes, promissory, 207-212

Oaths of office, 161 test, forbidden, 161 Obligation of contracts, may not be impaired, 137 Obligations of nations, 225 Offenders, arrest of and examination, 69 Offenses against the law of nations, power to define, 128 Ohio, constitution of, 269 Overseers of highways, duties of, 58 of poor, duties of, 58

Pardon and reprieve, power of, 49, 143 Parent and child, law concerning, 174, 175 Parliament, how formed, 29 Parol contracts, defined, 190 Partnership, law concerning, 205, 207 Passports, defined, 120, 121 Patents and copy-rights, how secured, 126, 127 Patriarch, defined, 23 Pawnee, liability of, 201 Peace, treaties of, 237, 238 Pennsylvania, constitution of, 248 Pensions, military, 149 Perjury, defined, 219 Personal estate, defined, 77 Piracies and felonies, power of congress concerning, 128 Pleadings, in justices' courts, 65 Police courts and justices, 60 Policy, insurance, defined, 89 Political law, defined, 21, 27 power, by whom exercised, 29-31 Poll, defined, 32, 33 Poll-list, how and by whom kept, 32 Poll or capitation tax, 76, 77, 133 Polygamy, defined, 219 Poor, overseers of, their duties, 58 Postmaster-general, power and duties of, 149, 150 Postmasters, appointment and duties of, 149, 150 compensation of, 149, 150 Post-offices and post roads, power to establish, 126 Power of congress to lay and collect taxes, &c., 112-114 to borrow money, 114 to regulate commerce, 114-119 in relation to naturalization and bankruptcy, 122-124 to coin money, and regulate weights and measures, 124-125 to punish counterfeiting, 125 to establish post-offices, &c., 126 to secure patents and copy-rights, 126, 127 to define and punish piracies, felonies, &c., 128 to declare war, 128 to issue letters of marque and reprisal, 129 to provide for the national defense, generally, 129,130 to legislate over the District of Columbia, 130 to make all necessary and proper laws, 130, 131 Power of congress to declare punishment of treason, 155 to admit new states, 158 to dispose of and regulate territory and other public property, 159 Powers prohibited to congress, (see prohibitions on congress.) Premium, defined, 89 Prescription, right by, 183, 184 President and vice-president, how chosen, 139-141 President, powers and duties of, 143-147 vacancy in office, how filled, 142 power of, to fill vacancies, 146 Principal and agent, responsibility of, 202, 205 Printing, public, by whom and how done, 52 Privateering, in what cases authorized, 233, 234 Prizes in war, how disposed of, 234 Prohibition on congress-- to abolish the slave trade, 131, 132 to suspend habeas corpus, 132, 133 to pass bills of attainder, 133 to pass ex post facto laws, 133 in relation to taxation and commerce, 133, 134 to grant titles of nobility, 135 Prohibition on the states-- to form treaties, alliances, &c., 135 to grant letters of marque and reprisal, 136 to coin money, 136 to emit bills of credit, 136 to make anything but coin a tender, 136 to impair the obligation of contracts, 137 to pass bills of attainder or ex post facto laws, 137 to grant titles of nobility, 137 to lay duties, 137, 138 Promissory notes, rules concerning, 207-212 Protective duties, nature of described, 116, 117

Quarantine regulations, 121 Quorum, defined, 42

Rail-roads, by what authority and how made, 84, 85 Ratification of constitution by states, 162 of treaties, 144 Ratio of representation in congress, how ascertained, &c., 105, 106 Real estate, defined, 77 of intestates, descent of, 179, 180 Rebellion, defined, 90, 91 Recognizance, defined, 69 Recorder or register, county, duties of, 55 Records, public, proving and effect of, 156, 157 Registry of vessels, 120 Religion, freedom in matters of, secured, 163 Representative, defined, 27, 28 Representatives, state, how apportioned and elected, 37-39 qualifications of, 40 Representatives in congress, how apportioned, 105 qualifications of, 104, 105 Reprieve and pardon, defined, and power to grant, 49, 143 Reprisals, power to make, forbidden to states, 136 Reprisals in war, 229, 230 Republic, defined, 26 Republican government, guarantied to the states, 159 Respondent, defined, 69 Revenue, defined, 80 national, how raised, 112-114 Revolution, causes of, 94-97 Rhode Island, constitution of, 243 Rights and liberty, defined, 18-20 Rights of person and property, defined, 18, 19, 167 Right of property, how acquired, 16, 177 Right by prescription, 184-186 Right of way, law concerning, 183, 184 Right of waters, 183, 185 Right of search, 236 Riot, defined, and how suppressed, 220 Roads, (see Highways.) Robbery, defined, 218

School funds, schools, &c., 79-82 Sealer of weights and measures, duty of, 59 Secretary of state, of state government, 50 Secretary of state of the United States, duties of, 148 of the treasury, 148 of the interior, 149 of war, 149 of the navy, 149 Selectmen, duties of, 57 Senate, state, how constituted, 38-40 Senators and representatives, qualifications of, 40 (See State Constitutions.) Senate of the United States, how formed, 108, 109 qualifications of members of, 111 vacancies in, how filled, 110, 111 Sergeant-at-arms, appointment and duties of, 42 Servants, rights and liabilities of, 176, 177 Sheriff and shire, origin of, 53, 54 powers and duties of, 55 Slander and libel, law concerning, 168, 169 Slave trade, not to be prohibited before 1808, 131, 132 declared piracy, 132 Society, civil, defined, 17 mankind fitted for, 15-17 South Carolina, constitution of, 256 Sovereignty, defined, 24 Speaker of house and senate, 41 Specialty, defined, 283 Spies in war, 233 State and nation, defined, 17 State constitutions, synopsis of, 239-280 State officers, executive, 50-52 State records, effect and proof of, 156, 157 State printer, appointment and business of, 52 Statute law, defined, 167 Stocks, public, defined, 84 Stratagems in war, 233 Subpoena, nature and service of, 65 Summons, suits commenced by, 64-66 Superintendent of schools, duties of, 52, 81 Supervisors, board of, of whom composed, 54 of towns, duties of, 54, 57 of highways, duties of, 58 Surveyor of county, 56 Surveyor-general, duties of, 52 Swearing, profane, unlawful, 221 Synopsis of the state constitutions, 239-280

Taxation, power of congress in relation to, 112-114 Taxes, assessment and collection of, 76-78 how apportioned among the states, 106-107 Tender, what lawful, 136 Tennessee, constitution of, 266 Testament, (see Wills and Testaments.) Texas, constitution of, 263 Theocracy, defined, and government of, 24 Town clerk, duties of, 57 Town officers, election and duties of, 56-59 Towns and townships, organization and powers of, 53, 56 Treason against states, defined, 217 power of congress concerning, 155, 156 attainder of, 155 Treasurer, of state, duties of, 51 of county, 54, 55 of towns, 58 Treaties, how and by whom made, 244 by states prohibited, 135 of peace, 237, 238 Treaty, defined, 144 Truces in war, 237 Trustees of townships, power and duties of, 57 Tunnage, duties, states prohibited to lay, 119, 120

Union, nature of the, 101-104 Usury, defined, and forfeiture in case of, 215

Vacancy, in legislature, how filled, 40 in United States senate, how filled, 110, 111 Venire issuing of, 67 Verdict, defined, and how rendered, 67 Vermont, constitution of, 241 Vessels, registry, and measurement of, 120 Veto, defined, 47 Veto, in different states, (see State Constitutions.) Villages, incorporation and government of, 61 Virginia, constitution of, 253 Viva voce, voting by, 34 Voters, qualifications of, in different states, (see State Constitutions.)

War, power of congress to declare, 128
offensive and defensive, 228, 231
causes and objects of, 228, 229
reprisals in, 229, 230
alliances in, 230, 231
how declared, 231
effect of, on the enemy's subjects, 232
stratagems in, 233
privateering and prizes, 233, 234
truces in, 237
Warrant, prosecution by, 69
Weights and measures, 59, 125
Wills and testaments, 177, 179
Wisconsin, constitution of, 275

Questions