Chapter XLIII (1)

THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF SYPHILIS IN EUROPE AS AN EPIDEMIC
DISEASE.--MEDICAL JOURNALISM.--THE BEGINNINGS OF A MODERN
PHARMACOPOEIA.--ITINERANT LITHOTOMISTS

Toward the end of the fifteenth and during the early part of the sixteenth centuries accounts concerning syphilis began to be published in the medical literature of Spain, Italy and France. The word “syphilis,” it is true, does not appear in any of these records, for it had not yet been coined; but the accounts themselves leave no room for doubt that this was the disease to which the authors of these records referred. The prevailing views with regard to the origin and nature of syphilis differed somewhat in the three countries named. In Spain, for example, it was a common belief that the disease originated in an unfavorable conjunction of the stars[100] and yet at the same time it was generally admitted that it was a disease which belonged in the category of luxuries and might be avoided if one were careful not to have intercourse with dissolute women. For a brief period of time there were physicians in all three of the Latin countries who maintained that syphilis had been imported, in the first instance, from America by the men who made the voyage with Columbus and by the earliest Spanish explorers of South America; but it was soon shown that this theory was not compatible with certain known facts--such, for example, as the published reports made by the Spanish physicians Pintor and Torrella,[101] who describe cases of syphilis which they had treated prior to 1493 (the year in which the first discoverers returned from America). In Italy, according to Giovanni da Vigo, the author of an excellent treatise on surgery (“_Practica in arte chirurgica copiosa_,” Rome, 1514), the disease was first observed in Europe in December, 1494, soon after the arrival of Charles the Eighth’s (France) army at Naples; and only a short time elapsed before there developed, as a result of this great accession of French soldiers, a veritable epidemic of what then began to be known quite generally as “_morbus gallicus_” or “the French disease.” The King himself, it is stated, was among the number of those who contracted the infection.

So far as I am able to discover, the term “syphilis” was first introduced into medical literature by Fracastoro, the distinguished physician of Verona, who published in 1530 a Latin poem bearing the title: “_Syphilis sive morbus gallicus_.” These verses were received everywhere with great favor, were translated into several modern languages, and speedily put an end forever to the employment of the insulting term “_morbus gallicus_.”

A few more words with reference to the origin and distribution of syphilis throughout the world may not seem inappropriate in this place. J. K. Proksch, the author of the most recent history of this disease,[102] says it has been fully proved that syphilis existed among the inhabitants of India as long ago as during the Middle Ages, and he adds that the evidence thus far collected justifies the further belief that it was not an uncommon malady among the ancient Greeks and Romans, and even among the Babylonians and Assyrians. Doubtless a good deal of what was called “leprosy” in early times was in reality syphilis. Another syphilographer--Raphael Finckenstein--makes the following sensible remarks about the efforts that have been made to ascertain the precise date when this disease first appeared in Europe:--[103]

It is just as foolish to suppose that the date of the first
appearance of syphilis may be discovered as it is to hope
that the disease will ever entirely disappear. As long as
wealth and idleness continue to exist, as long as there are
men who remain unmarried and women whose moral character is of
a yielding nature, and as long as it is not possible for the
police to creep into every nook and corner, just so long will
licentiousness and indulgence in fleshly lusts continue to
disturb the peace of the community. These are the conditions
necessary to the development and spread of syphilis.

Some account of the treatment of this form of venereal disease comes next in order. It is commonly believed, says the author just quoted, that it was from the Spanish physicians of the sixteenth century that we learned how to treat syphilis by the methodical employment of mercurial preparations. (See footnote at the bottom of page 542.) He adds that there was published by Juan Almenar at Venice, in 1502, a book which bears the title: “A treatise on the Morbus Gallicus, in which it is demonstrated how the patient may be treated in such a successful manner that the disease will never return, nor will any objectionable lesions develop in the mouth; and yet, during the progress of the treatment, the patient is not required to remain in bed.” The author of this book, who was a resident of Valencia, Spain, was a man of noble birth. His treatise passed through eight successive editions, the last of which was printed at Basel in 1536. Almenar’s plan of treatment was to employ mercurial inunctions in such moderate doses as not to induce salivation. If, at the end of a few days, he saw evidences of an approach of this symptom, he substituted baths and evacuant remedies (rhubarb and senna) for a short time, and also prescribed a more nourishing diet and the taking of various internal remedies. Then, later, the inunctions were resumed. The exact duration of such a course of treatment is not stated. So far as I am able to judge from the account given by Finckenstein, Almenar found it necessary in some cases to repeat the series of mercurial inunctions as many as four times. His aim, in other words, was to accomplish a radical cure of the disease, whereas his contemporaries, who were mainly ignorant and uneducated physicians, were satisfied to carry out a purely symptomatic treatment. Morejon, the historian of Spanish medicine, expresses the belief that Almenar was the first to use steam baths in the treatment of syphilis. Both Hensler and Simon, the best modern authorities with regard to the history of syphilis, agree that Almenar’s inunction method of treating this disease forms, notwithstanding its crudeness in certain respects, the basis of all modern methods of the same general character. Unfortunately, the physicians of a later period did not follow the relatively mild and safe inunction method advocated by Almenar, but so modified it for the worse that it became a common thing for men to say that the cure was worse than the disease.

_A Few Special Advances Worthy of Note._--The beginnings of medical journalism belong to the second half of the seventeenth century. In 1665, for example, there appeared for the first time, a medical article in the “_Journal des Scavans_,” and during the same year similar articles were printed in the “Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.” According to August Hirsch the earliest periodical that was devoted entirely to the interests of the medical profession was the “_Journal des découvertes en médecine_,” which was first published in 1679 and continued, in 1680, under the title of “_Le Temple d’Esculape_.” Then followed soon afterward: “_Le Journal des Nouvelles Découvertes en Médecine_” (1681–1683); “_Le Mercure Savant_” (1684); “_Le Zodiacus Medico-Gallicus_” (1680–1685), which was published in Latin in Geneva, by Bonet; etc.

In addition to the more important advances in anatomy and physiology that have already been mentioned on previous pages, the following deserve to receive at least a passing notice: In the department of anatomy and physiology, William Briggs (1642–1704), one of the physicians of St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, published at Cambridge in 1676, under the title of “_Ophthalmographia_,” a most important contribution to the anatomy and physiology of the eye; and there were four other English anatomists who, during the seventeenth century, gained well-merited credit by the original work which they did in the fields of anatomy and physiology--viz., Thomas Willis (1622–1675), Francis Glisson (1597–1677), Thomas Wharton (1610–1673), and Nathaniel Highmore (1613–1684). The part played by Germany in these gains in anatomy and physiology, during the period now under consideration, was chiefly that of a sympathetic recipient; for the political conditions at that time were entirely unfavorable to any active participation on the part of the physicians of that country. Early in the eighteenth century, however, they began in earnest to do their share of work in advancing the science of medicine.

The relationship of the physical sciences to the theory and practice of medicine is not of an intimate nature, and it will therefore not be necessary for me to do more than briefly to enumerate the more important of the discoveries of this character which occurred during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Galileo (1564–1642), a native of Pisa, Italy, was the creator of the science of motion, and he gave the first satisfactory demonstration of equilibrium on an inclined plane. He devised an imperfect species of thermometer, a proportional compass, and the refracting telescope, by means of which latter instrument he made a number of other important discoveries in the domain of astronomy. His pupil, Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), also a native of Italy, discovered the barometer, and in addition arrived at many fundamental truths in mechanics and hydrostatics. Otto von Guericke (1602–1686), a native of Magdeburg, Germany, invented the air pump. Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727), born at Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, one of the world’s greatest authorities in natural philosophy, was the first to formulate clearly the law of gravitation. Edme Mariotte (1620–1684), a native of Burgundy, France, was the discoverer of what is commonly known as “Mariotte’s law”--_i.e._, a law of elastic fluids, according to which the elastic force is exactly in the inverse proportion of the space which the mass of fluid occupies. He also discovered that the part of the retina at which it meets the optic nerve is not capable of conveying the impression of sight. Finally, Denis Papin (1647–1710), a Frenchman, invented the first steam engine, of an embryonic and not very practical type; for in this apparatus the piston floated on the water in a separate cylinder.

The inventions which I have here briefly enumerated represent the more important discoveries that were made in physical science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

_The Beginnings of a Modern Pharmacopoeia, and One of the Last Attempts of the Disciples of Galen to Maintain Their Ascendancy in Therapeutics._--In the domain of pharmacology the first attempt in modern times to organize this department of practical medicine was made by an apothecary in Barcelona in 1497, and was published by him in printed form in 1521. (Von Gurlt.) This pharmacopoeia was doubtless wholly unknown beyond the borders of Spain. Not far from one hundred years later,--_i.e._, in the early part of the seventeenth century,--Theodore Turquet de Mayerne, who was born in 1573, in a small village near the city of Geneva, made the second attempt in modern times to organize the pharmacological department of practical medicine. After showing quite early in life a fondness for the study of chemistry, he devoted himself particularly to the investigation of the remedies that are produced in the chemist’s laboratory; the preparations of antimony attracting his especial interest. A little before this time the physicians of Paris were split up into two strongly antagonistic parties as regards the propriety of administering this metal in any form as a remedy; but those who opposed its therapeutic employment finally managed to secure from Parliament, in 1566, a decree prohibiting its use. While this quarrel was in progress, de Mayerne visited Paris (1602) and established himself in that city as an independent lecturer on chemistry. As the regular faculty still held the belief that the teachings of Galen were the only safe guide for physicians to follow, de Mayerne’s action must have appeared to them like an impudent challenge. In one of his writings he strongly recommended the employment of antimonial preparations,--remedies introduced originally by the much-hated Paracelsus,--and he even went so far as to offer some for sale. This was too much for the disciples of Galen to bear without a protest, and consequently in 1603 the Parliament issued a new decree, in accordance with which de Mayerne was prohibited from practicing medicine in Paris. This measure appears to have proved successful in putting a stop effectively to his obnoxious teachings, for we learn that shortly afterward he was known to be living in London, where, in 1611, he was appointed the Physician-in-Ordinary to King James the First, and later to Charles the First. He died in 1655.

Jean Astruc, the distinguished French medical author of the eighteenth century, speaks rather disparagingly of de Mayerne’s attempt to organize a pharmacopoeia. An earlier, more successful, and much more creditable attempt of this nature was made by Valerius Cordus, whose “_Dispensatorium pharmacorum omnium_” was first published at Nürnberg in 1535. This work, which subsequently bore the title “_Pharmacopoeia Augustana_,” up to the year 1627 passed through at least seven editions and was utilized to a greater or less extent by the authors or editors of nearly all later pharmacopoeias. To go still further back, the most ancient pharmacopoeia of which we have any knowledge is that which bears the title of “_Antidotarium Nicolai_,” the author of which work was Nicolaus, the President or Dean of the Medical School at Salerno. The book was written originally during the first half of the twelfth century, but it did not appear in print, at Venice, until the year 1471, and then only in an incomplete form. Quite recently a French translation of the book has been made and published (1896) by Paul Dorveaux, of the Paris School of Pharmacy. Most of the preparations there described have long since been abandoned, but a few of them--such, for example, as citrine ointment, honey of roses, oxymel, and oil of roses--are still to be found in the pharmacopoeias of some nations.

_Itinerant Lithotomists._--For an unknown number of years preceding the sixteenth century it had been a well-established custom for members of the medical profession in France, and also, doubtless, in neighboring countries, to intrust--as the Hippocratic oath enjoined--all cases of stone in the bladder to expert lithotomists. Such special knowledge and skill were not easily acquired, and so it came about that there were very few individuals who were acknowledged to be experts and who were really capable of teaching the art, and these few guarded most carefully the knowledge which they had gained. During the period of time which we are now considering, certain members of the Collot and Pineau families were the most distinguished lithotomists in France, and the records show that in the year 1600 Jehan Paradis and Nicolas Serre petitioned the Government for official recognition of their special rights to enjoy a monopoly of operative work of this character. “We ask that you give orders that all poor patients who may apply to Hôtel-Dieu (the great city hospital of Paris) or to the Bureau-of-the-Poor for relief from stone in the bladder, be turned over to our care for proper treatment. The poor will receive this treatment gratis, and those who can afford to pay will be charged a very reasonable fee. And you will do well if you prohibit all other persons from meddling with such cases in any manner.” In a document bearing the date 1646 mention is made of four lithotomists--Philippe and Charles Collot, Jacques Girault and Antoine Ruffin--who had erected in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, Paris, a building which was intended to serve as a hospital “in which, at any time during the entire year, those who are afflicted with stone in the bladder may be lodged, fed, nursed and subjected to proper treatment,--the poor without charge of any kind, and the well-to-do at a proper rate of remuneration.”

In Franco’s time (middle of the sixteenth century) cutting for stone in the bladder was by no means an uncommon operation, and was almost always performed by itinerant lithotomists (“_inciseurs_”). The Collots had, for many years, possessed almost a monopoly of this business. Laurent Collot, who was the first one of the family to engage in the work, was Royal Lithotomist in 1556, and handed down to his son all the knowledge on this subject which he had acquired through long experience. François Tolet was another of these popular lithotomists who flourished in Paris during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He died in 1724 at the age of seventy-seven. His treatise on lithotomy, which was published in Paris in 1681, and subsequently passed through several editions, is said by Dezeimeris to contain the records of a large number of his own cases and to show clearly that he was a surgeon of sound judgment. No better treatise on this subject, he adds, was published during that period of the history of medicine.

In addition to those whom I have just mentioned there were two French monks who gained wide celebrity as operators for stone in the bladder, viz., Frère Jacques de Beaulieu and Frère Côme. The last-named belongs to the early part of the eighteenth century, and should therefore--in accordance with the plan which I have been following--not receive consideration in the present account; but, in view of the fact that these are the only two monks who, during the Renaissance and the period immediately following, gained conspicuous credit for the honorable and efficient service which they rendered, not merely to the science of medicine but also to the cause of humanity, I believe that I cannot do better than to place the two sketches together as if they both belonged strictly to one and the same period of time.

Born in 1651 in the village of Létendonne, Franche-Comté, France.

(From the steel engraving in the treatise _De la Taille
Latérale par le Périnée_, etc., by Pascal Baseilhac, nephew
of Frère Côme, Paris, 1804.)]

(_a_) Frère Jacques--or Brother James, who was born in 1561 at the village of Létendonne, near Lons-le-Saulnier, Central France,--learned the art of operating for stone in the bladder from an Italian surgeon named Paulony, and acted as his assistant or associate up to the time when he became a monk of the Order of Saint Francis--that is, of that branch of the Order which had its chapter house at Feuillants in Languedoc. He traveled about the country offering to treat gratuitously all persons affected with stone in the bladder who were willing to trust him, and he made it a rule, whenever such a thing was possible, always to operate in the presence of one or more physicians or surgeons. He was also ready at all times to give instruction to those who wished to learn his method of procedure. He never asked to be remunerated, but was always pleased to receive from his patients a written testimonial of what he had done for them. Out of the moneys which he received from the rich he retained only that which he required for his own support and for the purchase of such instruments as he from time to time required; the balance he distributed among the poor. He was very faithful in performing his religious duties, and he succeeded in gaining the good will and esteem of everybody with whom he had any dealings.

For a long time it was customary in France to credit Frère Jacques (Fig. 26) with the invention of the lateral method of operating for stone in the bladder. This, however, was an error, for Franco, on page 95 of E. Nicaise’s reproduction of the 1561 edition, describes this operation clearly. It must therefore have been invented a long time before Frère Jacques was born. The text (rendered into English) reads as follows: “... the incision should be made between the anus and the testicles, two or three finger-breadths to one side of the commissure or perinaeum [median line of the perinaeum].” This is said to be the earliest clear description of the first step of the lateral operation of which we have any knowledge.

In 1697, when Frère Jacques visited Paris, he had already attained wide celebrity as a lithotomist; the number of his successful operations--all of which had been performed according to the lateral method of procedure--having reached a grand total of several thousand. He therefore had a right to suppose that his visit would prove acceptable to the physicians of that metropolis; but the published account of this visit reveals plainly the fact that the surgeons of that city were not at all pleased that an itinerant lithotomist from one of the provinces should have the effrontery to request permission of the authorities to exhibit his method before the Medical Faculty of Paris. His request, however, was granted, and he was allowed to operate on a man, forty years old, at Hôtel-Dieu. He performed the operation before a large assembly of physicians, and, after the stone had been successfully extracted, the patient made a prompt recovery. A short time afterward he operated upon another patient at Fontainebleau in the presence of several physicians, one of whom was Monsieur Félix, the First Surgeon of the King, Louis the Fourteenth. In this case also, as well as in several later cases, Frère Jacques was entirely successful, and he now began to be treated by the public with marked consideration. But, in a short time, owing to the jealousy exhibited by a large clique of Paris surgeons, who were encouraged to pursue this course by Mery, the Head Surgeon of Hôtel-Dieu, Frère Jacques was finally forced to leave Paris. I cannot follow him on his further wanderings throughout Europe, from the leading cities of Holland, Belgium and Switzerland to Vienna and Rome. In 1716 he retired to Besançon and lived there quietly up to the time of his death in 1719. But even then his enemies--men to whom he had never done the slightest harm--did their best to destroy the last traces of his existence. A visit made to Besançon by one of his acquaintances not long after our Franciscan monk’s death, revealed the fact that his name had been erased from the church registry of deaths. The lateral method of operating for stone, which had been revived and thoroughly developed by him, still finds favor among the best surgeons of our own day; and the names of those mean-spirited men who tried so hard to injure him have long since passed into complete oblivion.

(From the steel engraving in Pascal Baseilhac’s treatise.)]

(From the steel engraving in Pascal Baseilhac’s treatise.)]

(_b_) Frère Jean de Saint-Côme,--or Brother John of Saint Cosmas,--whose real name was Jean Baseilhac, was born in 1703 at Poyestruc, Department of Hautes-Pyrenées, France. He received his instruction in the principles of medicine from his father and his grandfather, both of whom were regularly enrolled Masters in Surgery. In 1722, when there could no longer be any doubt about young Baseilhac’s settled purpose to fit himself for the practice of medicine, his father sent him to Lyons, where his uncle, who was himself a surgeon, would be able to superintend the boy’s further training. Through the latter’s influence, young Baseilhac was allowed to enter the Hôtel-Dieu of that city as one of its regular pupils. At the end of two years--_i.e._, in 1724--he left Lyons and went to Paris, where he hoped to add materially to his stock of professional knowledge. His first step, after reaching the metropolis, was to enter the service of a surgeon in active practice; and then, aided by the latter’s influence, he succeeded (in 1726) in entering the Paris Hôtel-Dieu as one of the regular pupils. Soon after he had completed his term of service at the hospital, he was appointed Physician-in-Ordinary to the Prince-Bishop of Bayeux, in Normandy. The death of the latter in 1728, less than two years after Baseilhac had entered his service, came as a great blow to the young surgeon, for he had learned to esteem him very highly. In his will the Bishop left a small legacy to Baseilhac--that is, a sum of money sufficient to pay for the regular course of instruction at the Medical School of Saint Cosmas in Paris, and also to procure a complete outfit of surgical instruments. In 1740 he became a member of the Feuillants Branch of the Franciscan monks, it being understood, however, that he was to be allowed the special privilege of practicing surgery among the poorer classes. Through accidental circumstances he was led gradually to drop general surgery and to confine his work to operations for stone. His official name at this time was “Frère Jean de Saint-Côme,” or simply “Frère Côme.” (Fig. 27.) As he gained in experience as a lithotomist, he became convinced that the method which his predecessor, Frère Jacques, had practiced with such great success, was preferable to the more complicated and more dangerous plan commonly pursued by surgeons at that time, and thereafter he adopted it in all his cases. But he modified the procedure to a certain extent; that is, he invented an instrument by means of which the actual cutting of the perinaeum was accomplished with a concealed knife (see Fig. 28). The chief advantage to be gained by the employment of this instrument consisted--as was claimed by Frère Jean and his nephew, Pascal Baseilhac,--in the fact that in this way the danger of making the incision in the wrong place, or of too great length, was materially diminished.

The first patient upon whom the new instrument was tried (October 8, 1748), was a dealer in lime, sixty years of age and in rather delicate health. In less than three weeks after the operation, he was entirely cured. Subsequently the instrument was employed in a large number of instances, and the method was found to be most satisfactory; successful results being obtained--on the average--in twelve out of thirteen cases, whereas the best results previously obtained by the method commonly employed at that period was 50 per cent of cures. At a still later date the statistics showed even better results--viz., 96 cures in one group of 100 cases, and 316 cures in a second group of 330 cases.

Owing to the rapidly increasing number of patients affected with stone in the bladder who wished to be operated upon by Frère Jean himself, he established in Paris in 1753, near the Saint Honoré gateway, a special hospital for lithotomy cases, and kept it in active service up to the time of his death. The laboring classes, and the poor in general, were not expected to pay any fees, and indeed money was often bestowed upon these people when they left the hospital, to enable them to return comfortably to their villages; those in moderate circumstances were asked to pay only the expenses that had been incurred in their behalf; and the well-to-do made such voluntary contributions as they thought proper toward the support of the hospital. The registers of the institution showed that, first and last, over one thousand operations had been performed there, either by Frère Jean or by his nephew, Pascal Baseilhac. Our monk’s death occurred on July 8, 1781.

THE END

LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT AUTHORITIES CONSULTED

ARISTOTLE: HISTORY OF ANIMALS, translated by Richard Cresswell,
London, 1902.

ASCHOFF, L.: KURZE UEBERSICHTSTABELLE ZUR GESCHICHTE DER
MEDIZIN; forms the second part of Schwalbe’s treatise (_q.v._).

BAAS-HANDERSON: HISTORY OF MEDICINE, New York, 1910.

BASEILHAC, PASCAL: DE LA TAILLE LATÉRALE PAR LA PÉRINÉE, ET
CELLE DE L’HYPOGASTRE, OU HAUT APPAREIL, Paris, 1804. (Includes
an account of the career of Frère Côme.)

BERENDES, J.: DAS APOTHEKENWESEN, Stuttgart, 1907.

BOERHAAVE: A NEW METHOD OF CHEMISTRY, translated by Peter Shaw,
M.D., London, 1741; APHORISMS, etc., English translation,
London, 1742.

BOTTEY, F.: TRAITÉ THÉORIQUE ET PRATIQUE D’HYDROTHÉRAPIE
MÉDICALE, Paris, 1895.

BROUSSAIS, F. J. V.: EXAMEN DES DOCTRINES MÉDICALES,
troisième edition (4 vols.), Paris, 1829–1834.

CABANÈS: PARACELSE--L’HOMME ET L’ŒUVRE, article in _La Revue
Scientifique_, Paris, May 19, 1894.

CASALIS: DE PROFANIS ROMANORUM RITIBUS; Chapter VII., DE
AESCULAPIO, Rome, 1644.

CELSE, A. C.: TRAITÉ DE MÉDECINE; traduction par le Dr. A.
Védrènes, Paris, 1876.

CHEREAU: LES ANCIENNES ÉCOLES DE MÉDECINE DE LA RUE DE LA
BUCHERIE, Paris, 1866.

CULLEN, WILLIAM: FIRST LINES OF THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE,
Edinburgh, 1802. (2 vols.)

DAREMBERG, CHARLES: ŒUVRES ANATOMIQUES, PHYSIOLOGIQUES ET
MÉDICALES DE GALIEN, 2 vols., Paris, 1854–1856; ÉTAT DE LA
MÉDECINE ENTRE HOMÈRE ET HIPPOCRATE, Paris, 1869; HISTOIRE DES
SCIENCES MÉDICALES, 2 vols., Paris, 1870.

DEZEIMERIS, OLLIVIER ET RAIGE-DELORME: DICTIONNAIRE HIST. DE LA
MÉD. ANC. ET MOD., 3 vols., Paris, 1828–1837.

DIOSKURIDES, PEDANIOS: ARZNEIMITTELLEHRE, Uebersetzung von Dr.
J. Berendes, Stuttgart, 1902.

DORVEAUX, PAUL: L’ANTIDOTAIRE NICOLAI (NICOLAUS PRAEPOSITUS),
Paris, 1896.

FALK: GALEN’S LEHRE VOM GESUNDEN UND KRANKEN NERVENSYSTEME,
Leipzig, 1871.

FINCKENSTEIN: ZUR GESCHICHTE DER SYPHILIS, Breslau, 1870.

FOSSEL, VIKTOR: HIERONYMUS FRACASTORO; DREI BUECHER VON DEN
CONTAGIEN, DEN KONTAGIOESEN KRANKHEITEN UND DEREN BEHANDLUNG
(1546), Leipzig, 1910.

FRANCO, PIERRE: CHIRURGIE, Nouvelle édition par E. Nicaise,
Paris, 1895.

FREIND, J.: THE HISTORY OF PHYSICK, 2d edition, London, 1727. (2
vols.)

FRIEDLAENDER, L. H.: VORLESUNGEN UEBER DIE GESCHICHTE DER
HEILKUNDE, Leipzig, 1839.

FROELICH, H.: GALEN UEBER KRANKHEITSVORTAEUSCHUNGEN, in
Friedrich’s Blaetter fuer Gerichtliche Medicin, I. Heft,
vierzigster Jahrgang, Nuernberg, 1889.

GERMAIN, A.: L’ÉCOLE DE MÉDECINE DE MONTPELLIER, Montpellier,
1880.

GUERINI: A HISTORY OF DENTISTRY, etc., Philadelphia and New
York, 1909.

VON GURLT: GESCHICHTE DER CHIRURGIE, Berlin, 1898. (3 vols.)

GUY DE CHAULIAC: LA GRANDE CHIRURGIE, edited by Edouard Nicaise,
Paris, 1890.

HAESER, H.: LEHRBUCH DER GESCHICHTE DER MEDICIN, zweite Ausgabe,
Jena, 1868. (3d edition, 1875.)

VON HALLER, ALBERT: BIBLIOTHECA MEDICINAE PRACTICAE, Basel,
1776. (4 vols.)

HERODOTUS: HISTORY, translated by George Rawlinson, M.A. (2
vols.)

HIPPOCRATES: SAEMMTLICHE WERKE, translated into German by Dr.
Robert Fuchs (3 vols.), Munich, 1895–1900.

HIRSCH, AUGUST: GESCHICHTE DER MED. WISSENSCHAFTEN IN
DEUTSCHLAND, Muenchen und Leipzig, 1893.

HOLLAENDER, EUGEN: DIE MEDIZIN IN DER KLASSISCHEN MALEREI,
Stuttgart, 1903; PLASTIK UND MEDIZIN, Stuttgart, 1912.

HOMER: THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY, published by Dent & Sons,
London. (2 vols.)

HYRTL, JOSEPH: LEHRBUCH DER ANATOMIE DES MENSCHEN, Vienna, 1846.

JUSSERAND, J. J.: ENGLISH WAYFARING LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
(14th century), G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and London, 1889.

LABOULBÈNE, M. A.: SYNDENHAM ET SON OEUVRE, article in the
_Revue Scientifique_, Tome XLVIII, November 28, 1891.

LE CLERC, DANIEL: HISTOIRE DE LA MÉDECINE, Amsterdam, 1723.

LE CLERC, LUCIEN: HISTOIRE DE LA MÉDECINE ARABE (2 vols.),
Paris, 1876.

LEMOINE, ALBERT: LE VITALISME ET L’ANIMISME DE STAHL, Paris,
1864.

MALGAIGNE: OEUVRES COMPLÈTES D’AMBROISE PARÉ, 1840–1841, (3
vols.)

MEYER-STEINEG: CORNELIUS CELSUS UEBER GRUNDFRAGEN DER MEDIZIN,
Leipzig, 1912; KRANKEN-ANSTALTEN IM GRIECHISCHROEMISCHEN
ALTERTUM, Jena, 1912.

VON MEYER, E.: GESCHICHTE DER CHEMIE, 3d edition, Leipzig, 1905.

MOMMSEN, THEODORE: THE HISTORY OF ROME, translated from the
German by W. P. Dickson and published by Dent & Sons, London.

MUENZ, ISAAC: UEBER DIE JUEDISCHEN AERZTE IM MITTELALTER,
Berlin, 1887.

NEUBURGER, ALBERT: FRIEDRICH HOFFMANN UEBER DAS KOHLENOXYDGAS,
Leipzig, 1912.

NEUBURGER, MAX: GESCHICHTE DER MEDIZIN, Vol. I. and Vol. II.,
zweiter Theil, 1906–1911.

OPITZ, KARL: DIE MEDIZIN IM KORAN, Stuttgart, 1906.

ORDRONAUX, JOHN: _Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum_, translated
into English verse, Philadelphia, 1871.

PAGEL, JULIUS: EINFUEHRUNG IN DIE GESCHICHTE DER MEDICIN,
Berlin, 1898.

PESSINA VON CECHOROD, W. M.: HEILIGE AERZTE UND PFLEGER DER
KRANKEN, Prag, 1859.

PETERSEN, JULIUS: HAUPTMOMENTE IN DER GESCHICHTLICHEN
ENTWICKELUNG DER MEDICINISCHEN THERAPIE, Copenhagen, 1877.

PLATO: THE REPUBLIC, TIMAEUS, AND CRITIAS, translated by Henry
Davis, London, 1911.

PLATTER, FELIX ET THOMAS, à Montpellier (1552–1557; 1595–1599),
Montpellier, 1892.

PRISCIANUS, THEODORUS: uebersetzt von Dr. Meyer-Steineg, Jena,
1909.

PUSCHMANN, THEODOR: THE ORIGINAL GREEK TEXT AND A GERMAN
TRANSLATION OF ALEXANDER OF TRALLES, Vienna, 1878; and
GESCHICHTE DES MEDICINISCHEN UNTERRICHTS, Leipzig, 1889.

RUFUS D’EPHÉSE: OEUVRES, traduites par Daremberg et Ruelle,
Paris, 1879.

RENAN, ERNEST: AVERROÈS ET L’AVERROISME, 2me édition, Paris,
1861.

SALICET, GUILLAUME DE: CHIRURGIE, traduction par Paul Pifteau,
Toulouse, 1898.

SCHWALBE, ERNST: VORLESUNGEN UEBER GESCHICHTE DER MEDIZIN, 2te
Auflage, Jena, 1909.

SIEBOLD, E. VON: VERSUCH EINER GESCHICHTE DER GEBURTSHUELFE (2
vols.), Berlin, 1839.

SOUTH, JOHN FLINT: MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SURGERY IN ENGLAND,
edited by D’Arcy Power, M.A. Oxon., F.R.C.S. Eng., 1886.

SPIESS, G. A.: J. B. VAN HELMONT’S SYSTEM DER MEDICIN, Frankfort
am Main, 1840.

SPRENGEL, KURT: VERSUCH EINER PRAGMATISCHEN GESCHICHTE DER
ARZNEIKUNDE (5 vols.), Halle, 1821–1828.

TACITUS: THE ANNALS, edited by E. H. Blankeney, Dent & Sons,
London.

TSINTSIROPOULOS, CONSTANTIN: LA MÉDECINE GRECQUE DEPUIS
ASCLÉPIADE JUSQU’ À GALIEN, Paris, 1892.

WELLMANN, MAX: DIE PNEUMATISCHE SCHULE, Berlin, 1895.

WISEMAN, RICHARD: EIGHT SURGICAL TREATISES, 5th edition, London,
1719.

GENERAL INDEX

A

ABDOMEN, penetrating wounds of, 469

ABELLA, teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245

ABOU BEKR, distinguished Arab physician in Spain, 232

ABOU SAHL EL MESSIHY, distinguished Persian physician, 223

ABSCESS, mediastinal, 229

ABULCASIS, famous Arab surgeon, 226

ABULPHARAGIUS, 184

ACADÉMIE DE CHIRURGIE, Paris (1731), 450

ACADÉMIE DES CURIEUX DA LA NATURE, 364

ACADÉMIE DES SCIENCES, 363

ACCADEMIA DEI LINCEI, Rome, 364

ACCADEMIA DEL CIMENTO, Florence, 364

ACRABADIN KEBIR, 209

ACUPRESSURE, 143

ADAMS, FREDERICK, 89

AEGIDIUS CORBOLIENSIS, 255

AENEAS, wounded in groin, 49

AESCULAPIUS, 47, 49
symbol of, 315
temple of, at Cos, 514

AËTIUS, 194, 318

AFFLACIUS, JOHN, 245, 248

AGATHINUS, 142

AGRATE, MARCO, 339

AIGLE, daughter of Aesculapius, 50

ALAE NASI, Galen’s comments on movements of, 173

ALBERT VON BOLLSTEDT (Albertus Magnus), 269

ALCMAEON, 73, 79

ALDEROTTI, THADDEUS, 272

ALEXANDER OF TRALLES, 195

ALEXANDER PHILALETHES, 115

ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 100

ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT, 100, 116

ALHAZEN, researches in optics, 233

ALKALOIDS (quintessences of Paracelsus), 405

ALMANSUR, Caliph of Bagdad, 184, 203

ALMENAR, JUAN, 544

ALPHANUS II., Abbot of Monte Cassino, 239

ALSAHARAVIUS, 227

ALU, 13

AMATUS LUSITANUS, 484, 487

AMBROSIA, antidote for poisons, 112

AMPUTATION OF LEG (Fig.), 463

AMROU, 116, 185

AMULETS and other magical remedies, 197

ANAESTHESIA, SURGICAL, from employment of soporific sponges, 253,
462

ANATOMICAL DEMONSTRATIONS at Salerno, 253

ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS, preservation of, 356

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, important discoveries during 16th century,
353

ANATOMY, importance of study of, 312

ANATOMY, MICROSCOPIC, 360

ANAXIMANDER, 72

ANAXIMENES, 72

ANDREAS OF CARYSTUS, 114

ANIMISM, 405, 432

ANTIDOTARIUM, early name for pharmacopoeia, 319

ANTIDOTARIUM NICOLAI, 548

ANTIMONY, curative action of, 158, 548

ANTIOCHUS, cured by Erasistratus, 106

ANTONINUS PIUS, 57

ANTRUM OF HIGHMORE, 359

ANTYLLUS, 143, 201

APES, dissection of, 164

APOLLO, the god of medicine, 18, 50

APOLLONIUS MUS, 111

APOTHECARY, 316, 319

APPARATUS MAGNUS (operation for stone in the bladder), 474

APULEIUS, LUCIUS, 120, 126

AQUA VITAE, how prepared, 313

ARABIAN PHYSICIANS, dogmatism of, 412

ARAB RENAISSANCE, 203, 217, 233, 259

ARANTIAN OPERATION, a substitute for Tagliacotian operation, 481

ARANZIO or ARANTIUS, 349, 481

ARCEO, FRANCISCO, 484, 486

ARCHAEUS INFLUUS and ARCHAEUS INSITUS, 399

ARCHAGATHUS, 119

ARCHIGENES, 142, 174
on ligation of larger blood-vessels before amputation of a limb,
470

ARCHIMATHAEUS, 248

ARDERNE, JOHN, 307

ARETAEUS, 144

ARISTOPHANES, 58

ARISTOTLE, 73, 102, 433
commentary by Averroes, 229

ARNOLD, of Villanova, 292–296

ARROW, EXTRACTION OF, from chest during battle (Fig.), 461

ARS PARVA, of Galen, 248

ARTERIES, ligaturing of divided, after an amputation, 289

ARTERIOTOMY, for relief of hemicrania, 470

ARTERY FORCEPS devised by Ambroise Paré, 512

ASAKKU, the demon who produces fever in the head, 13

ASCLEPIADES, founder of a new sect at Rome, 116, 119, 122

ASCLEPIEIA, 50, 52, 57

ASCLEPIEION at Cos (Figs.), 53
at Epidaurus, 52

ASELLI, CASPAR, 385

ASSYRIAN MEDICINE, 11

ASTRINGENTS, 133

ASTROLOGER, a typical, 12

ASTROLOGERS in Babylonia, 14

ASTRUC, JEAN, 548

ATHENAEUS, founder of sect of Pneumatists, 141

ATHENS, a great medical centre, 96
epidemic of the Plague at, 96

ATHLETIC EXERCISES as a therapeutic measure, 69

ATHOTIS, 17

AUGUSTUS, Roman Emperor, cured of gout by hydrotherapy, 129

AURICLES OF THE HEART, comments on, by H. de Mondeville, 290

AUSCULTATION of the chest, 20, 159

AUSTRICHILDIS, King Guntram’s wife, 240, 241

AUTHORS, numerous in Cordova in 12th century, 232

AVERROES, pupil of Avenzoar, 229

AVERROISM, 267

AVENZOAR, 228

AVICENNA, 221

B

BABYLONIA, genuine remedial agents employed in, 13

BABYLONIAN ASTROLOGERS, 14

BABYLONIANS, strange beliefs held by, in regard to human anatomy
and physiology, 13

BACON, FRANCIS, 338

BACON, ROGER, 271

BACTERIOLOGY, first studies in, 362

BAGDAD, a second great hospital founded at, in A. D. 914, 219

BAIN, CHRISTOPHER, 396

BAKHTICHOU BEN DJORDIS, 205, 207

BAKHTICHOU, GEORGE, 205

BARBARIC LATIN, 262

BARBERS, the earliest surgeons in France, 530

BARBERS AND BARBER-SURGEONS, 282, 369, 449, 464

BARBER-SURGEONS’ COMPANY, of London, 519

BARTHOLOMAEUS, 245

BASEILHAC, JEAN, 552

BASEILHAC, PASCAL, 496

BASEL, public dissection of human body at, 455
visited by Vesalius in 1542, 455

BATHS extensively used by ancients, 157, 323

BAUDELOCQUE, 539

BEDE, THE VENERABLE, believed in cures by supernatural means, 241

BELLADONNA, when first used for dilating the pupils, 157

BENEDICTINE MONASTERY on Monte Cassino, 238

BENIVENI, ANTONIO, 389, 498

BENVENUTO CELLINI, 341

BERENDES, 159, 317, 322, 426

BERENGARIUS OF CARPI, 342, 374

BERNARDO DI RAPALLO, 472

BERTHARIUS, abbot of Monte Cassino, 239

BERTHELOT, on Geber, 320

BERTRUCIUS, 310

BILE, black and yellow, 86
manner of production, 109

BLADDER, tuberculous ulceration of, 200

BLANCAARD, STEPHEN, 359

BLOOD, inflammation of (Sydenham), 423
production of, according to Erasistratus, 109
spirituous, 373
transfusion of, 408

BLOODLETTING, comments on, by Celsus, 152
from a vein, technique, 152
how practice first originated, 6
rule of Hippocrates regarding, 411
under what circumstances advisable, 133

BLOOD-VESSELS, CAPILLARY, circulation in, 383
when first injected artificially, 356, 359

BOERHAAVE, HERMANN, 144, 438, 441
gives clinical instruction at Leyden, 430
treatise on chemistry the standard for many years, 440

BOILING OF DRINKING WATER practiced by ancient Persians, 26

BOLOGNA MEDICAL SCHOOL, 272, 281, 332

BONIFACE VIII., POPE, successfully treated for stone in the
bladder, 293

BOOKS, great demand for, in 15th century, 329

BORELLI, ALPHONSO, 368

BOTALLO, LEONARDO, 413

BOTANICAL GARDENS, 17, 392, 393

BOUGIES, URETHRAL, 495

BOURGEOIS, LOUISE, 536

BOYLE, ROBERT, a distinguished chemist, 406

BRANCA, father and son, skilled in rhinoplasty, 459

BRASSAVOLA, experimental pharmacologist, 398

BREVIARIUM, ARNOLD’S, 294

BRIGGS, WILLIAM, 545

BRISSOT, PIERRE, 411

BRONZE SURGICAL KNIVES, 16

BROWNE, ANDREW, the friend of Sydenham, 422, 424

BRUNNER, JOHANN CONRAD, 359

BRUNSCHWIG, HIERONYMUS, 456

BRUNUS, 277

BULLETS not hot when they enter the flesh, 513

BURINNA, name of spring on the Island of Cos, 54

BYZANTIUM, the new capital of the Roman Empire, 180

C

CABANÈS, 402

CACAO, 395

CAELIUS AURELIANUS, 132, 159

CAESAR, JULIUS, liberality of, toward foreign physicians settled
in Rome, 119

CAESALPINUS, ANDREAS, 372, 375, 394

CAESARIAN SECTION, 396, 534

CAIRO PHYSICIANS distinguished ophthalmologists, 225

CALCAR, Vesalius’ draughtsman, 344

CALCULUS in the bladder may not be dissolved by internal remedies,
498

CALLIDUM INNATUM of Hippocrates, 415

CALVIN, JOHN, visited by Felix Platter, 335

CANCER OF BREAST, sculptured in marble (Fig.), 68

CANCER, ULCERATED, not to be cauterized, 285

CANNANI, 378

CANON, THE, of Avicenna, 222

CAPSICUM, 395

CARAKA, East Indian medical author, 31

CARBONIC ACID, nature of, expounded by Van Helmont, 400

CARBONOUS OXIDE, 434

CARCANO LEONE, 475, 476

CASE HISTORIES recorded on tablets, 67

CASSIODORUS, 238

CASTOR OIL, perfected by Apollonius Mus, 111

CATARACT OPERATIONS of Pierre Franco, 494

CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS, 117, 235

CAUSTICS, too freely used as haemostatics, 466

CAUTERIZATION of ulcerated cancer not approved by Lanfranchi, 285

CAUTERIZING INSTRUMENTS, 279

CELSUS, AULUS CORNELIUS, 150, 151, 155

CEREBRAL NERVES, crossing of, in relation to paralysis of one side
of the body, 144

CERMISONE, ANTONIO, 313

CHAMBERLEN, HUGH, 538

CHALDEAN DOCTRINE OF NUMBERS, 74

CHARCOAL, fumes of burning, 435

CHAUCER’S ACCOUNT of a clever physician, 308

CHEMICAL ELEMENT defined, 407

CHEMISTRY in ancient Egypt, 17
modern, developed gradually from alchemy, 320

CHICORY an effective remedy in abdominal diseases, 109

CHINESE CONCEPTIONS concerning human physiology, 41

CHINESE MEDICINE, 38, 39

CHIRON, 48

CHRISTIANITY, influence of, upon evolution of medicine, 179

CHRYSIPPUS, 141

CHYLE, distribution of, after it leaves the stomach, 109

CHYLE DUCTS, discovery of, 385

CICERO’S INTERPRETATION of the expression “gods” as employed by
the ancients, 18

CINCHONA, discovery of, 408

CIRCA INSTANS, the title commonly given to treatise of Matthew
Platearius, 253

CIRCULATION OF BLOOD, Galen’s physiology of, 373
de Mondeville’s comments, 289

CITIZENSHIP, rights of, bestowed by Julius Caesar on all foreign
physicians practicing in Rome, 119, 130

CIVITAS HIPPOCRATICA, 243

CLAUDIUS, Roman Emperor, merciful action of, toward slaves, 235

CLEMENS, of Alexandria, Egypt, 17

CLEMENT IV., POPE, protects Roger Bacon, 272

CLEMENT V., POPE, removes papal seat from Rome to Avignon, 293

CLINICAL INSTRUCTION at Leyden Hospital, 429

CLOWES, William, 519

CNIDIAN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, 81

CNIDUS, in Caria, Asia Minor, 51

COCA, 395

COLD, exposure to, unusual treatment of, 489

COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, London, 417

COLLEGE OF SAINT COSMAS, Paris, 283, 284, 448

COLLIGET, title of treatise written by Averroes, 229

COLOT, LAURENT, famous French lithotomist, 474

COLUMBUS, REALDUS, 349
experiments relating to physiology of heart, 377

CÔME, FRÈRE, 550

COMMUNITIES, term employed by the Methodists for designating the
two conditions “laxum” and “strictum,” 130

COMPENDIUM AROMATARIORUM, the first modern treatise on materia
medica, 320

COMPENDIUM SALERNITANUM, 246

CONCILIATOR, title of one of Pietro d’Abano’s great works, 266, 267

CONSTANTINOPLE, taking of, by the Turks, an important aid to the
advance of medicine, 328

CONSTANTINUS THE AFRICAN, 239, 248, 260

CONTAGION, INNATE, 220

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES, Fracastoro’s classification of, 390

CONTINENS, title of Rhazes’ great work, 220, 262

CONTRARIA CONTRARIIS, principle of, in therapeutics, 132

COSMAS AND DAMIAN, 282, 449

COPAIVA, BALSAM OF, 395

COPHON, teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245

CORDOVA, SPAIN, centre of great intellectual activity, 218, 232

CORPSE, the touching of a, believed by the Persians to produce a
special contamination, 25

COS, ISLAND OF (Figs.), 53

COSTA BEN LUCA, 215, 216

COSTANZA CALENDA, 245

COWPER, WILLIAM, 360

CROKE, A., 250

CRONOS, 19

CROTONA, ITALY, 51

CULLEN, WILLIAM, 432

CURTIS, JOHN G., 72, 140

CYRENE, in Lybia, Africa, 51

CYSTOTOMY, HYPOGASTRIC, 495

D

DAMASCUS, an active medical centre in the 13th century, 225, 232

DAREMBERG, 50, 75, 240, 420

DARIUS I., King of the Persians, 26, 75

DAVID’S HARP-PLAYING, effect of, on King Saul’s melancholia, 27

DA VINCI, LEONARDO, 339

DAZA CHACON, 484

DE LE BOË, FRANZ, 427

DE MARCHETTIS, DOMENICO, 359

DEMETRIUS, OF APAMEA, 114

DEMOCEDES, 73, 75

DEMOCRITUS, 82

DEMOSTHENES, OF MARSEILLES, 115

DENYS, OF PARIS, 408

DESIDERIUS, Abbot of Monte Cassino, 239

DEZEIMERIS, 341, 400

DIETETICS OF PREGNANT WOMEN, 199

DIETING AND ATHLETIC EXERCISES, 69

DIETZ, REINHOLD, discoverer of an early Greek manuscript of
Soranus, 138

DIGESTION, physiology of, according to Erasistratus, 108
according to Aretaeus, 144

DIOCLES, of Carystos, 103

DIONIS, PIERRE, distinguished French anatomist, 41, 364, 383, 540

DIOSCORIDES, PEDANIUS, 157, 317

DIPHTHERIA, GENUINE, recognized by Paracelsus, 405

DIPHTHERIA, PHARYNGEAL, known in 2d century as Syriac ulcer, 144

DISEASES mentioned in the papyrus Ebers, 20

DISLOCATION OF SHOULDER, successfully reduced by Gabriel
Bakhtichou, 207

DISSECTING OF HUMAN BODIES, early attempts, 309, 327, 331
practice approved by University of Salamanca, 346
practice made obligatory in the medical schools early in 18th
century, 364

DISTEMPERS of the stiff and elastic fibres (Boerhaave), 442

DIVINE WATER of the alchemists, 321

DJONDISABOUR, early establishment of a medical school at, 184, 204

DOCTOR, when first employed as a title, 280

DODOENS, REMBERT (Dodonaeus), 395

DOGMATISTS, sect of the, 101, 103, 149

DONATO, MARCELLO, 396

DON CARLOS, OF SPAIN, skull severely injured, 485

DORVEAUX, PAUL, 548

DOUGLAS, JAMES, 361

DRACHMA, value of, 207

DRACO, SON OF HIPPOCRATES, 82

DRACUNCULUS MEDINENSIS, 233

DRUGS, enumerated by Homer in the Odyssey, 18
enumerated by Dioscorides, 18
remedial effects of, 398

DRY TREATMENT OF WOUNDS, 275, 285

DUBOIS, JACQUES (Sylvius), the anatomist, 340, 345

DYSENTERY, East Indian treatment of, 409

E

EAR, cherry pit in, 396
fatal disease of, 489

EAST INDIAN SURGEONS performed suprapubic cystotomy before the
Christian era, 497

EBEN EL KHAMMAR, a distinguished Persian physician, 222

EBERS PAPYRUS, the, 20

ECLECTICS, THE, 142, 149

EGYPT, ANCIENT, practice of medicine in, 16, 17
process of embalming in, 17
temples were used as hospitals and as medical schools, as well as
for purposes of worship, 19

EGYPTIANS, THE ANCIENT, surgical instruments used by, 21
surgical methods employed by, 21
therapeutics of, 20
they were good sanitarians, 23
they were the originators of many of the Mosaic laws, 27

ELEATIC SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY, 73

ELBOW-JOINT, EXARTICULATION OF, 508

ELECTRIC RAY, shocks communicated by, utilized in treatment of
severe headache, 155

ELISHA THE PROPHET cures Naaman’s so-called leprosy, 27

EMBALMING, Egyptian process of, 17

EMIR ADHAD EDDOULA founds a great hospital at Bagdad, 219

EMPEDOCLES (444 B. C.) places the seat of the hearing in the
labyrinth of the temporal bone, 80

EMPIRICS, sect of the, 101, 111, 149

ENCYCLOPAEDISTS, the, 156

EPICUREANS, the, 102

EPIDAURUS, in Argolis, Greece, 51

EPIONE, wife of Aesculapius, 50

ERASISTRATUS, 104, 106, 110
teachings of, with regard to nature of the blood and the
circulation, 371

ERASMUS, on Linacre, 418

ÉTIENNE, ROBERT, 197

EUENOR, 99

EULER, LEONHARD, 360

EUPORISTA, title of Oribasius’ treatise, 192

EUPORISTON, title of treatise by Priscianus, 193

EUSTACHIUS, BARTHOLOMAEUS, 345, 348, 358, 384

EVIL SPIRITS, part played by, in producing disease, 8

EXERCISE, physical, not absolutely necessary to persons in normal
health, 125

EXPERIENCE, great value attached to, by Hippocrates, 148

F

FABIOLA, the widow, established the first hospital in Rome, 235

FABRICIUS AB ACQUAPENDENTE, 349, 351, 378, 478

FABRICIUS OF HILDEN, 464

FACIAL HEMIPARESIS, sculptured in marble (Fig.), 68

FALLOPIUS or FALLOPPIUS, GABRIELE, 341, 348, 360, 393, 474, 478

FARRAGUT, of Girgenti, Sicily, 262

FAUST, JOHANNES, 322

FEDELES, FORTUNATUS, 398

FEES, MEDICAL, in Babylonia, 15

FEVER, NATURE OF, as taught by Sydenham, 423

FELDBUCH DER WUNDARTZNEY, von Gerssdorff’s, 462

FEMUR, FRACTURE OF, 510

FERMENT IN BLOOD the cause of small-pox (Rhazes), 220

FERNEL, JEAN, 414

FILARIA MEDINENSIS, removal of, from boy’s leg, 489

FINCKENSTEIN, 543

FISTULA IN ANO, John Arderne’s treatise on, 307

FLAMMULA, 522

FLINT KNIVES, 9

FLOS MEDICINAE, title of medical treatise, 251

FLOURENS, 374

FORAMEN BOTALLI, 413

FORCEPS for crushing stone in the bladder (Fig.), 497

FORCEPS, obstetrical, invention of, 535

FOREEST, PETER, 413

FORMULARY of Sabour ben Sahl, 209

FOSSEL, 391

FRA SARPI, 378

FRACASTORO, HIERONYMUS, 221, 362, 389, 391

FRANCO, PIERRE, 490, 494, 495, 497

FRANCONIAN OPERATION, revived in 1719 by John Douglas of London,
496

FREDERICK II., King of Sicily, promotes work of translating from
the Arabic, 261

FREIND, JOHN, 184, 195, 416

FRÈRE JACQUES DE BEAULIEU, 550

FRIEDLAENDER, 3

G

GABRIEL, the most distinguished member of the Bakhtichou family,
207

GAIUS, OF NAPLES, a distinguished ophthalmologist, 115

GALE, THOMAS, 517

GALEAZZO DI SANTA SOFIA, Professor of Anatomy at Vienna, 311

GALEN, CLAUDIUS, 74, 160, 316, 344
on the nature of the blood, 372
on the true function of respiration, 372
on the treatment of wounds, 275
treatises written by, 167

GALENIC DOCTRINES, 400

GALENICAL PREPARATIONS, 317

GALENISM, meaning of the term, 388

GALENISTS, ENGLISH, in 17th century, 419

GALEN’S SYSTEM of therapeutics still used in Persia, 317

GALILEO, 546

GALLU, the demon who causes diseases of the hand, 13

GARIOPONTUS, a teacher at Salerno, 245, 247

GAS SYLVESTRE, 401

GEBER, credited with being the founder of chemistry, 233
now believed to be a mythical personage, 320

GENTILE DA FOLIGNO, 266

GERARD OF CREMONA, 227, 261

GERM ORIGIN of certain febrile diseases suspected by Rhazes, 221

GERMANY, devastated during the 17th century, 426
medical education in (from 1400 to 1600), 454

GERSSDORFF, HANS VON, 460

GESNER, CONRAD, 394

GILBERTUS ANGLICUS, 305, 516

GILLES DE CORBEIL, on urology, 255

GLADIATORS, SCHOOLS FOR, 68

GLAUBER’S SALT, 410

GLISSON, FRANCIS, 358, 546

GLOSSULAE QUATUOR MAGISTRORUM, 280

GORDONIUS, 296

GOURDON, BERNARD DE (Gordonius), 296

GOUT, remedy for, recommended by Aëtius, 195

GRAAF, REIGNIER DE, 359, 361

GRAPHEUS, BENEVENUTUS, celebrated eye surgeon of the 12th century,
256

GRAVES, ROBBING OF, for dissecting material, 309, 332, 336

GREAT BRITAIN, condition of surgery in, during 16th and 17th
centuries, 516

GREEK PROVERBS relating to medicine, 77

GREGORY, BISHOP OF TOURS, 241

GRIFFON, JEAN, distinguished Genevese surgeon, 464

GUAIAC, inefficient anti-syphilitic remedy, 405

GUAINERIO, of Pavia, 496

GUARNA, REBECCA, 245

GUERICKE, OTTO VON, 546

GUIDO GUIDI (Vidus Vidius), the anatomist, 340

GUILLEMEAU, JACQUES, 536

GUISCARD, ROBERT, a resident at Salerno, 240

GULDINUS, PAUL, 409

GUNPOWDER, first employment of, in European warfare, 328

GUNSHOT WOUNDS, 467, 473

GURLT, VON, 455

GUY DE CHAULIAC, 227, 263, 298, 299, 310
founder of didactic surgery, 300
manner of treating injured nerves, 302
manner of treating fractures of the thigh, 304

GYMNASTIC EXERCISES, institutions for cultivating, 68

GYNAECOLOGISTS, EARLY, 115

GYNAECOLOGY successfully practiced by Soranus, 140

H

HALLER, ALBERT VON, 142, 344

HALY, ABBAS, a Persian physician and the author of the famous
treatise called “Al-Maleky”--“The Royal Book,” 223

HAMMURABI’S LAW with reference to physicians’ fees in Babylonia, 15

HARDERWYK, UNIVERSITY OF, 439

HAROUN ALRASCHID, 206

HARVEY, WILLIAM, discoverer of the circulation of the blood, 379

HEAD, INJURIES OF (Wuertz), 467

HEART, anatomy of, according to de Mondeville, 289
physiology of, 377

HEIDELBERG, UNIVERSITY OF, 454

HELIODORUS, 202

HELVETIUS, 409

HEMORRHAGE FROM A WOUND, different means of arresting, 154, 277

HENRY THE SECOND’s manner of death, 511

HENSCHEL, researches of, 246

HERAKLEIDES, OF TARENTUM, 111

HERCULES an ancestor of Hippocrates, 81

HERMETIC BOOKS relating to medicine, 18

HERNIA, RADICAL CURE OF, by members of the Norsa family, 482

HERNIA-HEALERS, 490

HERODICUS, of Selymbria, 69

HERODOTUS, a different person from the famous historian, 26, 142

HEROPHILUS, a distinguished physician of Chalcedon, 104

HERZOG, excavations made by, at Cos, 55

HESYCHIOS, 201

HEURNIUS, JOHANNES, clinical teacher at Leyden, 429

HIGH OPERATION for stone in the bladder (_le haut appareil_), 495,
496

HIGHMORE, NATHANIEL, 359, 546

HINDU PHYSICIANS held very crude ideas about pathology, 31

HIPPOCRATES THE GREAT, 81, 82, 98, 411

HIPPOCRATIC OATH, 71

HIPPOCRATIC WRITINGS, French version of Littré, 83
German version of Fuchs, 84
short extracts, 89

HIRSCH, AUGUST, 399, 545

HOBEÏCH, 215

HOFMANN, MORITZ, 358

HOFFMANN, FRIEDRICH, 431, 434

HOFFMANN’S ANODYNE, 437

HOMERIC POEMS probably written about B. C. 800, 46

HOMER’S FAMILIARITY WITH ANATOMY, 48

HONEIN, 208, 212, 214, 317

HOSPITAL GANGRENE, Wuertz’s views regarding, 469

HOSPITALS in the Middle Ages, 219, 235

HÔTEL-DIEU AT LYONS founded in the 6th century, 236, 450

HÔTEL-DIEU AT PARIS over-crowded in early part of 16th century
(Fig.), 452

HRABANUS MAURUS, Abbot of Fulda Monastery, 241

HUGO BENZI (Hugo of Siena), 312

HUGO OF LUCCA, 275

HYDROTHERAPY at the Cos _Asclepieion_, 54
in the treatment of gout, 129

HYGIEIA, daughter of Aesculapius, 50

HYOSCYAMUS, when first used for dilating the pupils, 157

HYRTL, JOSEPH, 311, 356, 532

I

IATREIA, or small private hospitals, 68

IATROCHEMISTS and IATROPHYSICISTS in 17th century, 366

IBRAHIM, pupil of George Bakhtichou, 206

IDEA MORBOSA (Van Helmont), 399

ILEO-CAECAL VALVE, discovery of, 350

ILIAD AND ODYSSEY, references in, to medicine, 47

INDIA, ANCIENT, rich in skilful surgeons, 35

INDIA, great mortality in, from bites of venomous serpents, 64
the medicine of, 31

INGRASSIA, 349

INNOCENT XI., POPE, 392

INOCULATION against small-pox practiced by the Chinese in the 11th
century, 43

INTENTION, healing by first, 277

INTESTINE, wounds of, 255, 459

IONIAN SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY, 72

IPECACUANHA, discovery of, 408, 409

ISAAC, SON OF HONEIN, 215

ISIS, 19

ISOLA SAN BARTOLOMMEO, 51

ISRAELITES, medicine of the, 26, 27

ISSA BEN CHALATA, 205

ITINERANT LITHOTOMISTS, 549

J

JACOBUS PSYCHRESTOS, 201

JALAP, 395

JAMERIUS, author of “Chirurgia Jamati,” 255

JANISCUS, son of Aesculapius, 50

JAPANESE PHYSICIANS, modern, 45

JARDIN-DU-ROI, 540

JASO, daughter of Aesculapius, 50

JEAN DE VIGO, 472, 473

JEWISH MEDICAL STUDENTS, numerous at Montpellier, 265

JOHN of Arderne, 516
of Capua, 261
of Gaddesden, 305, 516
of Salisbury, 264
the Grammarian, of Alexandria, 185

JOURNALISM, MEDICAL, beginnings of, 545

JULIAN THE APOSTATE, Roman Emperor, 236, 435

JUSSERAND, 306

K

KERCKRING, THEODOR, 359

KING, EDMUND, 408

KITAB AL-KULLIDSCHAT (= “Colliget”), title of Averroes’ treatise,
229

KOELLIKER, 455

L

LABOULBÈNE, comments on Sydenham, 425

LABYRINTH of temporal bone, 80

LANCISI, GIOVANNI MARIA, 349, 391
discovers copper plates intended for Eustachius’ “Anatomy,” 392

LANFRANCHI, 282, 284

LANGUAGES, LEARNED, importance of acquiring a knowledge of them,
271

LANOLIN, described by Dioscorides in A. D. 100, 318

LAPEYRONIE, FRANÇOIS DE, 531

LARYNGOSCOPY, DIRECT, mentioned by Savonarola, 313

LATIN, barbaric, 262, 300
commonly employed by teachers of medicine in 16th and 17th
centuries, 369
habitually spoken at Oxford and Cambridge in 17th century, 424

LAUDANUM, SYDENHAM’S LIQUID, formula for, 424

LAUREA ANGLICA, title of treatise written by Gilbertus Anglicus,
305

LAXATIVES, a term originated by the Methodists, 133

LAXUM AND STRICTUM, 130

LE CLERC, DANIEL, 73, 171

LE CLERC, LUCIEN, 217

LEECH lodged in the naso-pharynx, 397

LEECHES, therapeutic employment of, first mentioned by Themison,
133

LEEUWENHOEK, ANTON VAN, 360

LEG, AMPUTATION OF (Fig.), 463

LEIBNITZ, 363

LEONIDES, 201

LEONINE VERSIFICATION, 251

LEVRET, 539

LIBRARIES, PUBLIC, seventy possessed by Spain during the 12th
century, 232

LIEBREICH, originator of the term “lanolin,” 318

LIGATURES applied to blood-vessels by Archigenes in the early part
of 2d century, 143
employment of, by Jean de Vigo, in 1460, 473
used on amputation stumps, 519

LINACRE, THOMAS, 416
founded two “lectures of physick” at Oxford, 417
instrumental in securing the foundation of the College of
Physicians at London, 417

LIQUOR BALSAMICUS, 357

LITHONTRIPSY, Giovanni de Romanis supposed to be the inventor of,
474

LITHOTOME OF FRÈRE CÔME (Fig.), 553

LITHOTOMISTS, ITINERANT, 490, 549

LITHOTOMY, SUPRAPUBIC, 495

LITHOTRITY practiced first by Beniveni in the 15th century, 498

LOUIS DE BOURGES, First Physician to Francis I., 414

LOUVAIN, UNIVERSITY OF, 345

LOWER, RICHARD, 408

LUCIUS VERUS, ROMAN EMPEROR, 165

LUCRUM NEGLECTUM, probable meaning of the expression, 353

LUKE, “THE BELOVED PHYSICIAN,” 30

LUTETIA, GAUL, the present city of Paris, 435

LUTHER, MARTIN, a believer in the “black art,” 322

LYMPHATICS, INTESTINAL, 385

LYONS, FRANCE, founding of the Hôtel-Dieu in that city
(6th century), 236

M

MACHAON AND PODALIRIUS, sons of Aesculapius, 47, 50

MAGATI, CESARE, 529

MAGGI, BARTOLOMMEO, 473
discoverer of the fact that a bullet is not hot at moment of
inflicting a wound, 513

MAGICAL REMEDIES, 197

MAGNUS, disciple of Athenaeus, 142

MAGREB, 218

MAIMONIDES, esteemed the greatest Jew after Moses, 230

MALEVOLENT SPIRITS, capable of producing disease, 8

MALPIGHI, 360, 361

MANARDUS, JOHANNES, 389

MANFRED, KING OF SICILY, 262
founds a university at Naples in 1258 A. D., 257

MANUSCRIPTS, MEDICAL, transcribing of, at Monastery of Saint Gall,
244

MARC ANTONIO DELLA TORRE, 339

MARCUS AURELIUS, Roman Emperor, 165

MARIANUS SANCTUS, 474

MARIOTTE, EDME, 546

MARTYRDOM OF CHRISTIAN PHYSICIANS, 180

MASTER OF MEDICINE, grade of, 304